UC-NRLF 


INTERNATIONAL 

CONVENTION 


Against  Alrotf  olism 

TORONTO,  CANADA 

NOVEMBER' 24th -29th,  1922 


BEN  H.  SPENCE,  \ 

S.  E.  NICHOLSON,  LL.D.,  ) 


Recording  Secretari« 


THE  AMERICAN  ISSUE  I'RESS 

WESTERVILLE,  OHIO 

U.S.A. 


INTERNATIONAL 

CONVENTION 


Against  Alr01jolt0m 

TORONTO,  CANADA 

NOVEMBER  24th -29th,  1922 


NicHOLSON,  LL.D.,  }  Recording  Secretaries 


THE  AMERICAN  ISSUE  PRESS 
WESTERVILLE,  OHIO 

U.S.A. 


THE  WORLD  LEAGUE  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

OFFICERS  AND  COMMITTEES 

JOINT  PRESIDENTS 


Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon,  U.  S.  A. 
Robert  Hercod,  Ph.  D.,  Switzerland 
Right  Hon.  Leif  Jones,  England 
Howard* H.  Russell,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  U.  S.  A. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS 
Argentina:     Miss  Hardynia  K.  Norville 
Australia:     Rev.  R.  B.  S.  Hammond,  D.  D. 
Canada:     Judge  Eugene  LaFontaine 
England:     The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Donald  Maclean 
Denmark:     Lars  Larsen-Ledet 
Finland:    Hon.  Santeri  Alkio 
France:     M.  Frederic  Riemain 
Ireland:     Hamilton  M'Cleery 
Japan:     H.  Nagao 

Netherlands :     J.  R.   Slotemaker  de  Bruine,  Ph.  D. 
New  Zealand:     Hon.  George  Fowlds 
Norway:     Avocat   O.    Solnordal 
Scotland:     Sir  Joseph  McLay 
Sweden:     Senator  Alexis   Bjorkman 
Switzerland:     Prof.   Hans   Hunzicker 
South  Africa:     William  Chappell 
United  States:    Purley  A.  Baker,  D.D. 
Uruguay:     Dr.  Joaquin  de  Salterain 

GENERAL  SECRETARY 
Ernest  H.  Cherrington,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  Westerville,  Ohio,  U.  S.  A. 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
Canada:     Rev.    Ben    H.    Spence,    George  Sweden:     Senator  Alexis  Bjorkman 

H.  Lees  United  States:     Bishop   James   Cannon, 

Denmark:.  .Lars    Larsen-Ledet  Jr.,  D.  D.,  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  LL.  D., 

I : upland:     C.    W.    Saleeby,    M.  D.,    F.  R.         P.  A.  Baker,  D.  D.,  William  H.  An- 

S.  K..   ( ;<•<>! •</<'  B.   Wilson,  B.  A.,   Rev.         derson,  LL.  D.,  Arthur  J.  Davis,  Miss 

Henry  Carter,   Right   Rev.  J.   H.   B.         Cora   Frances    Stoddard,    B.  A.,   Mrs. 

Masterman,     Bishop     of     Plymouth,         Ella   A.    Boole,   Mrs.    Deborah   Knox 

Miss  Agnes  Slack  Livingston.    Mrs.    Lenna    Lowe    Yost, 

France:     Jean  Meteil  Harry  S.  Warner: 

Ireland :     Rev.  John  Gailey,  B.  A.  The  Joint  Presidents  and  the  Gen- 

Mcxico:     Rev.  J.  N.  Pascoe  eral  Secretary  members  Ex-officio 

W.  J.  Allison,  R.  A.  Munro, 
Mrs.  George  Milne 

4 


PERMANENT  INTERNATIONAL  COMMITTEE 

Rev.  R.  B.  S.  Hammond,  D.  D.,  Australia  Andrew  Law,  Scotland 

M.  N.  Popoff,  Bulgaria  Prof.  Georges  K.  Staitch,  Serbia 

George  E.  Lloyd,  Canada  Senator  Alexis  Bjorkman,  Sweden 

Lars   Larsen-Ledet,  Denmark  Rev.  A.  J.  Cook,  South  Africa 

Rev.  Henry  Carter,  England  L.  B.  Musgrove,  U.  S.  A. 

Right  Rev.  J.  H.  B.  Masterman,  Bishop  Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr.,  U.  S.  A. 

of  Plymouth,  England  Ernest  H.  Cherrington,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D., 
C.  W.  Saleeby,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  E.,  England         U.  S.  A. 

George  B.  Wilson,  B.  A.,  England  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  LL.  D.,  U.  S.  A. 

Hon.  Niilo  Liakka,  Finland  Howard    H.    Russell,    D.  D.,    LL.  D.,    U. 
Frederic  Riemain,  France  S.  A. 

Etienne  Matter,  France  Arthur  J.  Davis,  U.  S.  A. 

Peter  Haldorson,  Iceland  Miss  Cora  Frances  Stoddard,  B.  A.,  U. 
Mrs.  Emily  Moffat  Clow,  Ireland  S.  A. 

Dr.  M.  Yamaguchi,  Japan  Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon,  U.  S.  A. 

Rev.  E.  B.  Vargas,  Mexico  Rev.  Ira  Landrith,  D.  D.,  U.   S.  A. 

Rev.  John  Dawson,  New  Zealand  Mrs.  Frances  P.  Parks,  U.  S.  A. 

Avocat  0.  Solnordal,  Norway  Dr.  Balthazar  Bruin,  Uruguay 

Rev.  Ruperto  Algorta,  Peru  Leonard  Page,  Wales 
W.  J.  Allison,  Scotland 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  GENERAL  COUNCIL  OF  THE  WORLD  LEAGUE 
AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

Argentina:   Liga  Nacional  de  Templanza,  Nice  de  Egosene,  Maria  M.  Moreno. 
Australia:     Australian  Alliance  Prohibition  Council,  Rev.  R.  B.  S.  Hammond,  D.  D. 
Bulgaria:     Bulgarian  Temperance  Union,  M.  N.  Popoff 
Canada:     Dominion  Alliance,  Rev.  T.  Albert  Moore,  D.  D.,  J.  H.  Carson;  W.  C.  T. 

U.,  Mrs.  Sara  R.  Wright 

Denmark:     Grand  Lodge  I.  O.  G.  T.,  Lars  Larsen-Ledet,  C.  C.  Heilesen;   Feder- 
ated Danish  Total  Abstinence  Organizations,  Lars  Larsen-Ledet;  W.  C.  T.  U., 

Miss  Dagmar  Prior 
England:    United  Kingdom  Alliance,  Right  Rev.  J.  H.  B.  Masterman,  Bishop  of 

Plymouth,    Geo.    B.    Wilson,    B.  A.,    William    Bingham;    Wesleyan    Methodist 

Church  of  Great  Britain,  Rev.  Henry  Carter;  National  Commercial  Temperance 
League,    Strength   of   Britain   Movement,    C.    W.    Saleeby,    M.  D.,    F.  R.  S.  E. ; 

National  British  Women's  Temperance  Association,  Lady  Cecilia  Roberts. 
Esthonia:     Eesti  Karskusseltside  Kestoimkond,  Villein  Emits 
Finland:     Prohibition  League  of  Finland,  Prof.  N.  Voionmaa 
France:     Ligue  Nationale  centre  1'Alcoolisme,  Jean  Letort,  Jean  Meteil,  Frederic 

Riemain;   Blue  Cross  Society,  Etienne  Matter,  Pastor  Georges  Gallienne 
Germany:   Grand  Lodge  I.  0.  G.  T.,  H.  Blume. 
Iceland:     Grand  Lodge  I.  0.  G.  T.,  Einar  H.  Kvaran 
Ireland:     Temperance  Committee  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Rev.  John  Gailey; 

Irish  Temperance  League,  Rev.  John  MacMillan;  North  Ireland  W.  C.  T.  U., 

Mrs.  Wakefield  Richardson 

5 


Jamaica':     Jamaica  League  Against  Alcoholism,  Rev.  J.  J.  Kilpin  Fletcher 

Japan:  National  Temperance  League,  Takeshi  Ukai,  Dr.  M.  Yamaguchi,  Hon. 
Taro  Ando 

Latvia:   Latvian  Anti-Alcohol  Society,  Gustav  Kempell. 

Lithuania:     Lithuanian  Temperance  Association,  D-ras  luozas  Eretas 

Mexico:  Association  Nacional  de  Temperancia,  Dr.  Ignacio  Torres  Delgado,  Dr.  Al- 
fonso Pruneda,  Andres  Osuna 

Netherlands:     Local  Option  League,  Dr.  D.  van  Krevelin 

New  Zealand:  New  Zealand  Alliance  for  the  Abolition  of  the  Liquor  Traffic,  Rev. 
John  Dawson,  Mrs.  Rachel  Don 

Norway:  Federation  of  Norwegian  Total  Abstinence  Organizations,  Avocat  0. 
Solnordal,  John  Hvidsten 

Peru:     National  Temperance  Society,  Rev.  Ruperto  Algorta 

Portugal:     Liga  Anti-Alcoholica  Portugesa,   Luciano   Silva 

Scotland:  Scottish  Temperance  and  No-License  Union,  W.  J.  Allison,  James 
Gilles,  Mrs.  Gemmell;  British  Women's  Temperance  Association  (Scottish 
Christian  Union),  Mrs.  Geo.  C.  Milne,  Mrs.  Helen  Barton 

Serbia:     Grand  Lodge  I.  0.  G.  T.,  Georges  K.  Staitch,  Dr.  Tovan  Danitch 

South  Africa:  South  African  Temperance  Alliance,  Rev.  A.  J.  Cook;  W.  C.  T.  U., 
Miss  Emilie  Solomon 

Sweden :  Federated  Swedish  Total  Abstinence  Organizations,  Senator  Alexis  B  jork- 
man,  Edward  Wavrinsky;  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Sweden,  Dr.  Gustav  Mosses- 
son,  Rev.  David  Ostlund 

Switzerland:  Swiss  Total  Abstinence  Federation,  R.  Hercod,  Ph.D.,  Dr.  P.  A. 
Ming 

United  States  of  America:  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America,  William  H.  Ander- 
son, LL.  D.,  P.  A.  Baker,  D.  D.,  Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr.,  Ernest  H.  Cherring- 
ton,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  Arthur  J.  Davis,  Rev.  F.  Scott  McBride,  LL.  D.,  Rev. 
Howard  H.  Russell,  LL.  D.,  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  LL.  D.,  H.  B.  Carre,  Ph.  D. ; 
Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Association,  Rev.  Ira  Landrith,  D.  D.,  Harry  S. 
Warner;  National  Grand  Lodge  I.  0.  G.  T.,  E.  C.  Dinwiddie,  D.  D.;  Scientific 
Temperance  Federation,  Miss  Cora  Frances  Stoddard,  B.  A.,  Prof.  Irving  Fisher, 
Ph.  D. ;  Southern  Baptist  Convention  Commission  on  Temperance  and  Social 
Service,  Rev.  A.  J.  Barton,  D.  D. ;  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  Miss 
Anna  A.  Gordon,  Mrs.  Ella  A.  Boole,  Mrs.  Margaret  Munns 

Uruguay:  Liga  Nacional  contra  el  Alcoholismo,  Mme.  C.  de  Salterain,  Carrie  van 
Domselaar. 

Wales:    National  Temperance  Council,  Lord  Clwyd,  Leonard  Page. 


The  great  significance  of  the  convention  of 
the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism,  held  in 
the  city  of  Toronto  in  November,  1922,  lies  in  the 
fact  that  it  was  attended  by  delegates  from  sixty- 
six  different  countries  of  the  world,  that  the  great 
races  were  represented,  and  that  those  who  came 
from  all  parts  of  the  globe  were  all  intent  upon 
the  one  great  purpose  for  which  the  convention 
was  held  and  for  which  the  World  League  Against 
Alcoholism  was  called  into  existence, — namely,  the 
suppression  of  alcoholism. 

ERNEST  H.  CHERRINGTON, 

General  Secretary  of  the  World  League 
Against  Alcoholism 


THE  CONVENTION  STORY 


"For  I  doubt  not  through  the  ages  ,  •»r,«>  »,, 

One  increasing  purpose  runs 
And  the  thoughts  of  men  are  widened 

With  the  process  of  the  suns."  —l^myson. 


"By  all  for  which  the  martyrs  bore  their  agony  and  shame; 
By  all  the  warning  words  of  truth  with  which  the  prophets  came; 
By  the  Future  which  awaits  us;  by  all  the  hopes  which  cast 
Their  faint  and  trembling  beams  across  the  blackness  of  the  Past; 
And  by  the  blessed  thought  of  Him  who  for  Earth's  freedom  died, 
O  my  people!     O  my  brothers!     let  us  choose  the  righteous  side." 

— Whittier. 


The  First  International  Convention  of  the  World  League  Against 
Alcoholism  was  held  in  the  City  of  Toronto,  Canada,  November  24-29, 
1922.  All  the  sessions,  except  on  Sunday  morning  and  evening  and  on 
Tuesday  evening,  were  held  in  the  spacious  Massey  Hall,  which  for  many 
years  has  existed  as  the  great  national  forum  of  Canada. 
ROLL  CALL  OF  NATIONS 

Few  conventions  have  ever  been  held  in  the  history  of  the  world  to 
which  representatives  came  from  a  larger  number  of  countries  than  came 
to  this  Toronto  Convention.  One  thousand  one  hundred  and  eleven  reg- 
istered delegates  were  in  attendance  from  sixty-six  countries,  every 
continent  being  represented.  This  number  by  no  means  represents  the 
total  attendance  because  hundreds  of  persons  from  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  who  came  as  visitors,  are  not  included  in  the  registration  of 
delegates. 

These  delegates  came  from  the  following  countries :  Australia,  Ar- 
gentina, Albania,  Assyria,  Austria,  Armenia,  Belgium,  Bulgaria,  Bur- 
mah,  Brazil,  Canada,  Czechoslovakia,  Costa  Rica,  Caucasia,  Colombia, 
China,  Denmark,  Dominican  Republic,  England,  Egypt,  East  Africa, 
Esthonia,  Finland,  France,  Formosa,  Germany,  Greece,  Georgia,  Hol- 
land, Hindustan,  Hungary,  India,  Ireland,  Italy,  Jamaica,  Jugo-Slavia, 
Japan,  Korea,  Latvia,  Lithuania,  Liberia,  Mexico,  Newfoundland,  New 
Zealand,  Poland,  Philippines,  Peru,  Porto  Rico,  Russia,  Roumania, 
Scotland,  Sweden,  Switzerland,  Spain,  Syria,  Siam,  Salvador,  Sierra 
Leone,  Siberia,  South  Africa,  Serbia,  Turkey,  Ukrania,  Uruguay, 
United  States  of  America,  and  Wales. 


SIGNIFICANCE  OF  THE  CONVENTION 

Convention  was  primarily  significant  in  that  it  established  in 
no  uncertain  way  the  fact  that  a  correlated,  world-wide  movement  is 
novv  in  existence,  functioning  through  well-organized  channels,  for  the 
avowed  purpose  of  solving  the  liquor  problem  of  the  world.  It  was  no 
paper  organization  that  presented  its  program  at  the  Toronto  gathering. 
Men  and  women,  who  are  leaders  in  the  reform,  came  from  every  quar- 
ter of  the  globe,  not  only  for  purposes  of  inspiration  and  to  bring  reports 
of  progress,  but  to  establish  themselves  as  working  units  of  this  inter- 
national brotherhood  that  henceforth  will  devote  itself  to  the  ultimate 
realization  of  a  sober  world. 

Delegates  often  found  it  necessary  to  speak  in  the  language  of  their 
own  country  and  sometimes  it  was  necessary  for  these  messages  to  be 
brought  through  interpreters.  In  every  land,  it  was  disclosed,  a  move- 
ment is  already  in  existence  at  some  stage  or  other  for  national  sobriety. 
This  is  the  answer  which  has  come  swift  and  certain  to  the  challenge  of 
the  organized  liquor  forces,  sent  out  recently  from  their  meeting  held 
in  the  city  of  Brussels,  at  which  time  it  was  announced  that  international 
anti-Prohibition  headquarters  would  soon  be  established  in  Paris. 

NATIONAL  FLAGS  DISPLAYED 

The  flags  of  more  than  fifty  nations  hanging  from  the  balcony  rail- 
ings presented  a  scene  that  will  never  be  forgotten  by  those  in  attend- 
ance. Again  and  again  it  was  asserted  by  speakers  from  many  lands 
that  this  union  of  forces  not  only  presaged  ultimate  victory  for  the  cause 
of  international  sobriety,  but  in  itself  was  a  prophecy  of  ultimate  world 
peace.  It  was  asserted  that  in  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism 
there  has  already  been  accomplished  such  a  league  of  nations  as  the 
world  has  not  before  witnessed. 

The  world  unity  of  the  Prohibition  movement  was  strongly  em- 
phasized by  the  reception  which  was  given  to  the  delegates  from  Ger- 
many, Austria,  Bulgaria,  and  other  countries  which  were  so  recently  in 
armed  conflict  with  so  many  other  countries  represented  in  the  Conven- 
tion. Practically  every  temperance  society  in  the  world  was  represented 
in  the  Convention  or  sent  greetings  which  were  read  from  the  platform. 

THE  PROGRAM 

There  was  not  a  dull  minute  from  the  opening  of  the  Convention 
on  Friday  morning,  November  24,  at  8:30  o'clock,  until  the  closing  hour 
on  the  evening  of  November  29.  Whether  in  the  conduct  of  devotions 

10 


by  noted  clergymen  of  many  lands,  whether  in  the  music  that  again  and 
again  swept  the  great  audience  with  waves  of  inspiration,  whether  in 
the  fixed  addresses  by  leaders  of  the  Prohibition  reform  in  practically  all 
of  the  leading  nations  of  the  world,  whether  in  the  responses  to  the  roll 
call  from  sixty-six  nations  and  from  many  prominent  leaders  in  these 
countries,  or  whether  viewing  the  numerous  animated  tableaux  which 
were  furnished  from  time  to  time  as  surprises  to  the  Convention  through 
the  activities  of  the  Canadian  Dominion  Alliance,  the  delegates  were  nol 
only  stirred  to  earnest  determination  for  better  work  in  the  future,  but 
were  all  the  while  being  fused  together  into  a  working  organized  group, 
that  henceforth  will  take  the  aggressive  in  efforts  to  relieve  the  world 
from  the  slavery  of  the  drink  traffic. 

MUSIC 

Throughout  the  sessions,  Professor  Alvin  W.  Roper  of  Chicago, 
presided  at  the  piano  in  his  own  inimitable  style. 

Professor  Ernest  Shildrick  of  Toronto  was  the  musical  director  for 
the  Convention. 

Massed  bands  of  the  Salvation  Army  of  Toronto,  including  one 
hundred  instruments,  gave  a  number  of  concerts  at  the  evening  sessions 

Selections  by  the  Adanac  Quartet  of  Toronto,  Mr.  H.  Ruthven  Mc- 
Donald, Professor  Thomas  Blackwell,  and  others,  added  greatly  to  the 
pleasure  of  the  occasion. 

The  Chimes  Recitals,  by  Professor  J.  E.  Price  on  the  newly  im- 
ported peal,  recently  installed  in  the  Metropolitan  Church  tower,  only 
one  block  from  the  Convention  Hall,  were  greatly  enjoyed  by  all.  These 
chimes  are  said  to  be  among  the  finest  on  the  American  continent. 

MEMORIAL  SERVICE 

One  of  the  most  impressive  services  of  the  Convention  was  the 
Memorial  Hour  on  Sunday  afternoon,  which  was  held  in  memory  of  the 
temperance  workers  and  leaders  who  had  passed  on  during  the  last  three 
years.  Tributes  were  paid  to  the  life  and  memory  of  the  Countess  of 
Carlisle,  Reverend  James  Marion,  Hon.  Matti  Helenius  Seppala,  Mr. 
Thomas  Searle,  and  Hon.  John  G.  Woolley. 

THE  BANQUET 

One  of  the  most  enjoyable  features  of  the  Convention  was  the  ban- 
quet, held  in  the  ball-room  of  the  King  Edward  Hotel  on  Saturday  even- 
ing. A  delightful  spirit  of  comradeship  was  manifest  in  this  gathering. 
Nearly  one  thousand  guests  sat  down  together.  The  roll  call  of  coun- 

11 


tries  brought  brilliant  and  enthusiastic  responses  from  representatives  of 
sixty  nations.  The  feeling  of  good  fellowship  in  a  noble  cause,  the 
toasts  and  responses  to  roll  call,  seemed  to  many  to  reach  the  high-water 
mark  of  the  Convention.  Bishop  Thomas  Nicholson  of  Chicago,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Anti- Saloon  League  of  America,  presided. 

THE  LITERATURE  EXHIBIT 

A  display  of  literature,  posters,  slides  and  other  material  dealing 
with  the  Prohibition  question,  was  under  the  charge  of  Miss  Cora  Fran- 
ces Stoddard,  B.  A.,  secretary  of  the  Scientific  Temperance  Federation 
of  Boston.  This  material  included  posters,  leaflets  and  publications 
issued  by  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  of  the  United 
States,  South  America,  Japan,  and  India ;  posters  and  leaflets  used  in  the 
New  Zealand  campaign;  a  number  of  posters  issued  by  French,  Dutch, 
and  Flemish  anti-alcohol  groups ;  an  excellent  collection  of  posters  issued 
by  the  Temperance  Council  of  Christian  Churches  of  England  and  Wales ; 
some  hand- wrought  drawings  brought  by  Mr.  George  B.  Wilson  from 
England;  and  comprehensive  exhibits  representing  the  Intercollegiate 
Prohibition  Association  and  the  American  Issue  Publishing  Company. 

Two  stereomotorgraphs  were  kept  running,  illustrating  slides  pre- 
pared by  the  Scientific  Temperance  Federation  for  its  own  work  and  for 
the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union;  also  the  slides  on  Prohibi- 
tion prepared  under  the  direction  of  the  New  York  office  of  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League.  In  the  slide  exhibit  case  were  more  of  these  New  York 
slides,  the  set  of  Spanish  slides  prepared  by  the  Scientific  Temperance 
Federation,  and  the  present  set  of  slides  sent  out  by  the  World  League 
Against  Alcoholism  to  workers  in  various  lands.  Altogether  about  three 
hundred  different  slides  were  shown.  One  room  of  the  exhibit  was  de- 
voted to  material  illustrating  various  agencies  for  education  which  had 
been  used  or  found  helpful  in  the  United  States,  such  as  the  work  of  the 
Church,  the  Sunday  School,  the  Press,  other  organizations  (as  the  Y. 
M.  C.  A.),  the  public  schools,  the  parade,  the  stereomotorgraph,  etc. 

INTERNATIONAL  ESSAY  CONTEST 

The  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Association,  in  cooperation  with  the 
World  League  Against  Alcoholism,  offered  forty  money  prizes  for  the 
best  essays  on  aspects  of  "The  World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism." 
Students  in  130  colleges,  universities  and  normal  schools  participated; 
213  essays  were  submitted,  averaging  2,800  words  each.  The  writers 
represented  almost  every  state  and  province  in  the  United  States  and 

12 


Canada.     Students  from  twenty  foreign  countries,  in  attendance  at  these 
American  schools  and  colleges,  also  entered  the  contest. 

The  first  prize  was  won  by  Frank  H.  Nelson,  of  the  University  of 
Chicago;  the  second  by  Jogendra  N.  Sahni,  a  student  from  India,  at  the 
University  of  Michigan.  Third  place  was  awarded  to  Benjamin  Good- 
stein,  University  of  Pittsburgh;  fourth  place  to  George  Gerling,  State 
Normal  School,  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin;  fifth  place  to  Hannah  Jane  Starr, 
(Jueen's  University,  Kingston,  Ontario. 

The  remaining  prize  winners  in  the  order  of  their  standing,  are  as 
follows :  Lucile  Chiddix,  Illinois  State  Normal  University ;  Jose  V. 
Aguilar,  Denison  University,  Ohio;  W.  L.  Tiller,  Union  Theological 
Seminary,  Va. ;  A.  Leroy  Huff,  University,  of  Chicago;  John  Clark, 
Lenox  College,  Iowa;  Isabella  Bux,  De  Pauw  University;  Garrett  D. 
Byrnes,  Brown  University;  Thomas  H.  Moffett,  Sterling  College,  Kan- 
sas; Adolph  Beverman,  Northwestern  College,  111.;  T.  K.  Ho,  Harvard 
University;  John  Chiddix,  Illinois  State  Normal  University;  Carleton 
Thoroman,  Purdue  University;  Doris  Atkinson,  Taylor  University,  In- 
diana ;  David  Parke,  Knox  College,  111. ;  Asha  L.  Haider,  University  of 
Michigan;  Edward  Falkenstein,  University  of  Illinois ;  Florentine  O. 
Chiocoo,  Boston  University  School  of  Medicine ;  Abraham  Goldf  eld,  Uni- 
versity of  California;  Jenny  S.  Genty,  Mills  College,  Calif.;  Andrew  V. 
Corry,  Mount  St.  Charles  College,  Helena,  Mont. ;  Leroy  Doty,  Mc- 
Pherson  College,  Kansas;  Maurice  A.  Cuda,  University  of  Pittsburgh; 
Chao  Ming  Chen,  Johns  Hopkins  University ;  Albert  W.  Bruce,  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois;  Paul  C.  Fugh,  Cornell  University;  Dorothy  Brown, 
Stephens  College,  Columbia,  Mo.;  Ira  D.  Scrogum,  Manchester  College, 
Indiana;  Leo  Mendez,  College  of  the  Pacific,  Calif.;  William  J.  Carter, 
Fisk  University,  Tenn. ;  Nelle  M.  Eubank,  Cottey  College,  Mo.;  Elisha 
S.  Gurdjian,  University  of  Michigan;  Evelyn  Levy,  Tulane  University, 
New  Orleans;  Henry  L.  Walker,  George  Washington  University;  Jo- 
seph Ruttenberg,  Cornell  University;  Marjorie  E.  Smith,  GaRoway  Col- 
lege, Arkansas. 

The  Saturday  afternoon  session  of  the  Convention  was  given  over 
to  consideration  of  student  activities  in  the  Prohibition  movement,  Rev. 
Ira  Landrith,  D.  D.,  President  of  the  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Asso- 
ciation, presiding.  At  the  close  of  the  session,  the  list  of  prize-winners 
in  the  International  Essay  Contest,  as  given  above,  was  announced  by 
Mr.  Harry  S.  Warner,  Secretary  of  the  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Asso- 
ciation. 

13 


PAGEANTS  AND  TABLEAUX  VIVANTS 

At  almost  every  session  of  the  Convention  pageants  and  tableaux 
vivants  were  presented,  usually  coming  unannounced,  and  as  a  pleasant 
surprise  to  the  delegates.  These  pageants  and  tableaux  were  prepared 
by  various  local  groups  under  the  supervision  of  the  Dominion  Alliance. 

On  Thursday  evening  Miss  Canada  in  the  center  of  the  stage  wel- 
comed the  speakers  to  the  platform,  while  they  were  escorted  by  two  cos- 
tumed representatives  from  their  respective  provinces. 

On  Friday  afternoon  nearly  two  hundred  school  children  marched 
in  and  filed  onto  the  platform  as  an  object  lesson  of  the  increase  in  school 
attendance  in  Toronto  schools  after  Prohibition  had  gone  into  effect. 
Before  Prohibition,  the  enrollment  had  been  134  children  to  the  1,000 
population;  Prohibition  brought  an  additional  54  children  per  1,000  pop- 
ulation into  the  public  schools. 

"The  First  Law-Giver"  was  a  very  effective  presentation  of  Moses 
descending  from  the  mountain  and  giving  the  Ten  Commandments  to 
the  children  of  Israel. 

On  Monday  morning,  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 
tableau  was  presented.  A  young  woman  in  white  drapery  upheld  a 
globe,  which  was  girdled  with  the  white  ribbon.  The  ends  of  the  ribbon 
streamers  were  held  by  little  children,  while  a  solo  was  sung,  "The  White 
Ribbon  Around  the  World." 

"The  Advance  Guard  of  the  Prohibition  Movement"  represented  a 
Chinese  scene.  An  agent  of  the  brewers  urges  the  natives  to  take  up  the 
use  of  wine  and  beer,  and  shows  them  the  advertisement  on  the  wall. 
A  missionary  appears  and  begins  to  teach  the  people  the  truth  about 
alcohol,  and  the  brewer's  representative  slinks  away,  while  the  people 
show  their  approval. 

"Lighting  the  Torches  at  the  Prohibition  Altar"  was  a  more  elab- 
orate tableau  given  Monday  evening.  The  shepherds  are  seen  sitting 
around  a  campfire,  the  star  of  Bethlehem  appears  in  the  sky,  and  an  in- 
visible choir  sings  "It  Came  Upon  the  Midnight  Clear."  The  shepherds 
retire  iii  search  of  the  Christ  Child.  Two  figures  in  white  come  in  and 
light  (heir  torches  from  the  star  of  Bethlehem,  then  light  the  fire  upon 
the  altar  of  Prohibition.  Representatives  of  all  the  nations  of  the  earth 
corne  forward  and  light  their  torches  from  the  altar  of  Prohibition,  and 
tbe  scene  closes  with  the  song,  "We've  a  Story  to  Tell  to  the  Nations." 

Other  tableaux  showed  incidents  from  real  life,  such  as  the  testimony 
of  a  servant  girl  as  to  the  transformation  wrought  in  her  home  life  by 
Prohibition,  anjd  the  change  in  the  circumstances  of  a  poor  washerwoman, 

14 


after  the  saloon  was  voted  out  and  her  husband  was  able  to  save  his 
earnings. 

"The  First  Prohibition  Meeting  in  Ontario"  was  shown  as  de- 
scribed by  the  historian  Parkman.  The  Indians  listened  gravely  while 
the  priest  told  them  of  the  evils  of  firewater,  and  decreed  that  they  would 
have  none  of  it. 

The  closing  tableau  of  the  series  was  "The  Overthrow  of  King 
Alcohol."  Alcohol  and  his  attendants,  beer  and  wine,  stood  scornfully 
surveying  the  scene  while  groups  of  figures  in  black  marked  Sin,  Dis- 
ease, Death,  Vice,  Sorrow,  Debt,  crouched  before  him.  Prohibition  as  a 
young  knight  in  the  armor  of  truth,  escorted  by  Miss  Canada  and  Miss 
Columbia,  and  by  ten  young  girls,  began  to  march  upon  the  stage.  King 
Alcohol  retires  before  them,  and  when  Prohibition  takes  his  rightful 
place  the  crouching  figures  throw  off  the  black  drapery  and  reveal  repre- 
sentatives of  all  the  nations  of  the  earth,  dressed  in  their  appropriate 
costume.  The  scene  closes  with  the  song,  "Ring  out  a  slowly  dying 
cause.  .  .  .  Ring  in  a  thousand  years  of  peace." 

MORNING  CONFERENCES 

Extra  conferences  were  held  from  8:00  to  9:15  o'clock  in  the  Pom- 
peian  Room  of  the  King  Edward  Hotel  on  Saturday,  Monday,  Tuesday 
and  Wednesday  mornings. 

On  Saturday  morning,  with  Mrs.  Lenna  Lowe  Yost,  Legislative  Su- 
perintendent of  the  National  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  of 
the  United  States,  presiding,  the  conference  subject  was,  "Ways  and 
Means  of  Securing  Legislative  Action." 

The  Monday  morning  conference  was  presided  over  by  Orville  S. 
Poland,  Esq.,  of  New  York  City,  the  conference  subject  being,  "Ways 
and  Means  of  Securing  Action  Through  Government  Officials  for  the 
Enforcement  of  Law." 

On  Tuesday  morning,  with  Rev.  Homer  W.  Tope,  D.  D.,  of  Phila- 
delphia, presiding,  the  conference  subject  was,  "Ways  and  Means  of 
Securing  Adequate  Financial  Support  for  Organized  Propaganda 
Against  Alcoholism." 

On  Wednesday  morning  with  Miss  Cora  Frances  Stoddard  of  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts,  presiding,  the  conference  subject  was,  "Ways  and 
Means  of  Securing  Scientific'  Temperance  Instruction  in  the  Public 
Schools." 

All  of  these  subjects  were  open  for  general  discussion  after  intro- 

15 


duction  by  especially  appointed  leaders,  and  all  were  regarded  as  occa- 
sions of  profit  and  inspiration. 

NOON  CONFERENCES 

Conferences  were  held  each  day  from  1:00  until  2:15  o'clock  at 
luncheons,  served  in  the  Pompeian  Room  of  the  King  Edward  Hotel. 

On  Saturday,  Mr.  Harry  $.  Warner  of  Chicago,  Secretary  of  the 
Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Association,  presided,  and  the  subject  for 
discussion  was,  "Ways  and  Means  of  Enlisting  the  Students  of  the  Col- 
leges and  Universities  in  the  World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism." 

On  Monday,  with  Rev.  T.  Albert  Moore,  D.  D.,  General  Secretary 
of  the  Board  of  Evangelism  and  Social  Service  of  the  Methodist  Church 
of  Canada,  presiding,  the  conference  topic  was,  "Ways  and  Means  of 
Securing  Fullest  Possible  Cooperation  of  Religious  Organizations  for  the 
Movement  Against  Alcoholism." 

On  Tuesday  the  conference  was  presided  over  by  Mr.  Arthur  J. 
Davis  of  Boston,  Superintendent  of  the  New  England  District  of  the 
Anti-Saloon  League  of  America.  The  conference  topic  was,  "Inter- 
national Cooperation  for  Law  Enforcement  on  Both  Sides  of  the  Inter- 
national Boundary  Lines." 

Mr.  R.  D.  Warren,  Chairman  of  the  Publications  Committee  of  the 
Dominion  Alliance  of  Canada,  presided  at  the  Wednesday  noon  meeting. 
The  conference  topic  was,  "Publicity — Literature,  Periodicals,  Posters, 
Etc." 

General  discussion  followed  the  presentation  of  all  these  topics  with 
much  benefit  to  all  those  who  attended. 

OTHER  SPECIAL  EVENTS 

On  Friday  evening  at  5  :45  o'clock  in  the  Banquet  Hall  of  the  King 
Edward  Hotel,  an  informal  dinner  was  given  to  the  members  of  the 
Council,  Permanent  International  Committee  and  Executive  Committee 
of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism,  at  which  time  a  meeting  of 
the  Council  was  held  around  the  dinner  table. 

On  Tuesday  evening  at  5  :45  o'clock,  in  the  Banquet  Hall  of  the 
King  Edward  Hotel,  a  dinner  was  given  for  the  members  of  the  Per- 
manent International  Committee  of  the  World  League  Against  Alco- 
holism. 

On  Tuesday  evening  at  the  University  of  Toronto,  there  was  a  re- 
ception dinner  to  visiting  students  from  various  countries. 

On  Sunday  morning  at  7:00  o'clock  in  the  Metropolitan  Church, 

16 


there  was  an  hour's  sunrise  meeting  for  prayer  and  consecration,  led  by 
Rev.  Howard  H.  Russell,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 

On  Monday  evening  from  5  :30  until  7 :00  o'clock,  Mrs.  Fred  C. 
Ward,  President  of  the  Toronto  District  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union,  together  with  other  officers  of  the  Union,  received  Con- 
vention delegates  at  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  headquarters,  at  Willard  Hall. 

Upon  special  invitation  by  government  officials,  Convention  dele- 
gates were  received  at  the  Government  House  on  Wednesday  afternoon, 
by  Lieutenant-Governor  Cockshutt  and  Mrs.  Cockshutt.  The  delegates 
were  unanimous  in  their  expressions  of  appreciation  of  the  hospitality 
thus  extended. 


17 


CONVENTION  PROCEEDINGS 

The  International  Convention  of  the  World  League  Against 
Alcoholism  met  in  its  first  international  gathering  in  Massey  Hall, 
Toronto,  Canada,  Friday  morning,  November  24,  1922,  Rev.  Ben  H. 
Spence,  secretary  of  the  Ontario  Branch  of  the  Dominion  Alliance, 
presiding. 

An  extended  song  service,  with  the  audience  participating,  was 
led  by  Prof  Ernest  Shildrick  of  Toronto,  with  Prof.  Alvin  W.  Roper, 
of  Chicago,  at  the  piano. 

Bishop  Wilbur  Patterson  Thirkield,  LL.D.,  Bishop  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  for  Mexico,  Costa  Rica,  Panama  and  Peru, 
conducted  the  devotions. 

Rev.  Ben  H.  Spence  of  Toronto,  as  presiding  officer,  addressed 
the  Convention. 

Mr.  H.  Ruthven  McDonald  sang  "Bury  Him  Deeply  Down." 

The  Executive  Committee,  through  its  chairman,  Bishop  James 
Cannon,  Jr.,  Bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South, 
Bishop  in  charge  of  Mexico,  Cuba  and  the  Belgian  Congo,  and  chair- 
man of  the  Commission  on  Temperance  and  Social  Service  of  his 
denomination,  proposed  the  election  of  Rev.  Ben  H.  Spence  of 
Toronto,  as  secretary  of  the  convention,  and  S.  E.  Nicholson,  secre- 
tary of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America,  as  assistant  secretary, 
who,  upon  motion,  were  unanimously  elected. 

Arthur  J.  Davis  of  Boston,  secretary  of  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  and  regional  superintend- 
ent of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  for  New  England,  on  behalf  of  the 
Executive  Committee,  presented  the  following  rules  and  proposals, 
which,  being  separately  considered,  were  adopted. 

RULES 

1.  The   presiding   officers    for   the    sessions    of   the    convention,    as    they 
appear  on  the  program,  shall  be  recognized  as  the  presiding  officers  of  the 
convention. 

2.  The  first  floor  of  the  hall  shall  be  considered  the  floor  of  the  convention. 

3.  The    sessions    of    the    convention    and    the    conferences    shall    begin 
promptly  on  the  hour  specified  on  the  program. 

4.  Those  participating  in  the  general  discussion  in  both  the  convention 
and  the  conferences  shall  be  limited  to  five  minutes  each,  until  all  who  desire 
to  speak  have  been  heard. 

5.  All  resolutions,  of  whatever  character,  shall  be  automatically  referred 
to  the  Committee  on  Resolutions  without  reading  and  without  presentation  to 
the  convention. 

18 


Mr.  Davis  also  presented  the  following  proposition,  on  behalf 
of  the  Executive  Committee. 

SPECIAL  RULE. 

Persons  desiring  to  discuss  the  subjects  presented  at  any  conference,  or 
to  participate  in  the  General  Discussion  in  any  session  of  the  convention,  shall 
hand  their  names  to  the  secretary  of  the  convention  or  to  the  presiding  officer 
of  the  conference.  Persons  so  doing  will  be  given  preference  in  allotting  the 
time  for  the  discussion. 

Rev.  A.  J.  Barton,  D.D.,  of  the  United  States,  offered  an  amend- 
ment to  the  effect  that  persons  desiring  to  participate  in  discussions 
under  the  five  minute  rule,  be  recognized  in  the  order  of  the  receipt 
of  their  names. 

Upon  motion,  both  the  amendment  and  the  original  proposition 
were  laid  on  the  table. 

Mr.  Davis,  for  the  Executive  Committee,  nominated  the  follow- 
ing Committes,  which,  upon  motion,  were  severally  elected  to  the 
respective  positions. 

COMMITTEES 
Committee  on  Railroad  Certificates: 

Miss  Johnson,  of  Toronto. 
Committee  on  Finance: 

Henry  Sutherland,  Canada;  James  Dempster,  Canada;  F.  Scott  McBride, 

U.  S.  A.;  Boyd  P.  Doty,  U.  S.  A. 
Business  Committee: 

Rev.  A.  J.  Barton,  U.  S.  A.;  Mrs.  Margaret  Munns,  U.  S.  A.;  Mrs.  Qeorge 

Milne,  Scotland;  James  A.  White,  U.  S.  A. 
Committee  on  Special  Meetings: 

John  Bailey,  Canada;  Rev.  Milo  G.  Kelser,  U.  S.  A. 
Credentials: 

Hon.  J.  H.  Carson,  Canada;  Harry  Warner,  U.  S.  A.;  Florence  D.  Rich- 
ard, U.  S.  A.;   Rev.  A.  J.  Finch,  U.  S.  A.;   O.  A   Hogg,   Canada;   Mrs. 

Frances   P.   Parks,  U.   S.  A.;   Rev.   George   B.   Safford,   U.   S.  A.;   H.  T. 

Laughbaum,  U.  S.  A.;  N.  E.  Morris,  U.  S.  A. 
Registration: 

Mrs.  N.  S.  Savage,  Canada;  Mrs.  Barthlow,  Canada;  Mrs.  Ben  H.  Spence, 

Canada;  Mrs.  Rodgers,  Canada. 
Press: 

J.  H.  Larimore,  U.  S.  A.;  R.  P.  Hutton,  U.  S.  A.;   Harry  M.   Chalfant, 

U.  S.  A.;  Rev.  T.  J.  Steuart,  U.  S.  A.;  R.  D.  Warren,  W.  E.  Smallfield, 

R.  E.  Knowles,  Lars  Larsen-Ledet,  Denmark;  Sam  J.  Fickel,  U.  S.  A.; 

Rev.   R.   B.   S.   Hammond,   Australia;   R.   O.    Everhart,  U.   S.  A.;    O.    G. 

Christgau,  U.  S.  A.;  Miss  Agnes  Slack,  England. 
Exhibits: 

Cora  F.  Stoddard,  U.  S.  A.;  Jackson  Robertson,  U.  S.  A.;  C.  J.  Bell,  Can- 
ada; E.  J.  Richardson,  U.  S.  A. 

19 


Platform: 

Dr.  H.  B.  Carre,  U.  S.  A.;  Arthur  J.  Davis,  U.  S.  A.;  E.  J.  Richardson, 
U.  S.  A.;  Mrs.  Frances  P.  Parks,  U.  S.  A.;  Mrs.  Gordon  Wright,  Canada; 
Cora  F.  Stoddard,  U.  S.  A.;  Mrs.  Lenna  Lowe  Yost,  U.  S.  A. 

Photographs: 

Boyd  P.  Doty,  Miss  Mary  Waddell,  H.  G.  Payne,  W.  C.  Johnson,  J.  C-. 
Caris,  Harry  B.  Sowers,  H.  H.  Dewitt,  R.  R.  Cooper,  L.  V.  Bennett, 
H.  W.  Mills,  all  of  U.  S.  A. 

Special  Entertainment  Overseas  Guests: 

James  Simpson,  Canada;  Mrs.  Sara  H.  Hoge,  U.  S.  A.;  Rev.  James  K. 
Shields,  U.  S.  A.;  Rev.  E.  C.  Dinwiddie,  U.  S.  A.;  Rev.  E.  B.  Vargas, 
Mexico;  Mrs.  Deborah  Knox  Livingston,  U.  S.  A.;  Mrs.  Rebecca  Rhoads, 
U.  S.  A.;  Rev.  R.  N.  Holsaple,  U.  S.  A.;  Miles  Yokes,  Canada. 

Resolutions: 

Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr.,  U.  S.  A.;  Rev.  R.  B.  S.  Hammond,  Australia; 
Miss  Agnes  Slack,  England;  Rev.  J.  N.  Pasco,  Mexico;  Rev.  Ben.  H. 
Spence,  Canada;  Miss  Cora  Frances  Stoddard,  U.  S.  A.;  Dr.  Robert  Her- 
cod,  Switzerland;  Rev.  Robert  Corradini,  Italy;  Miss  Prior,  Denmark; 
Bishop  Thomas  Nicholson,  U.  S.  A.;  Judge  Charles  A.  Pollock,  U.  S.  A.; 
William  H.  Anderson,  U.  S.  A.;  Mrs.  Ida  B.  Wise  Smith,  U.  S.  A.;  Mrs. 
Maude  Perkins,  U.  S.  A.;  George  H.  Lees,  Canada;  Canon  Vernon,  Can- 
ada; Rev.  Homer  W.  Tope,  U.  S.  A.;  Rev.  David  Hepburn,  U.  S.  A.; 
Rev.  A.  E.  Cooke,  Canada;  Mrs.  H.  E.  Armstrong,  Canada;  S.  J.  Carter, 
Canada;  R.  H.  Stavert,  Canada;  Villem  Emits,  Esthonia;  Miss  Anna  A. 
Gordon,  U.  S.  A.;  Rev.  P.  A.  Baker,  U.  S.  A.;  Pastor  G.  Gallienne,  France; 
Miss  H.  K.  Norville,  Argentina;  Boyd  P.  Doty,  U.  S.  A.;  Pastor  Von 
£revelin,  Holland;  Miss  Mary  Campbell,  India;  Dr.  Strecker,  Germany; 
Dr.  C.  W.  Saleeby,  England;  Prof.  August  Ley,  Belgium;  Mrs.  Kubu 
Shiro,  Japan;  Mr.  Monroe,  Scotland;  George  B.  Wilson,  Esq.,  England; 
Mrs.  Asa  Gordon,  Canada;  Lars  Larsen-Ledet,  Denmark;  Rev.  A.  H. 
Briggs,  U.  S.  A.;  Rev.  E.  S.  Shumaker,  U.  S.  A.;  Rev.  J.  H.  Robbins, 
U.  S.  A.;  Rev.  MacArthur  Wilson,  Canada;  Rev.  C,  L.  Mclrvine,  Canada; 
W.  D.  Wilson,  Canada;  Dr.  H.  R.  Grant,  Canada;  Gustav  Kempel,  Latvia. 
On  motion  of  Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr.,  the  General  Secretary 

of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism,  Dr.  Ernest  H.  Cherring- 

ton,  manager  of  the  publishing  interests  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League 

of  America,  was  elected  as  an  ex-officio  member  of  all  except  local 

committees. 

W.  W.  Hiltz,  Esq.,  controller  of  the  city  of  Toronto,  on  behalf 

of  the  city,  and  representing  the  mayor,  brought  the  welcome  of  the 

city  of  Toronto  to  the  Convention. 

J.  H.  Carson,  Esq.,  president  of  the  Council  of  the  Dominion 

Alliance  of  Canada,  brought  greetings  of  welcome  from  the  Alliance. 
Responses  were  given  in  five  minute  addresses  by  the  following 

persons,  representing  their  respective  countries : 

20 


Africa — Mr.  Sylvester  Broderick  of  Sierra  Leone. 

Asia — Mr.  J.  Niyogi  of  Calcutta,  India. 

Australia  and  New  Zealand — Rev.  Robert  B.  S.  Hammond,  D.D., 
President  Australian  Alliance  Prohibition  Council. 

British  Isles — Mrs.  Helen  Barton  of  Scotland. 

Northern  Europe — Hon.  Lars  Larsen-Ledet,  G.  E.  S.  C.,  Grand 
Lodge  of  Denmark,  I.  O.  G.  T. 

Southern  Europe — Pastor  Georges  Gallienne,  Secretary  La  Croix 
Bleue,  Paris,  France. 

Latin  America — Miss  Hardy nia  K.  Norville,  Buenos  Aires,  Ar- 
gentina, representative  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U. 

North  America  (United  States) — Rev.  A.  J.  Barton,  D.D.,  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America. 

After  announcements,  singing  and  the  benediction  by  Bishop 
James  Cannon,  Jr.,  the  Convention  adjourned  for  the  Convention 
picture,  which  was  taken  on  the  lawn  of  the  Metropolitan  Church, 
one  block  away. 


FRIDAY   AFTERNOON 

The  Convention  session  convened  at  2  :30  o'clock,  with  Dr.  How- 
ard H.  Russell  of  the  United  States,  one  of  the  Presidents  of  the 
World  League  Against  Alcoholism,  and  founder  of  the  Anti-Saloon 
League,  in  the  chair. 

A  song  service,  led  by  Prof.  Shildrick,  was  followed  by  piano 
solos  by  Prof.  Roper. 

Officials  and  representatives  of  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.  were 
seated  on  the  platform  as  the  guests  of  honor  during  the  afternoon 
session. 

"Lead  On,  Oh !  King  Eternal"  was  sung  by  the  Convention. 

Ernest  H.  Cherrington,  LL.D.,  Litt.D.,  of  the  United  States,  and 
General  Secretary  of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism,  gave  an 
address  on  "Opportunity  and  Obligation  of  the  World  Movement 
Against  Alcoholism." 

An  interesting  exercise  followed,  demonstrating  the  increase  of 
57  per  thousand  of  the  population  in  the  public  schools  of  Toronto, 
since  prohibition  came  into  effect.  After  Mrs.  Davis  McLaren  had 
explained  this  increase  from  118  per  thousand  in  1914  to  175  in  1922, 
118  school  children  marched  upon  the  stage  carrying  the  Canadian 
flag,  followed  later  by  57  others,  which  represented  the  increase,.  A 

21 


lad  of  about  14  years  sang  "Onward  Christian  Soldiers,"  and  the 
entire  group  sang  one  verse  of  "O  Canada." 

At  this  juncture  Rev.  R.  B.  S.  Hammond  of  Australia,  announced 
the  day  as  the  birthday  of  the  General  Secretary,  Dr.  Ernest  H. 
Cherrington,  and,  with  appropriate  words,  on  behalf  of  the  Conven- 
tion, presented  to  Dr.  Cherrington  as  evidence  of  love  and  esteem  a 
large  modern  world  atlas,  which  Dr.  Cherrington  accepted  with 
words  of  appreciation. 

Miss  Cora  Frances  Stoddard  of  Boston,  Executive  Secretary  of 
the  Scientific  Temperance  Federation,  gave  an  address  on  "Scien- 
tific Temperance,  the  Basis  for  Educational  Work  in  the  World 
Movement  Against  Alcoholism." 

Col.  J.  W.  S.  McCullough,  Medical  Health  Officer  for  the  Prov- 
ince of  Ontario,  gave  an  address  on  "Public  Health  and  Prohibition." 

Officers  of  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.  and  various  National  Officers 
of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  organizations  were  introduced.  While  all  W.  C. 
T.  U  representatives  in  the  audience  stood  at  attention,  the  ladies 
sang  "AU  Around  the  World." 

Under  the  five-minute  rule  some  dozen  or  more  delegates  par- 
ticipated in  a  lively  general  discussion. 

Following  announcements  and  the  singing  of  "Be  Strong,"  the 
benediction  was  pronounced  by  Rev.  P.  A.  Baker,  D.D.,  General  Su- 
perintendent of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America,  and  the  Conven- 
tion recessed  until  7:30  o'clock. 


FRIDAY  EVENING 

The  Convention  assembled  at  7:30  o'clock,  and  enjoyed  a  song 
service,  piano  recital  and  selections  by  the  massed  bands  of  the  Sal- 
vation Army  of  Toronto.  Bishop  W.  P.  Thirkield  of  Mexico  presided. 

Rev.  James  Buchanan,  D.D.,  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
Toronto,  offered  prayer. 

The  Convention  sang  "Jesus  Shall  Reign." 

Pastor  Georges  Gallienne,  Secretary  of  La  Croix  Bleue  of 
France,  gave  an  address  on  "The  Movement  Toward  Prohibition  in 
the  Republic  of  France  and  French  Territory." 

A  beautiful  animated  tableau,  illustrative  of  the  origin  of  the 
ten  commandments,  was  presented  by  members  of  the  Danforth 
Avenue  Methodist  Church. 

Miss  Anna  Adams  Gordon  of  Evanston,  Illinois,  Resident  of 

22 


the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.,  and  President  of  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U. 
of  the  United  States,  gave  an  address  on  "The  Pioneer  Work  of  the 
White  Ribboners  in  the  Movement  for  World  Prohibition." 

Rev.  George  W.  Morrow,  of  Michigan,  gave  an  address  and  took 
an  offering  for  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism. 

Dr.  C.  W.  Saleeby,  M.D.,  F.R.S.E.,  of  London,  Vice  President 
of  the  National  Commercial  Temperance  League  and  Chairman  of 
the  British  National  Birth-rate  Commission,  gave  an  address  on 
"Eugenics  and  Prohibition." 

After  announcements  and  singing,  "These  Things  Shall  Be,"  the 
benediction  was  pronounced  and  adjournment  was  taken  until  9:30 
o'clock  Saturday  morning. 


SATURDAY  MORNING 

The  Convention  re-convened  at  9 :30  o'clock,  with  a  song  service. 
Bishop  Arthur  R.  Clippinger,  D.D.,  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  Bishop  of  the 
United  Brethren  Church,  conducted  the  devotions. 

Convention  business  consisted  of  announcements  and  the  read- 
ing of  greetings  to  the  Convention,  presented  by  the  General  Secre- 
tary, Dr.  Ernest  H.  Cherrington.  These  greetings  were  in  the  form 
of  telegrams  from  the  following: 

Swedish  Student  Abstinence  Association. 

South  African  Temperance  Alliance. 

Indian  Temperance  Council,  India. 

Scottish  Temperance  Council. 

Governor  R.  A.  Nestos  of  North  Dakota,  U.  S.  A. 

Governor  Percival  P.  Baxter  of  Maine,  U.  S.  A. 

Rev.  A.  J.  Barton,  D.D. 

The  Chairman  of  the  Business  Committee  then  introduced  the 
presiding  officer  of  the  morning,  Dr.  Robert  Hercod,  of  Lausanne, 
Switzerland,  one  of  the  joint  presidents  of  the  World  League  Against 
Alcoholism,  who  gave  a  brief  address. 

Rev.  David  Ostlund,  of  Stockholm,  Sweden,  Secretary  of  the 
Anti-Saloon  League  of  Sweden,  gave  an  address  on  "The  Vote  on 
Prohibition  in  Sweden." 

Upon  the  presentation  of  Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr.,  who  was 
the  next  speaker,  the  delegation  from  Virginia.  U.  S.  A.,  numbering 
nearly  thirty,  marched  to  the  front  of  the  Hall,  displaying  their  ban- 

23 


ner  and  singing  "Carry  Me  Back  to  Ole  Virginny,"  followed  by  the 
Virginia  yell. 

Bishop  Cannon  then  addressed  the  Convention  on  "The  Churches 
and  World  Prohibition." 

Mr.  S.  J.  Carter,  President  of  the  Quebec  Branch  of  the  Domin- 
ion Alliance,  gave  an  address  on  "The  Quebec  System  of  Dealing 
With  the  Liquor  Traffic." 

Students  of  Universities  and  Colleges,  who  were  present  on  the 
platform,  gave  a  college  yell. 

Hon.  Alfred  Herbert  Horsfall,  M.B.,  Ch.B.,  of  London,  lecturer 
for  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  and  Social  Political  Education 
League,  gave  an  address. 

Representatives  from  Finland,  Mexico,  Ireland,  Peru,  Hungary, 
Spain  and  Colombia,  were  introduced  and  addressed  the  Convention. 
Finland  was  represented  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Akseli  Rauanheimo ; 
Mexico  by  Rev.  E.  B.  Vargas;  Spain  by  Rev.  Franklin  Gortes  Al- 
brecias,  who  spoke  in  Spanish.  His  address  was  interpreted  by  T. 
Marcellus  Marshall  of  Glenville,  West  Virginia. 

Ireland  was  represented  by  Mrs.  Clow,  President  of  the  W.  C. 
T.  U.  of  Ulster;  Peru  by  Mr.  Juan  Escovar;  Hungary  by  Mr.  John 
G.  Gogolyak;  and  Colombia  by  Mr.  Riccardo  Dussan. 

It  was  announced  that  thus  far  52  countries  were  represented  in 
the  registration  at  the  Convention. 

After  announcements  and  singing,  the  benediction  was  pro- 
nounced by  Rev.  M.  P.  Boynton,  of  Chicago,  and  the  Convention 
recessed  until  2:30  o'clock. 


SATURDAY  AFTERNOON 

The  Convention  re-convened  at  2 :30  o'clock  and  listened  to  a 
musical  program  including  a  piano  recital  by  Mr.  Roper,  and  solos 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Blackwell.  Mr.  H.  Ruthven  McDonald  sang  a  solo, 
"Let  the  Lower  Lights  Be  Burning." 

Rev.  Ira  Landrith,  D.D.,  of  Chicago,  presided  at  the  Convention 
session. 

Miss  Cora  Frances  Stoddard,  of  Boston,  introduced  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  George  C.  Milne  and  Rev.  J.  Cromarty  Smith  of  Scotland,  and 
Rev.  and  Mrs.  Gifford  Gordon  of  Australia. 

Mr.  Cherrington  presented  letters  of  greetings  from  the  follow- 
ing United  States  Senators — Senator  Myers  of  Montana ;  Senator 

24 


Frank  B.  Willis  of  Ohio;  Senator  David  Elkins  of  West  Virginia; 
Senator  Morris  A.  Sheppard  of  Texas ;  Senator  Arthur  Capper  of 
Kansas.  He  also  read  a  message  of  greeting  from  Hon.  A.  W.  Mel- 
lon, Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States. 

Dr.  August  Ley  of  the  University  of  Brussels,  gave  an  address 
on  "The  Student  Movement  Against  Alcoholism  in  Belgium  and 
France." 

Prof.  J.  G.  Hume,  Ph.D.,  University  of  Toronto,  gave  an  address. 

Rev.  Elmer  Lynn  Williamson,  D.D.,  of  Chicago,  addressed  the 
Convention. 

Dr.  H.  B.  Carre  of  Tennessee,  U.  S.  A.,  introduced  Miss  Lee 
Leodegarta  Sapao  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  and  Miss  Wilkinson  of 
London. 

Mr.  Harry  S.  Warner,  General  Secretary  of  the  Intercollegiate 
Prohibition  Association,  gave  an  address  on  "The  Student  Field." 

Mr.  Warner  then  announced  the  prizes  which  had  been  awarded 
in  the  International  Student  Essay  Contest  to  forty  persons  on  the 
general  theme  of  "The  World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism." 

It  was  announced  that  212  essays  from  130  universities  and  col- 
leges had  been  received.  Prizes  ranged  from  $10  up  to  $300. 

The  five  best  essays  were  awarded  prizes  as  follows : 

First— $300— "The  Phantom  Saloon,"  Frank  H.  Nelson,  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago,  Chicago. 

Second — $200 — "Bacchus  or  Civilization,"  Jogendra  N.  Sahni, 
(India)  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor. 

Third— $100— "Prohibition  vs.  Personal  Liberty,"  Benjamin 
Goldstein,  University  of  Pittsburgh,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Fourth— $50— "The  U.  S.  and  World  Prohibition,"  George  Ger- 
ling,  State  Normal  School,  Lacrosse,  Wis. 

Fifth— $30— "The  Recent  World  War  vs.  Alcoholism,"  Miss 
Hannah  Jane  Starr,  Queen's  University,  Kingston,  Ont. 

The  next  five  best  essays  were  awarded  $25  each,  as  follows : 

"Has  Prohibition  Been  a  Success?"  Miss  Lucille  Chiddix,  111. 
State  Normal  School,  Normal,  111. 

"The  March  Triumphant,"  Jose  Aguilar,  (Filipino)  Denison 
University,  Granville,  Ohio. 

"Alcohol  and  Civilization — A  Study  in  Social  Psychology,"  A. 
Leroy  Huff,  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 

"Moonshine  the  Menace  of  the  Appalachian  Highlands,"  W.  L. 
Tiller,  University  Theological  Seminary,  Richmond,  Va. 

25 


"Prohibition  and  Good  Citizenship,"  John  Clark,  Lenox  College, 
Hopkinton,  la. 

Dr.  Ernest  H.  Cherrington,  General  Secretary  of  the  World 
League  Against  Alcoholism,  addressed  the  Convention  briefly,  on 
the  importance  of  the  student  movement  for  prohibition.  He  also 
presented  greetings  from  the  Madeira  Islands;  the  Bulgarian  Tem- 
perance Union ;  the  New  Zealand  Temperance  Alliance ;  and  from 
Senator  Bjorkman  of  Sweden. 

Bishop  Thomas  Nicholson,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  of  the  M.  E.  Church, 
resident  in  Chicago,  addressed  the  Convention. 

Mr.  Villem  Emits  of  Esthonia,  spoke  on  the  student  movement 
in  Esthonia  and  Lithuania. 

Rev.  C.  W.  Gordon,  D.D.,  of  Manitoba  (Ralph  Connor)  was  in- 
troduced and  addressed  the  Convention. 

After  announcements,  the  benediction  was  pronounced  by  Dr. 
H.  B.  Carre  of  Tennessee,  U.  S.  A, 

Adjournment  was  taken  until  Sunday  afternoon  at  2 :30  o'clock. 


SATURDAY  NIGHT 

The  Saturday  evening  session  was  an  elaborate  banquet  served 
in  the  ballroom  of  the  King  Edward  Hotel,  with  Bishop  Thomas 
Nicholson,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  of  Chicago,  presiding  as  master  of  cere- 
monies. 

Delegates  were  seated  in  groups  at  small  tables,  nearly  one 
thousand  delegates  being  present.  Music  was  furnished  by  the 
Adanac  Quartet. 

Following  the  meal  an  informal  program  was  carried  out,  con- 
sisting of  three-minute  talks  by  one  person  from  each  of  the  coun- 
tries represented  at  the  Convention.  The  program  was  improvised, 
and  no  record  has  been  kept  of  the  names  of  those  who  participated 
in  the  exercises. 


SUNDAY  MORNING  AND  EVENING 

On  Sunday  morning  visiting  delegates  from  all  over  the  world 
spoke  on  the  general  subject  of  prohibition  in  nearly  one  hundred 
churches  of  the  city.  This  service  was  repeated  in  a  large  number 
of  other  pulpits  in  the  evening. 

26 


SUNDAY  AFTERNOON 

The  Convention  session  opened  with  songs  and  instrumental 
music,  rendered  by  the  massed  Salvation  Army  bands  with  Mr. 
Temple  E.  King  as  conductor. 

Hon.  R.  J.  Fleming,  former  Mayor  of  Toronto,  presided. 

Bishop  W.  P.  Thirkield  conducted  the  devotions. 

Rev.  F.  Scott  McBride  of  Chicago,  State  Superintendent  of  the 
Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League  and  member  of  the  Executive  Commit- 
tee of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America,  gave  an  address  on  "The 
Fight  Ahead,"  and  took  subscriptions  for  the  cause. 

Hon.  John  G.  Cooper  of  Youngstown,  Ohio,  member  of  the 
United  States  Congress  and  also  of  the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive 
Engineers,  gave  an  address  on  "Prohibition  and  Organized  Labor." 


MEMORIAL  HOUR 

The  Convention  then  turned  to  the  memorial  hour  in  memory 
of  temperance  leaders  who  have  died  during  the  past  two  years. 
Rev.  M.  P.  Boynton,  Pastor  of  Woodland  Park  Baptist  Church,  Chi- 
cago, presided,  and  introduced  the  speakers.  A  scripture  lesson  was 
read,  following  which  there  was  a  period  of  silent  prayer. 

Prof.  Robert  Hercod,  Ph.D.,  of  Switzerland,  spoke  in  memory 
of  the  Hon.  Matti  Helenius  Seppala  of  Finland,  who  died  two  years 
ago  on  his  return  from  the  United  States. 

Rev.  Robert  B.  S.  Hammond,  D.D.,  of  Australia,  spoke  of  the 
life  and  work  of  Rev.  James  Marion,  who  was  prominent  in  religious 
and  prohibition  work  in  Australia  and  helped  to  organize  the  World 
League  Against  Alcoholism  in  1920. 

Mrs.  Deborah  Knox  Livingston,  of  Boston,  Superintendent  of 
Citizenship  in  the  World's  and  United  States'  W.  C.  T.  U.,  spoke  of 
Mr.  Thomas  Searle,  who  had  been  the  leader  of  the  Temperance 
Alliance  of  the  Union  of  South  Africa. 

Miss  Agnes  Slack  of  England,  Secretary  of  the  World's  W.  C. 
T.  U.,  brought  a  memorial  tribute  for  the  Countess  of  Carlyle,  who 
had  been  President  of  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.  till  the  time  of  her 
death. 

Rev.  Ira  Landrith,  D.D.,  of  the  United  States,  spoke  in  memory 
of  the  Hon.  John  G.  Woolley,  who,  for  many  years,  was  a  leading 
advocate  of  prohibition,  speaking  not  only  in  the  United  States,  but 
throughout  the  world. 

27 


After  announcements,  and  the  benediction  by  Rev.  H.  W.  Tope, 
D.D.,  of  Philadelphia,  the  Convention  recessed  until  9:30  o'clock 
on  Monday  morning. 


MONDAY  MORNING 

The  Convention  resumed  its  session  at  9 :30  o'clock,  with  song 
and  music,  Mrs.  Sara  Rowell  Wright,  President  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U. 
of  Canada,  presiding. 

Mrs.  Florence  D.  Richard,  President  of  the  Ohio  W.  C.  T.  U., 
conducted  the  devotions. 

Prof.  Robert  Hercod,  Ph.D.,  of  Switzerland,  gave  an  address  on 
"The  Pressure  of  Wine-Growing  Countries  Against  Prohibition." 

Rev.  Edwin  C.  Dinwiddie,  D.D.,  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  National 
Chief  Templar  of  the  I.  O.  G.  T.  of  the  United  States,  gave  an 
address  on  "How  and  Why  America  Will  Stand  Firm." 

The  Illinois  delegates,  numbering  about  twenty-five,  rose  and 
sang  the  Illinois  song. 

A  beautiful  W.  C-  T.  U.  tableau,  representing  the  world-wide 
scope  of  the  prohibition  movement,  was  next  presented. 

Rev.  Wilson  Stuart,  M.A.,  B.Sc.,  of  London,  spoke  on  "The 
Carlisle  Experiment  in  .State  Purchase  and  Liquor  Nationalization." 

Mr.  Tarini  Prasad  Sinha  of  Benares,  India,  gave  an  address  on 
"The  Movement  for  Prohibition  in  India." 

Dr.  H.  B.  Carre  introduced  the  following: 

Australia — Rev.  Robert  B.  S.  Hammond,  D.D. ;  Mrs.  McLeod, 
and  Mrs.  Carvosso. 

Newfoundland — Mrs.  James  S.  Benedict,  Corresponding  Secre- 
tary of  the  W.  C.  T.  U. 

India — Miss  Mary  Campbell,  Organizer  for  the  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Scotland — Mr.  R.  A.  Munro,  Chairman  Scottish  Temperance 
and  No-License  Union. 

Under  the  Roll  Call  of  Countries,  the  following  were  introduced 
and  addressed  the  Convention : 

Japan — Mrs.  Ochimi  Kubushiro  of  Tokio  and  Miss  Uta  Hayashi 
of  Osaka. 

Egypt — Miss  Mary  E.  Baird,  Missionary  for  the  Board  of  the 
United  Presbyterian  Church. 

A  letter  of  greeting  was  read  from  Hon.  J.  Morton  Howell, 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  from  the  United 

28 


States  to   Egypt,   and  also   a   statement  from   Hon.   A.   Saroit,  the 
Premier  of  Egypt. 

Sweden — Alfred  Abrahamson  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Sweden, 
I.  O.  G.  T. 

Denmark — Mr.  Lars  Larsen-Ledet  and  Miss  Dagmar  Prior. 

Bulgaria — Pastor  D.  N.  Furnajieff  and  Mr.  Karastayanoff. 

Newfoundland — Mrs.  David  Johnson  and  Mrs.  Jas.  D.  Benedict. 

Lithuania — Miss  Sonia  Salk. 

Germany — Dr.  Reinhard  Strecker  and  Mrs.  Tilde  Strecker  of 
Darmstajdt,  Mrs.  Gustel  von  Bluecher  of  Dresden,  President  of  the 
W.  C.  T.  U.,  Miss  Wilhelmine  Lohmann  of  Bielefeld  and  Miss 
Martha  Kuppersbusch  of  Cologne. 

Greetings  were  read  from  the  Blue-Ribboners'  Association  of 
Western  Sweden,  as  follows: 

With   God's   blessing   over  the    Convention,   so  that   it   may  bring  great 
results  for  the  bringing  of  World-wide  Prohibition. 

(Signed)    Bjork,    Chairman. 

Borjeson,  Secretary. 
Gothenburg.  Sweden,  November  12,  1922. 

Rev.  Ben  H.  Spence  extended  an  invitation  for  the  delegates  to 
visit  the  Government  House. 

On  motion,  the  invitation  was  accepted  with  expressions  of 
appreciation. 

Dr.  C.  W.  Saleeby  read  the  hymn  "God  Save  the  People,"  and 
the  benediction  was  pronounced  by  Dr.  Howard  H.  Russell. 

Adjournment  was  taken  until  2  :30  o'clock. 


MONDAY  AFTERNOON 

The  Convention  session  opened  at  2 :30  o'clock,  with  a  song 
service,  Dr.  Howard  H.  Russell,  of  U.  S.  A.,  presiding. 

Mrs.  George  C.  Milne  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  of  Scotland,  gave  an 
address  on  "The  Result  of  the  First  National  Contest  with  the 
Liquor  Traffic  in  Scotlan-d." 

Rev.  Gifford  Gordon,  D.  D.,  Melbourne,  Australia,  Financial 
Director  of  the  Victorian  Anti-Liquor  League,  gave  an  address  on 
"The  Results  of  Prohibition  Through  Australian  Eyes." 

Mr.  Henry  Beach  Carre,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  Vanderbilt  Uni- 
versity, Nashville,  Tennessee,  gave  an  address  on  "The  Missionary 
Appeal  of  the  World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism." 

29 


The  Iowa  delegation,  numbering  about  twenty,  sang  their  state 
song. 

Dr.  Cherrington  read  a  telegram  of  greetings  from  Governor  E. 
N.  Kendall  of  Iowa. 

A  beautiful  animated  tableau,  illustrating  the  drink  traffic  in 
China,  which  the  missionaries  are  called  upon  to  meet  and  overcome, 
was  presented. 

Rev.  Father  Lancelot  Minehan,  Rector  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul 
Catholic  Church,  Toronto,  gave  an  address. 

Mr.  E.  N.  Hohenthal  of  Connecticut,  U.  S.  A.,  representing  the 
Sons  of  Temperance,  addressed  the  Convention. 

During  the  roll  call  of  countries,  the  following  responded : 

Scotland — Rev.  J.  Cromarty  Smith. 

Formosa — Mr.  Nathan  Kaku. 

Porto  Rico — Juan  F.  Monita. 

During  the  general  discussion,  under  the  five  minute  rule,  nine 
delegates,  representing  as  many  countries,  participated. 

Recess  was  then  taken  until  7:30  o'clock. 


MONDAY  NIGHT 

The  Convention  reassembled  at  7 :30  o'clock.  The  congregation 
joined  in  a  number  of  songs,  led  by  Prof.  E.  M.  Shildrick.  Bishop 
James  Cannon,  Jr.,  D.D.,  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South, 
presided. 

There  was  a  band  selection  by  the  Riverdale  Salvation  Army 
Band,  Mr.  J.  Wood,  conductor. 

Rev.  S.  D.  Chown,  Superintendent  of  the  M.  E.  Church  of  Can- 
ada, led  in  prayer. 

Rev.  Purley  A.  Baker,  D.D.,  General  Superintendent  of-  the 
Anti-Saloon  League  of  America,  gave  an  address  on  "How  the  Fight 
Was  Won  in  America." 

This  was  followed  by  a  beautiful  animated  tableau  showing  the 
Star  of  Bethlehem  as  the  light  to  lead  to-  the  consecration  at  the 
altar  of  prohibition,  which  will  carry  the  prohibition  reform  to  the 
nations  of  the  world. 

Mrs.  Deborah  Knox  Livingston  of  Boston,  Superintendent  of  the 
Department  of  Christian  Citizenship  of  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U., 
gave  an  address. 

Dr.  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  Legislative  Su- 

30 


perintendent  and  General  Counsel  for  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of 
America,  gave  an  address  and  took  an  offering  for  the  work. 

Hon.  E.  C.  Drury,  Prime  Minister  of  Ontario,  gave  an  address 
on  "Prohibition  in  the  Province  of  Ontario." 

The  Adanac  Quartette  rendered  a  selection  and  the  benediction 
was  pronounced  by  H.  B.  Carre. 

Adjournment  was  taken  until  9:30  o'clock,  Tuesday  morning. 


TUESDAY  MORNING 

The  session  was  opened  with  song  and  with  a  season  of  prayer. 

Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon,  President  of  the  World's  and  United 
States'  W.  C.  T.  U.,  presided,  and  addressed  the  Convention  briefly, 
following  which  greetings  were  read  from  Mary  Harris  Armor,  of 
Georgia,  who  is  now  campaigning  in  New  Zealand. 

The  audience  sang  "O  God  of  Bethel." 

Rev.  Franklin  Albrecias  of  Alicante,  Spain,  gave  an  address  on 
"The  Temperance  Reform  Progress  in  Spain."  He  spoke  in  Spanish 
and  the  address  was  interpreted  by  Rev.  T.  Marcellus  Marshall  of 
West  Virginia. 

Rev.  A.  E.  Cook  of  Vancouver,  British  Columbia,  gave  an  ad- 
dress on  "Practical  Results  of  the  British  Columbia  System  of  Deal- 
ing with  the  Liquor  Traffic." 

The  Wisconsin  delegation,  numbering  about  a  dozen,  arose  and 
sang  the  Wisconsin  song. 

A  tableau  and  dialogue  was  then  presented,  giving  a  true  picture 
of  the  benefits  of  prohibition,  which  have  come  to  a  "home  in  Can- 
ada." 

Rev.  E.  J.  Moore,  Assistant  Superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon 
League  of  America,  gave  an  address  on  "The  Responsibility  of  the 
Church  in  the  Development  of  Successful  Organized  Activities 
Against  Alcoholism." 

The  Convention  sang  "Brightly  Beams  Our  Father's  Mercy." 

Dr.  H.  B.  Carre  presented  the  following  persons: 

India — Miss  Anna  E.  Lawson  and  Rev.  F.  R.  Felt. 

Mexico — Rev.  J.  N.  Pasco. 

Scotland — Mrs.  J.  W.  Bubowe  and  Miss  Jane  Darling. 

Australia — Miss  Addie  Robertson. 

Mr.  Munro  of  Scotland  brought  a  message  of  greeting  from 
Rev.  Henry  Carter  of  England. 

31 


During  the  roll  call  of  countries,  the  following  were  presented 
and  addressed  the  Convention : 

Rumania — V.  W.  Jones. 

Poland — Chester  Strelecki. 

Georgia  (Caucasia) — Paul  D.  Kvaratskhelia. 

India— Rev.  F.  R.  Felt. 

Ukrania — John  Pivovaroff. 

Colombia — Richard  Dussan  and  Carolos  Prada. 

Chili  and  Uruguay — Miss  Hardynia  Norville. 

Siberia — Sergey  Lavrov. 

Rev.  Father  Curran  of  Wilkes-Barre,  Pa.,  was  introduced  and 
addressed  the  Convention  as  a  representative  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church. 

Rev.  James  V.  Chalmers  brought  the  greetings  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Bishop  of  New  York. 

Representatives  from  the  Province  of  Newfoundland  in  Canada, 
and  from  the  States  of  Arkansas,  California,  Colorado,  Maryland, 
Illinois,  Indiana  and  Iowa,  were  introduced  and  addressed  the  Con- 
vention on  the  results  of  prohibition  in  their  respective  regions. 

It  was  announced  that  the  Attorney  General  of  the  Province  of 
Ontario  had  sent  two  thousand  copies  of  the  "Liquor  Laws  of  On- 
tario" to  the  Convention  for  distribution. 

After  announcements  and  the  benediction  by  Rev.  Ben  H. 
Spence  the  Convention  recessed  until  2:30  o'clock. 


TUESDAY  AFTERNOON 

The  Convention  re-convened  at  2:30  o'clock,  Rev.  P.  A.  Baker, 
D.D.,  Superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America,  pre- 
siding. 

Rev.  S.  M.  Dick  of  Minneapolis  offered  prayer  and  Miss  Edna 
Reed  of  Toronto  sang  a  solo. 

The  Chairman  made  brief  remarks. 

Hon.  George  B.  Wilson,  B.A.,  of  London,  Statistical  Secretary 
of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance,  gave  an  address  on  "The  Progress 
of  the  Liquor  Traffic  and  the  Development  of  Alcoholism  in  the 
British  Isles,  as  Shown  by  Official  Statistical  Reports." 

Hon.  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  LL.D.,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  Gen- 
eral Counsel  and  Legislative  Superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon 

32 


League  of  America,  gave  an  address  on  "Respect  for  Law,  National 
and  International." 

Mr.  Ben  H.  Spence  introduced  Sir  George  Foster  of  Canada, 
who  addressed  the  Convention. 

Hon.  W.  E.  Raney,  K.  C.,  Attorney  General  of  Ontario,  gave  an 
address  on  "Enforcing  Prohibition." 

Mrs.  W.  E.  (Pussyfoot)  Johnson  was  introduced  and  addressed 
the  Convention. 

During  the  roll  call  of  states  and  provinces,  the  situation  with 
icference  to  prohibition  in  the  province  of  Saskatchewan,  Canada, 
was  presented. 

Following  a  song,  and  benediction  pronounced  by  Rev.  R.  E. 
Farley  of  New  Mexico,  adjournment  was  taken  until  9:30  o'clock, 
Wednesday  morning. 


TUESDAY  NIGHT 

In  the  absence  of  a  regular  session  of  the  Convention  at  Massey 
Hall,  ten  conferences  were  held  in  different  sections  of  the  city  at 
the  following  places :  Waverly  Road  Baptist  Church,  Rev.  A.  J.  Bar- 
ton, D.D.,  of  Louisiana,  presiding;  Danforth  Methodist  Church,  Hon. 
S.  E.  Nicho'son  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  presiding;  Sherbourne  Street 
Methodist  Church,  Rev.  Howard  H.  Russell,  D.D.,  of  Ohio,  presid- 
ing; Eglington  Methodist  Church,  Rev.  E.  C.  Dinwiddie,  D.D.,  of 
Washington,  D.  C.,  presiding;  Saint  Columba  Presbyterian  Church, 
Rev.  George  B.  Safford  of  Minnesota,  presiding;  Walmar  Road  Bap- 
tist Church,  Rev.  M.  P.  Boynton  of  Chicago,  Illinois,  presiding; 
Christ  Church,  Reformed  Episcopal,  Mrs.  Sara  R.  Wright,  of  Canada, 
presiding;  High  Park  Presbyterian  Church,  Professor  Henry  Beach 
Carre  of  Nashville,  Tennessee,  presiding;  Victoria  Presbyterian 
Church,  Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon  of  Illinois,  presiding;  and  Dovercourt 
Presbyterian  Church,  Rev.  Homer  W.  Tope  of  Philadelphia,  pre- 
siding. 

These  conferences  were  well  attended,  and  addresses  were  given 
at  each  meeting  by  prominent  men  and  women  who  were  in  atten- 
dance at  the  Convention. 


WEDNESDAY  MORNING 

The  Convention  opened  with  a  song  service  followed  by  prayer 
offered  by  Reverend  Wilson  Stuart,  M.A.,  of  London,  England. 

33 


Dr.  Robert  Hercod  of  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  director  of  the 
International  Temperance  Bureau  and  one  of  the  Joint  Presidents  of 
the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism,  presided. 

Miss  Mary  J.  Campbell,  of  Lucknow,  India,  Organizing  Secre- 
tary of  the  World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  gave  an 
address. 

Dr.  Daniel  H.  Kress,  Vice-President  of  the  American  Medical 
Society  for  the  Study  of  Alcoholism  and  Other  Narcotics,  gave  an 
address  on  "The  Fallacy  of  Encouraging  the  Sale  of  Light  Wines 
and  Beer." 

Commissioner  Charles  Sowton,  Chief  Officer  of  the  Salvation 
Army  in  Canada,  gave  an  address  on  "The  Salvation  Army  and  the 
Prohibition  Movement." 

Rev.  Howard  H.  Russell,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  founder  of  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League  movement  in  the  United  States  and  one  of  the  Pres- 
idents of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism,  gave  an  address  on 
"Spiritual  Aspects  of  the  World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism." 

An  animated  tableau  was  presented,  showing  the  first  temper- 
ance meeting  ever  held  on  the  American  continent,  in  the  visit  of  a 
Jesuit  Missionary  to  the  Indians. 

Dr.  M.  P.  Boynton,  of  Chicago,  acting  for  the  delegates  from  the 
United  States,  as  evidence  of  their  appreciation,  presented  to  Rev. 
Ben  H.  Spence  a  fine  traveling  bag,  for  which  Mr.  Spence  expressed 
his  deep  appreciation.  Mrs.  Barton,  of  Scotland,  then  presented  her 
badge  to  Mr.  Spence. 

The  Assistant  Secretary  announced  that  it  was  necessary  for 
him  to  leave  the  Convention  and  named  Orville  S.  Poland,  Esq.,  of 
New  York  City,  and  Mr.  F.  J.  Oaten  of  Canada,  as  Assistant  Secre- 
taries for  the  remainder  of  the  Convention. 

Miss  Agnes  Slack,  of  England,  Secretary  of  the  World's  Wom- 
an's Christian  Temperance.  Union,  addressed  the  convention  on  thr- 
subject,  "The  Movement  Against  Alcoholism  Among  the  Women 
of  Great  Britain  and  Europe." 

Prof.  Villem  Emits  of  Esthonia  was  introduced  and  briefly  ad- 
dressed the  Convention.  He  was  followed  by  Gustav  Kempel  of 
Latvia.  These  two  speakers  also  represented  Lithuania. 

Doctor  Reinhard  Strecker  of  Darmstadt,  Germany,  was  the  next 
speaker.  The  Roll  of  the  States  was  called,  and  the  State  Superin- 
tendents of  the  Anti-Saloon  League,  or  other  prominent  workers, 
responded  for  the  following  states :  Arizona,  Maine,  Louisiana,  Kan- 

34 


sas,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Missouri, 'Nebraska,  New 
Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  Mexico,  New  York. 

Mr.  T.  M.  Wilmot  and  ten  other  representatives  of  the  Sons  of 
Temperance  were  introduced. 

Rev.  Ben  H.  Spence  announced  the  reception  for  the  convention 
delegates  to  be  given  at  the  Government  House  that  afternoon. 

Greetings  were  received  from  the  Independent  Order  of  Recha- 
bites  in  the  Bahamas,  from  the  secretary,  S.  Albert  Dillon. 

After  a  number  of  announcements,  Doctor  Howard  H.  Russell 
pronounced  the  benediction  and  the  session  was  adjourned  at 
12:45  p.  m. 


WEDNESDAY  AFTERNOON 

The  Wednesday  Afternoon  session  opened  with  singing  Number 
Eight  of  the  Convention  Songs.  Judge  Charles  A.  Pollock  of  the 
U.  S.  A.  took  the  chair. 

Mr.  Warren  Hillerud  sang  a  tenor  solo. 

Hon.  Lars  Larsen-Ledet,  secretary  of  the  Federation  of  Danish 
Total  Abstinence  Societies,  spoke  on  the  subject,  "Local  Veto  as  a 
Means  to  Prohibition  in  Northern  Europe." 

William  H.  Anderson,  Superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League 
of  New  York,  addressed  the  Convention  on  the  subject,  "The  Allied 
Citizens  of  America." 

Doctor  Margaret  Patterson,  Police  Magistrate  of  Toronto,  ad- 
dressed the  Convention  on  the  subject,  "Prohibition  and  the  Home." 

Mr.  F.  L.  Watkins  responded  to  the  Roll  Call  for  North  Dakota. 

Rev.  H.  R.  Grant,  of  the  Social  Service  Council  of  Nova  Scotia, 
responded  to  Roll  Call  for  Nova  Scotia. 

A  tableau  was  then  shown,  representing  the  metamorphosis  of 
a  saloon  in  a  western  community,  into  a  city  laundry. 

The  Roll  Call  was  continued,  and  Rev.  Ben  H.  Spence  responded 
for  Ontario. 

A  member  of  the  Scotch  delegation  presented  a  Scotch  thistle 
pin  to  Prof.  Shildrick,  the  leader  of  the  singing  at  the  Convention. 

Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon,  President  of  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U., 
then  took  the  chair,  and  Mr.  George  B.  Wilson  of  London,  chairman 
of  the  Resolutions  Committee,  presented  a  copy  of  the  resolutions 
which  had  been  adopted  by  that  Committee,  and  moved  their  ac- 

35 


ceptance.  By  action  of  the  convention,  the  Resolutions  were  unani- 
mously adopted. 

Rev.  R.  B.  S.  Hammond,  D.D.,  of  Australia,  read  a  suggested 
message  of  greeting  to  New  Zealand.  The  resolution  was  unani- 
mously adopted,  and  included  in  the  report  of  the  Resolutions  Com- 
mittee. 

The  Roll  Call  was  resumed,  and  representatives  of  the  following 
American  states  and  Canadian  provinces  responded :  Ohio,  Okla- 
homa, New  Brunswick,  Prince  Edwrard  Island,  Pennsylvania. 

Rev.  W.  E.  Prescott  assumed  the  duties  of  assistant  secretary 
pro  tern. 

Rev.  David  Nakoff  spoke  for  Bulgaria. 

The  Committee  on  Credentials  reported  that  Canada  had  at  the 
Convention  (up  to  that  time)  544  delegates,  the  United  States  455 
delegates,  and  the  delegates  from  overseas  numbered  112,  making  a 
total  of  1,111  delegates  in  attention  at  the  Convention,  representing 
sixty-six  countries. 

The  Roll  Call  was  resumed,  and  the  following  states  reported : 
Rhode  Island,  South  Dakota,  Texas,  Vermont,  Virginia,  Washing- 
ton and  Wyoming. 

Rev.  Ben  H.  Spence  announced  that  cars  were  waiting  to.  take 
the  delegates  to  Government  House,  and  the  convention  adjourned. 


WEDNESDAY  EVENING 

The  Wednesday  Evening  Session  was  opened  at  7:45  p.  m.  with 
a  song  service  led  by  Prof.  E.  M.  Shildrick. 

Doctor  R.  Hercod  introduced  Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon,  President 
of  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.,  who  took  the  chair  and  presided. 

Prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  J.  Cromarty  Smith  of  Scotland. 

Miss  Agnes  Slack  of  England,  Acting  Vice-President  of  the 
National  British  Women's  Temperance  Association  and  Honorary 
Secretary  of  the  World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union, 
gave  an  address  on  the  influence  of  this  convention  on  world  prohi- 
bition. 

Prof.  Alvin  W.  Roper  then  gave  a  piano  solo. 

A  brilliant  tableau,  "Prohibition,"  was  presented  by  a  group  of 
Toronto  young  people,  directed  by  Messrs.  Lea  and  Ridout. 

Rev.  Gifford  Gordon  of  Melbourne,  Australia,  addressed  the  Con- 

36 


vention  on  "The  Results  of  Prohibition  on  the  North  American  Con- 
tinent." 

Miss  Hardynia  K.  Norville  of  Buenos  Aires,  organizer  for  the 
W.  C.  T.  U.,  spoke  to  the  Convention,  on  the  needs  of  the  South 
American  continent. 

The  closing  address  of  the  convention  was  delivered  by  Rev. 
R.  B.  S.  Hammond,  D.D.,  of  Sydney,  Australia,  president  of  the 
Australian  Alliance  Prohibition  Council,  on  the  subject,  "World 
Prohibition,  the  Solution  of  the  Liquor  Problem." 

Mr.  George  B.  Wilson,  Secretary  of  the  Committee  on  Resolu- 
tions, presented  the  following  resolution,  which  had  been  adopted  by 
the  Committee  :  "That  this  Conference  desires  to  express  its  deep- 
felt  thanks  to  the  multitude  of  friends  in  Toronto  and  Ontario  whose 
kind  hospitality  has  made  us  so  happy." 

The  following  representatives  were  called  upon  to  give  one- 
minute  speeches  of  farewell : 

Denmark — Lars  Larsen-Ledet. 

Italy — Rev.  Robert  E.  Corradini. 

Belgium — Dr.  A.  Ley. 

Sweden — Rev.  David  Ostlund. 

Germany — Dr.  Reinhard  Strecker. 

Japan — Miss  Hayasha. 

France — Pastor  Georges  Gallienne. 

Sierre  Leone — Sylvester  Broderick. 

Latvia — Gustav  Kempel. 

Esthonia — Prof.  Villem  Emits. 

Mexico — Rev.  E.  B.  Vargas. 

Bulgaria — Rev.  David  Nakoff. 

Switzerland — Doctor  R.  Hercod. 

Ireland — Mrs.  Emily  Moffat  Clow. 

Spain — Rev.  Franklin  Albrecias. 

England — Rev.  Wilson  Stuart. 

India — Mr.  J.  Niyogi. 

Rev.  Ben  H.  Spence,  Secretary  of  the  Dominion  Alliance,  was 
presented  with  flowers  by  Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon,  on  behalf  of  the 
W.  C.  T.  U. 

The  audience  sang  "America"  and  "God  Save  the  King." 

Miss   Gordon  pronounced  the   benediction. 

The  audience  was  requested  to  remain,  after  the  session,  and 
view  a  French  cinema  film,  showing  the  evils  of  the  drink  traffic  in 

37 


France,  which  had  been  brought  to  the  convention  by  M.  Gustave 
Cauvin  of  Lyon,  France,  and  which  had  been  shown  by  him  many 
times  to  popular  audiences  in  France.  Mr.  Cauvin  added  a  few  words 
of  explanation  as  the  film  was  shown. 

This  brought  to  a  close  the  final  session  of  the  International 
Convention  of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism. 


RESOLUTIONS 

1.  We,  members  of  the  great  human  family,  deeply  and  tenderly 
sympathize  with  all  in  every  nation,  who  are  suffering  from  the  rav- 
ages of  alcoholic  liquor.    We  have  watched  with  thankfulness  the 
progress  of  the  world-wide  campaign  against  alcoholism.  We  rejoice 
with  them  that  do  rejoice  in  the  first  fruits  of  victory  and  wish  God- 
speed to  those  who  are  now  fighting  for  the  same  end  on  any  field. 
We  call  upon  all  men  and  women  of  good-will  to  unite  in  common 
action   against   this   common   foe,   and   pledge  ourselves   and  those 
whom   we   represent   to   this   high    task,   until    by   the   blessing  of 
Almighty  God  this  age-long  curse  shall  be  no  more. 

2.  Recent  action  of  wine-producing  countries  in  exerting  unwar- 
ranted economic  pressure  upon  small  prohibition  countries  has  again 
called  the  special  attention  of  all  friends  of  liberty,  to  the  principle  of 
self-determination  for  all  countries.     This  Convention  reaffirms  the 
right  of  every  country  to  suppress  alcoholism  within  its  own  borders ; 
indignantly  protests  against  pressure  by  any  country  upon  any  other 
to  break  down  such   self-determination  ;  and  urges  that  insistence 
upon  this  fundamental  principle  should  be  the  official  business  of 
every  free  Government;  should  be  the  object  of  united  effort  by  all 
Prohibition  countries ;  and  should  be  definitely  embodied  in  inter- 
national law. 

3.  That  this  Convention  urges  immediate  effective  international 
action   against   the   international   illicit   traffic   in   alcoholic   liquors 
which  is  a  menace  to  the  sobriety  and  the  peace  of  the  world. 

4.  That  since  intelligent  public  opinion  is  essential  to  intelligent 
public  action  against  alcoholism,  this  Convention  urges  that  every 
possible  agency  be  employed  to  acquaint  the  peoples  of  all  nations, 
and  especially  the  rising  generation,  with  the  facts  of  modern  science 
demonstrating  the  injurious  effects  of  alcohol  upon  personal,  national 
and  racial  well-being. 

J5.   That  in  view  of  the  havoc  being  wrought  by  alcohol  among 


native  races,  this  Convention  earnestly  appeals  to  the  responsible 
powers  to  stop  this  wicked  and  shameful  traffic. 

6.  That  in  view  of  the  development  in  mechanical  transporta- 
tion on  land  and  sea  and  in  the  air,  the  increasing  intricacy  of  the 
machinery  employed,  the  enormous  increase  in  the  number  of  pas- 
sengers and  the  great  risk  to  their  safety  in  the  use  of  alcoholic  bev- 
erages by  persons  engaged  in  such  transportation  service,  this  Con- 
vention  commends   the   action   of   employes   throughout  the  world 
who,  in  the  interest  of  public  safety,  abstain  from  such  beverages, 
and  urges  upon  all  transportation  services  the  high  importance  of 
extending  this  practice. 

7.  That  this  Convention  appeals  to  students,  especially  those 
studying  for  the  ministry  and  for  the  medical,  legal  and  teaching 
professions,  to  prepare  and  consecrate  themselves  to  lead  in  the  de- 
liverance of  the  world  from  alcoholism. 

8.  That  this  Convention  thanks  such  part  of  the  public  press  as 
has  impartially  published  the  truth  as  to  the  effects  of  prohibition 
wherever  in  operation,  and  appeals  to  the  whole  public  press  to  deal 
fairly  with  this  issue. 

Resolved,  that  the  General  Secretary  forward  the  following  to 
New  Zealand  temperance  workers: 

9.  Representatives  of  sixty-six  countries  having  seen  for  our- 
selves and  also  heard  the  emphatic  public  testimony  of  Sir  George 
Foster,  former  minister  of  finance  and  acting  prime  minister  of  all 
Canada,  and  Hon.  E.  C.  Dairy,  prime  minister  of  Ontario,  enthusi- 
astically urge  New  Zealand  to  make  a  supreme  effort  to  bring  to 
their  dominion  the"  extensive  and  undoubted  benefits  of  prohibition. 


39 


TELEGRAMS,  LETTERS  AND  MESSAGES  OF  GREETING 
TO  THE  TORONTO  CONVENTION  OF  THE  WORLD 
LEAGUE  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

AUSTRIA 

League  for  Culture  Free  from  Alcohol,  Upper-Austrian  Committee  for 
Alcohol  Prohibition,  Joseph  Schaffer,  Secretary,  Linz  A.  D.  Hoffgasse  9, 
Austria: 

The  two  mentioned  corporations  have  charged  me  to  send  for  you  the 
best  wishes  on  occasion  of  the  meeting. 

Association  of  Abstaining  Physicians  in  German-Speaking  Districts, 
(Verein  abstinenter  Aerzte  des  deutschen  Sprachgebeites,  E.  V.),  Dr.  A.  Holit- 
scher,  Manager,  Pirkenhammer  bei  Carlsbad,  Austria: 

We  beg  to  convey  to  the  Congress  our  warmest  sympathy.  We  hope 
that  the  program  may  be  successfully  carried  out  and  the  methods  used  in  the 
struggle  for  prohibition  all  over  the  world  be  bettered  in  order  that  we  may 
likewise  attain  as  soon  as  possible  the  goal  that  the  United  States  has  already 
reached. 

BAHAMAS 

Independent  Order  of  Rechabites,  S.  Albert  Dillet,  Secretary  "Provident" 
Tent,  No.  112,  254  Shirley  St.,  E.,  St.  Matthews  Parish,  N.  P.,  Bahamas: 

For  myself  and  on  behalf  of  the  "Provident"  Tent  No.  112,  I.  O.  R.,  I 
extend  the  profoundest  and  most  cordial  greetings  to  the  World  League 
Against  Alcoholism  in  great  convention  assembled  at  Toronto;  we  bid  you 
Godspeed. 

BELGIUM 

Le  Bien-Etre  Social,  President,  F.  Lemaire,  rue  de  Namur  II,  Liege; 
Secretary,  Bronkart,  rue  Montagne  Ste.  Walburge  122,  Liege: 

At  the  time  of  the  meeting  of  the  Convention  of  the  World  League 
Against  Alcoholism,  the  Belgian  Temperance  League  "Le  Bien-Etre  Social" 
takes  pleasure  in  expressing  to'  you  its  best  wishes  for  success.  The  solidarity 
of  anti-alcoholic  action  manifests  itself  every  day  prominently,  like  the  inter- 
nationalism of  resistance  which  they  meet.  And  the  anti-alcoholic  triumphs, 
especially  where  they  are  produced  by  us,  Belgian  abstainers,  are  an  encour- 
agement and  a  joy.  We  greet,  then,  the  Congress  meeting  at"  Toror'o.  We 
hope  that  its  deliberations  will  be  fruitful  and  that  they  will  stren^/ien  the 
anti-alcoholic  cause.  .  .  » 

Regarding  the  question  as  to  the  scope  of  prohibition,  we  are  convinced 
like  yourself  of  the  necessity  of  an  international  action,  staged  at  the  same 
time  all  over  the  world  by  legislation  and  on  the  conscience  of  the  public  for 
the  extirpation  of  the  flow  of  alcohol.  Also  we  receive  with  sympathetic  agree 
ment  the  announcement  of  the  Convention,  and  while  regretting  that  the  cir- 
cumstances surrounding  us  do  not  allow  us  to  have  a  direct  representative. 
we  send  you  our  wishes  for  its  entire  success. 

40 


Report  of  the  Bien-Etre  Social  of  Liege  to  the  Congress  of  the  World 
League  Against  Alcoholism,  at  Toronto: 

The  flow  of  alcoholism  has  for  a  long  time  been  greatly  extended  in  Bel- 
gium, as  in  other  countries  of  western  and  central  Europe.  Belgium,  a  coun- 
try very  densely  populated,  is  composed  of  a  laboring  and  agricultural  popula- 
tion, and  very  much  exposed  to  this  danger. 

Alcoholism  in  Belgium  manifests  itself  in  the  form  of  a  very  extended 
consumption  of  strong  drinks  properly  called  rum,  cognac,  amers,  and  above 
all,  gin,  of  which  there  exists  in  the  country  a  developing  industry.  Wine, 
less  widespread  without  being  rare,  is  essentially  one  of  the  drinks  of  the 
middle-class.  Much  beer  is  consumed.  The  alcoholic  content  of  this  latter  is 
always  very  variable.  The  consumption  of  beer,  by  excess,  brings  a  certain 
stage  in  the  character  of  veritable  drunkenness. 

The  saloons  are,  on  the  other  hand,  very  plentiful.  They  represent  a  most 
active  exploitation.  It  is  estimated  that  there  is  one  saloon  for  37  inhabitants, 
males  and  females,  young  or  old. 

The  saloon  element  represents  a  considerable  \oting  force,  and  as  such 
opposes  itself  to  all  serious  reform.  Under  the  electoral  rule  which  prevailed 
until  1893  —  the  "censitaire"  (copy-holder)  system  —  it  was  impossible  for  a 
party  to  redress  himself  against  the  saloonkeepers.  The  plural  vo:e,  which 
succeeded  the  "censitaire"  rule,  decreased  somewhat  the  power  of  the  saloon- 
keepers, but  without  weakening  it.  The  system  of  universal  manhood  suffrage, 
which  actually  rules,  has  reduced  noticeably  the  influence  of  the  saloons.  The 
extension  to  women  of  the  right  to  vote,  toward  which  the  country  has  been 
tending,  accentuates  the  welcome  recoil  from  the  electoral  power  of  the  saloon- 
keepers. 

In  order  to  fight  against  the  flow  of  alcohol,  the  workers  banded  together 
successively  in  Belgium,  in  the  form  of  neutral  associations,  and  under  con- 
fessional form.  The  first  organization  was  formed  in  1880.  In  1895  was 
founded  at  Liege  the  "Bien-Etre  Social."  Following  its  regulations,  the  Bien- 
Etre  Social  is  open  to  persons  irrespective  of  religion,  wealth  or  social  posi- 
tion. The  members  pledged  themselves  to  abstain  completely  from  consump- 
tion of  strong  drinks  of  certain  types,  rum,  brandy,  gin,  etc.  Regarding  the 
consumption  of  wine  and  beer,  it  consists,  if  one  does  not  abstain  completely, 
in  moderation  as  to  quantity  and  amount  of  alcoholic  content.  The  Bien- 
Etre  Social  has  always  counted  among  its  directors  and  among  its  members, 
beside  the  practising  temperance  members  as  spoken  of  above,  the  "teetotal- 
ers," and  a  perfect  agreement  has  always  ruled  between  one  class  and  the 
other,  all  working  without  antagonistic  thought  toward  the  destruction  of 
alcoholism  as  it  is  found  in  Belgium. 

The  Bien-Etre  Social  has,  from  1895  to  1914,  worked  especially  in  the 
Province  of  Liege.  Under  the  active  presidency  of  M.  1'Abbe  J.  Lemmens,  it 
carried  on  an  intense  campaign,  addressed  to  the  adults  as  well  as  to  the 
younger  generation.  It  proceeded  by  books,  tracts,  pamphlets,  solemn  meet- 
ings, meetings  of  particular  propaganda,  etc.  It  has  cooperated  thus  in  form- 
ing the  convictions,  in  a  population  little  instructed  regarding  the  harms  of 
alcohol,  and  to  prepare  the  ground  for  action  by  law  in  the  future, 

41 


During  the  war,  the  Belgian  population  consumed  little  alcohol.  The 
quantity  was  reduced  by  the  suppression  of  the  importation  and  the  diminu- 
tion of  production,  and  the  German  occupation  likewise  excluded  the  con- 
sumer of  alcohol.  This  was  fortunate.  In  the  condition  of  debilitation  of 
the  Belgian  population,  alcohol  would  have  exercised  an  infinitely  more  harm- 
ful influence  than  ordinarily. 

At  the  time  of  the  armistice,  the  Government  of  the  Havre  put  into  effect 
a  decree  forbidding  completely  the  selling  of  alcohol.  It  was  a  provisionary 
measure,  in  the  attempt  to  re-establish  the  regular  functioning  of  parliamen- 
tary institutions.  In  1919  the  Belgian  parliament  replaced  the  decree  by  a 
regular  law.  This  forbade  all  sale  of  alcohol  in  cafes  and  other  selling  places 
of  drinks  to  the  consumer  on  the  premises.  This  was  war  on  the  saloon,  and 
likewise  on  the  sale  of  strong  drinks.  The  sale  of  alcohol  two  litres  at  a  time 
was  authorized,  but  only  in  groceries,  liquor  sales-places,  etc.,  where  it  was 
not  consumed  on  delivery.  Finally  the  export  and  import  duties  were  greatly 
increased. 

By  this  measure,  the  Belgian  parliament  cut  off  short  the  permanent 
temptation  for  drinking  alcohol,  which  constituted  the  cafe.  The  tolerance  of 
the  sale  up  to  two  litres  was  a  concession,  regrettable  always,  since  they  were 
not  able  to  forego  the  advantages  of  the  voting  law  which  were  considerable. 

As  to  the  temperance  workers,  they  have  found,  after  the  war,  their  or- 
ganizations broken  up  and  their  members  dispersed.  The  Bien-Etre  Social 
has  been  able  to  re-establish  without  loss  some  of  its  former  local  societies. 
It  searches  for  persons  in  Belgium  susceptible  to  its  influence,  particularly  on 
the  Catholic  side,  and  the  publication  is  given  them.  It  proceeds- by  meetings, 
by  personal  appeals  or  by  letters,  by  distribution  of  pamphlets,  etc.,  with  a 
view  to  neutralizing  the  propaganda  of  the  saloonkeepers.  The  latter  work 
without  wearying.  They  attempt  at  this  time  to  dispose  public  opinion 
against  the  prohibition  of  alcohol  in  the  cafes  and  to  obtain  the  help  of  polit- 
ical men,  and  the  promise  of  the  repeal  of  the  law.  .  .  .  One  is  able  to  say 
that  the  fight  for  temperance  is  very  extended  in  Belgium  and  will  continue 
for  a  long  time  yet. 

BRAZIL 

Cyro  Vieira  da  Cunha,  Assistant  in  the  Institute  Oswaldo  Cruz: 

In  the  question  of  the  fight  against  alcoholism  we  have  to  examine  the 
measures  of  governmental  origin  and  those  of  private  origin.  In  the  latter, 
distinction  should  be  made  between  those  of  a  practical  and  those  of  a  theo- 
retical order,  including  publications  tending  to  solve  the  problem.  Let  us 
see  then,  in  the  direction  indicated,  what  has  been  done  in  Brazil  to  extin- 
guish alcoholism,  this  evil  which,  in  the  apposite  phrase  of  Courdelier  has  now 
ceased  to  be  "une  maladie  du  corps  humain"  to  become  "une  maladie  du  corps 
social." 

Various  attempts  have  been  made  by  certain  deputies  to  displace  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  country  from  the  position  of  indifference  which  it  has  main- 
tained even  to  the  present  day  with  regard  to  the  question  of  alcoholism.  No 
results  have,  however,  yet  been  attained. 

The  head  of  our  government,   President  Epitacio  Pessoa,  referred,  in  a 

42 


to  Congress^  to  the  necessity  of  increasing  tiie  tax  oh  the  consurrip- 
tion  of  intoxicating  drinks;  but  he  was  not  listened  to.  Elected  and  sustained 
in  their  Congressional  seats  by  States  that  derive  the  greater  part  of  their 
revenues  from  the  manufacture  of  drink,  not  many  senators  and  deputies  can 
observe  a  worthy  legislative  attitude  toward  the  terrible  poison.  Otherwise, 
in  Brazil,  as  in  many  other  countries,  the  leaders  unfortunately  confuse  the 
protection  of  the  tillage  of  cane  with  that  of  the  poison,  alcohol. 

By  legislation  there  is  in  Brazil  only  the  loss  of  office  to  any  public  func- 
tionary found  publicly  intoxicated  and  the  punishment  of  anyone  who  fur- 
nishes drinks  with  the  purpose  of  intoxicating  or  of  increasing  intoxication. 
As  with  the  French  law  of  January  25,  1873,  these  Brazilian  laws  are  today 
entirely  abandoned  on  account  of  their  manifest  inefficacy. 

In  some  towns  the  sale  of  beverages  of  high  alcoholic  content  on  Sundays 
and  certain  other  days  after  seven  p.  m.  is  prohibited.  This  law,  however,  is 
practically  non-existent  ...  In  1909  it  was  attempted  in  the  capital  of  the 
country  to  limit  the  number  of  drinkshops.  The  project  did  not  materialize. 
In  July,  1920,  Deputy  Francisco  Valladares  presented  to  the  Chamber  a  plan 
calling  for  the  establishment  in  the  Federal  District  of  a  special  asylum  for 
inebriates.  In  the  Commission  of  Legislation  and  Justice,  the  project  was 
favorably  received,  being  afterward  extended  to  include  also  morphinomani- 
acs,  cocainomaniacs,  etc. 

And  nothing  more  have  our  governors  done  to  aid  the  citizens  who  seek 
to  preserve  the  forces  of  workmen — certainly  the  worst  victims  of  alcohol. 

Little  as  has  been  that  which  the  governors  of  the  country  have  carried 
into  effect,  much  less  can  be  credited  to  private  initiative  concerning  the  mat- 
ter which  we  are  now  considering.  In  the  theoretical  field  may  be  cited  about 
a  hundred  antialcoholic  works,  which  are  not  to  be  compared  with  the  num- 
bers published  in  France  and  in  the  United  States,  to  mention  two  countries 
only.  The  first  study  of  the  important  problem  to  appear  among  us  was  that 
of  Alexander  do  Rosario  (1839)  which  antedated  the  work  of  Magnus  Huss 
(1852).  After  that  not  until  1882  do  we  meet  with  a  work  worthy  of  record, 
the  lecture  "Chronic  Alcoholism"  of  Prof.  Torres  Homem,  whose  prestige 
among  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  called  forth  a  series  of 
theses  on  the  subject.  In  1913  was  published  "The  Modern  Poison"  of  Dr. 
Domingos  Jaguaribe,  one  of  the  most  indefatigable  warriors  in  the  campaign. 
Dr.  Jaguaribe's  book  made  a  deep  appeal  to  many  among  us  who  were  inter- 
ested in  the  destiny  of  the  race,  and  was  the  starting-point  of  new  publications. 

Practically,  when  attempts  have  been  made  to  found  leagues  against 
alcohol,  such  organizations  have,  unfortunately,  lasted  for  a  few  months  only. 
Only  in  the  State  of  S.  Paulo  and  now  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  has  any  useful 
work  developed.  In  one  State  there  are  three  lodges  of  the  Order  of  Good 
Templars.  In  Rio  Grande  a  large  number  of  candidates  for  medical  degrees 
have  agreed  to  take  a  solemn  oath  to  further  the  combat  against  alcoholism. 

Almost  nothing,  however,  has  been  done  in  Brazil  in  the  war  against 
alcoholism.  All  the  larger  movements  in  our  country  have  had  their  initiation 
in  the  State  of  S.  Paulo.  Looking  ahead,  may  we  in  a  not  distant  future  hope 
to  see  the  problem  interesting  the  whole  of  the  Brazilian  people,  because  the 

43 


Paulist  youth  already  stand  forth  full  of  enthusiasm,  of  courage,  and  of  faith, 
with  full  assurance  of  victory. 

BULGARIA 

Bulgarian  Temperance  Union,  M.  N.  Popoff,  President;  Z.  D.  Furnajieff, 
Secretary,  Ulitza  Vitosha  36,  Sofia,  Bulgaria: 

We  authorize  Mr.  Furnajieff  to  convey  our  greetings  to  the  said  Conven- 
tion, with  our  best  wishes  for  all  their  deliberations  and  for  a  speedy  making 
the  world  dry,  assuring  them  of  our  readiness  to  cooperate  in  every  possible 
way. 

I.  O.  G.  T.  N.,  Dr.  Kh.  Neytcheff,  Special  Deputy,  Sofia,  Bulgaria: 

Please  present  our  good  will  to  the  delegates  of  the  Convention  and 
assurance  of  our  thanks  and  our  acknowledgment  of  the  invitation,  also  the 
most  cordial  greetings  on  my  part  and  on  the  part  of  the  Bulgarian  abstinents. 

CANADA 

British  Columbia  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  Gertrude  M. 
Lanning,  Provincial  Cor.  Sec.,  Ladner,  B.  C; 

We  thank  you  very  sincerely  for  your  invitation  and  would  have  most 
gladly  accepted  had  we  been  able.  We  wish  the  Convention  the  greatest 
success. 

I.  O.  G.  T.,  Grand  Lodge  of  Canada  (Ontario),  J.  T.  Dyson,  Grand  Sec., 
137  Lisgar  Street,  Toronto,  Canada: 

On  behalf  of  the  officers  and  members  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Canada, 
International  Order  of  Good  Templars,  I  extend  a  hearty  welcome  to  Toronto 
the  Queen  City  of  the  West.  .  .  .  May  the  deliberations  of  this  World 
League  be  such  that  it  will  hasten  the  day  when  the  white  flag  of  Prohibition 
will  float  over  every  nation,  and  the  peoples  of  the  earth  be  blessed  by  the 
efforts  of  your  magnificent  organization. 

Protestant  Ministerial  Association  of  the  City  of  Montreal,  Rev.  Isaac 
Norman,  Secretary;  Rev.  George  Adam,  President,  corner  Cartier  and  De- 
Montigny  streets,  Montreal,  Quebec,  Canada: 

At  a  regular  meeting  of  the  Protestant  Ministerial  Association  of  the  city 
of  Montreal  I  was  instructed  as  follows:  That  this  Protestant  Ministerial  As- 
sociation of  the  city  of  Montreal  send  cordial  greetings  to  the  World  League 
Against  Alcoholism  and  best  wishes  for  the  success  of  the  Convention  now  in 
session  in  the  city  of  Toronto. 

Dominion  Alliance  for  the  Suppression  of  the  Liquor  Traffic,  J.  H.  Car- 
son, President,  Montreal,  Canada: 

Greatly  regret  unavoidable  absence  from  closing  session.  Canadian  pro- 
hibitionists much  encouraged  and  inspired  by  your  visit.  Accept  our  grateful 
appreciation. 

Social  Service  Council  of  Alberta,  Rev.  Wm.  H.  Irwin,  President,  Wetas- 
kiwin;  H.  H.  Hull,  Secretary,  714  Tegler  Bldg.,  Edmonton,  Alberta,  Canada: 

As  it  is  impossible  for  Alberta  to  be  represented  officially  at  the  World's 
Convention  we  are  sending  you  fraternal  greetings  and  the  best  wishes  of  all 
the  friends  of  prohibition  in  Alberta  for  a  successful  conference.  .  .  .  May 
this  World's  Conference  set  a  new  goal  for  all  prohibitionists. 

44 


Manitoba  Provincial  W.  C.  T.  U.,  Mrs.  A.  H.  Oakes,  Prov.  Pres.,  54 
Greenwood  Rd.,  Winnipeg,  Man.,  Canada: 

Please  convey  warmest  greetings  from  Manitoba  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  to  delegates  assembled  in  International  Convention 
Against  Alcoholism.  Our  hearts  are  going  out  in  intercessory  prayer  for 
those  taking  part,  and  we  trust  that  under  divine  guidance  a  great  impetus 
will  be  given  the  cause  of  total  abstinence  and  prohibition,  and  that  the  time 
will  speedily  come  when  this  evil  thing  will  be  banished  forever  from  the  face 
of  the  earth. 

Ontario  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  Emma  Pugsley,  Presi- 
dent; Miss  Maude  McKee,  Cor.  Sec.,  North  Bay,  Ontario: 

The  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  of  Ontario,  Canada,  herewith 
extend  cordial  greetings  to  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism.  We 
understand  the  magnitude  of  the  work  you  have  undertaken  and  the  stupen- 
dous influence  which  you  will  have  upon  the  world. 

We  pledge  you  our  heartfelt  and  unswerving  loyalty,  as  well  as  our 
prayers  for  the  success  of  this  great  cause  in  behalf  of  humanity. 

Quebec  Provincial  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  Mrs.  B.  W. 
McLachlan,  Cor.  Sec.,  Apt.  9,  the  Kensington,  4412  St.  Catherine  St.,  West- 
mount,  Que.,  Ontario: 

We  have  a  splendid  band  of  over  2,000  members,  in  this  Province,  of  the 
W.  C.  T.  U.  and  on  their  behalf,  I  extend  to  the  members  of  the  World  League 
their  heartiest  sympathy,  admiration  and  loyalty. 

R.  Hunter  Robinson,  M.  D.,  Toronto,  Canada: 

As  England  expects  every  man  to  do  his  duty,  doctors  included,  I  pro- 
pose now  to  do  mine.  I  am  now  75,  having  practiced  medicine  in  a  humble 
way  in  Toronto  since  graduating  before  the  Toronto  University  and  Medical 
Council  of  Ontario  after  being  an  interne  (1871-2)  in  the  old  General  Hos- 
pital, just  fifty  years  ago. 

I  make  bold  to  challenge  my  brother  practitioners,  in  the  noblest  calling 
on  earth,  to  stand  shoulder  to  shoulder  and  do  their  duty,  by  absolutely  refus- 
ing to  prescribe  alcohol.  .  .  .  The  Academy  of  Medicine  in  Toronto  has  re- 
pudiated on  scientific  grounds  alcoholic  liquors  as  a  remedy  in  disease. 

ENGLAND 

The  Temperance  Council  of  the  Christian  Churches  of  England  and 
Wales,  Rev.  Henry  Carter,  Hon.  Secretary,  1  Central  Buildings,  Westmin- 
ster, London: 

Deeply  regret  quite  impossible  to  attend  Toronto  meetings  because  tem- 
perance question  closely  involved  in  British  geneial  election  and  in  post- 
election policy  and  also  because  can  not  leave  preparatory  work  for  next 
year's  national  crusade  of  united  churches  against  drink  evil.  Please  convey 
heartiest  greetings  and  good-will  to  my  fellow-workers  in  world  fight  against 
alcoholism. 

Western  Temperance  League,  A.  G.  Barker,  Secretary,  3  Clare  Ave., 
Bishopston,  Bristol,  England: 

I  hope  your  Convention  will  be  a  very  great  success.  The  influence  of 

45 


Prohibition  in  America  and  Canada  is  very  great  and  has  stimulated  other 
countries  in  their  efforts  for  local  option  which  we  trust  will  result  in  no- 
license. 

FRANCE 

European  Committee,  World  Prohibition  Federation,  Dr.  Legrain,  Presi- 
dent, Asile  de  Villejuif,  (Seine),  France: 

As  representative  both  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  I.  O.  G.  T.  and  of  the 
European  Committee  of  the  International  Dry  Federation  ...  I  have  the 
agreeable  mission  to  send  you  for  the  Convention  their  most  eager  wishes 
for  the  meeting. 

Societe  Antialcoolique  des  Agents  de  Chemins  de  fer  Francais  (French 
Anti-Alcoholic  Society  of  Railway  Workers),  President  of  the  Administrative 
Council: 

We  would  be  glad  to  be  allowed  to  present  our  sincere  and  cordial  wishes 
which  we  hold  for  the  success  of  this  meeting. 

HUNGARY 

Alkoholellenes  Munkasszovetseg,  Weisz  Lamu,  titkar,  Budapest  VI,  Eot- 
vos-Utca  3: 

Greetings  to  the  World  Convention  Against  Alcohol. 

INDIA 

India  Temperance  Council,  Nandlal,  Secretary,  Amritsar,  India: 
India  demands  prohibition,  wishes  Godspeed.     Miss  Campbell  and  Niyogi 
representing. 

IRELAND 

Rev.  H.  Stephens  Richardson,  Drumlyn,  Moyallon,  Portadown,  North 
Ireland:  j  ,' 

We  will  be  with  you  in  prayer,  and  trust  that  the  spirit  that  will  be  gen- 
erated in  that  great  Convention  will  be  felt  here  in  Great  Britain. 

JAPAN 

Japanese  Temperance  League,  Tokio,  Japan: 
God  with  us  shall  make  world  dry. 

LATVIA 

Latvian  Antialcohol  Society  of  Riga,  Latvia,  Jekab  Greenblat,  delegate, 
1914  E.  Gadsden  Street,  Pensacola,  Florida: 

I  wish  to  express  my  gratitude  to  you  all  for  the  good  work  you  have 
already  accomplished  both  individually  and  collectively.  I  welcome  you  here 
today  on  behalf  of  the  Latvian  Anti-alcohol  Society  of  Riga,  Latvia. 

Latvian  Esperanto  Union,  Edgaro  Grot,  Secretary,  Nikolaa  strato  No.  41, 
log.  14,  Riga,  Latvia: 

Although  there  is  between  us  and  the  Convention  of  the  World  League 
the  ocean  and  great  countries,  we  shake  hands  with  you,  however,  for  the 
ideas  and  the  ideals  don't  know  the  obstacle  of  time  or  space.  Our  esperanto- 
union  of  Latvia  sends  you  its  greetings  and  wishes  to  the  Convention  the  best 
success  in  its  fight  against  the  monstrous  evil,  source  of  degeneracy  and 

46 


crime,  alcoholism.     Long  life  and  prosperity  to  the  World  League,  this  is  the 
wish   of  the   Esperanto-Union  of  Latvia. 

LITHUANIA 

Lithuanian  Roman  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Alliance  of  America,  Rev. 
Peter  P.  Sarusaitis,  Spiritual  Director: 

I  am  exceedingly  glad  and  rejoice  to  be  permitted  to  transmit  to  this  as- 
sembly my  humble  opinion  about  the  remedy  against  the  greatest  evil  of  the 
whole  world.  I  have  studied  this  question  for  about  twenty  years,  and  the 
more  I  study  it  the  more  I  am  convinced  that  only  education  of  all  nations 
and  all  people  can  induce  all  to  reject  alcoholic  drinks. 

Objections  are  being  constantly  used  to  defend  their  king,  Alcohol,  by 
the  lovers  of  intoxicants — objections  taken  from  the  Bible  against  prohibition 
and  total  abstinence.  They  say  "If  alcohol  were  such  poison  as  the  science  of 
today  represents  it,  Christ  would  have  told  his  disciples,  and  would  not  have 
made  more  wine  at  the  wedding  feast."  These  persons  say  that  prohibition  is 
"anti-Christian,"  evidently  relying  upon  the  first  miracle  of  Christ! 

It  is  a  great  blasphemy  to  assert  that  Christ  by  this  miracle  approved  all 
wines,  which  are  abused  by  the  drunkards,  which  not  only  do  not  "spring 
forth  virgin,"  but  on  the  contrary,  as  we  read  "wine  and  women  make  wise 
men  fall  off,  and  shall  rebuke  the  prudent.  And  he  that  joineth  himself  to 
harlots  will  be  wicked." 

The  great  interpreter  of  Scripture,  Cornelius  A.  Lapide,  demonstrates 
that  Christ  did  not  by  his  first  miracle  approve  the  wine  or  the  portion  of 
wine  which  is"  abused  by  drunkards  to  offend  God,  only  that  portion  which  is 
used  for  sacramental  purposes.  If  no  one  would  taste  more  wine  than  that 
quantity,  the  people  in  the  world  would  become  total  abstainers  and  those 
who  are  trying  to  defend  their  business  by  the  first  miracle,  and  aim  to  become 
rich  by  producing  and  selling  wines,  would  soon  starve. 

Abstinence  from  wine  induces  man  to  virtue  or  helps  him  to  practice 
virtue,  but  the  abuse  of  wine  induces  him  to  all  wicked  deeds,  even  war. 

NETHERLANDS 

Orde  van  Jonge  Templieren  (Society  of  Young  Templars),  Winschoten, 
Netherlands: 

We  greatly  regret  not  to  be  able  to  send  a  delegate  to  this  Congress  of 
the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  and  express  you  our  cordial  thanks 
for  your  kind  invitation,  hoping  the  Convention's  influence  will  be  great  and 
mightily  help  to  create  a  better  mankind. 

Hon.  Oscar  F.  Bravo,  Vice-Consul  of  the  Netherlands,  Mayaguez,  Porto 
Rico: 

I  beg  to  thank  you  for  the  courtesy  and  wish  the  Convention  success. 
NEW  ZEALAND 

The  New  Zealand  Alliance  for  the  Abolition  of  the  Liquor  Traffic,  Rev. 
John  Dawson,  Gen.  Secretary,  205  Lambton  Quay,  Wellington,  New  Zealand: 

Please  convey  to  the  Convention  our  great  sense  of  indebtedness  and  our 
heartfelt  appreciation  of  the  World  League's  generous  and  efficient  assistance 
to  us  in  our  fight,  in  the  contribution  of  the  services  pf  Hem,  W,  E.  ("Pussy- 

47 


foot")  Johnson,  who  is  rendering  us  magnificent  help  and  stirring  the  people 
of  this  country  wherever  he  goes.  We  believe  he  is  going  to  lead  us  to  vic- 
tory. In  any  case,  he  is  rendering  us  yeoman  service  which  is  appreciated 
beyond  the  power  of  words  to  express.  We  are  thankful  also  for  the  many 
contributions  of  literature  and  for  your  keeping  us  well  posted  with  the  latest 
facts  of  what  is  happening  in  your  great  country.  We  hope  some  day  to  be 
in  a  position  to  show  our  appreciation  by  taking  our  part  in  the  World 
League's  effort  to  assist  other  countries. 

NORWAY 

National  Committee  of  Norway's  Temperance  Organizations,  Avokat  O. 
Solnordal,  Christiania,  Norway: 

We  ask  you  to  bring  our  most  hearty  greetings  to  the  Toronto  Conven- 
tion. We  regret  that  it  is  not  possible  to  send  a  special  representative. 

PORTUGAL 

Liga  Anti- Alcoholic  a   Portuguesa,   Luciano   Silva,   Sec'y   General,   Lisbon: 

The  Directors  of  our  League,  with  represen.atives  of  several  temperance 
organizations  in  Lisbon,  taking  in  consideration  your  kind  invitation  to  send 
a  delegate  to  the  Convention  at  Toronto,  have  resolved:  To  appoint  the  under- 
signed as  representative  of  the  League  and  the  anti-alcohol  movement  in  Por- 
tugal, with  'ihe  aim  to  call  to  the  attention  of  the  international  Prohibition 
forces  the  necessities  of  the  temperance  organizalion  in  this  country. 

SCOTLAND 

Scottish  Temperance  and  No- License  Union,  Gillespie,  Allison,   Glasgow; 

Scottish  temperance  no-license  results  greatly  strengthen  our  parliamen- 
tary position. 

Original  Secession  Church  (Scotland)  Temperance  Union,  Rev.  E.  A. 
Davidson,  Moderator  of  Synod,  12  Argyle  Place,  Edinburgh,  Scotland: 

Trusting  the  Convention  will  be  of  a  most  successful  character,  with 
great  regards. 

SOUTH  AFRICA 

South  African  Temperance  Alliance,  Capetown:     Greetings. 

SWEDEN 

Swedish  Student  Abstinence  Association,  Stockholm: 

Unable    to   send   delegate.     Accept   heartiest   greetings,    congratulations. 

Swedish  Temperance  Societies,  Senator  Alexis  Bjorkman,  Secretary, 
Stockholm,  Sweden: 

We  may  have  to  fight  some  yet,  before  the  day  of  victory  dawns,  but 
we  are  assured  it  will  come.  Trusting  that  the  meeting  at  Toronto  will  hasten 
that  day  for  us  and  the  whole  world,  the  Swedish  Temperance  organizations 
are  hereby  bringing  to  the  Convention  their  most  hearty  greetings  of  brotherly 
love. 

Carl  Ekman,  Senator,  President  of  the  Dry  Party  of  the  Swedish  Parlia- 
ment: 

Although  the  undersigned  takes  it  for  granted,  that  the  Convention  will 
have  on  its  program: 

48 


1.  What  certain  wine  and  alcohol  producing  countries  have  done  in  order 
to  impose  their  wares   upon   states   having  prohibition   laws  or  other   restric- 
tions on  import  of  intoxicants; 

2.  Cooperation    between    different    lands    in    order   to    diminish   or    totally 
stop  smuggling  of  intoxicants  between  the  nations. 

I  ask  permission  on  behalf  of  the  dry  party  in  the  Swedish  Parliament 
and  on  behalf  of  the  entire  Swedish  Prohibition  Movement  to  express  in  the 
most  explicit  way  the  necessity  that  this  be  duly  considered  and  that  the  Con- 
vention's handling  of  this  matter  may  lead  to  mutual,  international  measures 
by  the  prohibition  states  and  by  other  prohibition  friends. 

There  is  a  sore  need  for  a  new  international  moral  sense  in  this  respect 
and  for  new  forms  of  international  agreements,  also  for  controlling  measures. 
These  things  are  not  only  desirable,  they  are  absolutely  necessary. 

I  have  asked  the  Swedish  representative,  Reverend  David  Ostlund,  to  lay 
before  the  Convention  our  view  on  this  matter  and  on  the  tremendous  im- 
portance for  the  future  of  all  the  world  that  speedy  and  effective  measures  be 
taken  for  the  overcoming  of  the  above-mentioned  evil  conditions. 

SWITZERLAND 

Allianz  Abstinentenbund  of  Switzerland,  M.  G.  Knoll,  President;  F.  Opp- 
liger,  Secretary,  Zurich,  Switzerland: 

We  have  been  very  sorry  not  to  be  able  to  be  represented  at  this  Conven- 
tion on  account  of  the  very  great  distance  from  the  place  of  the  convention. 
Yet  you  may  be  convinced  that  we  firmly  hope  that  your  convention  may  be 
a  full  success. 

Association  of  Swiss  Abstaining  Pastors  (Vereinigung  Abstinenter  Pfarrer 
in  der  Schweizj,  Rev.  Eduard  Wyss,  President,  Kirchdorf  (Bern),  Switzerland: 

We  hope  that  the  Congress  will  prove  very  successful  and  be  a  source 
of  much  stimulation  and  benefit.  To  it  we  send  our  kindest  greetings. 

For  the  Swiss  Catholic  Students,  F.  A.  Sigrist,  Stud.  Theol.  at  Lucerne, 
President;  Schoenenberger,  Curate  at  Oberbueren,  Secretary: 

Receive  our  thanks  for  your  gentle  invitation  to  the  International  Con- 
vention of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  at  Toronto. 

We  regret  we  can  not  assist  at  that  grand  meeting;  but  we  shall  hear 
atferwards  with  much  interest  the  resolutions  taken  by  the  Convention. 

Receive  our  wishes  for  a  plain  success,  with  our  hearty  salutations. 

TURKEY 

Green  Crescent  Society,  M.  Abdusselam,  General  Secretary,  Ashir  effendi 
street,  Constantinople,  Turkey: 

We  have  received  your  kind  invitation  to  the  International  Convention  at 
Toronto  some  weeks  ago.  We  are  very  sorry  to  be  obliged  to  reply  that  it  is 
impossible  for  us  to  take  part  in  it,  on  account  of  recent  events  and  in  these 
very  busy  days. 

It  is  perhaps  for  you  of  some  in  erest  to  have  some  inquiries  about  our 
activity  in  Turkey.  Our  society  is  doing  its  best  to  fight  the  drinking  habits 
in  this  country.  We  are  giving  free  lectures  at  the  schools  and  to  the  work- 
men and  we  are  publishing  pamphlets  and  articles  about  the  harm  of  alco- 
holism. 

49 


We  are  convinced  that  America  has  rendered  a  great  service  to  humanity 
by  forbidding  the  use  of  alcoholic  drinks.  Turkey  is  trying  to  do  the  same. 
Therefore  it  is  of  the  greatest  importance  for  us  to  know  the  details  of  this 
law.  We  will  be  very  obliged  to  you  if  you  kindly  send  us  copies  of  the  pro- 
hibition act  and  of  all  the  regulations  connected  with  it. 
UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 

Honorable  A.  W.  Mellon,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Washington,  D.  C. : 
I   received  your  letter  of  November  21,  1922,   and  am  glad  to   send  this 
word  to  your  Toronto  Convention.     The  Treasury  is   charged  with  enforce- 
ment of  prohibition  in  the  .United  States  and  in  that  task  it  welcomes  cooper- 
ation of  all  good  citizens.     Perhaps  its  greatest  difficulties  arise  from  inflow  of 
liquor  from  other  countries,  particularly  those  contiguous  to  the  United  States. 
This  presents  problems  which  your  convention  may  wish  to  consider. 
Hon.  N.  E.  Kendall,  Governor  of  Iowa,  Des  Moines,  Iowa: 
As  Chief  Executive  of  Iowa  I  extend  the  cordial  salutations  of  the  State 
to  the  great  Convention  assembled  at  Toronto.     The  entire  Commonwealth  is 
committed  in  support  of  the  noble  enterprise  in  which  you  are   engaged  to 
pulverize  the  rum  power. 

Hon.  D.  W.  Davis,  Governor  of  Idaho,  Boise,  Idaho: 

Please  extend  my  greetings  to  international  convention.  Big  majority  of 
Idahoans  send  strong  moral  support  to  ideals  you  represent.  No  selfish 
business  interests  or  individual  desires  can  for  a  moment  prevail  against  this 
great  movement  which  is  sweeping  the  world  and  which  has  demonstrated 
its  power  for  good  in  our  own  beloved  country. 

Hon.  William  D.  Stephens,  Governor  of  California,  Sacramento,  Calif.: 
Your   recent   letter   has   just    reached    me,    too   late   for   telegraphic   reply 
suggested. 

I  am  sure  the  International  Convention  has  been  a  splendid  success  and 
has  re-emphasized  to  all  people  the  desirability  and  advisability  of  prohibition 
throughout  the  world. 

I  was  privileged  to  vote  for  prohibition  when  a  member  of  Congress,  and 
as  Governor,  to  lead  the  fight  for  the  adoption  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment 
in  California. 

Hon.  Percival  P.  Baxter,  Governor  of  Maine,  Augusta,  Maine: 
I  extend  to  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  in  Convention  assem- 
bled my  personal  greetings  and  those  of  the  people  of  the  State  of  Maine, 
the  leading  prohibition  state.     Our  country  is  now  passing  through  the  most 
difficult  years  of  prohibition  but  public  sentiment  is  gradually  crystallizing  in 
favor  of  strict  and  impartial  enforcement  and  no  backward  steps  will  be  taken. 
In  Maine  we  have  gone  through  the  same  conditions  that  now  face  our. 
land  and  we  have  the  satisfaction  of  knowing  that  our  people  regardless  of 
party  now  believe  in  and  insist  upon  enforcement. 

The  noisy  minority  is  small  and  discredited  and  we  are  proud  to  hold  a 
position  for  which  we  have  fought  for  more  than  sixty  years,  which  is  that  of 
the  pioneer  prohibition  state  where  the  law  is  respected  and  enforced. 

Hon.  R.  A.  Nestos,  Governor  of  North  Dakota,  Bismarck,  North  Dakota: 
On  behalf  of  the  citizenship  of  a   state   that  was  never  cursed  by  the 

50 


licensed  saloon  I  extend  greetings  to  the  World's  Congress  at  Toronto.  May 
your  sessions  prove  profitable  and  inspiring.  May  your  faithful  workers 
never  grow  weary  and  may  the  day  speedily  dawn  when  all  the  world  shall 
be  dry  and  when  respect  for  and  obedience  to  law  shall  be  the  inspiring  ideal 
of  the  citizenship  of  every  land. 

Hon.  Oliver  H.  Shoup,  Governor  of  the  State  of  Colorado,  Denver,  Colo- 
rado: 

Will  you  please  convey  to  the  great  International  Convention  Against 
Alcoholism,  now  being  held  in  Toronto,  most  earnest  greetings  from  myself, 
upon  behalf  of  the  whole  state  of  Colorado. 

It  may  be  in  keeping  for  me  to  say  that  we  of  Colorado  have  had  a  few 
years'  more  experience  under  the  prohibition  law  than  have  many  of  the  other 
states  of  our  Union,  and  therefore  we  believe  we  are  in  better  position  to 
judge  of  the  wisdom  of  such  a  condition.  The  people  of  the  state  are  so  thor- 
oughly in  accord  with  the  movement,  and  so  pleased  wuh  the  result,  that  if 
given  an  opportunity  to  express  their  opinion  about  it,  they  would  do  so  with 
an  overwhelming  majority.  There  have  been  no  conditions  which  can  cause 
any  right-thinking  citizen  to  but  feel  that  it  has  been  a  great  thing  for  our  com- 
monwealth— economically,  morally  and  spiritually. 

The  economic  factor  alone  is  of  so  much  importance  that  we  do  not  fear 
a  return  to  the  days  of  "booze."  Business  interests,  with  all  the  force  at  their 
command,  will  never  again  allow  the  use  of  liquor,  which  will  but  result  in 
the  deterioration  of  labor  and  the  awful  added  cost  of  production.  Even 
before  the  days  of  prohibition,  successful  business  had  established  the  rule 
that  men  would  not  be  employed  who  were  addicted  to  the  use  of  alcohol. 
That  meant  the  last  word  in  declaring  that  alcohol,  and  its  damaging  influ- 
ence on  the  economic  condition  of  our  country,  would  have  to  go. 

So  I  send  not  only  greetings  but  the  heartiest  congratulations,  with  the 
assurance  that  the  work  your  organization  has  been  doing,  and  the  watchful 
work  you  will  continue  to  do,  can  but  bring  added  territory  under  the  rule 
of  temperance. 

Honorable  Miles  Poindexter,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Washington,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C: 

Press  of  business  has  delayed  answer  to  your  letter  of  the  21st  instant. 
I  wish  every  success  to  the  International  Convention  Against  Alcoholism  now 
being  held.  I  feel  sure  that  the  bringing  together  in  this  way  of  the  best 
minds  interested  in  this  important  subject,  will  prove  of  immense  benefit  to 
the  great  cause  represented  by  your  League,  and  will  be  a  great  aid  in  the 
solution  of  the  many  problems  arising  in  the  enforcement  of  the  law  in  this 
country.  I  trust  that  great  good  will  come  from  the  meeting. 
Honorable  Henry  L.  Myers,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Montana,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

I  understand  that  the  International  Convention  Against  Alcoholism  is  to 
convene  in  Toronto  tomorrow,  to  last  several  days,  and  that  it  will  be  held 
under  the  auspices  of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism,  of  which  you 
are  general  secretary. 

It  will  undoubtedly  be  a  most  important  meeting,  in  a  great  and  noble 
cause.  The  United  States  is  now,  happily,  positively  committed,  through  con- 

51 


stitutional  provision  and  federal  legislation,  to  the  cause  of  prohibition  and  it 
will  never  go  backward  in  that  respect.  It  is  the  greatest  domestic  achieve- 
ment of  the  age. 

We,  who  favored  it,  are  satisfied  with  it.  It  is  not  so  -well  enforced  as  it 
should  be  but  in  time  it  will  be  better  enforced.  We  shall  not  relax  in  en- 
forcement. In  a  few  years,  the  sentiment  of  the  people  will  cause  it  to  be  as 
well  enforced  as  are  most  laws. 

I  send  greetings  to  the  great  International  Convention  and  wish  it  God- 
speed in  its  work  against  the  evil  of  drink. 

Honorable  Frank  B.  Willis,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Ohio,  Washington,  D.  C: 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  respond  to  your  courteous  invitation  to  send  a 
word  of  greeting  to  the  International  Convention  Against  Alcoholism  assem- 
bled at  Toronto.  Believing  as  I  do  that  prohibition  in  the  United  States  is  a 
great  step  forward  and  that,  taking  the  country  as  a  whole,  there  will  be  no 
backward  step  but  a  constantly  increasing  certainty  of  the  enforcement  of 
this  policy,  I  am  much  interested  in  seeing  the  leaders  from  various  parts  of 
the  world  come  together  to  take  council  for  a  greater  spread  of  prohibition. 
The  United  States  offers  an  example.  It  has  no  policies  to  force  on  any  other 
nation.  We  shall  be  glad  if  they  find  our  policies  so  good  that  they  will 
join  with  us. 

My  best  wishes  are  with  you  in   this  convention. 

Honorable  David  Elkins,  U.  S.  Senator  from  West  Virginia,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.: 

Greetings  to  the  delegates  to  the  Convention  of  the  World  League  Against 
Alcoholism.  Your  efforts  are  approved  and  will  be  supported  by  a  majority 
of  the  peoples  of  all  nations. 

Honorable  Arthur  Capper,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Kansas,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

Please  convey  to  the  delegates  of  the  International  Convention  Against 
Alcoholism  now  assembled  my  hearty  greetings  and  best  wishes  for  a  suc- 
cessful meeting.  I  am  strongly  in  sympathy  with  your  cause  and  assure  the 
convention  of  my  cooperation  at  all  times. 

Hon.  Charles  E.  Townsend,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Michigan,  Washington, 
D.  C: 

Replying  to  your  courteous  favor  of  November  21st,  I  desire  to  express 
my  sympathy  for  every  legitimate  effort  in  the  cause  of  law  enforcement. 

The  United  States  has  adopted  a  prohibition  constitutional  amendment. 
I  am  in  favor  of  its  strict  enforcement.  If  I  felt  that  a  majority  of  the  people 
of  the  United  States  were  against  this  amendment  I  would  be  willing  to  sub- 
mit another  one  to  them,  but  under  no  other  condition  would  I  consent  to  any 
action  on  the  part  of  Congress  looking  to  either  a  modification  or  evasion  of 
the  law. 

Honorable  Morris  Sheppard,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Texas,  Washington, 
D.  C: 

Congratulations  and  greetings  to  your  convention.  Your  meeting  marks 
another  notable  step  toward  world-wide  prohibition. 

I.  M.  Foster,  M.  C.,  Ohio,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

As  one  of  the  Congressmen  re-elected  from  Ohio,  may  I  extend  to  you 

52 


and  the  International  Convention  of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism 
my  best  wishes  for  a  profitable  and  prosperous  meeting. 

I  trust  that  you  are  already  advised  that  the  State  of  Ohio,  on  a  direct 
vote  on  light  wines  and  beer,  cast  a  dry  majority  of  188,000. 

H.  M.  Towner,  M.  C.,  Iowa,  Washington,  D.  C: 

I  am  very  much  interested  in  the  work  of  your  League,  and  hope  much 
from  the  action  that  will  be  taken  at  your  meeting  at  Toronto. 

Be  assured — and  so  inform  the  delegates  from  other  countries — that  there 
will  be  no  backward  step  taken  by  the  United  States.  They  have  placed  as  a 
part  of  their  fundamental  law — the  Constitution  of  the  United  States— a  dec- 
laration prohibiting  the  traffic  in  intoxicating  liquors,  and  that  will  stand 
against  all  of  the  assaults  that  may  be  made  against  it. 

The  liquor  interest  dies  hard,  but  the  final  abrogation  of  the  traffic  in  the 
United  States  will  be  achieved,  and  what  remains  necessary  for  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  prohibition  will  be  done  wi.h  the  overwhelming  approval  of  the 
people. 

S.  A.  Shelton,  M.  C.,  Missouri,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

Having  watched  the  efforts  of  the  whisky  forces  during  the  last  few  years 
very  carefully,  I  am  fully  aware  of  the  fact  that  they  shall  die  hard,  but  die 
they  must.  I  have  an  abiding  faith  in  the  righteousness  of  the  prohibition 
cause.  Reverses  may  and  do  come,  but  the  American  people  can  not  and  will 
not  retreat.  The  day  is  dawning  when  John  Barleycorn  shall  be  entombed 
never  to  be  resurrected.  Bright  will  be  the  day,  and  happy  the  homes  of 
many  now  wretched  families. 

William  D.  Upshaw,  M.  C.,  Georgia,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

Deeply  regret  important  legislation  before  Congress  prevents  my  attend- 
ing your  great  convention.  Please  express  my  profound  conviction  that  your 
deliberations  will  have  far  reaching  influence  on  the  enforcement  of  the  Eight- 
eenth Amendment  in  America.  Certainly  all  friends  of  that  righteousness 
that  exalteth  a  nation  in  other  lands  should  help  rather  than  hinder  the  United 
States  in  its  moral  leadership  for  the  emancipation  of  humanity  and  the  glory 
of  God. 

Louis  C.  Cramton,  M.  C.,  Illinois,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

The  United  States  has  under  way  a  tremendous  experiment,  the  complete 
eradication  of  the  traffic  in  alcoholic  liquor  from  a  great  nation.  We  are 
making  good  in  that  endeavor  and  Uncle  Sam  will  never  give  up  until  this 
experiment  is  fully  acclaimed  by  the  world  a  great  success.  The  hearts  of 
the  American  people  are  thoroughly  with  the  world-wide  movement  to  which 
we  wish  God-speed. 

Walter  F.  Lineberger,  M.  C.,  California,  Washington,  D.  C. : 

Believing  that  prohibition  against  alcohol  has  proven  the  greatest  boon 
to  mankind  in  the  world's  history  because  of  the  spiritual,  moral,  economic  and 
sociological  uplift  to  the  people,  to  which  it  has  been  applied,  I  am  naturally 
in  favor  of  making  its  benefits  world-wide  and  believe  that  international  prob- 
lems of  the  future  will  be  settled  with  less  difficulty  when  alcohol  is  outlawed 
in  a  world  sense.  Greetings  to  your  membership  and  best  wishes  for  the  suc- 
cess of  your  convention. 

53 


James  G.  Strong,  M.  C.,  Kansas,  Washington,  t).  C. : 

The  State  of  Kansas,  that  forty  years  ago  declared  against  alcoholism  by 
placing  a  prohibitive  amendment  in  its  constitution,  and  which  has  steadily 
strengthened  its  laws  prohibiting  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquor  until  it  enacted  its  famous  "Bone  Dry  Law"  (which  punishes  by  both 
fine  and  imprisonment  even  the  possession  of  intoxicating  liquor),  prides  itself 
in  leadership  against  intemperance  which  has  resulted  in  the  Eighteenth 
Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  sends  greetings  and 
good  wishes  to  the  International  Convention  Against  Alcoholism  now  being 
held  in  Toronto,  Canada. 

The  up-building  of  any  great  movement  in  the  interest  of  a  cleaner  and 
better  national  life  always  meets  with  set-backs  and  disappointments  because 
of  the  opposition  whose  selfishness  refuses  to  part  with  that  which  it  enjoys, 
and  blinds  itself  to  the  great  interest  of  humanity  that  we  are  seeking  to  serve. 
But  persistent  effort  in  a  righteous  cause  will  win  out,  and  I  am  glad,  as  a 
Representative  in  the  American  Congress  from  the  State  of  Kansas,  to  con- 
gratulate your  League  upon  its  determination  to  persevere  until  the  goal  is 
reached. 

Calvin  C.  Hays,  Moderator  General  Assembly,  Presbyterian  Church  in 
U.  S.  A.: 

Greatly  regret  inability  to  be  present  at  International  Convention  on  ac- 
count of  duties  as  Moderator  General  Assembly  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
U.  S.  A.  One  million  seven  hundred  sixty-five  thousand  Presbyterians  will 
join  with  me  in  wishing  Convention  success  and  in  approval  of  principles  and 
purposes  of  World  League  Against  Alcoholism. 

Consul  Norwick,  Chicago,  111.: 

Please  accept  my  sincere  wishes  for  the  fullest  measure  of  success  in  your 
undertakings. 

T.  Miralda,  321  10th  Avenue,  San  Francisco,  Calif.: 

Maybe  I  could  not  assist  personally  to  the  Convention  at  Toronto;  but 
my  soul  and  my  best  wishes  will  be  in  the  Convention  to  realize  a  great  suc- 
cess in  the  world's  civilization. 

Belle  J.  Allen,  M.  D.,  Department  of  Mental  Diseases,  Westborough  State 
Hospital,  Westborough,  Mass.: 

The  organization  of  selfish  interests  to  secure  permits  for  light  wines  and 
beers  is  a  challenge  to  every  man  and  woman  in  the  country  who  is  law-abid- 
ing; and  should  be  equivalent  to  a  call  to  the  colors,  for  every  individual  who 
calls  himself  Christian.  Of  all  the  things  that  would  guarantee  peace  and  free- 
dom from  such  world  curses  as  drink  and  war,  what  equals  the  practical  value 
of  living  the  second  great  commandment? 

Trust  and  expect  that  you  will  have  a  wonderful  convention. 

WALES 

Presbyterian  Church  of  Wales,  John  Thomas,  Secretary  Temperance 
Committee: 

I  am  exceedingly  sorry  that  it  will  be  impossible  for  me  to  be  present  at 

54 


the  International  Convention  at  Toionto  on  the  24th-29th  inst. — to  represent 
the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Wales. 

On  behalf  of  the  Temperance  Committee  of  that  Church,  I  beg  respect- 
fully to  present  our  greetings  to  the  conference,  and  our  prayers  that  its  de- 
liberations may  prove  a  mighty  impetus  to  the  nations  of  the  world  against 
alcoholism.  The  United  States  is  the  "experiment  ground"  of  the  world, 
soon  to  be  followed,  we  trust,  by  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  No  other  great 
nation  has  had  the  moral  courage  to  do  what  you  have  done  in  outlawing  the 
saloon,  and  in  self-defence,  you  must  take  a  great  part  in  this  battle  across 
the  seas. 


55 


ADDRESSES 

FRIDAY    MORNING   SESSION 

OPENING  ADDRESS    - 
By  CHAIRMAN,  REV.  BEN  H.  SPENCE 
Secretary  of  the  Dominion  Alliance  for  the  Suppression  of  the  Liquor  Traffic 

"Once  to  every  man  and  nation  comes  the  moment  to  decide 

In  the  strife  'twixt  truth  and  falsehood,  for  the  good  or  evil  side. 

Some  great  cause,  God's  new  Messiah,  offering  each  the  bloom  or  blight, 

Parts  the  goats  upon  the  left  hand  and  the  sheep  upon  the  right. 
And  the  choice  goes  by  forever,  'twixt  that  darkness  and  that  light." 

Every  nation  in  the  world  is  today  facing  a  great  choice.  A  touchstone 
of  our  modern  civilization  is  the  problem  of  alcohol,  with  which  we  are  face 
to  face  in  this  world  convention  today.  We  speak  of  it  as  a  problem.  Let  us 
recognize  that  as  any  other  problem  it  has  certain  fundamental  factors.  Are 
they  not  these, — the  evils  of  alcoholism  on  the  one  hand,  human  brotherhood 
upon  the  other?  And  is  not  the  problem  as  wide  as  the  existence  of  those 
factors?  Find  me  a  nation  today  that  has  not  suffered  through  alcoholism 
or  find  me  a  nation  today  that  has  not  the  spirit  of  human  brotherhood,  and 
you  will  have  no  problem.  But,  so  long  as  you  have  the  two  factors  you 
have  the  problem. 

We  talk  about  solving  the  problem  of  alcoholism.  It  can  only  be  solved 
in  one  of  two  ways:  either  men  will  become  so  besotted  and  degraded  that 
the  last  spark  of  human  sympathy  will  perish  from  amongst  men  and 
they  will  cease  to  care,  or  else  that  spirit  of  brotherhood,  humanity,  which  is 
the  spirit  of  God,  will  grow  stronger  and  stronger  until  in  its  all-conquering 
power  it  will  sweep  from  humanity  this  evil  which  now  curses  humanity.  I 
am  one  of  those  who  have  that  faith  in  God  and  that  faith  in  men  and  that 
faith  in  the  inherent  Tightness  of  our  cause  to  believe  that  evil  will  never  over- 
come the  good,  but  rather  that 

"Right  is  right  since  God  is  God,  and  right  the  day  must  win. 
To  doubt  would  be  disloyalty;  to  falter  would  be  sin." 

And  recognizing  the  fundamental  importance  of  the  problem,  let  us  pass  on 
to  the  only  possible  solution,  the  overcoming  of  the  evil  with  the  good. 

If  what  I  said  is  right,  this  logically  follows:  That  the  problem  becomes 
real  or  acute  to  you  or  me  individually,  to  this  nation  or  that,  in  proportion  to 
the  magnitude  of  the  evils  or  the  largeness  of  the  spirit  of  human  sympathy. 
Is  not  the  organized  campaign  to  remove  from  mankind  the  evils  of  alco- 
holism, an  earmark  of  civilization  and  advancing  humanity  which  is  bringing 
us  closer  together  in  the  bonds  of  a  great  brotherhood? 

The  spirit  of  human  brotherhood  seeking  to  overcome  those  evils  is  faced 
with  this  fact,  that  drinking  and  drunkenness  and  all  the  evils  of  alcoholism 
are  in  proportion  to  the  facilities  afforded  legally  for  the  supplying  of  intpx> 

56 


eating  liquors;  and  to  deal  with  those  evils  we  have  to  deal  with  the  thing  that 
caused  them.  To  deal  with  the  individual  appetite  of  man  was  one  thing.  To 
deal  with  the  purveying  of  liquor  between  individuals  was  another  one.  One 
is  the  function  of  persuasion,  the  other  the  function  of  legislation  which  regu- 
lates the  relations  of  individuals  in  society.  We  therefore  had  to  apply  law  to 
lessen  the  facilities  if  the  evils  were  to  be  lessened,  and  we  proceeded  along 
that  line. 

Every  law  upon  the  statute  book  of  every  country  is  a  Prohibition  law. 
We  must  not  shy  at  words.  That  which  prohibits  the  sale  of  liquors  after 
certain  hours,  on  certain  days,  to  certain  individuals,  is  "Prohibition"  and  there 
is  hardly  a  nation  in  the  world  that  has  not  adopted  the  principle  of  Prohibi- 
tion of  the  liquor  traffic,  to  some  extent. 

In  Canada  we  gave  localities  the  power,  by  what  we  called  local  Prohibi- 
tion laws  or  local  option,  to  stop  the  sale  of  liquor  within  a  certain  municipal 
area.  That  lessened  the  facilities  for  drinking  and  drunkenness,  but  we  found 
liquor  was  si:ill  coming  in  from  the  outside.  We  broadened  the  area  to  the 
county,  and  adopted  county  Prohibition.  We  found  we  could  not  make  county 
Prohibition  safe  or  fully  effective  while  liquor  was  sold,  whether  in  the  prov- 
ince or  state.  We  campaigned  for  state  Prohibition.  We  found  we  could  not 
make  state  or  provincial  Prohibition  safe  or  fully  effective  in  any  province  or 
state  while  liquor  was  legally  sold  in  some  other  area,  and  so  we  campaigned 
for  nation-wide  Prohibition.  The  United  States  has  that  and  Canada  is 
coming. 

Now  we  are  realizing  that  you  can  not  make  national  Prohibition  safe 
or  fully  effective  in  any  land  on  this  earth  while  -liquor  is  legally  made  and 
sold  in  any  other  land,  and  we  must  campaign  for  world-wide  Prohibition. 
It  is  the  logical,  natural  evolution  and  development  of  the  whole  reform 
which  must  reach  that  supreme  culmination.  And  as  in  our  local  campaigns 
we  had  local  organizations  and  in  our  county  campaigns  county  organizations, 
in  our  state  and  provincial  campaigns  state  and  provincial  organizations,  and 
in  our  national  campaigns  national  organizations,  we  must  in  the  great  world 
campaign  have  world  organization.  Our  plan  must  fit  our  problem, — our 
remedy  our  disease. 

Thank  God  at  this  time  for  this  convention.  I  have  great  pleasure  in 
declaring  the  International  Convention  of  the  World  League  Against  Alco- 
holism open. 


ADDRESS  OF  WELCOME 

By  ME.  W.  W.  HILTZ 
Comptroller  of  Toronto 

Mr.  Chairman  and  members  of  this  great  convention,  I  can  assure  you 
that  the  duty  assigned  me  this  morning  is  a  pleasant  one  indeed.  I  regret 
the  absence  of  His  Worship,  the  Mayor,  on  this  occasion,  but  our  Mayor  had 
an  accident  a  few  days  ago  which,  combined  with  the  many  duties  that  fall  to 
the  lot  of  a  mayor  of  a  great  city,  prevents  him  from  being  present  this 
morning. 

57 


The  Chairman  has  reminded  you  that  you  are  in  the  City  of  Toronto.  We 
who  live  in  Toronto  believe  that  Toronto  is  no  mean  city.  We  feel  proud  of 
our  city,  and  we  also  feel  proud  and  honored  to  have  this  great  convention 
composed  of  representatives  from  the  nations  of  the  world,  meet  here.  I  come 
representing  the  head  of  the  Government  of  this  municipality  to  bid  you 
welcome. 

I  trust  that  your  sojourn  with  us  will  be  a  pleasant  one.  I  know  that 
most  of  you  have  come  many,  many  miles  for  this  occasion.  You  have  crossed 
countries.  You  have  crossed  oceans.  I  trust  that  the  few  days  you  spend  in 
considering  the  cause  which  you  advocate  and  for  which  you  have  come  will 
be  very  profitable  indeed. 

We  who  are  citizens  of  this  city  welcome  you  and  anything  that  we  can 
do  municipally  or  as  individuals  we  shall  be  glad  to  do. 

Mr.  Chairman,  may  I  make  a  few  personal  observations?  I  know  the 
sacrifices  that  have  been  made  by  those  who  are  working  in  this  great  fight 
against  King  Alcohol.  I  see  those  before  me  whose  heads  are  crowned  with 
silver,  who  no  doubt  all  their  lives  have  worked  to  the  end  that  they  may  yet 
see  the  day  when  alcohol  may  be  banished  from  the  earth.  And  I  think  we 
are  living  in  a  great  age.  The  time,  I  belive,  is  not  far  distant.  Lloyd 
George  is  said  to  have  remarked  that  the  greatest  struggle  Britain  was  having 
during  the  war  was  not  the  fight  in  Belgium  and  in  France,  but  the  fight  they 
were  having  against  King  Alcohol.  I  am  reminded  of  that  passage  of  Scrip- 
ture referring  to  the  Israelites,  when  after  a  battle  against  their  enemies  they 
cried  out,  "Saul  has  slain  his  thousands,  but  David  has  slain  his  tens  of  thou- 
sands." I  think  that  expression  may  apply  to  the  Great  War.  We  can  truly 
say  war  has  slain  its  millions,  but  King  Alcohol  has  slain  his  tens  of  millions. 
He  slays  not  only  stalwart  men,  but  children  and  the  aged.  I  trust  this  con- 
vention may  fill  you  with  enthusiasm  and  inspiration,  and  when  you  go  back 
to  the  land  of  your  birth  or  of  your  adoption,  you  may  take  with  you  the  torch 
of  service  lighted  up  by  such  enthusiasm  and  such  inspiration  as  you  may  re- 
ceive here. 

I  believe  as  you  believe,  that  the  history  of  the  progress  of  the  downfall 
of  King  Alcohol  is  also  the  history  of  the  progress  of  the  uplift  of  the  human 
race. 


ADDRESS  OF  WELCOME 

By  J.  H.  CARSON 

President  of  the  Dominion  Alliance 

Mr.  Chairman,  and  fellow  workers  in  the  great  cause  of  temperance  and 
Prohibition,  I  feel  it  to  be  an  honor  to  be  present  at  this  congress  and  to  have 
the  pleasure  of  extending  the  welcome  of  Canadian  temperance  and  Prohibi- 
tion forces  to  this  great  convention. 

We  are  assembled  here  today,  not  for  any  personal  interest,  nor  to  serve 
any  private  ends.  We  are  here  for  the  purpose  of  the  uplift  of  humanity. 

I  count  it  a  very  great  honor,  and  Canada  is  deeply  sensible  of  the  honor, 
that  this  great  convention  has  favored  our  country  with  its  presence. 

I  represent  the  Council  of  the  Dominion  Alliance.      Very  nearly  fifty  years 

58 


ago  the  temperance  people  of  Canada  who  had  been  for  years  carrying  on 
temperance  work,  gathered  together  and  united  in  what  was  then  called  the 
Dominion  Alliance  for  the  Total  Suppression  of  the  Liquor  Traffic.  Forty- 
seven  years  ago  to  be  exact,  the  temperance  workers  of  Canada  declared  it 
to  be  their  purpose  to  secure  the  suppression  of  the  liquor  traffic.  We  have 
never  lowered  our  flag.  While  there  may  have  been  changes  in  the  methods 
by  which  we  sought  to  promote  our  ends  we  have  always  stood  for  the  sup- 
pression of  the  liquor  traffic,  as  we  understand  it  today,  the  entire  prohibition 
of  the  liquor  traffic,  throughout  our  whole  Dominion.  I  am  glad  to  say  that 
this  is  a  Prohibition  city.  I  am  also  glad  to  say  that  you  are  meeting  in  a 
Prohibition  province.  I  am  a  'little  sorry,  as  a  representative  from  the  Prov- 
ince of  Quebec  that  we  can  not  say  today  that  we  extend  a  welcome  as  a  Pro- 
hibition nation;  but  while  this  is  so,  while  two  of  our  provinces  are  still  experi- 
menting along  different  lines,  seven  of  the  nine  provinces  of  this  Dominion 
where  we  are  now  assembled  are  under  Prohibition. 

The  Province  of  Quebec  has  experimented  along  a  good  many  lines. 
Just  now,  we  are  experimenting,  I  like  to  emphasize  that  word,  because  it 
is  only  an  experiment, — an  experiment  that  is  bound  to  fail.  We  have  had 
it  in  operation  about  a  year,  but  we  know  from  these  months  during  which 
the  experiment  has  been  tried,  that  it  is  an  utter  failure  to  cope  with  the  evils 
that  we  are  seeking  to  destroy.  Government  control  is  a  misnomer.  The 
Government  can  not  control  the  liquor  traffic.  We  honor  all  the  organizations 
and  the  countries  that  are  represented  here  today,  but  I  am  sure  that  one  and 
all  of  those  who  are  not  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  America  will  feel  that 
we  should  today  honor  that  nation  that  has  provided  the  only  solution  that 
can  ever  satisfactorily  relieve  the  situation. 

We  rejoice  today  with  our  friends  over  the  Line,  that  they  have  placed 
in  the  Constitution  of  their  country  an  amendment  that  makes  it  impossible 
for  anyone  legally  to  carry  on  the  liquor  traffic  in  that  nation. 

And  the  apology  I  would  offer  today  is  that  we  in  the  Province  of  Que- 
bec have  not  assisted  to  enforce  that  law  as  I  believe  we  ought  to  have  done 
A  friendly  nation  like  ours  ought  to  put  no  facilities  in  the  way  of  breaking 
down  the  law  of  a  neighboring  nation. 

We  extend  to  all  a  royal  welcome. 


RESPONSES  TO  THE  ADDRESSES  OF  WELCOME 

AFRICA 

SYLVESTER  BEODERICK,  of  Sierra  Leone 

From  the  one  hundred  and  fifty  millions  of  people  in  Africa  I  bring 
greetings  to  the  municipality  and  citizens  of  Toronto,  Canada,  and  also  to 
every  delegate  and  representative  in  this  convention.  If  you  were  to  go 
to  Africa,  especially  along  the  West  Coast  where  I  came  from,  you  would 
find  that  we  need  Prohibition.  Along  in  the  harvest  season  of  the  year 
when  the  people  gather  their  crops  from  the  farms,  they  offer  sacrifices  and 
among  the  elements  in  their  sacrifice  they  have  a  bottle  of  rum  or  whisky 
which  they  give  to  their  God  in  thankfulness  for  a  good  harvest. 

And  then  you  agk  the  question:  Where  does  the  whisky  come  from? 

59 


Do  we  have  any  distilleries  in  Africa?  So  far  as  my  knowledge  goes,  I  don't 
think  so.  So  we  can  infer  that  all  the  alcohol  comes  from  foreign  countries 
and  therefore  you  can  see  that  if  there  is  Prohibition  in  foreign  countries 
Africa  will  go  dry. 

If  you  ask  for  suggestions  as  to  what  means  and  ways  to  adopt  to  en- 
force Prohibition  in  Africa  we  would  tell  you  that  the  best  thing  to  do  to 
keep  a  river  dry  is  to  stop  its  source.  We  look  upon  Europe  and  America 
as  our  sources  and  if  these  sources  are  kept  dry  Africa  will  be  dry.  Dur- 
ing my  two  years'  stay  in  America  I  have  studied  the  Prohibition  question 
and  I  see  it  is  a  mighty  success  and  I  look  forward  to  the  time  when 
Africa  and  all  of  the  world  will  go  dry.  I  believe  that  this  is  a  great  move- 
ment. I  believe  that  this  great  movement  of  Prohibition  is  a  God-sent  respon- 
sibility and  if  we  believe  that  Jesus  Christ,  the  Son  of  God,  has  gone  forth  to 
war,  we  then  must  follow  in  His  steps. 


ASIA 

MB.  J.  NIYOGI,  Calcutta,  India 

Organizing  Secretary  of  Calcutta  Temperance  Federation 
Dear  comrades  in  Arms,  of  Canada,  of  America,  and  of  the  nations  of 
the  earth,  greetings  to  you  all.  I  stand  before  you  to  speak  on  behalf  of 
Asia,  the  home  of  all  the  religions  of  the  world,  the  abode  of  all  the  prophets 
of  all  the  world,  the  dwelling  place  of  three-fifths  of  humanity  today.  I  know 
that  Asia  has  a  great  claim  on  your  attention  and  I  feel  proud  to  stand 
before  you  on  behalf  of  such  a  great  continent.  I  believe  that  never  such 
a  great  international  assembly  was  convened  as  this  one.  I  also  believe 
that  perhaps  never  a  convention  met  with  a  holier  purpose  or  a  happier 
vision  of  humanity  than  you  have  done  today,  because  you  have  come  to 
organize  a  great  fundamental  reform  which  shall  reconstruct  the  whole  of 
humanity  in  due  time.  And  when  I  look  around  this  vast  assembly  I  be- 
hold the  light  of  heaven  in  our  midst  and  I  see  the  majestic  presence  of  the 
Divine  Father  and  also  of  the  brother  and  the  Guide  of  all  who  suffered  on 
the  cross  and  a  great  consciousness  of  a  human  family  spreads  in  my  soul 
and  I  rejoice  to  be  in  your  midst,  especially  as  Asia  feels  assured  that  her 
weaker,  struggling  nations  will  receive  the  co-operation,  the  guidance,  the 
blessing,  the  power  of  love  and  the  light  of  the  stronger  and  the  happier  na- 
tions of  this  great  human  brotherhood.  Asia  needs  your  attention.  We  are 
in  the  oppressive  agony  of  ignorance,  of  need,  of  intemperance.  But  while 
India  was  struggling  under  the  onslaught  of  liquor  and  of  the  opium  traffic, 
the  dry  American  message  came  into  India  as  a  message  of  hope  and  of 
inspiration  to  our  workers.  The  people  of  India  rejoice  that  this  nation, 
first  in  the  history  of  humanity,  has  resolved  on  Prohibition.  While  India 
was  trying  to  throw  off  the  drink  habit,  you  American  people  out  of  your 
endless  generosity  sent  your  warrior  and  apostle,  Pussyfoot  Johnson,  into 
India.  And  Prohibition  and  the  reception  and  the  cordiality  which  India 
could  offer  to  Pussyfoot  Johnson  show  the  soul  of  India.  India  has  been  long- 
ing for  Prohibition.  India  has  determined  to  follow  dry  America,  to  co- 
operate with  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  with  all  her  strength, 

60 


all  her  inspiration,  all  her  power,  to  drive  drink  out  of  the  world  and 
secure  a  stainless  and  a  drinkless  world. 

I  believe  and  pray  unto  God  that  during  this  sacred  convention  session, 
all  our  happy  visions  of  happier  humanity  may  grow  brighter  and  brighter, 
May  all  our  talks,  meetings  and  conversations  strengthen  our  convictions 
and  enrich  the  righteousness  of  all  of  us,  dispel  all  our  doubts  and  disperse 
the  darkness  and  infuse  into  us,  inspiration  and  power  and  enthusiasm  and 
optimism  to  fight  this  great  evil.  I  know  India  will  co-operate  with  all  her 
spiritual  and  moral  support  to  hasten  the  day  of  world-wide  Prohibition.  We 
will  be  with  you  with  all  our  strength  and  all  our  power  to  make  secure  a 
stainless  world,  a  saloonless  world,  and  a  stainless  mankind. 

Rest  assured,  Asia  is  with  you  and  we  will  fi,ght  with  you  with  all  our 
strength  and  resources  to  make  India  free.  India  is  struggling  hard  and  we 
hope  to  be  able  to  make  India  dry  within  three  years,  but  we  want  the  moral 
support  and  the  guidance  of  the.  world-wide  Prohibition  forces  just  giving  the 
great  moral  support  of  a  great  executive  committee,  working  for  the  whole 
world.  Therein  lies  the  possibility  and  the  potentiality  of  this  convention  and 
we  believe  we  shall  achieve  the  victory,  and  I  know  that  we  shall  rejoice  to 
have  a  drinkless  world  and  a  good  sober  Ind'an  manhood. 


AUSTRALIA 

REV.  R.  B.  S.  HAMMOND,  D.  D. 
President  Australian  Alliance,  Prohibition  Council 

I  bring  you  greetings  first  of  all  from  New  Zealand,  ten  thousand  miles 
away,  with  one  million  people,  in  that  little  island.  In  1911  they  won  Prohibi- 
tion by  a  majority  of  55,000,  but  the  will  of  the  people  was  defeated  by  the 
undemocratic  requirement  of  a  three-fifths  majority.  In  1919  they  won 
Prohibition  by  a  majority  of  29,000.  Again  the  will  of  the  people  was  de- 
feated by  the  infusion  of  a  third  issue,  that  of  state  control,  which  polled 
32,000  votes,  it  being  necessary  for  Prohibition  to  defeat  continuance  and 
state  control  put  together.  So  we  lost  again  by  3,000  votes,  though  the 
Prohibition  sentiment  exceeded  that  for  continuance  of  the  liquor  traffic. 
They  vote  again  on  the  7th  of  December,  next,  and  I  hope  that  that  day 
will  see  New  Zealand  vote  dry  once  and  forever. 

On  behalf  of  Australia,  with  a  population  of  five  and  a  half  million  peo- 
ple, I  bring  you  greetings  and  return  its  heartfelt  thanks  for  innumerable 
tokens  of  encouragement  and  inspiration  from  individuals  and  from  your 
commonwealth.  In  the  last  five  years  257,091  people  have  been  convicted  for 
public  drunkenness  on  the  streets  of  our  commonwealth.  We  spent  during 
that  period  $650,000,000  on  liquor.  We  believe  that  within  ten  years,  the 
whole  of  Australia  will  be  dry.  You  have  a  nation  dry  in  North  America 
but  Australia  cherishes  the  hope  that  it  will  be  yet  the  first  dry  continent  in 
the  world. 

The  State  of  New  South  Wales  in  1907  had  its  first  vote.  The  drys 
polled  178,560  votes  but  were  handicapped  by  a  three-fifths  majority,  so  that 
we  were  able  to  gain  no  territory.  We  next  polled  212,889  votes.  Still 
handicapped  by  a  three-fifths  majority,  we  gained  no  territory.  The  third 
vote  was  245,202,  but  handicapped  by  a  three-fifths  majority,  we  gained  no 

61 


territory.  We  were  then  permitted  to  vote  upon  the  closing  of  the  bars 
at  an  earlier  hour.  The  earliest  hour  made  available  to  us  was  six  o'clock 
in  the  evening  and  we  carried  that  by  a  vote  of  347,000  to  178,000.  It  was  a 
most  overwhelming  and  magnificent  victory.  We  vote  again  next  year  and 
you  will  be  interested  to  know  that  we  have  eliminated  the  three-fifths  handi- 
cap. We  vote  on  the  straight  issue  of  a  fair  majority. 

Victoria  had  its  first  local  option  poll  in  1920  and  polled  212,000  votes, 
but  again  we  were  handicapped  by  a  three-fifths  majority  and  only  gained  a 
very  tiny  piece  of  territory. 

Queensland  adopted,  in  1920,  a  provision  for  a  vote  every  three  years 
automatically.  This  is  the  only  part  of  Australia  that  has  not  closed  the 
bars  at  six  o'clock,  for  they  remain  open  there  till  eleven.  In  the  first  op- 
portunity to  vote  upon  Prohibition,  we  got  155,000  votes  to  193,000,  carrying 
Prohibition  by  a  bare  majority  in  the  capital  city  and  in  fourteen  of  the 
largest  places  in  Queensland,  some  of  them  so  far  away  from  the  center 
that  it  took  us  forty-three  days  to  get  a  reply  from  the  farthest  outstanding 
point  in  which  a  vote  was  taken. 

South  Australia  has  not  voted  upon  a  Prohibition  issue,  but  the  only 
time  they  were  given  an  opportunity  of  voting,  in  1915,  they  declared  for  six 
o'clock  closing  with  the  largest  majority  ever  given  on  a  public  referendum  of 
any  kind  in  the  history  of  that  state. 

Tasmania  has  never  had  a  vote  except  upon  a  single  instance  and  with  a 
handicap  that  no  issue  could  be  carried  unless  twenty-five  per  cent  of  the 
people  on  the  rolls  voted  for  that  particular  issue.  That  is  a  worse  handicap 
than  a  three-fifths  majority.  You  have  to  get  twenty-five  per  cent  of  the 
dead  people  and  the  absent  people  and  the  people  who  were  put  there  and 
never  existed  anywhere  except  in  the  minds  of  the  people  who  put  them 
there.  Our  handicaps  have  been  enormous.  Those  have  been  swept  away 
and  Tasmania  has  been  promised  a  vote  within  the  next  twelve  months. 

Western  Australia  has  had  a  vote  which  resulted  in  38,000  in  favor  of 
Prohibition,  39,000  against.  It  was  the  nearest  thing  that  we  have  yet  had  in 
Australia.  These  facts  will  prove  that  even  10,000  miles  away  the  sentiment 
of  North  America  has  reached  us,  has  stirred  us,  has  inspired  us,  and  has 
brought  us  to  the  point  in  which  we  see  the  aim  of  our  endeavors  almost 
within  our  reach,  and  this  great  convention  will  assist  us  enormously  to  ac- 
complish that  very  great  thing  which  we  desire. 


BRITISH  ISLES 

MRS.  HELEN  BARTON,  of  Scotland 

The  land  of  the  heather  and  the  thistle  brings  greetings  to  the  world- 
wide movement  against  alcoholism.  I  am  very  proud  indeed  to  be  able  to 
say  that  Scotland,  in  a  test  vote,  after  fighting  for  sixty  years  to  get  a  local 
option  poll  finally  got  a  vote.  I  thought  when  Mr.  Hammond  was  speaking 
that  it  was  very  easy  to  talk  of  a  twenty-five  per  cent  handicap  in  New  South 
Wrales  and  other  parts,  but  in  Scotland  we  have  to  get  thirty-five  per  cent 
of  all  the  voters  on  the  roll  before  we  can  get  anything  at  all  and  that  is  a 
big  handicap;  then  we  must  have  55  per  cent  after  that.  Our  first  poll, 

62 


after  waiting  seven  years,  resulted  in  41  areas  going  dry,  but  the  liquor 
trade  went  into  litigation  against  several  of  the  votes  in  the  different  areas, 
and  by  the  courts  we  lost  ten  of  those  areas  that  went  dry.  It  was  just 
a  quibble.  They  had  money  to  fight  and  we  didn't  feel  that  we  could  afford 
it,  and  so  we  lost  ten.  But  today  it  stands  like  this:  That  thirty-one  of  the 
areas  in  Scotland  have  gone  dry  and  thirty  are  under  reduction.  We  are  go- 
ing on  for  our  next  fight  next  year.  We  have  been  getting  our  munitions 
ready.  We  have  been  in  the  trenches  making  arrangements.  Now,  we  are 
going  over  the  top  and  into  a  fight  for  1923  again.  It  puts  me  in  mind  of 
a  story  I  heard  recently  about  some  men  who  were  shipwrecked  and 
thrown  on  an  island.  A  boat  came  along  and  picked  them  up.  Two  of 
them  were  English,  two  of  them  were  Irishmen  and  two  of  them  were 
Scotch.  The  Captain  had  to  put  an  entry  into  his  log  book,  and  he  put 
this  entry  into  it:  "I  picked  up  six  men  off  a  certain  island.  Two  of  them 
were  Englishmen  and  because  they  hadn't  been  formally  introduced  they 
never  spoke  the  whole  way  home.  The  other  two  were  Irishmen  and  they 
fought  all  the  way  home.  And  the  other  two  were  Scotch  and  they  started 
a  Caledonian  society  and  they  worked  at  it  a'll  the  way  home."  Now,  we 
have  started  a  fight  that  is  going  on.  We  have  raised  the  standard  and  as 
Wallace  said  when  they  wanted  to  parley  with  him  before  a  great  battle, 
"Go  back  and  tell  your  king  we  are  not  here  to  parley,  but  to  fight."  We  are 
out  to  fight  the  drink  traffic  in  Bonnie  Scotland  and  I  do  trust  that  you 
friends  in  Canada  will  help  us.  Your  victory  will  be  our  success.  We  thank 
you  for  those  you  send  to  us  and  we  dare  you  to  send  more.  Help  us  in 
our  fight  and  rest  assured  that  we  see  a  gleam  in  the  sky,  and  trust  that 
''come  it  may  as  come  it  will,  for  a'  that,  when  man  to  man,  the  world  o'er, 
shall  brothers  be,  for  a'  that." 


NORTHERN  EUROPE 

MB.  LARS  LAESEN  LEDET 
Grand  Lodge  of  Denmark,  I.  0.  G.  T. 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentleman,  dear  friends  from  America,  I  have 
been  much  delighted  by  hearing  the  nice  words  of  welcome  spoken  today. 
I  very  much  appreciate  the  occasion  I  have  to  be  here  again.  For  a  thousand 
years  our  hearts,  the  hearts  "of  the  Scandinavian  race,  have  been  longing  for 
and  dreaming  of  the  West.  We  went  Westward  in  the  early  times  of 
history  and  on  our  way  we  conquered  and  settled  England,  Scotland  and 
Ireland.  You  will  excuse  me  when  I  say  "conquered,"  but  we  did  so,  and  we 
found  and  settled  Iceland  and  Greenland  and  we  came  to  the  shores  of 
America  five  hundred  years  before  Columbus  was  born.  For  a  thousand  years 
up  to  this  very  day,  this  dream  has  been  going  from  us  to  you.  This  dream 
has  brought  you  hundreds  of  thousands  of  our  people.  All  of  them  tell  us 
that  our  paradise  was  not  to  be  found  in  the  East,  but  in  the  West.  Most  of 
them  really  found  a  paradise  here.  You  will  therefore  understand  that  it  is 
not  mere  idle  words  when  I  express  our  feelings  of  friendship  and  brother- 
hood to  you  Americans  from  Canada  and  the  United  States  of  America.  We 
want  the  connection  between  the  Scandinavians  and  the  Anglo-Saxons  con- 

63 


tinued.  We  want  to  keep  still  closer  together,  because  we  feel  that  we  are 
brethren.  But  let  me  say  to  avoid  any  misunderstanding,  we  don't  want  this 
alliance  to  be  regarded  as  a  measure  directed  against  any  other  race  or  nation. 
We  want  and  claim  and  promise  to  keep  your  friendship  only  for  the  sake 
of  humanity,  the  sake  of  Democracy  and  the  sake  of  freedom.  We  give  you 
Americans,  you  Anglo-Saxons,  our  hearts  and  our  hands  for  mutual  help  in 
every  fight  for  the  high  ideals  of  mankind. 


SOUTHERN    EUROPE 

PASTOR  GEORGES  GALLIENNE 
Secretary  La  Croix  Bleue,  France 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  it  is  really  a  great  privilege  for  me 
to  speak  to  you  this  morning.  But  if  I  am  not  clearly  understood  by  you 
this  badge  is  a  clear  sign  that  we  are  one  in  spirit  and  one  in  action.  When 
I  went  through  the  states  to  get  to  Toronto  I  had  to  pass  through  many 
examinations.  It  is  rather  difficult  to  get  into  that  big  city  of  New  York  and 
the  medical  officer  said,  ''You  are  from  France.  What  are  you  coming  over 
for?"  "I  am  going  through  New  York  to  a  temperance  convention  in 
Toronto."  Then  he  said,  "Are  you  a  temperance  man?"  "Yes,"  I  said. 
"Well,"  he  said,  "I  wish  all  were  like  you." 

If  you  want  Prohibition  to  rule  the  world,  you  must  be  Prohibition  men 
and  women  indeed  because  we  are  looking  at  you,  and  I  am  sorry  to  say  we 
are  seeing  you  through  our  newspapermen.  We  have  a  very  strange  account  of 
Prohibition  in  America.  Everybody  is  either  mad  or  in  an  asylum  on  account 
of  the  drugs  they  are  taking,  and  all  of  that  kind  of  stuff.  You  must  help 
us  get  the  truth  before  our  people.  When  we  go  back  we  will  say  we  have 
been  travelling  up  and  down  New  York,  in  the  East  side  streets,  which  were 
the  curse  of  New  York  before,  and  now  I  have  not  met  with  a  single  drunken 
man.  You  are  a  saloonless  nation  and  we  thank  God  for  that,  that  the  great 
curse  has  been  taken  away  from  you,  and  now  we  beg  you,  friends,  brethren 
and  sisters,  we  beg  you  to  come  over  and  help  us.  Fiance  is,  I  am  sorry 
to  say,  the  stronghold  of  the  drink  traffic.  Do  you  know  that  last  year  we 
spent  thirty  billion  francs  of  the  French  budget  for  drink?  Out  of  every 
eight  French  people  there  is  one  person  that'  is  engaged  in  some  way  or 
another  in  the  drink  traffic,  in  wine  growing  or  in  the  wine  making  business. 
So  we  can  truly  say  France  is  the  stronghold  for  the  traffic  and  we  cannot 
fight  the  battle  alone. 

I  am  glad,  I  am  proud,  to  be  here,  in  this  land  of  Canada,  from  which 
came  so  many  valiant  boys  who  stood  shoulder  to  shoulder  with  us  during 
four  long  years,  and  I  thank  God  for  the  courage  and  the  way  those  boys 
could  stand  and  die  for  what  was  right  and  just.  In  this  great  battle  against 
drink  there  is  no  selfish  interest,  no  gold,  no  money  behind  it.  We  are  here 
to  fulfill  the  new  command,  that  ye  love  one  another.  It  is  a  battle  of  love 
we  are  engaged  in  and  I  pray  God  that  out  of  this  convention  in  Toronto 
may  arise  a  new  spirit  of  love  to  help  us  in  France,  my  beloved  country, 
to  do  away  with  that  curse  of  humanity  which  is  alcohol. 

64 


LATIN-AMERICA 

Miss  HARDYNIA  K.  NORVILLE,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina 
South  American  Representative  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 

Mr.  Chairman,  kind  friends,  I  consider  this  one  of  the  greatest  privileges 
of  my  life,  to  be  able  to  represent  our  dear  friends  of  Latin-America.  I 
would  that  I  might  represent  them  truly  in  the  five  minutes  which  have  been 
allotted  to  me.  In  my  young  days  it  was  my  privilege  to  lose  my  heart  to 
Mexico,  dear  Mexico,  that  has  been  so  mistreated,  and  misjudged,  by  our 
own  Northern  countries.  It  is  a  great  joy  to  us  to  know  that  in  Mexico, 
pure  true  hearts  beat  for  the  temperance  cause  and  they  are  eagerly  looking 
to  the  United  States  and  Canada,  for  an  example  that  is  worth  following. 

South  America  is  called  that  neglected  continent,  but  we  ask  you  to 
think  of  Latin  America  as  the  land  of  opportunities,  the  land  of  vast  privileges, 
of  untold  wealth.  We  know  too  truly  that  South  America  is  cursed  today 
by  the  greedy  money  graspers  who  are  down  there  bringing  dishonor  upon 
our  own  fair  land.  We  plead  that  you  will  realize  first  of  all  you  will  never 
have  Prohibition  in  the  North  American  Continent  until  you  take  into  con- 
sideration this  long  coast  line  of  17,000  miles.  It  was  brought  too  closely  home 
to  us  when  we  came  up  on  a  twenty-five  days'  trip,  because  a  drunken  chief 
engineer  turned  the  oil  into  the  water  and  we  had  to  lie  off  Bermuda  Island 
five  days  and  had  to  pay  $5,000  a  day  for  the  privilege  of  standing  there.  We 
were  brought  to  realize  the  truth  very  forcibly  with  that  drunken  crew,  with 
the  drunken  passengers  going  ashore  at  every  port,  and  loading  that  vessel 
with  bottles  and  bottles  of  whisky,  because  they  wanted  to  have  a  big  drunk 
before  they  got  back  to  Prohibition  North  America.  You  will  never  control 
it  at  home  until  you  open  your  hearts  and  help  us  down  in  South  America 
to  do  the  things  that  we  want  to  do. 

The  Governments  of  South  America  received  us  gladly.  They  opened 
their  schools  and  they  said,  "Come  in.  We  are  so  glad  you  have  come  to 
teach  us  how  you  brought  to  pass  that  wonderful  moral  victory  in  your  own 
land."  We  now  have  government  credentials  to  go  into  all  the  public  schools 
of  Brazil,  Uruguay,  Argentina,  Chili,  Peru  and  Bolivia.  The  Ambassador 
from  Colombia  has  sent  us  a  most  urgent  appeal  to  go  there  too  -and  to  help 
to  show  them  how  we  put  over  this  work  in  the  United  States  of  America. 
You  all  know  we  put  it  over  by  beginning  fifty  years  ago  with  the  children. 
When  we  asked  them  to  let  us  go  into  the  schools  and  put  scientific  temper- 
ance into  all  the  schools  of  the  land  they  all  said,  "Oh,  yes,  that  is  beautiful, 
We  are  glad  for  you  to  do  it."  And  even  the  great  government  officials  and 
the  leaders  of  the  Catholic  Church  and  all  the  great  wine  owners  of  those 
lands  said  it  was  a  very  beautiful  work  to  do  for  the  children.  "It  took  you 
fifty  years,"  they  say,  and  so  they  think  a  Prohibition  victory  is  fifty  years 
off  if  we  begin  with  the  children.  It  is  a  beautiful  thing  for  us  to  do  and 
they  are  happy  for  us  to  do  it,  but  they  are  beginning  to  realize  now  that 
it  will  not  take  fifty  years  down  there,  with  the  example  of  Prohibition 
nations  up  here.  It  needs  your  example,  and  they  will  follow  you  in  less 
than  fifty  years. 

And  so  we  come  pleading  for  you  to  help  us.     Help  us  to  put  scientific 

65 


temperance  and  physiology  down  there.  All  those  ten  great  republics  would 
use  the  text  book  if  this  great  body  could  help  us  to  put  a  temperance  physi- 
ology in  their  schools.  I  have  had  the  leading  teachers  of  the  Argentine 
Republic  helping  me  for  two  years  to  study  all  the  temperance  physiologies  in 
French  and  Spanish  and  we  have  gotten  together  a  magnificent  volume.  I 
come  in  the  name  of  the  educators  of  Uruguay  and  Argentina  to  ask  you  to 
help  us  with  that  publication. 

We  have  a  wonderful  opportunity  in  Uruguay.  Their  good  president  be- 
came a  total  abstainer  because  we  asked  him  to.  The  young  people  said, 
"Won't  you  help  with  your  example?"  He  banished  all  the  alcoholic  liquors 
from  his  official  banquets.  He  finances  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  headquarters  and  has 
given  to  us  money  to  travel  all  over  that  republic  to  organize  the  young  people 
into  Prohibition  leagues.  Now  we  have  our  presidential  election,  and  have 
lost  this  good  man.  He  goes  out  of  office  in  March.  We  come  now  with  an 
earnest  petition  that  you  will  send  to  us  one  of  your  great  men  to  help  with  a 
Prohibition  campaign  in  the  little  republic  of  Uruguay,  the  Switzerland  of 
South  America. 

I  want  you  to  help  to  keep  out  of  our  country  the  riff  raff  that  goes  from 
the  United  States  of  America  to  sell  whisky.  American  bars  are  everywhere. 
They  say,  "You  see  a  man  reeling  on  the  street,  speak  to  him  in  English." 
The  drunken  sots  are  the  people  who  speak  English,  English  sailors,  Amer- 
ican sailors.  Friends,  we  are  not  doing  our  part  as  Christians  for  the  twin  con- 
tinent, and  I  plead  for  them  that  you  may  take  them  into  consideration  in 
this  world  organization  and  that  you  may  learn  to  love  them  better  and  ex- 
tend your  helping  hand  to  win  them  for  Prohibition. 


NORTH  AMERICA 

REV.  ARTHUR  J.  BARTON,  D.  D. 

Chairman  of  Commission  on  Temper  Mice  of  Southern  Baptist  Convention,  U.  S.  A. 
Mr.  President,  comrades  in  the  great  cause.  I  speak  in  the  name  of  North 
America  and  especially  in  the  name  of  the  United  States  of  America,  to  accept 
the  cordial  words  of  welcome  which  have  been  spoken.  We  are  always  glad 
to  come  and  meet  our  Canadian  cousins.  We  love  our  cousins  as  much  as 
the  law  allows.  We  are  delighted  to  meet  the  comrades  in  this  holy  cause 
from  all  the  world.  The  United  States  has  had  a  long  hard  struggle  to  attain 
National  Prohibition.  Before  we  got  National  Prohibition  there  were  thirty- 
three  states  of  the  Union  out  of  the  forty-eight  which  had  adopted  state-wide 
Prohibition  for  themselves  on  their  own  initiative,  either  at  a  popular  ref- 
erendum or  through  their  legislative  bodies.  We  had  supposed  with  such  a 
large  percentage  of  the  nation  already  dry  when  we  adopted  the  National 
Constitutional  Amendment  that  in  good  measure  the  fight  would  be  over. 
That  would  have  been  true  if  we  had  not  been  dealing  with  the  most  pernicious 
and  infamous  traffic  in  all  this  world.  As  yet  the  fight  is  not  over,  and  at 
the  present  moment  the  combined  money  power  of  the  combined  liquor 
organizations  of  the  world  is  being  brought  to  bear  to  discredit  and  if  pos- 
sible to  overthrow  National  Prohibition  in  the  United  States.  Yet  I  say  to 
you,  speaking,  I  hope,  as  a  somewhat  intelligent  American,  that  the  Eighteenth 

66 


Amendment  is  in  the  Constitution  to  stay.  We  Americans  feel  that  for  two 
reasons  we  must  make  good  in  our  National  Prohibition.  The  first,  of  course, 
is  the  ground  of  self-respect.  Americans  desire  to  be  at  least  reasonably 
consistent  and  we  desire  to  make  our  prohibitory  law  effective,  not  only  be- 
cause of  the  salutary  effect  upon  the  people  as  a  whole,  but  also  for  our  self- 
respect.  We  are  not  at  all  willing  that  we  shall  become  the  laughing  stock 
of  the  civilized  nations  of  the  world  by  the  failure  of  our  prohibitory 
measures.  With  our  almshouses  largely  closed,  with  our  jails  nearly  empty, 
and  with  every  form  of  crime  reduced  anywhere  from  50  to  75  per  cent, 
America  takes  the  stand  today  to  say  that  this  combined  onslaught  of  the 
liquor  power  shall  not  prevail  against  her  prohibitory  laws.  We  appeal  to 
you  as  representatives  of  the  nations  of  the  world  to  co-operate  with  us  in 
that  because  this  is  one  time  when  the  spirit  of  world-wide  brotherhood  and 
of  world-wide  human  interest  may  very  reasonably  top  all  national  prejudices 
and  national  favoritism.  We  ask  that  we  shall  have  the  broadest  spirit  of  co- 
operation and  the  broadest  spirit  of  sympathetic  action  in  suppressing  the 
rum  runners  and  the  smuggling  of  liquor  which  is  now  one  of  our  most 
serious  difficulties  in  the  enforcement  of  our  law. 

We  feel  that  we  must  make  good  also  because  of  our  example  to  others, 
because  we  believe  and  we  say  it  quite  modestly,  that  the  eyes  of  the  nations 
of  the  world  are  upon  us. 

Last  year  when  we  were  in  Europe  they  said  to  us  everywhere,  "We  are 
looking  to  you.  to  make  good,  and  we  are  looking  to  you  to  give  us  the  facts 
about  this  matter." 

The  fight  is  not  over.  The  wets  have  never  been  more  active  and  more 
persistent  in  the  United  States  than  at  the  present  moment.  They  have  re- 
ceived some  encouragement  from  our  recent  election,  not  half  so  much  as  the 
press  has  led  people  to  conclude.  We  have  possibly  lost  about  six  members 
in  the  House  of  Representatives.  We  have  gained  in  the  Senate  and  when  we 
face  conditions  in  Washington  for  the  next  two  years  we  have  not  the  slightest 
doubt  that  our  lines  are  going  to  hold  and  that  the  wets  will  not  be  able  to 
make  any  inroads  on  our  territory. 


FRIDAY    AFTERNOON    SESSION 

OPPORTUNITY  AND   OBLIGATION  OF  THE  WORLD 
MOVEMENT  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

By  ERNEST  H.  CHEERINGTON,  LL.  D.,  LITT.  D. 

General  Secretary  of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism 

The  most  important  fact  deduced  from  the  philosophy  of  history  is  that 

of  a  great  central  truth  running  with  the  ages  which  the  laureate  Tennyson 

described  as  the  "one  increasing  purpose."      If  the  philosophy  of  that  great 

British  poet  and  seer  is   sound,  it  follows  that  the  race  is  most  profoundly 

affected  in  every  way  by  those  events  in  history  which  make  for  social,  moral 

and  spiritual  uplift,  thus  upholding  the  theory  that  evil  of  whatever  character 

ultimately  "dies  among  her  worshippers"  and  that  good  alone  has  in  it  the 

germ  of  eternal  development. 

Reasoning   from   this   premise  it   may   truthfully   be   said   that  the   most 

67 


important  and  significant  events  of  recent  years  have  been  not  the  outstand- 
ing inventions  of  the  decade,  not  the  political  and  economic  revolutions  which 
have  swept  the  world,  nor  yet  even  the  great  World  War  with  all  its  stag- 
gering proportions  and  its  almost  limitless  influences.  Rather  is  it  true  that 
the  events  of  the  past  decade  which  will  play  the  largest  part  in  the  life  of  the 
race  and  will  most  profoundly  affect  the  future  of  civilization,  are  those  events 
which  have  in  them  the  dynamic  of  moral  and  spiritual  influence.  This  being 
true  it  follows  that  one  of  the  greatest  events  not  only  of  the  past  decade  but 
of  modern  history,  was  the  adoption  of  the  policy  of  Prohibition  of  the  bev- 
erage liquor  traffic,  by  one  of  the  greatest  nations  of  the  world. 

International  Policies  are  Evolved  From  National  Experience 

The  history  of  radical  changes  in  governmental  policies  records  the  fact 
that  in  practically  every  such  case  it  has  been  given  to  one  nation  first  to  try 
out  the  experiment  and  that  in  that  nation,  in  every  case,  a  long  period  of 
years  has  been  required  to  conform  ancient  domestic  customs  and  life  to  the 
imperative  requirements  of  the  new  order,  and  another  long  period  has  been 
required  for  the  evolution  of  such  a  national  policy  into  an  international 
policy,  recognized,  adopted  and  followed  by  other  nations. 

Three  hundred  years  ago  the  ideal  of  popular  government  was  only  a 
dream  arising  out  of  the  misty  sleep  of  an  age  called  modern  but  which  in 
reality  was  but  the  aftermath  of  the  awakening  from  the  long  night  of  the 
Middle  Ages.  Popular  government  had  its  birth  as  an  ideal  in  the  stirring 
and  eventful  years  of  the  seventeenth  century,  in  England  and  France,  but 
it  became  a  living  reality  as  a  great  national  policy  of  government  in  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

For  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  America  has  been  struggling  to  adapt 
its  life  and  its  institutions  to  the  system  of  popular  government.  For  a  simi- 
lar period  the  struggle  for  recognition  and  adoption  of  that  policy  has  been 
carried  on  throughput  the  world,  until  today  instead  of  such  a  governmental 
policy  being  strange  or  peculiar  or  rare  it  has  become  the  rule,  and  thus  the 
stone  "cut  out  of  the  mountain  without  hands"  more  than  two  centuries  ago 
has  become  the  cornerstone  of  governmental  structure  in  practically  all 
nations. 

Prohibition  an  Accomplishment  of  Christianity 

The  governmental  policy  of  Prohibition  today  is  new  and  strange  and  rare 
and  crude,  but  it  has  come  into  existence  in  response  to  such  a  demand  and 
has  developed  in  such  a  manner  as  conclusively  to  demonstrate  to  scientific 
minds  that  it  is  but  the  beginning  of  what  in  time  shall  become  part  and 
parcel  of  customs  and  government  throughout  the  world. 

This  modern  movement  toward  Prohibition,  in  fact,  which  means  the  sup- 
pression of  physical  appetite  and  social  customs  ages  old,  is  of  itself  one  of 
the  most  outstanding  illustrations  of  the  direct  effect  of  the  rationalization  of 
religious  faith  in  this  day  of  the  modern  world.  The  accomplishment  of  Pro- 
hibition in  the  United  States  of  America  has  been  the  result  of  the  activities 
of  the  Christian  church  with  its  agencies  and  auxiliaries.  This  great  result 
has  b.een  secured  by  the  application  of  the  principles  and  teachings  of  the 
Christian  religion  to  the  solution  of  one  of  the  great  problems  of  human  life. 
Prohibition  in  America  in  fact  has  been  the  direct  outcome  of  the  recognition, 


in  part  at  least,  by  the  constituency  of  the  Christian  church  in  America,  of 
the  insistent  injunction  of  the  Man  of  Galilee  himself  to  the  effect  that  the 
social  order  was  his  great  objective  and  that  the  changing  of  that  order 
through  the  establishment  upon  earth  of  a  new  kingdom  of  righteousness  and 
peace  was  the  mission  whereunto  he  was  sent.  The  effect  of  such  a  move- 
ment as  that  of  the  prohibition  of  the  beverage  liquor  traffic  on  the  estab- 
lishing of  that  kingdom  of  righteousness  among  men  can  not  be  adequately 
measured  or  even  estimated. 

Truth  the  Only  Possible  Foundation  for  Prohibition 

The  reason  for  Prohibition  of  the  beverage  liquor  traffic  must  rest  abso- 
lutely upon  fundamental  truth.  .  In  the  last  analysis,  Prohibition  must  find 
its  sanction  in  scientific  knowledge  of  the  relation  of  alcoholism  to  the  eco- 
nomic, social,  political,  moral  and  religious  life  of  the  world.  If  tomorrow 
the  consensus  of  opinion  among  the  scientists  of  the  world  should  be  to  the 
effect  that  beverage  alcohol  is  helpful  and  beneficial;  in  fact  if  that  consensus 
of  opinion  should  even  be  that  beverage  alcohol  is  not  harmful,  there  would 
not  be  the  slightests  excuse  in  reason  for  any  further  effort  of  any  such  move- 
ment as  the  world  movement  against  alcoholism.  In  fact,  the  only  possible 
foundation  for  any  movement  against  beverage  alcohol  is  in  itself  the  only 
hope  of  success, — "Ye  shall  know  the  truth  and  the  truth  shall  make  you 
free." 

Science,  history  and  philosophy  moreover,  have  all  fully  demonstrated  the 
fact  that  the  same  truth  operates  in  every  realm.  Good  business  is  good  poli- 
tics and  good  morals  alike.  What  is  bad  in  morals  is  fundamentally  bad, 
economically,  socially  and  politically.  There  is  not  one  code  for  the  business 
world,  another  for  the  social  world,  another  for  the  political  world,  another 
for  the  moral  world,  and  still  another  for  the  religious  world.  There  is  but 
one  code — "one  law,  one  God,  one  element,  and  one  far  off  divine  event, 
toward  which  the  whole  creation  moves." 

The  Experimental  Stage 

Very  properly  has  it  been  said  that  no  great  structure  has  ever  been 
builded  which  even  before  its  physical  foundations  were  laid,  was  not  "a  castle 
in  the  air." 

For  more  than  two  hundred  years  the  temperance  movement  has  been 
one  of  extreme  idealism,  appealing  to  the  imagination,  until  finally  through 
the  American  legislative  laboratory  during  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  there 
have  been  produced  the  results  of  a  practical  and  successful  Prohibition  ex- 
periment in  village,  county,  city,  state,  and  nation.  The  result  of  this  experi- 
ment, undertaken  and  conducted  with  varying  degrees  of  success  and  in  more 
or  less  crude  form,  has  nevertheless  passed  the  laboratory  test  and  today 
stands  suggesting  to  the  world  the  possibility  of  a  stage  of  world  sobriety  in 
the  evolution  of  civilization.  So  definite,  in  fact,  has  been  the  acid  test,  that 
sooner  or  later  science,  economics,  politics,  morality  and  religion  will  all 
demand  the  application  of  Prohibition  idealism  to  the  practical  life  of  the 
world.  ^ 

America — The  World  Laboratory  of  Prohibition 

No  nation,  past  or  present,  is  so  remarkably  suited  to  the  testing  of  Pro- 
hibition as  is  America.  This  is  true,  not  only  as  to  the  Prohibition  policy 

69 


itself,  but  as  to  the  possible  application  of  that  policy  to  the  different  condi- 
tions to  be  found  in  different  sections  of  the  world. 

America  is  the  melting  pot  and  the  laboratory  of  the  nations.  The  peo- 
ple of  every  race  and  clime  that  make  up  the  American  nation  hold  their 
traditions  behind  them  and  keep  their  ideals  before  them,  but  they  are  bound 
with  peculiar  cords  to  peoples  of  all  countries  whence  they  came. 

There  are  3,424  distinct  languages  and  dialects  in  all  the  world.  Africa 
has  276,  Europe  587,  Asia  937,  while  America  has  1,624.  One  hundred  and 
sixty  foreign  language  daily  newspapers,  with  a  daily  circulation  of  more 
than  two  and  a  half  millions,  are  published  in  America.  There  are,  in  fact, 
1,404  foreign  language  periodicals,  with  a  'combined  circulation  of  almost 
11,000,000. 

The  Country  of  All  Races 

America  has  one-tenth  as  many  negroes  as  the  entire  continent  of  Africa. 
America  has  three  and  one-half  million  Jews,  or  one-third  as  many  as  all  the 
rest  of  the  world.  One  and  a  half  million  Jews  are  in  the  single  city  of  New 
York.  There  are  as  many  Jews  in  America  as  in  Russia;  there  are  50  per 
cent  more  Jews  in  America  than  in  both  Austria  and  Hungary.  There  are 
five  times  as  many  Jews  in  New  York  as  there  are  in  Palestine  and  Armenia. 
There  are,  in  fact,  more  Jews  in  the  city  of  New  York  than  there  are,  all 
told,  in  all  of  North  America  outside  the  United  States,  all  of  South  America, 
all  of  Asia,  all  of  Africa  and  all  of  Australia. 

The  American  population  is  made  up  of  almost  every  clan  of  every  race, 
of  every  color  and  of  every  nationality  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  Almost  one- 
third  of  the  entire  population  of  America  is  either  foreign-born  or  the  children 
of  foreign-born  parents. 

America  has  more  Norwegians  than  Christiana;  more  Swedes  than  Stock- 
holm; more  Germans  than  Bremen,  Hamburg  and  Leipsic;  more  Czechs  than 
Prague;  more  Croats,  Serbs  and  Slovenes,  than  Belgrade;  more  Englanders 
than  Liverpool;  more  Canadians  than  Vancouver,  Calgary,  Regina,  Winnipeg, 
Fredericton,  St.  Johns,  Halifax,  Toronto,  Ottawa,  Charlottetown  and  Quebec. 

America  has  almost  as  many  Poles  as  Warsaw;  almost  as  many  Scots 
as  Edinburgh;  almost  as  many  Mexicans  as  Mexico  City.     She  has  more  than 
a  million  Austrians  and  Hungarians  and  more  than  one-fourth  as  many  native 
Irishmen  as  there  are  today  on  the  Emerald  Isle. 
The  State  of  All  Nations 

Never  before  in  the  history  of  the  world  was  there  such  a  state  as  New 
York.  Almost  a  third  of  the  population  is  foreign-born.  That  great  com- 
monwealth contains  26,000  native  Greeks,  27,000  native  Norwegians,  32,000 
native  French,  37,000  native  Scots,  38,000  native  Czechs,  40,000  native  Rou- 
manians, 53,000  native  Swedes,  80,000  native  Hungarians,  100,000  native  Cana- 
dians, 135,000  native  Englanders,  150,000  native  Austrians,  250,000  native  Poles, 
285,000  native  Irish,  300,000  native  Germans,  525,000  native  Russians,  550,000 
native  Italians,  and  others  by  the  thousands  aad  tens  of  thousands  from  prac- 
tically every  nation  of  earth. 

There  are  single  news  stands  in  New  York  City  from  which  one  can  pur- 
chase newspapers  printed  in  20  different  languages.  Truly  is  America  the 

70 


melting  pot  of  the  nations.  Truly  is  America  the  human  laboratory  of  the 
world.  Where  could  there  have  been  found  in  all  history  and  where  could 
there  be  found  today  such  a  place  to  try  out  the  Prohibition  experiment  for 
the  benefit  of  all  the  nations  as  is  presented  in  America? 

Why  America  Adopted  and  Must  Continue  Prohibition 
A  library  of  statistics  might  be  presented  on  the  beneficial  results  of  Pro- 
hibition in  America.  Great  facts  stand  out  like  beacon  lights  in  the  records  of 
states  and  cities  since  1917  when  Prohibition  by  state  law  spread  rapidly 
through  the  United  States  until  the  coming  into  effect  of  war-time  Prohibition 
on  July  1,  1919,  and  of  constitutional  Prohibition  on  January  16,  1920. 

Numerous  factors,  of  course,  naturally  enter  into  and  affect  statistical 
records,  yet  it  is  a  significant  fact  that  in  spite  of  the  tremendous  development 
of  the  railroad  activities  in  the  United  States  of  America  there  were  actually 
fewer  persons  killed  on  or  by  the  railroad  operations  in  1920  than  had  been 
killed  by  such  operation  during  any  year  tor  more  than  thirty  years.  Fewer 
miners  of  coal  were  killed  during  the  }-ear  1920,  in  proportion  to  the  number 
ot  miners  employed  and  in  proportion  .to  the  number  of  tons  of  coal  mined 
than  in  any  similar  period  for  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

The  records  of  100  largest  American  cities  show  that  there  were  fewer 
suicides  during  the  year  1920  than  during  any  previous  year  of  the  twentieth 
century.  The  per  cent  of  deaths  of  children  under  five  years  of  age  for  1918, 
'19  and  '20,  was  less  than  for  any  similar  period  for  a  third  of  a  century,  and 
the  full  death  rate  in  the  United  States  for  1919  and  '20  was  less  than  it  had 
been  for  35  years. 

Fewer  deaths  from  automobile  accidents  in  proportion  to  the  number  of 
automobiles  in  use  have  been  recorded  under  Prohibition  than  during  any 
previous  similar  period.  The  statistics  of  crime,  pauperism  and  insanity  show 
a  remarkable  falling  off  under  Prohibition  as  compared  with  similar  periods 
under  license  and  regulation.  The  ledger  of  public  charity  is  significantly 
marked  by  the  passing  of  the  legalized  liquor  traffic,  while  improvements  in 
public  health,  the  public  peace  and  the  public  welfare  score  heavily  on  the 
side  of  Prohibition. 

Even  more  significant  is  the  contrast  shown  in  what  might  well  be  termed 
"a  revival  of  learning  in  America"  under  the  Prohibition  regime,  as  that 
revival  is  indicated  by  the  records  of  the  public  schools,  the  high  schools,  the 
technical  institutions,  the  colleges  and  the  universities. 

There  are,  however,  more  comprehensive,  more  fundamental  and  more 
conclusive  facts  which  tend  to  show  why  America  was  compelled  to  adopt 
Prohibition,  why  America  must  continue  Prohibition  and  why  return  to  the 
reign  of  the  liquor  traffic  in  America  is  essentially  impossible. 

This,  in  a  special  sense,  is  an  industrial  and  commercial  age.  The  impli- 
cations therefore  in  the  transformation  which  has  taken  place  during  the 
industrial  revolution  of  the  past  few  years  deserve  thoughtful  consideration. 

Railroad  Prohibition 

A  few  years  ago,  comparatively  speaking,  it  was  not  unusual  for  news- 
papers to  ascribe  railroad  wrecks  to  "drunken  engineers."  Railroad  lines  in 
America  have  increased  in  fifty  years  from  53,000  miles  to  264,000  miles.  Rail- 

71 


road  development  of  every  character  has  gone  forward  in  America  until  today 
twenty  billions  of  dollars  are  invested  and  two  million  men  are  employed  at 
an  annual  compensation  of  three  billion  dollars.  These  railroads  carry  annu- 
aly  more  than  two  thousand  million  tons  of  freight  and  more  than  one  thou- 
sand million  passengers.  Yet  with  60,000  railroad  locomotives  being  driven 
on  all  lines  throughout  America,  how  many  wrecks  are  today  charged  to 
drunken  engineers,  or  drunken  train  dispatchers?  American  railroads  will  not 
employ  an  engineer  who  uses  intoxicants  either  on  or  off  duty.  This  imper- 
ative railroad  law  carries  a  far  greater  degree  of  punishment  than  any  local, 
state  or  national  prohibitory  law.  Even  the  liquor  interests  in  America  have 
long  since  ceased  to  defend  the  pesonal  liberty  of  railroad  engineers  to  drink 
intoxicants. 

When  American  railroads  modify  their  rules  which  have  stood  for  a 
quarter  of  a  century,  so  as  to  permit  engineers,  train  dispatchers,  and  tele- 
graph operators  to  use  light  wine  and  beer,  the  American  Congress  will  doubt- 
less be  ready  seriously  to  consider  the  advisability  of  modifying  the  federal 
prohibitory  law. 

Iron  and  Steel  vs.  Alcoholism 

The  giant  lake  freighters,  which  carry  ore  from  the  great  Superior  ore 
districts,  are  unloaded  at  American  lake  ports,  whence  the  ore  is  transported 
by  trains  to  the  numerous  smelting  furnaces  of  the  United  States,  which  pro- 
duce more  iron  and  steel  each  year  than  all  the  rest  of  the  world.  Compara- 
tively a  few  years  ago,  vessels  were  unloaded  by  laborers  with  shovels  and 
wheel-barrows.  The  unloading  capacity  under  the  old  system  was  a  hundred 
tons  a  day.  Today  electric  machines  unload  such  vessels  at  the  rate  of  three 
thousand  tons  an  hour.  Even  greater  revolutions  than  this  have  taken  place 
in  the  electrical  equipment  of  iron  and  steel  mills. 

Under  the  old  system  it  was  possible  for  an  unskilled  employee  with  a 
brain  well  soaked  with  alcohol,  to  handle  a  shovel  and  a  wheel-barrow.  The 
intricate  modern  unloading  equipment,  however,  can  not  be  entrusted  to  habit- 
ual users  of  alcoholic  liquors.  The  same  rule  applies  with  even  greater  force 
to  the  vast  electrical  equipment  now  operating  the  iron  and  steel  mills  of  the 
nation.  When  the  iron  and  steel  industry  of  America  advocates  the  letting 
down  of  Prohibition  bars,  Congress  may  heed  the  suggestion. 
Dealcoholizing  the  Mining  Industry 

During  the  last  ten  years  modern  electrical  inventions  have  revolutionized 
the  American  coal  mining  industry.  Electrical  mining  machines  with  two 
operators  today  do  the  work  which  a  decade  ago  required  twenty  miners. 
Seven  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  American  miners  who  already  are  produc- 
ing more  than  40  per  cent  of  all  the  coal  used  in  all  the  countries  of  the  world, 
can  not  begin  to  meet  the  demands  even  with  the  installation  of  modern  equip- 
ment. Under  the  old  system  a  miner  with  a  brain  fairly  well  soaked  with 
alcohol  could  produce  a  few  tons  of  coal  a  day,  but  the  man  who  operates  a 
modern  electric  mining  machine  must  be  sober. 

The  Passing  of  the  "Drunken  Sailor" 

During  the  past  nine  years  the  tonnage  of  American  ships  clearing  Ameri- 
can ports  increased  from  4,793,523  net  tons  to  30,180,809  net  tons — an  increase 

72 


of  more  than  500  per  cent.  The  modern  system  of  electric  devices  for  the 
handling  of  ship  cargoes  installed  on  ships  and  at  docks  during  the  last  few 
years  has  not  only  eliminated  the  proverbial  "drunken  sailor,"  but  has  created 
an  imperative  requirement  for  skilled  men  with  clear  brains.  The  old  drunken 
sailor  can  not  meet  the  new  test.  America's  part  in  the  international  com- 
merce of  the  future  can  not  be  jeopardized  by  compromise  with  the  old  sys- 
tem under  which  alcohol  played  a  leading  role. 

An  Industrial  Revolution 

Perhaps  no  series  of  legislative  acts  have  so  aroused  the  manufacturing 
interests  in  America  to  the  absolute  necessity  of  Prohibition  as  the  Workmen's 
Compensation  Laws  passed  during  recent  years  in  all  but  three  states  of  the 
American  union.  As  a  result,  millions  upon  millions  have  been  invested  in 
safety  devices  for  the  protection  of  life,  limb  and  health  of  the  10,000,000 
American  manufacturing  employees.  Safety  to  workers  and  insurance  to  man- 
ufacturing interests  preclude  the  possibility  of  those  interests  accepting  the 
hazard  which  would  be  inevitable  with  the  return  of  the  beverage  liquor  traffic. 
The  Auto  Truck  and  the  Old  Teamster 

Only  a  few  years  ago  the  vast  tonnage  of  agricultural  products  and  of 
industrial  and  commercial  enterprises  in  America  was  moved  on  short  hauls  by 
wagons  with  teams  and  teamsters.  Today  the  great  proportion  of  that  ton- 
nage is  moved  by  auto  trucks.  One  large  truck  will  move  more  tonnage  than 
could  be  moved  under  the  old  system  by  ten  wagons.  Under  the  old  system, 
half-drunken  drivers  might  throw  the  lines  around  the  dash  board  and  depend 
upon  the  dumb  animals  drawing  the  load  to  avoid  collision  and  the  ditch. 
But  the  intrinsic  value  of  more  than  a  million  automobile  trucks  now  oper- 
ating in  America,  to  say  nothing  of  the  value  of  the  tonnage  involved,  can  not 
be  entrusted  to  alcoholized  truck  drivers. 

An  Automobilized  Nation  Without  Prohibition 

There  are  in  operation  in  America  ten  million  automobiles.  All  the  rest 
of  the  world  together  employs  two  million  automobiles.  America  therefore 
may  be  said  to  be  the  most  thoroughly  automobilized  nation  in  the  world. 
The  great  development  of  the  automobile  industry  has  taken  place  in  the  last 
decade,  during  which  same  period  Prohibition  by  state  legislation  was  rapidly 
covering  the  area  of  the  nation.  The  beverage  alcohol  system  in  operation  in 
automobilized  America  today  is  unthinkable.  What  degree  of  safety,  under 
alcohol,  could  be  vouchsafed  to  any  traveler  upon  any  highway  or  any  pedes- 
trian upon  any  sidewalk  of  any  town  or  any  city?  If  America  faces  such  a 
situation  now,  what  will  other  countries  of  the  world  do  in  regard  to  this  im- 
portant question,  as  the  use  of  automobiles  rapidly  increases? 
Insurance  Risks  and  Prohibition  Inseparable 

Perhaps  no  department  of  American  business  has  developed  so  rapidly  as 
life  insurance.  Insurance  estates  are  rapidly  becoming  important  factors  in 
the  financial  world.  In  slightly  more  than  thirty  years  the  amount  of  life 
insurance  in  America  has  increased  from  five  billion  dollars  to  more  than 
forty-two  billion  dollars.  The  number  of  life  insurance  policies  in  existence  in 
the  United  States  in  1890  was  5,202,475.  The  number  in  1900  was  14,395,347. 

73 


The  number  in  1910  was  29,998,281,  while  the  number  in  1920  was  64,341,000. 
Investigations  of  actuaries  covering  long  periods  have  established  a  decided 
difference  between  the  actual  costs  of  risks  on  the  lives  of  abstainers  as  against 
those  of  non-abstainers.  With  this  remarkable  increase  in  the  number  and 
amount  of  risks  carried  by  the  American  insurance  companies,  the  greater 
part  of  which  increase  has  come  during  the  period  of  state  and  national  Pro- 
hibition, even  the  suggestion  of  a  return  to  the  days  of  alcoholism  is  startling. 
What  would  happen  to  millions  of  insurance  risks,  to  the  insurance  companies 
themselves,  and  to  the  vast  financial  interests  of  America,  in  which  those 
insurance  companies  now  play  so  significant  a  part,  were  the  beverage  liquor 
traffic  to  be  restored,  with  its  attendant  results  through  the  use  of  alcohol, 
upon  millions  of  policy  holders,  and  its  even  more  far-reaching  effect  upon 
mortality  statistics  that  would  inevitably  result  from  accident,  disease  and 
crime  that  would  follow  like  an  avalanche  in  the  wake  of  alcoholism? 
Aeronautics  Demand  Sobriety 

The  airship  is  in  its  infancy,  yet  the  development  of  the  past  five  years  is 
prophetic  of  a  day  not  many  years  ahead  when  the  airship  will  be  one  of  the 
most  important  factors  in  the  life  of  the  world.  Leaving  out  of  consideration 
all  government,  army  and  navy  airship  activities,  the  fact  remains  that  during 
the  year  1921  more  than  twelve  hundred  civilian  aeroplanes  were  operated  in 
America,  traveling  more  than  6,500,000  miles  and  carrying  more  than  275,000 
passengers.  It  is  not  rash  to  prophesy  that  the  airship  in  five  years'  time  will 
work  a  revolution  in  industry,  commerce,  travel,  international  relations  and 
international  law.  What  class  of  employees  in  connection  with  the  airship, 
from  the  pilot  to  the  man  in  the  shop  who  makes  the  final  examination  of 
minute  adjustments  before  the  ship  takes  the  air,  can  be  considered  as  inter- 
ested in  the  repeal  of  Prohibition? 

Alcoholism  an  Impossibility  in  the  New  Age 

The  liquor  traffic  may  have  been  possible  in  the  agricultural  world  in  the 
age  of  the  horse-drawn  plow  and  the  mule  teamster;  it  is  not  possible  in  the 
age  of  the  tractor,  the  great  wheat-header  and  the  auto  truck.  The  liquor 
traffic  may  have  been  possible  in  the  days  when  the  wood-chopper's  ax  was 
the  only  means  of  felling  trees;  it  is  not  possible  in  the  age  when  electrical 
operations  are  so  essential  to  the  rapidly  increasing  lumber  industry.  The 
liquor  traffic  may  have  been  possible  in  the  age  of  the  drunken  sailor  and  the 
drunken  engineer  and  the  age  when  manufacturing  concerns  were  not  respon- 
sible for  the  health  and  safety  of  employees;  it  is  not  possible  in  the  age  of 
the  industrial  development  which  has  revolutionized  railroad  operations,  the 
mining  industry,  the  manufacturing  interests,  international  commerce  and 
trade  activities,  and  other  great  industries  and  enterprises  which  figure  in 
economic  progress.  The  liquor  traffic  may  have  been  possible  in  the  age  of 
the  ox-cart,  but  it  is  not  possible  in  the  age  of  the  automobile.  The  liquor 
traffic  may  have  been  possible  in  the  age  of  the  stage  coach,  but  it  is  not 
possible  in  the  age  of  the  airship.  The  liquor  traffic  may  have  been  possible 
in  the  age  of  the  water  mill,  but  it  is  not  possible  in  the  age  of  the  electric 
dynamo. 

These  significant  facts  suggest  something  of  the  economic  cost  inevitable 

74 


to  pro-liquor  nations  which  insist  upon  continuing  to  harbor  the  liquor  traffic 
and  upon  attempting  to  harmonize  its  operations  with  the  new  age  of  skilled 
workmen  and  the  application  of  brain  power  and  nerve  energy  to  even  the 
simplest  processes  of  industrial  activities.  If  these  facts  are  evident  in  Amer- 
ica, where  is  the  nation,  large  or  small,  located  anywhere  on  the  face  of  the 
earth,  which  in  this  age  of  rapid  economic  progress  and  economic  competition, 
can  afford  to  quibble  about  the  problem  of  alcoholism? 

The  Right  of  Self -Determination  for  Small  Countries 

No  provision  of  the  international  code  is  more  firmly  established  in  the 
recognized  law  of  nations  than  that  which  insists  upon  the  right  of  small 
countries  to  be  protected  from  unjustifiable  aggression  by  more  powerful 
nations.  The  international  sense  of  equity  and  justice  is  always  outraged  by 
the  aggressions  of  a  strong  nation  against  a  weaker  one.  As  a  result  of  scien- 
tific development  conditions  prevail  in  the  world  today,  however,  which  make 
the  economic  weapon  even  more  effective  than  military  operations. 
Wine's  Conquest  of  Free  Government 

Spain,  by  the  use  of  the  economic  weapon,  has  compelled  defenceless  Ice- 
land to  suspend  her  Prohibition  law  for  one  year.  Spain's  pressure  upon 
Iceland  in  this  connection  was  just  as  threatening  as  if  she  had  surrounded 
that  island  with  her  war  ships.  Under  threat  of  what  practically  meant  starva- 
tion to  the  fish  industry  of  Iceland,  Spain  has  absolutely  disregarded  the  right 
of  self-determination  of  small  nations  and  has  compelled  Iceland  to  accept 
Spanish  wines  against  the  portest  of  her  people  and  the  real  attitude  of  her 
government.  A  similar  situation  is  now  presented  in  the  case  of  Norway. 
France,  Spain  and  Portugal  demand  that  the  will  of  the  Norwegian  people  be 
overridden,  under  threat  of  national  economic  boycott  in  the  interest  of 
French,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  wines. 

What  the  closely  organized  world  liquor  traffic  is  thus  attempting  through 
Spain,  Prance  and  Portugal,  that  same  world  liquor  traffic  will  attempt 
through  other  wine-producing,  beer-producing  and  whisky-producing  countries 
of  the  world. 

Possibilities  of  Economic  Boycott  Against  Prohibition 

Suppose  Spain  succeeds  in  permanently  defeating  Prohibition  in  Iceland. 
Suppose  Norway  is  brought  to  her  knees.  Suppose  Finland  is  compelled  to 
yield.  Suppose  the  pressure  succeeds  in  other  small  countries  and  suppose 
that  by  virtue  of  such  reverses  for  Prohibition  and  such  successes  for  the 
international  liquor  traffic  the  world  liquor  interests  shall  be  encouraged  to  use 
the  economic  weapon  of  many  liquor  nations  against  stronger  governments  in 
order  to  stay  the  progress  of  Prohibition  as  a  governmental  policy?  How  long 
would  it  be  before  such  pressure  would  affect  America?  If  the  liquor  forces  of 
the  nations  of  the  earth,  united  and  organised,  can  succeed  in  overriding  the 
will  of  the  people  in  any  country,  small  or  great,  self-determination  in  every 
country  is  jeopardized.  The  violation  of  the  rights  of  any  nation  threatens 
orderly  government  in  every  nation. 

The  particular  situation  which  has  arisen  in  this  connection  loudly  calls  to 
the  forces  of  moral  reform  in  every  civilized  land  to  make  practical  application 
of  the  gospel  of  international  righteousness  so  strongly  emphasized  by  the  late 

75 


John  Hay,  former  American  Secretary  of  State,  in  his  remarkable  interpreta- 
tion of  the  Lord's  prayer: — 

"Thy  will!     It  bids  the  weak  be  strong, 

It  bids  the  strong  be  just. 
No  lip  to  fawn,  no  hand  to  beg, 

No  brow  to  seek  the  dust. 
Wherever  man  oppresses  man, 

Beneath  the  liberal  sun, 
O  Lord,  be  there,  Thine  arm  made  bare, 

Thy  righteous  will  be  done!" 

The  Program  and  Methods  of  the  World  Liquor  Traffic 
A   considerable  portion  of  the  liquor  traffic  which  formerly   carried  on 
operations  in  America  has  been  transplanted  in  other  countries,  where  never- 
theless it  is  controlled  and  directed  by  what  remains  of  the  organized  liquor 
interests  within  America. 

Uniting  for  Common  Defense 

American  Prohibition,  moreover,  had  the  effect  of  vastly  curtailing  the 
wine  export  trade  of  France,  Spain,  Portugal,  Italy  and  Austria.  As  a  result, 
the  great  wine  and  vineyard  interests  of  those  countries  have  themselves  not 
only  united  for  common  defence  but  have  also  joined  in  cooperation  with  out- 
lawed American  liquor  interests. 

The  ale  and  stout  and  whisky  industries  of  Great  Britain,  moreover,  have 
become  thoroughly  alarmed  at  the  agitation  of  the  Prohibition  question  in  the 
British  Isles  and  have  accordingly  sought  alliance  with  what  remains  of  the 
American  liquor  traffic,  together  with  the  national  liquor  organizations  of 
other  countries  interested  for  like  reasons.  The  beer  interests  of  Germany, 
Austria  and  the  Balkan  States,  as  well  as  the  vodka  interests  of  old  Russia  are 
establishing  a  relationship  of  cooperation  with  similar  interests  of  other 
countries. 

The  object  of  the  forces  back  of  this  organized  international  activity  in 
behalf  of  the  world  liquor  traffic  is  two-fold.  It  is  intended,  first,  to  prevent 
the  spread  of  Prohibition  throughout  the  world,  and  second,  to  secure  the 
nullification  and  finally  the  repeal  of  Prohibition  in  America  and  wherever  else 
the  policy  has  been  adopted.  At  the  close  of  a  secret  convention  of  the  Inter- 
national League  Against  Prohibition,  held  at  Brussels,  Belgium,  in  October, 
1922,  the  international  press  carried  the  interesting  and  significant  informa- 
tion that  the  wine  interests  of  Europe  with  headquarters  at  Paris,  had  pledged 
millions  to  carry  on  a  merciless  campaign  against  Prohibition  in  America. 

Misrepresentation,  the  Hope  of  the  Liquor  Traffic 

A  favorite  weapon  of  the  liquor  traffic  is  that  of  gross  misrepresentation 
of  conditions  under  Prohibition.  Absolutely  false  and  unfounded  statements 
with  regard  to  the  failure  of  Prohibition  in  America,  which  have  made  their 
way  through  international  news  agencies  to  practically  every  country  in  the 
world,  are  not  only  indicative  of  the  methods  which  the  international  liquor 
traffic  is  already  using  in  its  campaign,  but  they  also  suggest  something  of 
what  the  Prohibition  forces  in  every  country  may  expect  as  an  important 
phase  of  the  conflict  ahead.  In  this  respect  the  liquor  interests,  internationally 

76 


organized,  are  running  true  to  form,  since  they  are  using  precisely  the  same 
methods  as  those  employed  by  the  liquor  interests  of  America  for  twenty-five 
years  prior  to  the  adoption  of  national  Prohibition. 

For  more  than  a  generation  before  national  Prohibition  in  America  the 
state  prohibitory  laws  in  Maine  and  Kansas  were  well  enforced;  yet  during 
all  that  period  the  American  liquor  interests  conducted  a  publicity  campaign 
the  object  of  which  was  to  convince  the  people  of  other  parts  of  the  United 
States  that  Prohibition  in  Maine  and  Kansas  was  a  farce.  The  program  of 
the  world  liquor  interests,  therefore,  is  nothing  more  nor  less  than  this  same 
old  program  enlarged  to  world  proportions. 

Maine  and  Kansas  Make  Answer 

The  answer  to  national  propaganda  of  misrepresentation  and  falsehood 
regarding  the  failure  of  Prohibition  in  Maine  and  Kansas  was  the  fact  that 
through  all  the  years  Maine  and  Kansas  continued  loyal  to  state  Prohibition 
and  that  in  spite  of  the  numerous  attempts  of  crafty  politicians  to  utilize  anti- 
Prohibition  sentiment  for  political  ends,  the  people  of  those  states  repeatedly 
at  the  ballot  box  continued  to  record  their  approval  of  Prohibition.  Even 
when  enforcement  was  least  efficient,  the  people  of  those  same  states  pre- 
ferred Prohibition  at  its  worst  as  infinitely  better  than  license  at  its  best. 
Likewise  henceforth  the  most  successful  answer  to  the  misrepresentation  of 
American  Prohibition  among  the  peoples  of  other  countries  will  be  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  national  Prohibition  policy  by  the  people  of  America. 
The  Generation  of  Anti-American  Propaganda 

The  chief  weapon  which  is  being  used  by  the  organized  world  liquor 
traffic  in  countries  outside  of  America  is  that  which  aims  at  the  generation 
of  anti-American  feeling.  This  is  the  natural  method  for  the  world  liquor 
traffic  to  employ.  It  is  in  keeping  with  the  record  of  that  traffic  in  all  coun- 
tries during  the  past  century.  A  traffic  which  itself  has  no  respect  for  the 
laws  of  God  or  man,  can  hardly  be  expected  to  manifest  sincere  love  for  any 
government.  Such  a  traffic  knows  no  appeal  but  the  appeal  to  ignorance  and 
prejudice. 

Lady  Astor  of  the  English  Parliament,  upon  leaving  American  shores 
after  a  brief  visit  in  her  native  land,  in  1922,  made  the  significant  declaration 
that  the  principal  anti-American  feeling  in  England  had  been  created  by  the 
owners  and  promoters  of  the  English  liquor  traffic  who  hoped  by  anti- 
American  propaganda  to  postpone  the  day  of  Prohibition  in  Great  Britain. 

By  generating  hatred  for  America,  the  international  liquor  interests  natur- 
ally hope  to  generate  a  hatred  of  American  institutions  and  American  govern- 
mental policies  which  in  both  cases  involves  the  prohibition  of  the  liquor  traf- 
fic. Sowing  hatred  for  America,  according  to  their  calculations,  will  naturally 
make  the  road  to  Prohibition  in  other  countries  more  difficult  and  thus  longer 
protect  them  and  their  interests  from  the  rising  tide  of  world  Prohibition. 
Interference  in  Domestic  Affairs  of  Other  Nations 

In  line  with  other  activities  of  the  international  liquor  traffic  there  is  also 
being  employed  the  age-old  argument  presented  by  every  great  international 
evil  about  interference  in  the  domestic  affairs  of  other  countries.  The  inter- 
national liquor  interests  might  well  have  raised  the  same  cry  when  the  peo- 

77 


pie  of  America  and  other  nations  contributed  their  millions  and  sent  their 
representatives  into  Central  Europe  for  the  relief  of  homeless  children  after 
the  Great  War.  The  same  pro-liquor  cry  might  also  have  been  raised  against 
the  people  of  the  different  countries  of  the  western  world  who  have  attempted 
from  time  to  time  to  relieve  human  suffering  and  starvation  in  China,  Russia 
and  elsewhere.  The  same  cry  might  also  be  raised  against  all  activities  of  the 
Christian  church  in  foreign  missionary  lands. 

The  superficial  theory  of  the  international  liquor  interests  does  not  har- 
monize with  the  joint  international  action  for  the  protection  of  Christians 
in  the  old  Turkish  Empire  nor  with  the  Allied  Relief  Expedition  in  the 
Chinese  Boxer  uprising,  nor  with  the  international  agreements  and  activities 
for  the  suppression  of  piracy  on  the  high  seas.  It  is  not  in  accord,  more- 
over, with  the  international  action  for  the  suppression  of  opium  in  the  Orient, 
international  activities  for  the  suppression  of  white  slavery,  or  the  several 
Brussels  conference  agreements  for  the  protection  of  native  races.  The  cry 
of  the  world  liquor  traffic  against  the  invasion  of  other  countries  by  the  anti- 
liquor  forces  of  any  country  presents  a  conception  of  protection  and  license 
for  which  modern  civilization  has  no  proper  place.  It  is  not  merely  the 
demand  of  the  road  hog  against  the  proper  rights  of  all  others  who  travel 
the  international  highway;  it  is  indeed  the  last  cry  of  the  social  and  moral 
savage  against  the  inevitable  advance  of  civilization; 

Economic  Chaos  and  the  World's  Drink  Bill 

The  maelstrom  of  debt  which  has  engulfed  the  nations  of  the  world 
presents  an  international  economic  problem  of  staggering  proportions.  The 
indebtedness  of  the  United  States  Government  has  jumped  from  one  and  one- 
half  billions  of  dollars  to  24  billions;  that  of  Great  Britain  has  gone  over  38 
billions;  that  of  France  50  billions;  that  of  Germany  70  billions;  that  of  Russia 
2S  billions;  that  of  Italy  19  billions;  that  of  Austria  18  billions.  In  fact  it  is 
conservatively  estimated  that  the  aggregate  indebtedness  of  the  governments 
of  the  world  is  approximately  350  billions  of  dollars.  Moreover,  Great  Britain 
is  the  only  one  of  the  European  nations  engaged  in  the  great  war  which  has 
been  able  to  balance  her  budget  since  the  war.  Authorities  on  national  and 
international  finance  insist  that  at  best  the  liquidation  of  this  indebtedness 
will  require  a  hundred  years,  and  many  of  the  most  competent  authorities  per- 
sist in  declaring  that  most  of  the  indebtedness  of  the  countries  of  Europe  can 
never  be  paid. 

The  world's  drink  bill  today  approximates  20  billions  of  dollars  annually. 
Most  of  that  is  expended  by  the  people  of  the  very  countries  of  Europe  which 
are  now  struggling  under  the  burden  of  national  indebtedness.  It  does  not  re- 
quire the  services  of  an  economist  or  an  accountant  to  provide  a  plan  for  a 
sinking  fund  through  which  the  amount  of  the  annual  drink  bill  of  the  world 
would  easily  wipe  out  all  the  principal  and  all  the  interest  of  all  the  debts  of 
all  the  governments  of  all  the  world  within  twenty-five  years. 
The  Time  to  Strike  is  Now 

Conditions  throughout  the  world  indicate  that  now  is  the  psychological 
time  for  international  action  against  alcoholism.  Governmental  reconstruction 
and  reorganization  are  the  order  of  the  day  in  practcially  every  nation.  The 

78 


remarkable  benefits  derived  from  restrictions  and  prohibitions  placed  on  the 
liquor  traffic  in  most  countries  during  the  World  War  are  still  fresh  in  the 
public  mind.  The  liquor  traffic  just  now  is  willingly  shouldering  the  burden 
of  taxation  in  the  several  nations  in  the  hope  that  it  may  thus  intrench  and 
protect  itself  against  the  rising  tide  of  Prohibition. 

Oriental  countries  that  have  been  under  total  abstinence  religions  for 
centuries  are  beginning  to  feel  the  effect  of  the  penerating  methods  of  the 
world  liquor  traffic  which  threatens  greater  evils  for  the  Orient  than  even 
those  of  opium. 

Prohibition  has  made  remarkable  progress  in  recent  years.  It  has  com- 
pelled the  thoughtful  consideration  of  the  civilized  world.  If  its  progress 
should  now  be  checked,  generations  must  pass  and  the  liquor  evil  in  all 
probability  must  play  a  far  more  deadly  part  in  the  wrecking  of  the  world's 
civilization  before  another  such  opportunity  is  presented. 

Formative  Period  for  Moral  and  Religious  Forces 

Moreover,  this  is  the  formative  period  as  regards  the  temperance  reform 
for  the  religious  and  moral  forces  of  practically  every  nation.  Those  forces 
for  the  most  part  were  not  compelled  to  face  the  issue  until  America  adopted 
Prohibition.  Among  those  forces  today,  however,  convictions  are  being 
formed,  decisions  are  being  recorded,  definite  policies  for  the  future  are  being 
settled,  and  the  choice  between  different  methods  of  dealing  with  the  liquor 
traffic  is  being  made.  Now,  of  all  times,  there  is  presented  the  opportunity 
for  effective  effort  that  may  influence  the  moral  progress  of  the  world  for 
centuries  to  come. 

The  opportunity  thus  presented  carries  with  it  an  obligation  which  can 
not  be  ignored. 

The  Significance  of  the  New  Age 

Among  the  most  important  contributing  factors  in  the  movement  of  the 
new  age  toward  international  cooperation  undoubtedly  has  been  that  of  pop- 
ular education,  which  by  creating  a  knowledge  of  conditions,  governments, 
language,  and  characteristics  of  the  people  of  all  countries,  has  paved  the  way 
for  international  understandings  and  relationships  that  are  now  inevitable. 

The  diffusion  of  a  cheap  daily  press  has  greatly  assisted  this  new  Renais- 
sance. Trade  and  commerce,  banking,  industry,  labor  movements,  physical 
science  and  invention,  all  have  an  international  significance. 

The  stock  exchange,  market  values,  wages,  housing  conditions  and  indus- 
trial welfare  activities,  are  materially  influenced  by  international  relations. 

Railroads,  steam  ships,  electric  lines,  automobiles,  submarines  and  air- 
ships, in  a  comparatively  few  years  have  converted  scattered  and  widely 
separated  countries  into  a  great  neighborhood  of  nations. 

The  telegraph,  the  telephone,  the  ocean  cable,  the  wireless,  and  the  radio 
have  brought  the  remotest  sections  of  the  earth  into  closer  speaking  contact 
than  were  the  peoples  of  the  different  sections  of  New  York  a  century  ago. 

The  universal  tendency  toward  democratic  government  and  democratic 
institutions,  moreover,  has  given  to  the  masses  of  every  country  common  in- 
terests and  common  yearnings,  which  promise  rapidly  to  grow  into  common 
understandings. 

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The  Christian  Religion 

The  greatest  factor,  however,  in  the  inauguration  and  development  of  the 
new  spirit  of  international  understanding,  international  cooperation  and  inter- 
national peace,  has  been  the  Christian  religion,  with  its  challenging  world- 
wide programs. 

The  practical  application  of  the  Christian   doctrine  of  the  fatherhood  of 
God  and  the  brotherhood  of  man,  if  that  doctrine  is   fundamentally  sound, 
must  of  necessity  result  in  the  tearing  down  of  the  high  walls  of  prejudice,, 
distrust,  hatred  and  provincialism,  which  have  separated  the  nations. 
The  Challenge  of  the  Problem 

This  new  age  of  international  cooperation  is  the  age  in  which  the  great 
problems  of  our  day  must  be  solved.  They  must  therefore  be  solved  in 
harmony  with  the  spirit  of  the  age  and  with  due  regard  to  the  conditions, 
obligations  and  responsibilities  which  the  age  imposes.  Every  nation  today  is 
alive  to  the  spirit  of  progress  and  reform.  Slowly  but  surely  the  races  of  man- 
kind are  turning  their  faces  away  from  the  dead  past  and  are  setting  them 
flint-like  toward  the  future. 

The  world  liquor  problem  sounds  a  call  to  the  men  and  women  of  the 
nations.  The  spirit  of  that  call  demands  cooperative,  aggressive  and  wise 
action  in  the  interest  of  a  sober  world.  Thoughtfully,  courageously,  con- 
fidently, the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  heeds  the  call,  accepts  the 
challenge  and  moves  forward. 

"Now  God  be  thanked  who  has 
Matched  us  with  his  hour." 


SCIENTIFIC  TEMPERANCE,  THE  BASIS  FOR  EDUCA- 
TIONAL WORK  IN  THE  WORLD  MOVEMENT  AGAINST 
ALCOHOLISM 

Miss  CORA  FRANCES  STODDARD,  B.  A. 
Executive  Secretary  of  the  Scientific  Temperance  Federation 

After  the  wonderful  vision  w*hich  has  been  given  us  of  the  opportunities 
and  the  possibilities  of  helping  bring  in  the  Kingdom  of  Christ  by  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  liquor  traffic,  one  hesitates  to  add  one  word  in  the  portrayal  of 
that  vision. 

But,  with  the  sound  of  these  marching  children  in  your  ears,  I  am  sure 
you  will  feel  it  is  appropriate  that  we  should  turn  our  thoughts  to  the  place 
which  education  must  have  if  we  are  to  abolish  the  liquor  traffic  throughout 
the  world. 

The  past  decade  has  seen  tremendous  changes  in  world  affairs.  Crowns 
and  thrones  have  been  tumbling.  Men  and  women  have  seized  or  have  been 
given  a  new  chance  at  self  government,  but  self  government  requires  more 
brains  than  being  ruled.  Alcohol  impairs  brains. 

The  wise  men  of  old  said,  "It  is  not  for  kings  to  drink  wine  or  princes 
to  desire  strong  drink  lest  they  drink  and  forget  the  law  and  pervert  justice," 

The  kings  and  queens  of  the  future  are  the  men  and  the  women  of  the 
nations  of  the  earth.  If  we  are  to  have  a  high  order  of  self-government  which 

80 


will  help  toward  bringing  in  the  kingdom  of  our  Lord  Christ,  we  must  have 
men  and  women  whose  brain  power  and  whose  power  of  self-control  are  not 
imperiled  by  alcohol. 

One  of  our  American  statesmen  said  not  very  long  ago  to  our  National 
Educational  Association,  "The  primary  lesson  of  democracy  is  self-control." 

We  have  been  learning  from  the  scientific  laboratories  of  the  last  half 
century  many  things  we  did  not  know  of  old  concerning  alcoholic  drinks. 
And,  if  it  were  possible  for  you  and  me  to  go  this  afternoon  to  these  labora- 
tories and  look,  with  the  scientists,  with  their  apparatus  and  by  means  of 
their  photographic  processes  and  see  and  study  these  processes  of  the  human 
brain  and  nerve  and  observe  how  alcohol  destroys  our  brain  and  nerve  power, 
we  should  find  that  science  has  a  great  story  to  tell  us  of  the  relation  of  the 
abolition  of  the  liquor  traffic  to  self-government,  because  it  has  told  us  that 
from  the  very  first  alcohol  tends  to  paralyze  self-restraint. 

The  man  who  has  had  his  glass  of  beer  and  wine  and  seems  gayer  and 
refreshed  is  simply  in  the  first  stages  of  the  alcoholic  narcotization.  If  that 
goes  on  a  bit  farther  he  may  become  clumsy,  and  may  make  some  ill-con- 
sidered movement.  He  may  make  a  mere  hasty,  unkind  remark  and  that 
remark  might  result  in  a  blow,  and  that  blow  on  the  part  of  another  friend 
who  has  also  been  drinking  may  be  an  act  that  will  result  in  death,  and  the 
man  be  arrested  and  sent  before  the  court  accused  of  crime,  because  the 
power  of  self-restraint  has  been  impaired. 

There  comes  along  a  "don't  care"  feeling  which  tends  to  make  the  drinker 
irresponsible  and  careless.  Presently,  if  the  narcotic  effect  on  control  con- 
tinues, there  may  be  unsteadiness  of  the  hand  or  foot,  the  familiar  sign  to  us 
of  drunkenness.  Finally,  the  drinker  may  become  so  narcotized  that  he  falls 
unconscious  into  the  gutter.  If  the  narcotic  poisoning  goes  further,  it  may 
poison  the  centers  that  control  breathing  and  that  is  the  end.  From  the  very 
beginning  to  the  very  end  it  was  a  process  of  narcotization. 

Drunkenness  is  only  a  late  state  of  alcoholic  poisoning  or  alcoholic 
narcotization. 

This  is  a  primary  lesson;  therefore,  which  we  must  get  to  the  people  of 
the  world  if  we  are  to  have  the  self-government  of  men  and  women  that 
we  want  to  have  and  must  have  if  we  are  going  to  succeed.  If  we  are  going 
to  have  men  and  women  with  minds  and  bodies  free  from  the  poison  of  alco- 
hol and  with  brains  and  nervous  systems  free  from  the  narcotic  influence 
of  drink,  with  visions  unimpaired  by  drink,  able  to  see  and  to  meet  the  great 
undertakings  of  the  moment  and  of  the  far-distant  future,  we  must  teach  the 
evil  effects  of  alcoholism  on  the  body  and  mind. 

This,  then,  is  the  reason  why  this  subject  of  the  scientific  education  of 
the  nations  was  put  upon  the  program  this  afternoon. 

We  can  not  reasonably  or  sensibly  expect  to  abolish  the  liquor  traffic  in 
any  nation  as  long  as  any  considerable  majority  of  the  people  hold  the  old 
idea  that  alcohol  is  an  innocent  and  harmless  drink  except  when  used  to  the 
point  of  drunkenness. 

Here  in  our  own  nation  we  have  this  same  fallacy  making  us  trouble. 
I  assume  that  you  in  Canada  find  that  the  people  who  go  down  under  the 

81 


impact  of  the  misrepresentations  of  the  liquor  traffic  are  those  who  do  not 
themselves  know  the  fundamental  facts  about  beer  and  wine  and  other  alco- 
holic drinks. 

Our  educational  work  therefore,  for  the  nations  at  large  and  for  our  own 
nations  becomes  one  of  clear-cut  interest. 

You  have  heard  this  afternoon  of  the  problems  we  have  to  face. 
One  Sunday  evening  two  months  ago  I  heard  the  sound  of  a  trumpet  at 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  where  an  outdoor  Sunday  evening  service  was  being  held. 
As  we   came  to   the   end,  the   leader  asked  that  we   sing  "America."     I 
turned   and   looked   out   on   the   street   which   was    full   of   participants   and    I 
v/atched  as  we  were  singing  the  last  stanza  of  the  hymn: 
"Our  Father's  God,  to  Thee 

Author  of  Liberty." 

And  who  was  singing  it?  There  in  the  middle  of  the  street  stood  a  man 
obviously  a  Greek,  there  stood  a  man  obviously  a  Jew,  there  stood  a  man  who 
was  plainly  a  Lithuanian,  there  stood  a  Pole,  and  others  stood  there  who  were 
clearly  Irish,  and  there  was  the  Russian,  and  the  German,  and  the  Norwegian, 
and  the  Englishman,  and  the  Dane,  and,  if  I  am  not  mistaken,  there  was  the 
Chinaman.  In  many  cases  their  lips  were  obviously  framing  the  words  im- 
perfectly, but  they  were  all  singing 

"Long  may  Our  Land  be  Bright 
With  Freedom's  Holy  Light, 
Protect  us  by  Thy  Might, 
Great  God  Our  King." 

Friends,  that  is  the  great  problem  that  you  and  I  have  on  this  American 
Continent.  And  if  you  and  I  can  help  these  people  who  come  to  us  to  under- 
stand why  the  beer  and  the  wine  and  the  other  alcoholic  drinks  to  which 
they  are  accustomed  in  their  home  lands,  which  seem  to  them  harmless  and 
innocent  because  they  have  been  imbedded  in  the  customs  of  centuries,  are 
not  harmless,  why  they  are  an  injury,  we  shall  have  gone  a  long  way  towards 
finally  settling  the  liquor  problem  here  and  we  shall  have  gone  a  long  ways 
toward  helping  you  in  other  lands  to  deal  with 'your  liquor  problem  at  home, 
because  the  lines  of  communication  are  far  and  wide  from  those  who  come  to 
make  their  home  among  us  to  those  who  still  remain  among  your  homes. 
Further,  he  is  an  unwise  man  who  does  not  learn  from  history. 
The  American  Temperance  Movement  at  every  period  of  progress  which 
it  has  made  has  been  preceded  by  or  accompanied  by  a  great  educational 
campaign. 

The  very  first  temperance  document  that  made  a  striking  impression  on 
the  nation  was  one  by  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  whose  essay  on  the  effect  of  alcohol  had  a  tremen- 
dous influence  in  starting  the  movement  in  the  early  part  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century. 

The  renewal  of  interest  that  came  when  we  started  our  movement  for 
total  abstinence  was  accompanied  by  another  educational  campaign  on  the 
physical  effects  of  alcohol.  Numerous  essays  were  written  by  physicians  who 
became  great  advocates  for  total  abstinence  among  the  people  of  our  land. 

82 


This  educational  work  materially  slackened  in  the  middle  of  the  century  owing 
to  the  adoption  of  other  methods  of  temperance  effort  and  to  the  great  anti- 
slavery  and  war  struggle  that  absorbed  most  of  the  attention  of  the  nation. 
The  liquor  traffic  struck  deeper  root  during  the  war  and  when  the  war  was 
over  we  had  a  generation  of  men  many  of  whom  had  not  been  taught  the  facts 
and  who  did  not  appreciate  why  their  fathers  had  sought  the  prohibition  of 
the  liquor  traffic.  Like  the  Children  of  Israel  once  in  sight  of  the  Promised 
Land,  we  turned  back,  and  like  them,  we  were  nearly  forty  years  coming  to 
it  again. 

You  all  know  what  has  happened  to  us,  beginning  in  those  discouraging 
days  after  our  Civil  War  when  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union, 
aided  by  the  National  Temperance  Society  of  this  continent,  and  aided  by 
other  great  forces  since,  turned  themselves  to  the  problem  of  rearing  a  whole 
new  generation  and  educating  it  to  a  clear  knowledge  of  the  effects  of  alco- 
holic drinks  on  the  individual  and  on  the  nation.  It  took  a  generation  to  do 
it;  and  when  that  first  generation  began  to  vote  we  began  to  get  the  results, 
but  in  that  mid-century  period  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  when  we  stopped 
or  curtailed  our  educational  program,  we  went  backward. 

Most  of  the  other  nations  where  there  has  been  the  most  signal  progress 
against  the  liquor  traffic  are  those  where  there  has  been  a  definite  program  of 
education  concerning  the  nature  and  effects  of  alcoholic  drinks. 

Now,  as  I  have  already  said,  he  is  an  unwise  man  who  does  not  learn  from 
the  history  of  the  past.  You  can  not  expect  in  your  own  nation,  we  can  not 
expect  in  ours  here,  either  to  secure  the  effective  overthrow  of  the  liquor 
traffic  or  to  secure  permanent,  effective  enforcement  unless  we  continue  to 
teach  all  the  people,  including  the  children  from  the  lower  grade  upward,  the 
effects  of  alcohol. 

I  am  not  unmindful  of  the  fact  that  we  must  have  organization  as  well  as 
education.  I  am  not  unmindful  of  the  fact  that  public  sentiment  should  be 
organized  for  action  just  as  fast  as  it  is  formed  by  education. 

We  have  been  fortunate  in  having  in  this  country  not  only  the  forces 
that  worked  for  the  temperance  education  of  the  children,  but  those  who,  as 
those  children  entered  on  the  duties  of  citizenship,  were  ready  to  organize  that 
informed  opinion  for  action  against  the  liquor  evil. 

This,  then,  is  our  duty  for  the  immediate  future.  We  can  not  compel 
an  uninformed  mass  to  obey  a  Prohibition  law  willingly  but  we  must  teach 
observance  and  we  must  teach  them  why  such  a  law  is  necessary  and  why, 
therefore,  it  should  be  enforced  and  obeyed. 

We  may  compel  observance  for  a  time  of  the  Prohibition  law,  but  the  real 
enforcement  of  the  Prohibition  law  will  come  when  education  is  made  the 
foundation  upon  which  is  built  all  our  law  and  all  our  law  enforcement. 

A  certain  friend  of  mine  has  a  son,  now  a  young  man,  who,  when  a  small 
boy,  used  to  go  into  the  country. 

One  day  when  he  was  about  four  years  old  he  was  out  in  the  pasture 
where  the  men  were  trying  to  get  rid  of  a  rock  which  interfered  with  the 
mowing  of  the  grass.  The  boy  sat  there  and  watched  for  a  considerable  time. 
They  dug  and  poked  and  used  their  spades  and  shovels,  and  the  rock  never 

83 


budged  a  single  inch.  Finally  the  boy  spoke  up  and  said,  "It  seems  to  me 
if  I  had  two  good,  big,  strong  horses  I  would  let  them  pull  up  the  rock."  One 
of  the  men  said,  "Hear  the  baby!  That's  a  good  idea."  The  two  horses,  idly 
grazing  near  at  hand,  were  put  into  service,  and  with  their  short  strong  pull 
together  the  fock  came  out  of  the  hole. 

Now,  bear  in  mind,  that  you  must  drive  your  horses  together.  You  must 
drive  them  side  by  side.  We  have  the  two  horses  to  secure  Prohibition,  edu- 
cation and  law  enforcement,  and  we  can  never  get  law  enforcement  perfected 
until  we  put  side  by  side  with  it  the  education  of  all  our  people,  men  and 
women,  boys  and  girls.  These  boys  and  girls  who  are  growing  up  to  become 
citizens  are  at  the  stage  of  their  career  when  they  need  education.  We  shall 
never  attain  any  permanent  success  in  this  world  movement  against  alcohol 
until  we  have  education  in  the  facts  about  alcohol  as  a  primary  factor. 

Do  you  remember  the  instruction  given  the  Children  of  Israel  to  take 
from  the  Jordan  twelve  stones  which  were  to  be  set  up  as  a  memorial  so  that 
in  the  days  which  were  to  come  when  their  children  should  ask,  "What  mean 
ye  by  these  stones?"  they  should  recall  how  Israel  came  into  the  Promised 
Land.  < 

Temperance  education  in  the  schools,  temperance  education,  dealing  with 
facts  about  alcohol,  for  men  and  women  throughout  all  the  lands,  will  help 
them  to  understand  why  we  are  fighting  against  the  liquor  traffic,  and  why 
they  must  continue  it. 

This,  friends,  is  the  message  which  I  believe  we  must  take  for  ourselves 
and  which  we  must  take  back  to  our  respective  countries.  We  must  not  lose 
any  possible  opportunity  for  education  and  we  must  return  to  our  countries 
with  renewed  courage  with  conviction,  assurance,  and  energy  to  fight  this 
educational  fight  to  the  end — 

"To  Sweep  from  Human  Eyes  the  Dust, 

To  Clear  from  Human  Hearts  the  Crust, 

To  Cleave  from  Human  Wills  the  Rust, 

Truth's  Trump  to   Blow  so  Fast  and   High 

That  Hurrying  Notes  Leap  Out  and  Fly 

Here,  There,  and  All  Across  the  Sky." 


PUBLIC  HEALTH  AND  PROHIBITION 

J.  W.    S.   McCULLOUGH,   M.D. 

Chief  Officer  of  Health  for  the  Province  of  Ontario 

Public  health  is  a  very  wide  subject,  including,  as  it  does,  everything 
which  tends  to  enhance  the  mental,  moral  and  physical  well-being  of  a  people. 
It  includes  hygiene  which  might  be  called  personal  public  health,  and  sani- 
tation which  means  the  protection  of  the  public  health  environment,  the  pre- 
vention of  disease,  and  all  measures  which  tend  to  prolong  and  increase  the 
happiness  of  life.  Public  health  measures  begin  to  operate  in  respect  to  the 
individual  not  only  at  one's  birth,  but  long  before  this  time,  extending  to  one's 
parents  and  even  to  one's  grandparents.  The  experience  gained  in  dealing 
with  disease  shows  that  the  origin  of  certain  illnesses  may  be  traced  to  one's 

84 


ancestors  thus  proving  the  truth  of  the  well-known  text,  "The  sins  of  the 
fathers  shall  be  visited  on  the  children  even  to  the  third  and  fourth  generation," 

Unhealthy  parents  are  likely,  in  most  cases,  and  certain  in  other  cases,  to 
beget  unhealthy  children  and  in  still  other  cases  to  destroy  the  chance  of  the 
birth  of  living  children.  For  example  the  extensive  use  of  alcohol  by  the  par- 
ents is  frequently  the  cause  of  epilepsy  in  the  children  born  to  such  parents; 
the  children  of  tuberculous  parents  may  not  inherit  tuberculosis  but  they  usu- 
ally do  inherit  less  vigorous  constitutions  and  may  in  consequence  the  more 
easily  acquire  the  disease  in  early  life.  The  children  of  syphilitic  parents  fre- 
quently are  either  born  dead  or  are  born  with  one  of  the  greatest  of  disabling 
affections,  while  the  other  form  of  venereal  disease,  gonorrhoea,  frequently 
destroys  the  chance  of  child  bearing  altogether. 

The  administration  of  public  health  work  not  only  involves  supervision 
of  the  health  of  the  parents,  particularly  of  the  mother,  before,  at,  and  after 
birth,  but  also  of  the  individual  through  his  entire  life-time,  his  food,  drink, 
clothing,  housing  and  manner  of  living,  protection  against  disease  of  all  kinds, 
the  work  he  does,  the  conditions  under  which  he  works,  the  money  he  earns 
and  how  he  spends  his  wages. 

From  this  statement  of  the  wide  range  of  public  health  it  will  be  con- 
cluded that  it  is  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  individual  and  of  the  com- 
munity, a  most  important  one.  We  are  constantly  reminded  that  this  or  that 
concern  of  human  life  is  the  most  important.  In  this  country,  Canada,  it  is 
often  claimed  that  agriculture  or  industry  or  mining  or  transportation  or  the 
particular  government  of  the  country  is  of  the  highest  importance.  On  the 
one  hand  it  may  be  asserted  that  the  future  greatness  -and  progress  of  the 
nation  depends  on  Prohibition,  while  upon  the  other  that  a  moderate  use 
of  alcohol  is  advisable  if  the  country  is  not  to  go  to  the  dogs.  Upon  these 
various  topics  it  would  manifestly  be  impossible  to  obtain  anything  like  a 
unanimous  decision.  Upon  the  question  of  whether  or  not  it  is  advisable  to 
have  good  health  there  are  no  two  opinions  and  a  plebiscite  taken  on  the  sub- 
ject would  be  likely  to  secure  a  hundred  per  cent  of  the  votes  of  our  people. 

Public  health  then,  I  take  it,  is  of  all  subjects  with  which  the  public  is 
concerned,  the  most  far-reaching  and  important  question  which  concerns 
any  people.  It  is  the  subject  upon  which  the  foundation  and  happiness  of  the 
people  depend. 

Ontario  has  had  a  public  health  service  for  the  last  40  years,  and  while  its 
organization  is  very  well  developed,  this  service  can  not  do  everything  of  a 
public  health  nature  for  the  public  any  more  than  can  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, for  instance,  carry  on  the  individual  work  of  a  farmer.  Our  function 
is  to  assist  the  public  in  dealing  with  or  looking  after  its  public  health  affairs, 
to  direct  the  individual  and  community  efforts  in  proper  courses,  to  educate 
the  public  and  to  set  a  good  example  along  public  health  lines. 

To  this  end,  the  Department  is  organized  into  divisions,  each  with  its  own 
staff  and  particular  line  of  work.  For  example,  we  have  a  division  of  labora- 
tory equipped  with  competent  chemists,  bacteriological  workers  and  epidemi- 
ologists. In  addition  to  the  central  laboratory  in  Toronto,  branches  have  been 
established  at  Fort  William,  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  North  Bay,  Owen  Sound, 

85 


Feterboro,  London,  Kingston  and  Ottawa.  Each  laboratory  is  a  center  to 
which  physicians  and  medical  officers  of  health  may  send  specimens  from  sus- 
pected cases  of  tuberculosis,  diphtheria,  and  other  affections  for  examina- 
tion. In  these  laboratories  samples  of  water,  milk  and  other  foods  are  exam- 
ined and  reports  made,  all  with  the  object  of  allowing  early  diagnosis  in  pre- 
ventable affections  and  of  protecting  the  public  against  diseases  which  may 
arise  from  the  use  of  polluted  water,  dirty  milk  or  unwholesome  food.  At  the 
Toronto  laboratory  certain  protective  vaccines  are  prepared,  and  salvarsan,  a 
remedy  for  syphilis,  is  made  at  low  cost. 

All  the  laboratories  carry  stocks  of  diphtheria  and  tetanus  antitoxin, 
smallpox  and  other  vaccines  and  various  biological  products.  These  rem- 
edies are  provided  free  of  cost  to  physicians  and  the  general  public.  All  seiz- 
ures of  contraband  or  bootleg  liquor  are  examined  for  the  License  Depart- 
ment. 

A  division  of  preventable  diseases  looks  after  outbreaks  of  communicable 
diseases  and  under  this  division  are  some  15  free  clinics  for  the  treatment  of 
venereal  diseases.  Two  clinical  specialists  supervise  treatment  of  this  nature 
in  the  public  institutions,  and  a  trained  public  health  nurse  supervises  the 
follow-up  work  of  cases  of  this  nature. 

A  division  of  public  health  education  spreads  the  latest  reliable  informa- 
tion about  the  province  by  means  of  health  articles  in  220  weekly  newspapers, 
by  public  health  exhibitions,  lectures,  health  talks  and  by  the  radio  broadcast. 
Hundreds  of  thousands  of  pieces  of  public  health  literature  are  annually 
distributed.  More  than  preaching  of  the  gospel  of  public  health  is  required. 

The  public  appreciates  example  better  than  precept  so  in  order  to  dem- 
onstrate what  public  health  means  we  have  district  officers  of  health  who 
point  the  way  for  the  local  health  officers  in  the  towns,  villages  and  rural 
areas  of  the  Province,  and  along  with  them  we  send  well-trained  public 
health  nurses  who  demonstrate  in  a  practical  way  what  public  health  means 
and  how  its  results  can  be  secured  by  the  people  themselves.  Just  at  present 
half  a  dozen  of  our  nurses  are  carrying  aid  and  comfort  to  the  homeless  suf- 
ferers from  the  forest  fires.  The  service  of  these  nurses  is  maintained  under 
the  direction  of  the  Division  of  Maternal  and  Child  Welfare  and  Public 
Health  Nursing.  In  addition  to  the  nursing  service  already  referred  to,  this 
division  has  a  baby  specialist  whose  duty  it  is  to  establish  and  supervise  "well 
baby  clinics"  all  over  the  Province.  A  large  number  of  such  clinics  are  in 
operation  with  the  result  of  lowering  sickness  among  infants  and  of  lessening 
the  infant  mortality  rate. 

There  are  many  occupations  which  from  their  very  nature  are  unhealthy. 
Take  for  example  dusty  operations,  certain  kinds  of  mining,  lead  works,  et 
cetera.  The  diseases  which  are  directly  due  to  work  of  this  kind  are  called 
occupational  diseases.  The  business  of  the  division  of  industrial  hygiene  is  to 
make  investigations  into  work  of  the  kind  and  to  devise  means  whereby  its 
risks  are  reduced  to  the  minimum. 

Employers  of  labor  are  constantly  faced  with  the  problem  of  installing 
safeguards  for  the  protection  of  their  workmen  about  machines  and  working 
apparatus,  first  aid  service,  nursing  and  medical  assistance.  A  division  of 

86 


industrial  hygiene  thus  becomes  a  bureau  of  useful  information  both  for  the 
employers  and  the  employed,  and  is  designed  to  be  a  source  of  usefulness  and 
comfort  to  both. 

In  New  Ontario  there  are  upwards  of  a  thousand  lumber  camps  as  well 
as  numerous  mining  and  railway  construction  camps,  with  thousands  of  em- 
ployees. We  employ  the  services  of  five  competent  inspectors  whose  duties 
are  chiefly  in  the  sanitary  supervision  of  these  camps.  By  next  year  the  entire 
camp  quarters  in  this  area  will  be  of  a  standard  type,  clean,  sanitary,  well- 
ventilated  and  comfortable.  These  reforms  in  sanitary  supervision  have  been 
evolved  with  the  approval  and  consent  of  both  employers  and  working  men. 
There  is  no  friction  in  having  the  improvements  carried  out,  and,  considering 
the  extent  of  country  served,  the  number  of  workers  and  the  enormous  finan- 
cial interests  involved,  the  labor  troubles  are  negligible  and  the  health  condi- 
tions equal  to  those  in  large  cities.  Realizing  the  necessity  of  pure  water 
supply,  sanitary  disposal  of  sewage,  and  proper  housing  of  the  people,  in  the 
interest  of  good  health,  the  Division  of  Sanitary  Engineering  is  intrusted  with 
these  matters. 

In  1910  there  were  but  eight  water  filtration  plants  in  Ontario  and  only 
one  chlorination  plant  for  the  protection  of  water  supplies.  In  the  present 
year  over  45  per  cent  of  the  public  water  supplies  of  Ontario  are  protected  by 
filtration  and  upwards  of  85  per  cent  by  chlorination  and  it  is  significant  to 
observe  that  in  the  former  year  the  death  rate  in  cities  from  typhoid  fever,  a 
water-borne  disease,  was  51.3  per  one  hundred  thousand  of  population,  while 
today  the  same  rate  is  4.3  per  one  hundred  thousand. 

The  department  maintains  in  Toronto  an  experimental  station  where 
the  newer  processes  used  in  the  purification  of  water  and  treatment  of  sewage 
are  tried  out  and  their  comparative  value  determined.  A  staff  of  engineers  is 
employed  in  the  open  months  in  making  detailed  sanitary  inspections  of  the 
smaller  towns  with  the  object  of  assisting  the  local  authorities  in  making 
needed  public  health  improvement. 

Sometimes  one  hears  the  idle  question,  "What  is  the  use  of  all  our  expen- 
diture on  public  health?"  This  question  is  often  asked  by  persons  who  fail  to 
reflect  that  their  welcome  presence  among  us,  alive,  alert  and  competent,  is 
itself  the  answer.  An  additional  answer  is  found  in  Russia  where  millions 
died  last  year  because  there  was  no  sanitary  service  in  that  unhappy  country. 

The  result  of  public  health  efforts  is  apparent  in  a  lower  incidence  of 
illness  and  more  particularly  in  examination  of  the  death  rate  from  disease. 

Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  greatly  reduced  death  rate  of 
typhoid  fever.  Similar  results  are  true  of  diphtheria  since  the  use  of  diph- 
theria anti-toxin  has  become  general.  Great  improvement  is  possible  in  this 
direction.  Means  for  the  detection  of  those  liable  to  contract  diphtheria  and 
specific  treatment  by  a  mixture  of  toxin-antitoxin  would,  if  generally  used, 
soon  abolish  diphtheria  altogether.  The  use  of  smallpox  vaccine  has  reduced 
the  incidence  of  smallpox  to  comparatively  small  dimensions  and  the  death 
rate  to  a  negligible  quantity.  The  death  rate  among  infants  has  been  greatly 
reduced  and  as  a  general  statement  it  is  safe  to  say  that,  on  the  average,  a 
baby  born  now  will  live  12  years  longer  than  its  grandfather. 

87 


The  rate  of  tuberculosis  shows  a  steady  decline  from  year  to  year.  In 
other  countries  the  influence  of  the  promotion  of  public  health  has  been  giving 
similar  results.  Since  the  adoption  of  pasteurization  of  milk  in  New  York 
City  the  death  rate  of  infants  under  one  year  has  been  reduced  from  165  per 
thousand  born  to  70  per  thousand  born.  Among  the  infants  supplied  from 
the  infant  milk  depots  themselves  the  death  rate  was  less  than  50  per  one 
thousand  born. 

Notable  examples  of  special  work  have  been  the  almost  complete  disper- 
sion of  yellow  fever  and  malaria  in  tropical  and  sub-tropical  countries;  the 
prevention  by  means  of  sanitary  measures  of  cholera,  typhus  fever,  the  plague, 
hookworm  and  other  affections. 

Very  remarkable  control  of  disease  during  the  late  war  is  a  triumph  for 
public  health  without  parallel.  In  all  former  wars  the  death  rate  from  dis- 
ease has  been  the  most  formidable  factor  with  which  armies  had  to  contend. 
In  the  war  in  South  Africa  and  in  the  Spanish-American  war  the  death  rate 
from  typhoid  fever  alone  equalled  or  exceeded  that  from  injuries  in  battle. 
All  this  has  been  changed  and  despite  the  fact  that  the  Allied  soldiers  in  the 
great  war  suffered  untold  hardships,  lived  like  rats  in  the  trenches,  endured 
cold,  hunger  and  thirst  while  subject  to  the  merciless  onslaughts  of  the  foe, 
the  sickness  rate  and  the  mortality  rate  from  disease  were  lower  than  in  the 
civil  population  a,t  home.  Why  was  this?  For  the  reason  that  the  soldiers, 
had  close  medical  supervision.  They  were  inoculated  against  typhoid  infec- 
t:*on,  and  where  necessary  against  tetanus  and  other  diseases;  the  water  supply 
was  safe  to  drink  and  they  lived  in  the  open  air. 

One  of  the  most  serious  problems  confronting  public  health  officers  is 
the  apparent  increase  in  cancer  in  all  civilized  countries.  I  say  apparent,  be- 
cause while  the  records  of  disease  show  a  large  increase  in  cancer  in  the  'last 
decade  or  two,  some  of  this  increase  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  this  dis- 
ease is  better  recognized  than  it  used  to  be,  and  in  addition  the  records  of 
disease  and  death  are  more  complete  than  formerly. 

The  fact  remains  that  cancer  causes  one  death  out  of  every  ten  in  persons 
over  40.  In  the  six  years  in  which  Canada  was  engaged  in  war  62,496  soldiers 
were  killed  or  died  of  disease,  while  during  the  same  period  cancer  killed  up- 
wards of  50,000  people  in  Canada.  Of  all  deaths  over  the  age  of  40,  one  in 
thirteen  among  men  and  one  in  eight  among  women  are  due  to  this  disease. 
It  is  a  curious  fact  that  many  people  who  have  cancer  hide  this  fact  as  if  it 
were  something  to  be  ashamed  of.  Others  wait  for  the  symptom  of  pain. 
Now,  pain  is  emphatically  not  an  early  sign  of  cancer.  The  greatest  hope  of 
successful  treatment  of  cancer  rests  in  early  diagnosis  of  the  disease.  In  this 
respect  education  of  the  public  is  of  the  highest  value.  By  means  of  pam- 
phlets, lectures  and  newspaper  articles  the  Department  seeks  to  spread  the 
following  knowledge  of  the  disease: 

Cancer,  in  its  early  and  curable  stage  gives  rise  to  no  pain  or  symptom 
of  ill  health  whatever.  Nevertheless,  in  its  commonest  situations,  the  signs 
of  it  in  its  early  stage  are  conspicuously  manifest.  To  witness:  In  case  of  any 
swelling  in  the  breast  of  a  woman  at  40  years  of  age,  a  medical  man  should  at 
once  be  consulted.  A  large  proportion  of  such  swellings  are  cancer.  Any 

88 


bleeding,  however  trivial,  or  coming  after  the  change  of  life  means  almost  in- 
variably, cancer,  and  cancer  which  is  then  curable.  If  neglected  until  pain 
comes  or  occurs,  it  means  cancer  which  is  almost  always  incurable.  Any  ir- 
regular bleeding  occurring  at  the  change  of  life  should  invariably  be  submitted 
to  a  doctor's  investigation.  It  is  not  the  natural  method  of  the  onset  of  the 
change  of  life,  and  in  a  large  number  of  cases  means  commencing  cancer.  Any 
wart  or  sore  occurring  spontaneously  on  the  lower  lip  in  a  man  over  45  years 
of  age  is  almost  certainly  cancer.  If  removed  at  once  the  cure  is  certain,  but 
if  neglected  the  result  is  inevitably  fatal.  Any  sore  or  swelling  occurring  on 
the  tongue  or  inside  of  the  mouth  in  a  man  after  45  years  of  age  should  be  sub- 
mitted to  investigation  without  a  moment's  delay,  and  the  decision  at  once  ar- 
rived at  by  an  expert  microscopical  examination  whether  it  is  cancer  or  not.  A 
very  large  proportion  of  such  sores  or  swellings  occurring  at  this  time  of  life 
are  cancer,  and  if  neglected  for  only  a  few  weeks  the  result  is  almost  inevitably 
fatal.  If  removed  at  once  the  prospect  of  cure  is  good.  Any  bleeding  from  the 
bowel  after  45  years  of  age,  commonly  supposed  to  be  piles,  should  be  sub- 
mitted to  investigation  at  once.  A  large  proportion  of  such  cases  are  cancer, 
which  at  this  stage  is  perfectly  curable.  When  warts,  moles  or  other,  growths 
on  the  skin  are  exposed  to  constant  irritation  they  should  be  immediately  re- 
moved. A  large  number  of  them,  if  neglected,  terminate  in  cancer.  Avoid  irri- 
tation of  the  tongue  and  cheeks  by  broken,  jagged  teeth,  and  of  the  lower  lip 
by  clay  pipes.  Many  of  these  irritations,  if  neglected,  terminate  in  cancer. 
Although  there  is  no  evidence  that  cancer  is  a  communicable  disease  under 
ordinary  circumstances,  it  is  desirable  that  rooms  occupied  by  a  person  suf- 
fering from  cancer  should  be  cleaned  and  disinfected  from  time  to  time. 

The  greatest  danger  to  the  victims  of  cancer  is  the  charlatan  who  adver- 
tises false  and  glowing  examples  of  cures  claimed  for  this  or  that  form  of 
treatment,  thereby  serving  only  to  bleed  his  unfortunate  victims  of  money 
which  often  enough  they  can  ill  afford,  but  which,  worse  than  all,  delays  the 
employment  of  scientific  treatment  which  alone  gives  any  prospect  of  success. 
In  contrast  to  the  mercenary  methods  of  the  advertising  quack  it  may 
properly  be  pointed  out  that  the  present  proud  position  of  public  health  efforts 
is  due  to  the  self-sacrifice  of  the  medical  profession  and  of  scientific  workers 
who  have  freely  given  their  discoveries  for  the  public  good. 

The  means  of  prevention  of  smallpox,  yellow  fever  and  malaria,  hook- 
worm, diphtheria  and  of  many  other  diseases,  are  open  to  the  use  of  mankind 
at  the  lowest  possible  cost. 

The  latest  beneficent  discovery  of  the  kind  is  the  means  for  the  control 
of  diabetes.  This  remedy  is  the  discovery  of  a  young  physician,  a  graduate 
of  the  University  of  Toronto.  Without  other  financial  resources  this  young 
doctor  might  easily  have  been  tempted  to  exploit  his  discovery  for  his  own 
benefit.  It  is  to  his  credit  that  he  has  followed  the  example  set  by  the  pro- 
fession and  has  given  his  discovery  for  the  benefit  of  his  fellow  men.  In 
doing  this  he  has  glorified  the  name  of  the  University  of  Toronto,  shed  a 
blessing  upon  thousands  of  otherwise  incurable  victims  of  diabetes  and  hon- 
ored himself  and  the  profession  to  which  he  belongs. 

In   my   opinion   if  Prohibition   lessens   the   consumption   of  alcohol,   as   I 

89 


believe  it  does  under  the  present  law  of  Ontario,  then  Prohibition  has  a  good 
effect  on  public  health.  If  drunkenness  is  absent  among  the  parents  of  ciiii- 
dren,  then  epilepsy,  a  serious  mental  disease,  will  be  lessened.  Venereal  dis- 
ease is  one  of  the  greatest  problems,  if  not  the  greatest  problem  with  which 
public  health  officers  have  to  deal.  Its  effects  are  serious  and  far-reachmg. 
It  is  a  disease,  the  aspects  of  which  may  and  do  simulate  a  large  propordon 
ot  well-known  diseases.  It  spares  neither  the  young  nor  the  old  and  atfects 
alike  the  rich  and  poor.  It  is  conceded  generally  by  the  medical  profession 
that  the  incidence  of  venereal  disease  is  largely  increased  by  the  use  of  alco- 
hol in  excess  and  correspondingly  decreased  by  the  lessened  opportunities  for 
securing  liquor  under  prohibitive  legislation. 

I  had  the  opportunity  of  discussing  the  question  of  Prohibition  a  few 
days  ago  with  a  representative  group 'of  medical  men,  one  of  them  holding  a 
high  position  in  a  United  States  university,  and  others  in  equally  responsible 
positions  here.  Only  one  or  two  of  them  seemed  to  advocate  or  to  be  advo- 
cates of  Prohibition,  but  they  all  agreed  that  the  good  effects  of  this  measure, 
both  here  and  in  the  United  States,  were  not  so  much  apparent  now  as  they 
would  be  in  the  next  generation. 

Finally,  sir,  it  must  be  agreed  that  if  the  average  man,  as  he  will  do, 
spends  his  earnings  on  food,  clothing  and  other  comforts  for  his  wife  and  chil- 
dren, instead  of  wasting  liis  income  on  alcohol,  the  physical  and  consequently 
the  public  health  results  are  bound  to  be  apparent  in  the  increased  comfort, 
health  and  happiness  of  his  family.  If  it  was  for  no  other  reason  than  this 
I  should  find  it  difficult,  as  a  health  officer  interested  in  the  promotion  of  the 
public  welfare  to  do  otherwise  than  to  support  Prohibition. 


FRIDAY   EVENING   SESSION 

THE   MOVEMENT   TOWARD    PROHIBITION    IN   THE 
REPUBLIC  OF  FRANCE  AND  FRENCH  TERITORY 

By  PASTOB  GEORGES  GALLIENNE 
Secretary  La  Croiao  Bleue  of  France 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  we  read  sometimes  in  our  French 
papers  very  strange  reports  about  American  Prohibition  and  if  a  French 
newspaper  man  was  to  get  hold  of  the  program  tonight  and  read  that  a 
Frenchman  was  going  to  speak  about  Prohibition  in  France  he  would  say, 
"Well,  this  is  the  best  story  of  the  lot,"  because  no  Frenchman  can  ever 
stand  on  the  platform  and  speak  about  Prohibition  in  France.  He  must 
be  a  bogus  Frenchman.  But  it  is  true  that  in  France  there  is  a  work  for 
Prohibition,  and  in  our  dear  country  there  are  some  very  live  and  active 
Prohibition  workers,  too. 

But  if  we  read  about  French  politics  that  is  quite  another  story,  because 
when  you  speak  about  political  men,  you  may  say  like  a  dear  lady  the  other 
day  in  New  York,  talking  about  old  Tiger  Clemenceau,  "Oh,  Tiger  Clemen- 
ceau  is  such  a  darling."  That  is  the  opinion  of  some  ladies  on  political  men. 
It  is  not  my  personal  view  of  them  tonight  at  any  rate.  Because  that  same 
old  Tiger  when  we  sent  a  deputation  to  him  showing  that  nearly  all  the  na- 

90 


tions  engaged  in  war  were  doing  their  best  to  put  down  that  biggest  enemy 
of  the  lot,  drink,  said,  "I  have  enough  with  the  other  war"  and  he  didn't  want 
at  that  time  to  lift  a  single  finger,  while  at  that  very  moment  all  the  public 
opinion  of  France  had  been  on  the  temperance  side.  I  can  truly  say  so  be- 
cause I  have  seen  so  much  of  the  evils  of  the  drink  traffic  during  the  war,  and 
every  Frenchman  and  French  woman  was  ready  to  stamp  upon  that  curse  of 
our  land  at  that  very  time.  In  fact,  while  we  were  trying  to  get  men  to  make 
more  munitions  in  France,  in  the  big  arsenal  of  Saint  Ettienne  they  were 
obliged  to  send  thousands  away  and  found  only  four  hundred  working  men 
that  were  sober  enough  to  do  their  work. 

I  have  been  a  chaplain  in  the  Navy  during  the  war  and  I  have  seen  what 
the  drink  has  done,  not  only  with  French  sailors,  but  I  am  sorry  to  say  in 
some  ports  of  the  Mediterranean,  with  sailors  of  all  nations.  At  this  time  we 
are  not  trusting  the  political  man  to  do  what  is  our  own  work.  Temperance 
may  be  looked  upon  as  a  social  problem,  a  public  health  problem,  but  we 
look  at  it  in  the  way  of  Christianity.  For  us  it  is  a  moral  and  religious  prob- 
lem; and  so  in  France  when  we  look  at  the  small  army  of  men  and  women 
who  are  trying  to  fight  against  the  drink  traffic,  in  the  first  rank  of  that  small 
but  courageous  army  you  will  find  religious  people.  Of  course,  I  must  say 
that  there  are  other  temperance  societies,  who  are  doing  their  best.  There  is 
the  right  wing  and  the  left  wing.  At  the  very  extreme  right  there  is  a  tem- 
perance organization  that  has  been  trying  simply  to  put  the  matter  before  the 
public.  I  am  not  speaking  against  the  press  and  the  power  of  the  press,  but 
in  France  I  must  say  that  nearly  all  our  press  is  in  the  hands  of  financial  men, 
and  I  am  sorry  to  say,  it  is  in  the  hands  of  that  big  international  gang  which 
is  called  the  anti-Prohibition  gang,  and  it  is  very  difficult  to  get  the  truth  into 
our  French  newspapers  or  into  the  European  papers.  I  was  told  that  once  a 
newspaper  was  offered  so  many  francs  to  put  something  about  temperance  in 
its  columns,  "Oh,"  he  said,  "I  am  not  going  to.  I  can  get  much  more  from 
the  other  side"  and  surely  they  do  get  much  more  from  the  other  side,  because 
we  find  the  same  lies  in  Belgium,  France,  Switzerland,  all  over  Europe. 
There  must  be  somewhere  an  information  bureau. 

There  is  some  good  temperance  work  being  done  among  the  railwav 
men  and  the  post  men.  Both  those  syndicates  have  their  own  temperance 
organizations,  and  quite  right  it  should  be  so,  because  French  engine  drivers 
are  by  no  means  Prohibitionists.  Coming  along  to  Havre  I  was  talking  to 
one  of  them  and  he  said,  "Oh,  man,  you  don't  know  the  strain  and  hardship 
of  an  engine  driver.  He  must  be  drunk  sometimes  to  be  able  to  do  or  to 
fulfill  his  duty."  I  am  quite  sure  they  must  be  drunk  sometimes,  because  on 
the  very  day  I  left  Paris  there  was  a  great  catastrophe  in  Normandy.  It  was 
not  the  engine  driver  that  was  drunk  but  the  station  master,  and  more  trin 
fifteen  people  were  killed  that  very  night  through  drink.  The  railway  m?n 
and  the  post  men  have  a  great  deal  to  do  amongst  their  own  members. 

Then  there  comes  the  left  wing.  I  have  very  good  friends  there,  but 
they  don't  go  as  far  as  we  do,  as  far  as  Prohibition  is  concerned.  They  think 
that  the  time  has  not  arrived  to  speak  frankly  about  Prohibition.  They  are 
trying  to  educate  the  children  and  they  are  doing  a  splendid  work  in  scientific 

91 


education  in  our  public  schools.  They  are  sending  men  and  women  who  are 
trying  their  best  to  teach  the  children  and  to  enforce  the  teachers  to  do  some 
temperance  lecturing  in  the  public  schools  as  they  must  do,  according  to  the 
French  program  of  education,  but,  of  course,  it  is  difficult  sometimes,  to  get 
a  man  to  speak  about  temperance  when  he  doesn't  like  it  at  all.  One  man 
said,  "When  I  go  to  school  to  speak  to  the  children  about  temperance  I  always 
carry  with  me  a  little  flask  of  whisky.  It  gives  me  more  fluency  in  my 
elocution." 

Then  the  Ligue  Nationale  is  trying  also  to  secure  some  temperance  legis- 
lation. I  am  not  going  to  speak  about  political  men  tonight,  but  it  looks 
almost  like  a  new  century  miracle  and  wonder  that  we  should  get  temperance 
bills  passed  in  the  present  Chamber  of  Deputies.  Do  you  know  why?  Be- 
cause in  France  we  have  half  a  million  silent  people.  In  a  street  of  Havre 
there  are  more  saloons  than  there  are  houses  in  the  street  because  there  is 
a  ground  floor  saloon  and  also  a  first  story  saloon.  Do  you  know  that  gen- 
erally speaking  most  of  the  political  business  is  done  in  the  bar  and  saloons? 
In  our  House  of  Deputies,  either  extreme  left  or  extreme  right,  they  are  very 
much  alike.  Nearly  all  of  our  deputies  have  behind  them  a  lot  of  influential 
electors  whom  they  don't  want  to  anger,  and  so  always  when  they  are  talking 
about  temperance  they  are  looking  around  to  see  if  there  is  not  some- 
one from  their  own  state  or  village  listening  in  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  and 
getting  a  record  of  their  vote.  But  still  we  have  had  during  the  past  year  a 
few  temperance  bills  passed.  The  best  one  was  the  one  for  the  prohibition  of 
absinthe.  Absinthe  is  a  curse.  It  is  a  deadly  invention  to  kill  men  and 
women,  and  in  the  South  of  France  absinthe  was  a  curse.  The  five  o'clock 
hour  was  called,  not  five  o'clock  as  you  say,  but  "The  green  hour"  because 
all  the  glasses  in  the  cafes  were  filled  with  the  green  and  hellish  liquor.  That 
has  been  done  away  with  but  you  know  the  drink  traffic  is  rather  a  clever 
one, and  since  the  absinthe  has  been  prohibited  they  have  tried  all  sorts  of 
other  labels.  It  was  not  called  absinthe,  but  "aperitif,"  but  it  was  just  the 
same  stuff  in  a  different  shaped  bottle,  until  finally  the  Deputies  said,  "We 
are  not  going  to  have  any  more  of  that  stuff"  and  only  a  few  weeks  ago  they 
voted  a  bill  against  it  and  thus  we  gained  a  true  victory  and  we  must  thank 
our  Deputies  for  it. 

But  in  the  Blue  Cross  Society,  we  believe  more  in  the  spiritual  power, 
and  we  go  about  to  teach  temperance  in  our  churches,  by  our  Sunday  school 
teachers,  and  our  home  mission  workers.  It  is  quite  a  pleasure  for  us  to  go 
about  in  our  churches  and  to  speak  of  the  evils  of  drink,  and  when  we  travel 
in  the  North  of  France,  where  so  many  saloons  are,  and  we  can  go  about  in 
the  streets  with  reformed  drunkards  selling  this  almanac  by  the  hundreds  and 
thousands,  we  feel  proud  indeed  of  the  work  we  have  been  able  to  do  through 
God's  good  grace.  We  are  not  only  trying  to  teach  the  grown-ups,  but  by 
our  juvenile  branch  called  the  Band  of  Hope,  we  are  educating  the  yoang, 
and  we  have  great  hope  in  the  years  to  come  of  seeing  a  new  generation  in 
France  being  raised  and  trained  without  any  craving  for  alcohol. 

We  are  also  trying  to  do  some  good  work  outside  of  our  home  land  in 
our  French  colonies.  The  nearest  of  our  colonies  is  Algiers,  in  North  Africa. 

92 


Do  you  know  that  since  the  war  Moslems  there  have  learned  to  drink  wine? 
There  is  a  story  about  the  Moslem  who  was  told  that  a  single  drop  of  spirit 
was  bad.  So  he  took  his  glass,  put  his  finger  into  it,  threw  away  the  cursed 
drop  and  drank  the  other  part  of  the  glass.  We  are  trying  to  teach  them 
that  the  whole  glass  is  bad  stuff.  We  went  about  and  lectured  and  we  had 
some  temperance  bills  put  up  in  the  saloons  of  the  Moors  to  teach  them  tem- 
perance according  to  their  own  principles. 

Then  again  far  away  near  Australia  there  is  a  colony  of  ours  called  New 
Caledonia.  I  wish  I  had  time  to  tell  you  about  those  poor  men  who  only 
twenty-five  years  ago  were  nearly  put  to  death  through  drinking  habits.  The 
whole  nation  was  almost  swept  away  by  drinking  habits.  Then  came  the 
French  missionaries,  and  we  came  with  true  and  sound  temperance  teachings, 
and  through  the  work  of  the  Blue  Cross  that  whole  nation  has  been  raised 
again.  I  am  sorry  to  say  that  a  French  official  told  those  people,  "You  are 
going  too  far.  It  is  all  right  not  to  drink  whisky  any  more,  or  gin,  but  there 
is  French  wine,  and  you  know  French  wine  is  the  national  drink,  and  you 
must  have  some  wine  if  you  want  to  be  true  to  your  own  country."  One  of 
these  men  was  formerly  a  poor  Pagan,  nearly  dead  with  misery,  but  now  he 
has  been  made  a  chief  amongst  his  own  tribe.  He  was  called  before  some 
of  the  highest  officials  of  the  land  and  the  high  officials  told  him,  "Myndia, 
you  must  drink  wine."  He  said,  "No,  sir,  I  belong  to  the  Blue  Cross  Society 
and  I  think  this  wine  is  just  as  much  a  curse  for  my  own  people  as  the  spirit 
is.  I  am  not  going  to  drink  any  more  of  it." 

We  of  the  Blue  Cross,  in  that  very  island,  have  won  a  victory,  as  a  sign 
of  the  time  that  is  to  come.  We  had  a  bill  passed  in  New  Caledonia  forbid- 
ding the  selling  of  wines  to  the  natives  in  the  French  colony.  The  Blue  Cross 
Society  has  published  it  as  a  short  hand-bill  in  three  native  languages,  and 
there  are  the  three  colors,  the  French  colors,  on  that  bill.  So  now  in  one 
part  of  the  French  territory  there  is  a  Prohibition  bill.  May  God  help  us  so 
to  work  and  may  God  help  you  so  to  work  together  with  us  that  soon  in  all 
the  territory  of  the  French  Republic  there  may  be  a  bill  like  this  with  the 
three  colors  of  my  own  country  saying,  "Down  with  Alcohol  and  Down  with 
Wine." 


PIONEER  WORK  OF  THE  WHITE  RIBBONERS   IN  THE 
MOVEMENT  FOR  WORLD  PROHIBITION 

By  Miss  ANNA  ADAMS  GORDON 

President  World's  Woman's  Christian   Temperance   Union  and  President   of   the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  of  the  United  States  of  America 

Mr.  Chairman,  friends  and  fellow  travellers  on  the  road  to  a  sober  and 
a  dry  world,  it  is  a  wonderful  day  in  which  we  live.  It  is  a  wonderful  thing 
to  have  a  little  part  in  helping  bring  the  Kingdom  of  Christ  upon  earth.  As 
we  looked  upon  yonder  tableau,  a  remarkable  setting  forth  of  the  foundation 
of  Prohibition,  I  thought  of  the  founder  of  the  World's  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union,  Frances  E.  Willard,  and  what  she  said  so  truly,  "The  fight 
for  a  clear  brain  is  the  fight  for  Christianity."  My  soul  is  thrilled  that  the 

93 


day  at  last  has  come  when  all  great  dry  national  organizations  of  men  and 
women  are  to  get  together  on  a  policy  and  a  program  to  help  bring  the  day 
of  the  abolition  of  the  beverage  alcohol  throughout  this  great  world.  If  I 
were  to  speak  from  a  text  it  would  be  "cooperate";  and  the  first  sub-head 
would  be  "Cooperate  if  you  want  to  gain  a  dry  victory"  and  the  second  sub- 
head would  be  "Cooperate,  if  you  want  to  hold  a  dry  victory." 

As  one  of  our  half  million  members  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union  of  the  United  States,  a  cooperating  organization  in  the  World 
League  Against  Alcoholism,  now  holding  its  first  inspiring  convention,  I  am 
deeply  stirred  with  its  vast  significance. 

As  a  veteran  in  the  ranks  of  the  World's  and  United  States  W.  C.  T.  U., 
I  greatly  rejoice  in  this  new  and  powerful  get-together  of  national  organiza- 
tions of  men  and  women;  organizations  which  for  many  years  in  many  lands 
heroically  and  with  tremendous  self-sacrifice  have  battled  against  the  drink 
habit  and  the  liquor  traffic.  Now,  thank  God,  all  the  dry  forces  of  the  world, 
no  matter  what  national  programs  they  may  carry  forward,  are  privileged  to 
cooperate  in  a  policy  and  program  to  hold  victories  already  obtained,  and  to 
secure  world  annihilation  of  the  traffic  in  beverage  alcohol.  All  of  us  every- 
where— men,  women,  youths,  maidens,  boys  and  girls,  may  pull  together 
toward  the  goal  of  a  world  made  wider  for  women,  happier  for  humanity, 
safer  for  little  children,  a  world  commercially  more  prosperous,  a  world  with 
better  health  and  bigger  wealth,  a  world  in  which  Prohibition,  purity  and 
peace  eventually  shall  triumph  over  discord,  disease  and  death. 

I  am  grateful  that  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  is  a  cooper- 
ating group  in  this  great  World  League  Against  Alcoholism.  We  have  just 
been  meeting  in  Philadelphia  with  representatives  from  twenty-eight  countries, 
each  of  our  five  hundred  delegates  representing  one  thousand  dues-paying 
members  at  home.  They  commissioned  me  to  bring  greetings  to  the  World 
League  Against  Alcoholism.  We  of  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.,  who  for  thirty- 
eight  years  have  been  steadfastly  and  heroically  at  work,  heartily  congratulate 
the  founders  of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism.  I  am  reminded  to- 
night of  those  presidents  of  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.,  who  were  among  our 
early  leaders;  Frances  E.  Willard,  the  founder  of  our  international  organiza- 
tion, Margaret  Bright  Lucas,  the  sister  of  John  Bright,  our  first  president,  and 
two  other  distinguished  and  wonderful  leaders  England  has  given  us,  Rosa- 
lind, Countess  of  Carlisle  and  The  Lady  Henry  Somerset. 

We  bring  to  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  the  assurance  that 
the  National  W.  C.  T.  U.,  of  the  United  States  is  ready  to  cooperate.  We 
hope  our  national  groups  in  other  countries  will  also  cooperate  with  the 
World  League;  Argentina  with  its  membership  of  3,000,  Australia  nearly  7,000, 
China  1,000,  Denmark  6,000,  North  Wales  2,400,  North  Ireland  5,000,  India 
3,000,  Japan  5,000,  New  Zealand  6,000,  Canada  20,000,  Scotland  52,500,  Sweden 
8,000,  Africa  3,200,  Malaysia  1,000,  Egypt  500,  Germany  18,000,  Syria  800. 

One  of  the  most  blessed  words  in  the  English  language  is  that  word, 
"together."  Cooperation  with  church  and  other  temperance  organizations  is 
essential  to  successful  progress  toward  our  common  objective.  It  will  re- 
quire prayer,  patriotism,  push  and  "pep";  preaching  from  pulpit,  platform,  and 

94 


press;  parades,  posters,  publicity,  patience,  perseverance,  and  political  sagacity, 
combined  with  plenty  of  cash,  consecration  and  common  sense  to  reach  the 
haven  of  world  Prohibition!  We  are  thrilled  by  the  belief  that  we  shall  win 
"the  fight  for  a  clear  brain" — the  holiest  fight  this  side  Jehovah's  throne. 

No  other  temperance  organization  has  laid  such  strong  foundations  for 
world-wide  victory  as  has  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union.  With 
thankful  hearts  the  members  of  the  World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union,  nearly  a  million  strong,  in  forty-two  nations  of  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
Australasia,  North  and  South  America,  greet  and  cooperate  with  every  tem- 
perance force  engaged  in  the  fight  for  world-wide  Prohibition. 

Let  us  make  the  world  safer  for  the  children  by  working  together  in 
this  great  fight  for  the  annihilation  of  beverage  alcohol.  Let  us  make  it 
commercially  more  prosperous.  Let  us  bring  better  health  and  bigger  wealth. 
It  is  a  wonderful  thing  to  help  bring  the  day  when  Prohibition,  purity  and 
peace  shall  triumph  over  discord,  disease  and  death. 

Oh,  women,  cooperate. 


"GUARD   YOUR   RACE."     ADDRESS    ON   EUGENICS   AND 

PROHIBITION 

By  C.  W.  SALEEBY,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  E.,  London 

V ice-President  National  Temperance  League  and  National  Commercial  Temperance 
League;  Chairman  British  National  Birth  Rate  Commission  (1918-20) 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  the  English  poet  Byron  said  that 
"history,  with  all  her  volumes  vast,  hath  but  one  page."  Upon  that  page 
is  written  the  rise  and  fall  of  one  great  nation  after  another.  This^  is  the 
supreme  problem  of  history:  Why  nations  becoming  great  can  not  remain 
so.  There  is  no  exception  yet  to  this  hitherto  invariable  law.  It  was  com- 
mented upon  and  deplored  by  Aristotle  centuries  before  our  era  and  it  is  the 
problem  of  problems  for  historians  and  statesmen  today. 

I  believe,  after  many  years  of  study  devoted  to  this  subject,  that  some  con- 
tributions to  it  can  be  made  which  are  not  to  be  found  in  the  accepted  works 
of  the  historian.  As  a  boy  I  was  fascinated  by  Gibbon's  "Decline  and  Fall  of 
the  Roman  Empire,"  by  the  notion  that  that  mighty  creation  of  human  power 
fell  utterly.  Why?  If  you  have  ever  read  through  Gibbon,  as  I  have  done  once 
but  never  shall  again,  you  will  learn  that  he  gives  no  definite  information  as 
to  how  this  extraordinary  tragedy  happened.  I  believe  that  alcohol  has  been 
and  is  a  leading  factor  in  the  decadence  of  past  nations,  and  in  decadence  as 
it  is  to  be  witnessed  amongst  certain  nations  at  this  hour.  "Let  him  that 
thinketh  he  standeth  take  heed  lest  he  fall."  This  applies  to  the  greatest  and 
most  glorious  and  powerful  nations  on  earth  at  this  moment  as  well  as  to  any 
in  the  past.  All  are  involved. 

Sixteen  years  ago  I  included  alcohol  as  one  of  those  substances  I  called 
racial  poisons.  Most  injurious  things  do  not  poison  the  race.  They  hurt  the 
individual  and  the  injury  ends  there.  Thus: — 

A  soldier  is  mutilated.     He  was  a    glorious  boy  when  he  went.     He  comes 

95 


back:  but  he  has  left  a  limb  behind  him  in  Flanders.  He  marries.  His  chil- 
dren have  all  their  limbs.  The  race  is  untouched. 

Thus  Nature  is  doing  her  best  ever  to  preserve  the  life  of  future  genera- 
tions; but  certain  agencies  have  this  damnable  quality,  they  destroy  posterity 
in  and  through  parenthood  in  the  present  generation.  I  call  them  racial  poisons. 
This  Prohibition  movement  of  ours  is  more  than  a  question  of  reducing  the 
amount  of  drunkenness  on  the  streets,  relieving  the  work  of  the  magistrates 
or  of  the  police  courts.  It  is  more  than  a  question  of  cutting  down  the  num- 
ber of  automobile  accidents  or  increasing  the  efficiency  of  industrial  produc- 
tion. It  is  a  question  of  preserving  the  life  of  nations  from  generation  to 
generation. 

It  is  a  question  of  the  possibility  there  may  be  of  breaking  the  hitherto 
invariable  law  of  history  and  so  learning  and  so  practising  the  laws  of  life 
that  nations  may  learn  how  to  endure  as  long  as  the  sun  shines.  I  must  offer 
you  some  evidence. 

Now,  in  the  first  place,  if  we  go  back  into  history  we  can  learn  something. 
This  is  not  simply  my  own  idea.  I  will  give  you  supremely  high  authority 
before  I  have  finished.  We  started  on  this  search  many  years  ago  and  I 
asked  some  of  my  assistants  to  read  in  the  British  Museum  things  that  needed 
special  scholarship,  Latin  or  Greek  records.  One  of  them  found  a  record  from 
the  second  century  of  our  era,  the  date  when,  according  to  Gibbon,  Rome  began 
to  decline.  He  found  a  contemporary  annalist  deploring  the  fact  that  Roman 
mothers  (who  had  once  been  of  the  kind  that  honored  motherhood  and  hon- 
ored childhood,  like  her  who  called  the  visitors  to  her  nursery  when  she  was 
challenged  with  the  question,  "Where  are  your  jewels?"  and  pointed  to  her 
children  and  said,  "These  are  my  jewels")  that  Roman  mothers  had  lost  that 
noble  tradition ;  would  not  be  bothered  to  suckle  their  infants  any  more;  and 
gave  over  that  sacred  task  to  foster-mothers,  slaves,  who,  this  man  reports, 
were  usually  intemperate  and  often  unchaste.  To  a  eugenist  "intemperate" 
means  alcohol  circulating  in  the  maternal  blood,  or  in  the  foster-maternal 
blood  in  this  case,  and  "unchaste"  means  syphilis  and  gonorrhoea,  the  two 
damnable  venereal  diseases,  which  were  evidently,  according  to  this  statement, 
introduced  into  the  blood  of  the  Roman  stock  at  the  hour  when  Gibbon  says 
Rome  began  to  decline.  This  means  a  racial  poisoning  introduced  and  spoil- 
ing the  quality  of  the  people,  which  is  the  only  thing  that  matters  in  any  time 
or  place,  for  any  nation  or  for  any  individual  or  for  any  cause.  From  that 
hour  Rome  began  to  go  down.  Further  back,  I  found  the  great  law-giver  of 
the  Spartans,  Lycurgus,  in  the  interest  of  his  nation,  prohibiting,  as  every  law 
and  every  law-giver  is  bound  to  prohibit,  that  which  injures  life  and  liberty, 
present  and  to  come.  For  the  sake  of  liberty  they  restrict  license.  Lycurgus 
decreed  that  no  wine  should  be  used  at  Spartan  weddings  for  he  wanted  the 
quality  of  the  breed  to  be  maintained. 

After  employing  special  scholarship  and  going  to  antique  writings,  I 
finally  found  something  under  my  own  hand  at  home  that  I  was  able  to  read 
without  any  assistance  and  that  you  have  all  got  under  your  own  hands  at 
home,  and  not  all  of  you  know  it.  I  found  in  the  thirteenth  chapter  of  the 
Book  of  Judges  instructions  on  this  subject.  The  Lord's  people  were  captive. 

96 


They  had  sinned.  He  decided  to  release  them,  by  an  agent  raised  up  from 
themselves.  He  had  to  make  a  fine  soldier.  We  tried  to  make  fine  soldiers 
in  England  in  1914.  We  sent  our  finest  boys  out  and  they  were  shot  down 
by  German  machine  guns,  and  we  wanted  more  men  very  quickly.  We  tried 
to  make  them  overnight.  We  picked  the  boys  who  had  never  seen  sunlight 
properly,  who  had  never  had  any  fresh  food,  who  had  come  out  of  the  social 
system  that  is  indicated  by  the  slum  and  the  saloon,  who  had  come  out  of 
alcoholic  homes,  whose  fathers  had  been  drinkers,  whose  mothers  had  taken 
stout  and  porter  to  help  them  with  their  maternity,  as  some  of  our  most 
ignorant  doctors  have  advised,  disgracing  their  profession,  and  we  tried  to  turn 
these  poor,  pitiful  fellows  into  A-l  soldiers.  It  was  as  if  you  should  take  an 
organ  or  a  piano,  a  delicate  instrument,  and  leave  it  out  in  the  winter  for 
twenty  years  and  then  try  to  tune  it,  and  expect  our  wonderful  pianist  to  get 
good  results  out  of  it.  It  can't  be  done,  and  it  can't  be  done  with  human 
instruments.  But  the  Lord  sent  his  angel,  we  are  told,  to  the  future  mother 
of  the  soldier  he  needed  and  said  to  her,  "Beware,  I  pray  thee,  and  drink  no 
wine,  nor  strong  drink,  for  lo,  thou  shalt  conceive  and  bear  a  son  and  he  shall 
be  a  Nazarene  unto  God  from  the  womb  and  he  shall  begin  to  deliver  his 
people  from  the  hands  of  their  enemies."  There  is  authority  for  you. 

It  is  a  good  deal  older  than  anything  else  I  quote  you  and  it  stands  as 
the  advice  of  hygiene  and  of  eugenics  and  of  true  statesmanship.  Do  you  know 
how  I  define  a  statesman?  A  politician  is  a  man  who  is  always  thinking 
of  the  next  election.  A  statesman  is  a  man  who  is  always  thinking  of  the 
next  generation.  True  statesmanship  will  attend  to  this. 

"Beware,  I  pray  thee,  and  drink  no  wine  nor  strong  drink."  The  Lord 
wanted  to  raise  a  hero  and  the  prescription  was  followed  and  the  hero  was 
raised  and  he  did  the  work  for  which  he  was  destined. 

Now,  thaj  is  what  history  tells  us  about  this  subject  and  it  is  far  back — 
you  know,  Mr.  Chairman,  the  date,  I  do  not — some  thousands  of  years  ago 
when  Samson  had  to  be  created.  That  is  the  earliest  record  in  human  think- 
ing and  in  human  experience  that  alcohol  is  what  I  call  a  racial  poison. 

,  I  give  you  a  little  modern  evidence.  Today  at  Cornell  Hospital  Medical 
School  at  New  York  City  there  is  a  man  who  for  ten  years  has  been  studying 
this  subject.  He  has  prejudices  in  the  opposite  direction.  He  is  himself  a 
connoisseur  of  wine  and  greatly  resents  being  deprived  of  it  and  doesn't  mind 
saying  so,  quite  honestly.  I  speak  of  Professor  Stockard.  His  work  on 
guinea  pigs  for  ten  years  past  has  shown  that  when  they  inhale  a  slightly 
alcoholized  atmosphere  for  one  hour  per  day  the  race  is  degenerated.  These 
guinea  pigs  are  not  intoxicated  in  the  sense  that  a  policeman  understands 
the  term  or  a  magistrate  or  the  conventional  type  of  legislator,  but  they  are 
poisoned  (which  is  what  the  word  intoxicated  means)  because  they  have  in- 
haled a  poison  that  goes  into  their  blood,  to  all  their  tissues,  and  injures  the 
germ  plasm  which  is  the  future  of  the  race. 

In  our  definition  of  alcoholism,  in  our  World  League,  the  definition  for 
which  I  believe  I  was  responsible,  since  I  happened  to  be  the  one  man  of  sci- 
ence in  the  committee  when  it  was  created,  we  say  that  alcoholism  is  "the 
poisoning  of  body  and  germ  plasm"— (that  is  the  future  of  the  race  in  every 

97 


youngish  or  young  person)  "mind,  conduct  and  society  by  the  drinking  of  al- 
cohol" and  I  am  here  to  say  this  poisoning  of  the  race,  of  the  germ  plasm,  is 
the  worst  thing  alcohol  does  against  mankind.  I  am  here  to  say  that  everyone 
who  enjoys  life,  who  finds  it  pleasant  to  look  upon  the  sun  and  breathe  the  air 
of  Heaven  and  believes  it  is  good  to  be  alive,  that  all  of  us  ought  to  be  thank- 
ful to  our  fathers  and  our  mothers  and  our  grandfathers  and  our  grand- 
mothers that  they  kept  the  racial  poisons  out  of  their  blood  before  we  came 
into  being. 

Another  kind  of  evidence.  Dr.  Bertholet  of  Lausanne,  who  contributed 
to  our  Anti-alcohol  Congress  in  Lausanne  last  year,  has  spent  ten  years 
making  post-mortem  examinations  and  has  learned  what  medical  students 
have  yet  to  be  taught. 

I  had  the  pleasure  of  teaching  some  of  them  in  the  University  of  this  city 
this  afternoon  that  while  alcohol  can  be  shown  to  degenerate  the  cells  of 
man's  liver  or  kidney  or  the  gray  matter  of  his  brain,  it  also  injures  the  germ 
plasm  of  man  and  woman  upon  which  the  future  of  the  race  depends,  oftener, 
much  oftener,  as  a  statistical  fact,  than  any  other  tissue  in  the  body.  The 
race  is  more  sensitive  than  the  individual.  The  race  is  more  hurt  than  the 
individual. 

Strict  sobriety,  strict  moderate  drinking.  What  does  moderate  drinking 
cause?  It  causes  moderate  drunkenness,  and  this  drunkenness  goes  all  through 
the  body  and,  when  it  is  maintained,  the  result  is  the  destruction  of  the  race. 
Moderate  drinking,  perfectly  respectable  and  decent,  always  well  self-con- 
tained; no  impropriety  of  any  kind  whatsoever.  Yet  this  strict  respectability 
involves  the  moderate  but  continuous  intoxication  of  the  stock.  I  had  the 
pleasure  of  going  through  your  Western  provinces  last  year  and  when  I 
commented  upon  the  superb  quality  of  Canadian  childhood  and  amused  my- 
self by  asking  audiences,  "What  is  the  principal  product  of  ^Canada?"  and 
they  told  me  "Wheat"  and  nickel  and  so  forth,  I  had  to  tell  them  the  prin- 
cipal product  of  Canada  is  Canadians.  I  taught  them  one  of  the  reasons  why 
this  splendid  childhood  is  to  be  observed  in  Canada.  Even  when  you  were 
drinking  in  Canada  you  didn't  do  that  steady,  decent,  respectable  drinking, 
that  steady,  decent,  respectable  people  defend;  which  does  not  bring  you 
into  contact  with  the  police,  but  which  is  intoxicating  the  germ  plasm  and 
spoiling  the  race  from  generation  to  generation. 

A  third  student,  Dr.  Mjoen,  a  man  who  with  his  colleagues  is  responsible 
for  the  most  that  has  been  done  in  Norway,  has  traced  family  histories  that 
show  how  a  man  and  woman,  well  descended  in  the  best  sense,  from  an- 
cestors who  lived  long  and  flourished  and  were  splendid  people,  may  marry 
and  have  children  and  the  children  are  splendid  and  then  one  wretched  day 
the  father  starts  drinking  and  the  next  child  doesn't  flourish  in  the  same  way. 
He  dies  of  tuberculosis,  or  some  other  disease,  when  he  is  young;  the  next  dies 
as  a  baby;  and  the  next  dies  as  a  very  young  baby;  and  the  next  is  born  dead; 
and  there  are  no  more.  And  that  noble  race,  with  the  racial  poison  introduced 
into  it,  has  been  reduced,  first  of  all,  to  disease,  and  finally  to  extinction. 
Such  is  some  of  the  modern  evidence  on  this  subject. 

Now,  there  is  more  to  say.  Alcohol  is  not  only  a  racial  poison  in  itself, 

98 


as  asserted  by  students  of  the  subject  from  the  Angel  of  the  Lord  recorded 
in  the  thirteenth  chapter  of  Judges  to  us  modern  students  who  are  trying 
to  study  the  matter  from  a  scientific  standpoint,  but  it  is  also  the  chief  accom- 
plice and  confederate  of  venereal  disease  and  perhaps  this  is  the  very  worst 
thing  that  alcohol  does.  All  over  the  world  the  nations,  during  the  war  and 
now  during  peace,  are  trying  to  fight  venereal  disease,  in  the  first  place  be- 
cause of  its  cost,  in  the  second  place  because  they  want  to  protect  the  indi- 
vidual, and  in  the  third  place,  when  they  are  enlightened  enough,  because  they 
know  that  nothing  destroys  a  race  like  venereal  disease. 

I  will  give  you  some  evidence  in  support  of  my  contention  that  you,  who 
are  fighting  against  alcohol,  are  fighting  for  the  prevention  of  venereal  dis- 
ease, and  have  already  done  more  than  all  the  doctors  and  all  the  medicines 
and  all  the  clinics  and  all  the  official  schemes  for  venereal  disease  yet  recorded. 

During  the  war  this  was  an  urgent  matter.  There  was  at  one  period  a 
number  of  British  soldiers  alone  equal  to  an  army  corps  in  hospitals  suffering 
from  venereal  disease.  Very  soon  after  the  war  broke  out  the  War  Office 
asked  me  to  go  and  lecture  to  the  troops  on  this  subject  and  other  subjects 
connected  with  military  hygiene. 

This  is  what  we  did.  We  had  a  syllabus  of  a  model  lecture  on  venereal 
disease,  approved  by  Lord  Kitchener,  and  we  (using  our  discretion,  of  course) 
followed  this  syllabus  and  lectured  to  the  soldiers.  These  were  official  pa- 
rades. The  men  had  to  be  there;  they  had  to  listen.  The  colonel  was  in  the 
chair.  They  were  all  there.  We  spoke  our  full  word  to  them.  When  it 
was  done  they  thanked  goodness  and  then  stepped  across  the  road  in  the 
military  camp  into  the  wet  canteen,  also  thoughtfully  provided,  just  like  my 
lecture,  by  the  authorities.  When  the  liquor  was  in,  my  lesson  was  out. 
This  drug  is  a  pure  narcotic  from  the  beginning  of  its  action  to  the  end; 
first  of  all  it  paralyses  the  highest  part  of  our  nature,  judgment,  sensibility, 
capacity  for  self-control,  and  when  these  things  are  gone  the  sex  instinct  just 
runs  riot  because  it  is  no  longer  under  control,  can  no  longer  be  sublimated 
into  action  of  noble  kinds,  and  the  man  falls  to  temptation. 

In  a  report  which  is  now  being  published  in  England,  of  our  Adolescence 
Commission,  there  is  my  evidence  to  say  that  in  my  judgment  those  lectures 
to  over  a  third  of  a  million  soldiers  during  the  war  on  my  part  were  a  farce 
and  a  waste  of  time  in  so  far  as  venereal  disease  was  concerned,  because  the 
wet  canteen  provided  by  the  authorities  more  than  nullified  any  possible  good 
that  such  lectures  as  mine  could  have  done.  In  effect,  we  failed.  Every 
army  in  the  war  failed  except  those  armies  or  parts  of  armies  that  eliminated 
the  liquor  factor.  The  American  Army  succeeded.  The  Canadian  Army  suc- 
ceeded in  limiting  liquors  in  Canada.  In  Canada,  but  not  overseas. 

During  the  great  meeting  called  in  London  by  the  "Strength  of  Britain 
Movement,"  of  which  organization  I  had  the  honor  to  be  Chairman,  I  remem- 
ber challenging  Mr.  Bonar  Law  for  his  share  of  responsibility  that  Canadian 
boys  had  come  over  to  England  and  that  Canadian  wheat  had  been  saved 
from  Canadian  plates  for  the  purpose  of  the  war  and  sent  over  to  England, 
had  been  handed  over  to  the  brewers  and  distillers  for  their  purposes — until 
we  got  that  stopped — and  turned  into  beer  and  whisky,  to  corrupt  those  Can- 

99 


adian  boys — grain  that  might  have  been  grown  by  their  own  fathers'  doors 
in  your  beautiful  Canadian  west  for  the  ruin  of  those  boys,  body  and  soul,  and 
of  their  race. 

Since  the  war  we  have  had  some  evidence.  Some  of  us  on  this  platform, 
when  we  were  here  three  years  ago,  were  driven  around  quarters  of  certain 
recently  wet  cities  in  the  United  States.  We  were  usually  taken  to  the  beauti- 
ful parts  of  the  cities,  the  show  places  that  are  shown  to  all  visitors,  just  as 
people  put  their  best  apples  or  strawberries  on  the  top.  They  show  you 
the  beautiful  parts  of  the  cities  but  people  that  have  any  sense  want  to  see 
the  parts  that  are  usually  not  shown  to  visitors.  We  were  taken  to  parts  that 
had  been  red  light  districts,  centers  for  the  propagation  of  venereal  disease 
and  of  racial  death,  until  the  saloons  had  been  closed  and  then  the  scoundrels 
who  ran  that  commercialized  white  slave  traffic  found  they  couldn't  live  by 
selling  the  bodies  and  souls  of  young  girls  without  the  help  of  liquor  and  they 
had  to  get  out  and  go  off  to  some  wet  city.  That  was  the  first  thing  we 
learned,  that  when  the  liquor  factor  went  out  of  the  way  commercialized  pros- 
titution ceased  to  be  possible. 

Why,  that  would  justify  us  in  our  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  if 
nothing  else  could  be  named  on  the  subject,  that  alone. 

What  is  all  the  money  in  the  world  that  ever  was  or  will  be,  all  the 
"yellow  mud"  in  all  the  nations  of  the  earth,  compared  with  one  girl's  soul? 

I  went  to  the  Health  Commissioners  of  the  three  biggest  cities  in  the 
United  States:  New  York,  Chicago,  and  Philadelphia.  I  went  to  the  Federal 
Bureau  in  Washington.  In  each  of  these  I  asked  the  same  question:  "How 
is  Prohibition  affecting  your  work  against  venereal  diseases?"  They  all  re- 
turned the  same  answer:  It  had  helped  them.  I  was  going  to  say  incal- 
culably, but  no,  it  can  be  calculated.  Official  statistics  of  wet  and  dry  years 
in  Massachusetts  have  shown  how  the  curve  of  new  infections  of  venereal  dis- 
ease, the  great  race  destroyers,  steadily  rose  since  the  armistice  until  Prohibi- 
tion came  in,  and  then  came  down  with  a  slump. 

Have  the  doctors  discovered  any  new  treatment?  No.  Have  they  de- 
vised any  new  methods?  No.  Have  any  new  clinics  been  opened?  No.  But 
Prohibition  has  come  in  and  the  people  who  have  worked  for  Prohibition  have 
done  more  than  all  the  doctors  and  all  the  medicines  in  the  world  against  the 
deadliest  and  most  horrible  of  all  diseases. 

Isn't  it  time  that  men  in  high  office  should  be  acquainted  with  these 
things? 

It  was  recently  my  privilege  to  speak  in  the  Province  of  Quebec  about 
the  value  of  Prohibition.  That  province  is  today  the  poison  center  for  North 
America.  It  is  the  place  where  the  destruction  of  food  takes  place.  No  alco- 
holic liquors  can  be  made  without  destroying  food.  That  is  a  crime  against 
mankind  in  itself.  Did  you  realize  that?  There  never  yet  was  a  drop  of 
liquor  that  wasn't  made  without  destroying  something  that  had  food  value. 
That  alone  condemns  it  in  starving  Europe,  doesn't  it? 

Well,  there  in  Quebec  they  destroy  food  and  they  produce  a  racial  poison, 
and  object  to  being  told  what  is  being  achieved  in  dry  parts  of  the  world. 

The  Premier  of  Quebec,  Mr.  Taschereau,  gave  out  an  interview  to  the 

100 


Canadian  press  and  said  he  objected  to  my  presence  in  the  Province  and 
what  I  had  been  saying  there.  He  said,  "Physician,  heal  thyself.  Go  back 
to  England  and  Scotland,  if  they  need  your  help,  and  leave  us  alone."  The 
answer  is  that  the  physician  has  come  to  dry  Canada,  not  Quebec,  but  dry 
Canada,  for  the  prescription.  We  have  come  to  learn  from  the  dry  methods 
in  Canada  and  go  back  to  our  own  countries  and  heal  ourselves.  That  is  the 
first  answer  to  the  Premier  of  Quebec;  and  the  second  is  this:  The  Premier 
said  that  he  would  be  sorry  to  see  in  Canada  the  results  obtained  under  Pro- 
hibition in  the  dry  provinces  of  Canada  and  in  the  United  States'  ;  flow  while 
it  is  no  discredit  to  be  ignorant,  if  you  are  in  an  hunblt1. position  arid  do  not 
accept  responsibility,  it  is  shameful  to  be  highly  placed .  ai\U  ignorant' i»iMtye  ; 
matters  that  concern  your  responsibility.  If  one  be  mentally  aefeCfive*,1  -if* 
one  do  not  have  the  apparatus  necessary  for  acquiring  the  information,  one 
can  resign  and  leave  one's  job  to  someone  else,  but  if  one  has  the  mental 
apparatus,  and  this  thing  I  could  explain  to  a  five-year-old  easily,  then  it  is 
shameful  to  be  so  ignorant.  I  will  draw  the  Premier's  atention  now,  not  for 
the  first  time,  to  one  or  two  of  the  results  of  Prohibition.  We  are  interested 
particularly  this  evening  in  the  life  of  the  race,  in  our  responsibility  to  all  the 
unborn  who  are  to  come  after  us,  in  handing  on  the  lamp  of  life  as  we 
received  it,  we  fortunate,  from  our  ancestors,  to  posterity.  I  take  the  case 
of  the  survival  of  babies.  We  all  have  to  begin  as  babies. 

I  am  aware  this  subject  is  usually  thought  only  fit  for  mothers.  I  am 
fully  aware  that  to  recall  the  spacious  and  vast,  and,  as  it  were,  God-like 
intellect  of  a  man,  who  naturally  is  always  thinking  about  sublime  things, 
and  to  call  his  thought  down  from  the  spheres  to  a  "puny  infant"  is  unworthy 
of  his  dignity,  but  the  fact  remains  all  men,  even  politicians,  begin  as  helpless, 
innocent  infants. 

If  some  woman,  rightly  or  wrongly,  hadn't  thought  them  worth  saving 
they  wouldn't  be  here  to  bother  us  now.  None  of  them.  We  all  have  to 
begin  like  that. 

I  call  your  attention  to  the  way  in  which  babies  live  in  contrast  with  the 
numbers  who  used  to  die  when  certain  parts  of  this  country  were  wet.  I  will 
take,  for  instance,  New  York.  New  York  is  a  very  good  case  to  take,  because 
Prohibition  is  very  imperfectly  enforced  there  as  yet,  but  even  so  the  most 
wonderful  results  have  been  observed,  fully  justifying,  I  here  assert,  the  prop- 
osition I  made  when  it  was  my  privilege  to  preside  at  the  banquet  we  gave  to 
Mr.  Pussyfoot  Johnson  in  London  on  the  day  American  Prohibition  came  into 
force.  I  said  on  that  day  that  Prohibition  was  the  greatest  health  measure 
in  history.  It  is  already  the  greatest  health  measure  in  history.  Last  year 
in  New  York  the  infant  mortality  was  71  per  thousand  per  annum.  Students 
of  infant  mortality  know  this  is  a  marvelous  figure;  unprecedented.  It  has 
never  before  been  approached  by  New  York  or  by  any  comparable  city.  The 
difficulties  of  keeping  babies  alive  in  that  city  are  formidable  to  a  degree. 
Think  of  such  factors  as  its  extremely  hot  summer;  the  crowds  of  ignorant  im- 
migrants who  come  in,  who  have  never  lived  in  a  city  before  and  don't  know 
the  first  thing  about  living  in  a  city;  their  poverty;  their  crowding  together. 
Yet  under  those  conditions,  infant  mortality  in  New  York  last  year — the 

101 


previous  year  was  a  record  but  last  year  was  better  still — was  reduced  to  71 
per  thousand,  leaving  all  comparable  records  nowhere.  By  general  con- 
sent the  new  factor  in  the  lives  of  babies  in  New  York  last  year  (babies  but, 
mind  you,  they  are  the  citizens  of  the  future)  was  Prohibition.  "The  home's 
greatest  enemy,"  as  Mr.  William  Jennings  Bryan  has  often  called  it  when 
I  have  had  the  good  luck  to  be  going  around  with  him,  "the  home's  greatest 
enemy"  has  been  turned  out.  There  will  be  plenty  of  rich  fools  spending 
their  money  as  fopls  have  always  done,  but  the  homes  of  the  people,  the  many, 
the,  homes  of  the  people  have  been  protected.  Motherhood,  the  first  sacred 
circle  around  the  future  life  of  the  race,  is  protected,  and  the  home  is  made 
safe, and  there  infancy  has  thrived,  and  only  71  out  of  a  thousand  babies  born 
died  in  New  York  last  year. 

What  was  the  figure  in  Montreal?  It  was  155  per  thousand.  I  happened 
to  be  in  that  city.  The  Child  Welfare  Association  knew  I  was  there  and  asked 
me  to  address  them  at  the  inaugural  meeting  of  their  annual  convention  on 
child  welfare.  The  chairman  introduced  me  and  said  "Here  is  a  man  from 
London.  They  have  been  working  at  this  in  London  but  we  have  worked  at 
this  in  Montreal."  He  said,  "Our  figure  last  year  was  only  155  per  thousand 
per  annum."  More  than  twice  the  figure  of  dry  New  York.  Your  American 
development  of  radio  is  now  beyond  my  comprehension  and  seems  to  be 
capable  of  anything.  If  it  will  carry  my  voice  to  the  unborn  I  strongly 
recommend  them,  when  entering  this  new  world,  to  choose  the  New  York, 
rather  than  the  Montreal  route.  Or,  for  the  matter  of  that,  any  dry  city, 
rather  than  any  wet  one.  The  figure  in  Boston  was  only  77.  The  figure  in 
Toronto  was  only  86;  but  in  Montreal  it  was  155.  Between  one  in  six  and 
one  in  seven  of  all  the  babies  born  in  that  city  couldn't  live  to  reach  the  end 
of  their  first  year. 

Sir  Arthur  Newsholme,  one  of  the  greatest  of  our  English  doctors,  for- 
merly the  distinguished  head  of  our  official  public  health  service,  prepared 
maps  a  few  years  ago  in  England  and  Wales  to  show  the  distribution  of 
public  houses  and  drinking,  and  then  he  prepared  maps  to  show  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  deaths  of  babies.  Those  two  maps  are  identical  in  England  and 
Wales.  Where  most  babies  die  is  the  place  where  most  liquor  is  consumed; 
where  there  are  most  public  houses.  Today  New  York  and  Montreal  or 
Boston  and  Montreal  or  Toronto  and  Montreal  or  any  dry  city  and  Mont- 
real will  prove  the  point. 

Is  the  Premier  of  Quebec  quite  certain  that  he  doesn't  want  babies  to 
live  in  Quebec  as  they  live  in  dry  states  and  provinces?  I  dare  say  the  opin- 
ions of  babies  don't  interest  politicians.  They  don't  have  votes.  But,  sup- 
pose the  babies  could  be  consulted,  would  they  rather  have  the  dry  condi- 
tion or  the  wet?  What  do  you  say?  We  will  have  to  appeal  from  such  a 
man  as  this  to  the  eternal  principles  of  life  and  morality  and  of  religion  and 
say  it  is  our  business  "to  visit  the  widows  and  fatherless  in  their  affliction." 
Allow  me  to  take  another  instance. 

There  is  a  disease  called  pulmonary  tuberculosis.  This  is  the  killing  dis- 
ease for  adults  in  the  temperate  zones  of  the  earth.  Perhaps  in  view  of  what 
I  am  going  to  say,  I  should  say  it  is  the  killing  disease  in  the  intemperate 

102 


zones  of  the  earth.  I  am  going  to  show  that  when  those  geographically  tem- 
perate zones  really  become  temperate,  this  disease  begins  to  disappear. 
They  have  been  working  at  it  in  New  York.  I  take  New  York  again.  The 
same  can  be  shown  for  very'  many  cities  over  this  continent  outside  of 
Quebec.  But  I  now  take  New  York.  They  have  been  fighting  consumption 
or  pulmonary  tuberculosis  there  for  a  quarter  of  a  century.  They  have  suc- 
ceeded in  somewhat  reducing  it;  definitely  reducing  it,  I  believe,  because  they 
have  abolished  coal  smoke  and  restored  the  sunlight,  which  is  the  best  medi- 
cine, the  best  stimulant,  the  best  antiseptic,  and  one  of  the  best  foods  that 
exists,  and  upon  which  all  our  lives  ultimately  depend.  They  have  allowed 
the  sunlight  to  be  restored  to  that  city.  Nevertheless,  owing  to  the  opera- 
tion of  other  factors  they  had,  in  1918,  160  deaths  per  hundred  thousand  in 
that  city  from  that  disease.  Last  year  the  figure  was  only  89.  They  have 
taken  the  White  Plague,  the  disease  of  these  parts  of  the  world,  and  they 
have  almost  halved  the  death  rate  from  it  in  three  years. 

The  doctors  have  not  contributed  to  this,  except  in  so  far  as  they  have 
helped  Prohibition.  We  have  made  no  new  discoveries  in  tuberculosis 
There  is  no  new  serum,  vaccine,  or  other  treatment  on  the  market.  They 
have  not  devised  any  new  social  methods.  They  have  not  extended  sanitoria 
or  clinics.  They  have  closed  sanitoria  and  clinics  wholesale  for  lack  of  pa- 
tients to  come  into  them. 

Prohibition  has  done  this,  and  if  you  say  that  that  is  a  biased  statement 
from  someone  who  made  such  predictions  about  Prohibition,  I  will  refer 
you  to  the  Tuberculosis  Association  of  New  York,  not  a  temperance  body 
or  a  Prohibition  body,  not  a  religious  body,  but  a  body  that  is  banded  to- 
gether to  fight  tuberculosis.  Their  official  report  this  year  states  that  the 
result,  this  unheard  of  result,  which  makes  New  York  the  wonder  city  of 
the  world  in  terms  of  health,  considering  its  size  and  difficulties,  this  unheard 
of  result,  practically  halving  that  disease  in  three  years,  has  been  due  first  and 
foremost  to  Prohibition.  It  is  very  honest  of  that  association  to  say  so.  They 
might  very  well  have  said,  "It  is  our  work  that  has  done  it."  They  don't  say 
that.  They  say,  "It  is  Prohibition."  Prohibition  has  meant  better  nutrition 
for  the  worker.  It  has  meant  more  recreation  and  more  sunlight.  It  has 
meant  heightened  resistance  to  the  attacks  of  disease;  the  properly  nourished 
body  does  not  allow  itself  to  be  eaten  by  tubercle  bacilli.  It  eats  them.  And 
that  is  what  is  happening  now  in  New  York,  and  that  disease  is  vanishing  un- 
der the  Prohibition  regime. 

If  Quebec's  Premier  does  not  want  such  results  in  Montreal  the  Montre- 
aleans  must  be  taught  and  all  the  wet  countries  of  the  world  have  got  to  be 
shown  these  results,  and  then  they  will  want  such  boons  for  themselves. 

A  map  of  France  was  prepared  by  my  friend  Sir  Sims  Woodhead,  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  and  he  showed  that  the  distribution  of  wine  drinking 
in  France  corresponded  with  the  distribution  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis,  just 
like  those  maps  by  Sir  Arthur  Newsholme  of  infant  mortality  and  drinking 
in  England;  and  maps  that  might  now  be  made  showing  the  present  distri- 
bution of  tuberculosis  upon  the  North  American  continent. 

Our  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  has  got  to  get  these  truths  pub- 

103 


lished  throughout  the  world  to  counteract  the  efforts  of  the  international  lie 
factory  which  has  its  headquarters  I  don't  know  where,  but  which  certainly 
has  branch  offices  in  every  capital  and  big  city  in  every  country  in  the  world. 

I  learned  last  year  that  the  articles  under  the  regime  of  the  late  Lord 
Northcliffe — (I  had  supposed  those  lies  were  something  for  which  we  were 
peculiarly  privileged  in  England) — I  learned  that  my  friend  Mr.  Larsen-Ledet 
read  those  statements  in  Danish  papers  at  his  breakfast  table,  and  that  they  are 
also  published  in  Italian  and  in  French  and  so  on  all  over  the  world  in 
simultaneous  publications  in  all  capitals.  We  have  got  to  counteract  that. 
It  is  not  so  easy  but  it  has  got  to  be  done.  We  are  not  required  to  invent 
other  lies  on  the  other  side.  We  are  just  required  to  acquaint  ourselves  with 
and  then  to  publish  and  to  go  on  publishing  the  truth,  and  the  truth  will 
make  men  free. 

At  the  same  time  it  is  a  privilege  and  a  pleasure  for  me  to  exculpate  one 
very  distinguished  visitor  to  this  continent  whose  first  impressions  of  Prohi- 
bition were  very  disastrous  to  a  cause  to  which  she  is  herself  attached,  and 
that  is  Mrs.  Asquith.  Mrs.  Asquith  reported  in  England  that  Prohibition 
was  a  deplorable  failure  in  the  United  States  of  America.  She  had  only  seen 
a  very  small,  and  by  no  means  representative  segment  of  society  in  the  United 
States  and  she  had  generalized  for  the  whole  country. 

When  I  drew  her  attention  to  this,  when  she  saw  a  few  of  the  vital  sta- 
tistics, of  which  I  have  only  given  you  one  or  two  this  evening,  because  there 
is  no  time  for  more,  she  realized  she  had  made  a  serious  mistake  and  she 
promptly  wrote  to  one  of  our  best  papers  in  England,  the  Westminster  Ga- 
zette, and  handsomely  withdrew  the  whole  of  what  she  had  said  and  said  that 
in  view  of  my  statistics  she  realized  that  she  was  wrong  and  that  Prohibition 
was  doing  a  great  service  to  the  life  of  America. 

I  want  you  to  know  that,  because  everybody  knows  that,  whatever  her 
personal  idiosyncrasies  may  be,  she  is  as  honest  as  the  day,  and  that  was  a 
very  brave  act  of  a  very  honest  lady,  to  withdraw  what  she  had  said  and  to 
tell  the  truth.  They  are  not  all  like  that. 

In  Scotland,  two  years  ago,  I  had  the  privilege  of  addressing  in  the 
ancient  and  noble  city  of  Perth  on  a  Sunday  evening  a  glorious  audience. 
They  were  to  vote  the  next  morning.  I  have  got  no  Scottish  blood  in  me 
but  I  greatly  respect  that  great  race,  which  has  had  a  large  part  in  the  his- 
tory of  Canada  and  of  the  United  States  of  America.  I  see  those  magnifi- 
cent men,  tall  and  broad  shouldered,  and  their  glorious  childhood.  I  see  the 
race  in  Canada  and  in  the  United  States,  unimpaired.  In  Scotland,  the  story  is 
tragically  different.  Two  years  ago  the  Scottish  people  got  their  chance  to 
protect  their  race  against  this  racial  poison  which  is  ruining  them  at  this 
hour.  Ruining  them,  so  that  you  can  see  the  difference  between  the  Scot- 
tish child  in  Scotland  and  the  Scottish  child  in  Manitoba,  the  little  Macdon- 
alds  on  the  one  side  of  the  Atlantic  and  the  little  Macdonalds  on  the  other. 
You  who  are  Scotsmen  here,  or  you  who  have  got  Scottish  blood,  see  to  it 
that  this  World  League  of  ours  gets  going  with  the  truth  to  make  them  free 
in  old  Scotland  away  back  there.  Some  of  these  things  needed  to  be  said  to 
the  Scottish  people.  Just  before  they  voted,  Lord  Dewar  published  a  state- 

104 


ment  in  a  London  newspaper  which,  having  lied,  died  and  is  now  defunct.  It 
was  called  "The  Globe."  He  published  a  statement,  having  just  returned  from 
America,  that  he  had  seen  all  sorts  of  evils  from  Prohibition  and,  furthermore, 
Henry  Ford  had  told  him  that  he  had  seen  no  good  results  from  Prohibition 
in  America  but  only  that  it  had  made  an  army  of  millions  of  law-breakers. 
This  was  published  everywhere.  We  had  pennies  for  thousands  of  pounds 
they  had.  They  could  publish  the  thing.  They  could  take  whole  pages  of 
newspapers  and  publish  this  kind  of  thing  and  everybody  in  the  British  Isles 
heard  it.  This  is  what  Henry  Ford,  a  respected  and  serious-minded  Ameri- 
can citizen,  had  said  to  Lord  Dewar.  I  knew  it  was  a  lie.  We  asked  the 
World  League  Against  Alcoholism,  already  functioning  at  69  Fleet  street  in 
London,  with  Mr.  Pussyfoot  Johnson  in  charge,  to  cable  Henry  Ford  to  get 
the  truth.  Henry  Ford  had  never  said  any  such  thing.  His  opinion  was 
directly  the  reverse  of  that  attributed  to  him.  He  had  never  met  Lord  Dewar. 
Lord  Dewar  had  never  met  him;  had  never  been  to  Detroit.  All  he  had  seen 
of  America  was  while  standing  on  his  yacht  outside  Sandy  Hook  to  watch 
Sir  Thomas  Lipton's  yacht  lose  the  America  Cup. 

From  that  moment  to  this  we  havn't  had  a  word  of  apology  or  explana- 
tion from  Lord  Dewar  as  to  how  he  came  to  utter  that  shameful  lie  about  a 
friendly  country  to  the  grave  injury  of  his  own  at  an  hour  when  there  was 
no  time  to  get  it  refuted. 

Remember  this,  you  Scotsmen.  Remember  this  about  Lord  Dewar  and 
this  typical  alcoholic  lie  when  the  time  comes  for  Scotland  to  vote  again 
next  year. 

Compare  the  childhood  of  Scotland  tonight  with  the  childhood  of  Scot- 
tish stock  in  Canada  and  in  the  United  States  of  America.  Compare  the 
infant  mortality  of  Glasgow  with  the  infant  mortality  of  Toronto  or  of  Cal- 
gary or  of  Edmonton.  Compare  the  conditions  in  respect  of  rickets  and 
tuberculosis  of  Scottish  childhood  and  Scottish  youth  today  with  what  they 
show  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic;  the  difference  is  that  between  darkness  and 
light. 

Is  the  race  dying  because  it  is  old?  The  race  is  showing  signs  of  eternal 
youth,  as  races  that  obey  the  laws  of  life  may  do,  here  on  this  side  of  the 
Atlantic,  whereas  it  is  visibly  dying,  following  the  course  of  many  others  that 
have  died  like  it  in  old  Europe,  that  have  been  drinking  liquor  too  long,  that 
have  had  this  racial  poison  soaking  through  the  national  blood  for  so  many 
centuries  that  the  vitality  is  decreased  and  the  end  is  approaching. 

Guard  your  race,  is  my  advice  to  the  representatives  of  every  country 
on  earth  that  is  represented  here  tonight.  Wherever  you  come  from,  guard 
your  race.  It  is  your  all.  Your  history,  your  wealth,  your  institutions,  your 
traditions,  your  proud  records  in  this,  that  and  the  other,  nothing  on  earth 
will  avail  you,  not  all  these  things  put  together,  if  you  allow  the  quality  of 
your  race,  which  alone  matters,  to  fail,  and  for  that  reason  you  must  turn 
out  the  racial  poison,  alcohol,  which  is  also  the  accomplice  of  racial  poisons 
more  damnable  still. 

Beware,  lest  you  be  told,  as  they  are  told  in  British  Columbia,  as  we  are 
now  told  in  England,  as  they  are  told  in  Quebec,  that  much  money  is  raised, 

105 


that  many  institutions  can  be  built  out  of  the  proceeds  of  this  traffic.  They 
are  flattering  themselves  that  they  can  build,  oh,  fine  works  of  charity,  re- 
ligious works,  works  for  hospitals,  hospitals  for  tuberculosis,  homes  for  the 
feeble  minded,  out  of  their  money  in  Quebec.  They  will  need  homes  for  the 
feeble-minded  as  long  as  they  sell  the  racial  poison  in  Quebec.  I  got  my 
degree  in  Edinburgh  in  a  place  called  the  MacEwan  Hall,  built  out  of  the 
money  of  a  brewer  given  to  the  University.  I  have  spoken  "against  whisky 
in  Edinburgh  in  a  hall,  the  Usher  Hall,  built  out  of  the  money  of  a  distiller. 
What  are  these  institutions  like?  They  remind  me  of  a  verse  in  the  book 
of  Joshua.  There  was  a  horrible  practice  in  ancient  times,  a  pagan  prac- 
tice, fundamentally  opposed  to  the  religion  of  the  Jews,  which  has  always 
cared  for  childhood,  has  always  guarded  motherhood.  (None  of  you  ever  saw  a 
drunken  Jewess  and,  probably,  none  of  you  ever  saw  a  drunken  Jew,  and  that 
race  survives  and  thrives  today  after  ages  of  oppression).  This  cruel  pagan 
practice  was  called  the  foundation  sacrifice.  They  would  take  a  little  baby,  the 
first  born,  and  kill  it,  and  put  it  in  the  ground  and  build  the  walls  of  their 
buildings,  found  their  city  on  its  body.  There  is  a  verse  in  Joshua,  VI-26 
(I  believe  you  will  find  it):  "Cursed  be  the  man  that  buildeth  this  city 
Jericho."  (It  applies  to  any  wet  city  on  earth:)  "He  shall  lay  the  founda- 
tion thereof  in  his  first  born  and  in  his  youngest  son  shall  he  set  up  the  gates 
of  it."  Whenever  and  wherever  you  see  external  prosperity  and  material 
resources  founded  upon  this  race-destroying  poison  there  is  the  curse:  the 
first  born  and  the  youngest  are  buried  in  the  foundations  of  that  kind  of 
glory.  But  for  us,  for  any  who  will  guard  their  race,  there  is  a  better  prom- 
ise and  it  is  this:  They  that  shall  be  of  us  shall  build  the  old  waste  places. 
We  shall  raise  up  the  foundations  of  many  generations  and  we  shall  be  called 
the  repairers  of  the  breach,  the  restorers  of  paths  to  dwell  in. 


SATURDAY  MORNING  SESSION 
ADDRESS 

By  BISHOP  THOMAS  NICHOLSON,  D.  D. 

Bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  National  President  of  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League  of  America 

Mr.  Chairman,  and  friends,  I  have  just  this  word  of  greeting.  We  are 
not  in  a  dress  parade  affair.  We  are  in  the  most  tremendous  struggle,  the 
most  tremendous  moral  struggle,  I  think,  that  the  world  has  seen  since 
Christ  died  on  Calvary.  We  have  had  great  victories.  We  have  just  ahead  of 
us  greater  fighting,  I  think,  than  any  we  have  yet  gone  through. 

As  to  the  outcome  of  the  conflict,  I  have  no  doubt.  The  great  and  im- 
mortal Lincoln  said,  "You  may  fool  all  of  the  people  some  of  the  time  and 
some  of  the  people  all  of  the  time,  but  you  cannot  fool  all  of  the  people  all 
of  the  time",  and  the  problem,  as  I  'see  it,  the  chief  problem  of  the  temper- 
ance reform,  is  to  get  down  to  the  last  man  with  the  facts,  such  compelling 
facts  as  Dr.  Saleeby  gave  you  here  yesterday,  such  compelling  facts  as  we 
have  from  every  state  where  Prohibition  has  been  in  effect,  facts  which  ap- 
peal to  the  common  sense  of  humanity.  It  is  a  question  of  challenging  the 

106 


best  self  of  every  voter  arid  of  every  man  in  every  nation,  and  keeping  at  it 
long  enough,  until  we  shall  have  a  dry  world.  That  is  not  an  easy  task. 

Now,  I  have  just  two  suggestions.  In  the  United  States  of  America,  I 
have  become  convinced,  the  conflict  has  gone  far  beyond  the  question  of 
whether  we  are  going  to  have  wine  and  beer.  It  is  a  question  of  the  ability 
of  democracy  to  effectuate,  to  make  good.  We  have  had  a  long  conflict.  My 
good  wife  is  the  daughter  of  a  pioneer  Methodist  preacher  in  Kansas  who 
permanently  injured  his  health  stumping  that  State  with  John  P.  St.  John 
forty  years  ago  to  secure  Prohibition  in  Kansas.  We  have  had  a  forty-year 
trial  there.  Nobody  now  thinks  about  Kansas  going  back  to  liquor.  They 
have  a  settled  policy  there.  The"  trial  is  enough. 

Starting  with  Maine  and  with  Kansas,  more  than  a  generation  ago,  we 
went  by  one  process  and  another  until  in  the  United  States  of  America  we  had 
the  overwhelming  majority  of  the  population  living  in  dry  territory  before  the 
Eighteenth  Amendment  went  into  effect  at  all.  Then  by  the  greatest  ma- 
jority ever  recorded  for  any  one  of  the  nineteen  amendments  to  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States  we  put  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  in  the  Con- 
stitution and  finally,  by  means  of  a  Congress,  largely  elected  on  that  issue, 
we  secured  the  enforcement  acts. 

Now,  what  happened?  Thirty-three  organizations,  boasting  that  they  had 
a  million  dollars  of  money  back  of  them,  proceeded  with  the  chief  argu- 
ment that  they  have  to  put  up,  "You  never  can  enforce  it."  "We  propose  to 
see  that  the  thing  goes  down." 

This  is  a  question  of  the  validity  of  democracy  and  sooner  or  later  you 
will  have  the  same  kind  of  fight  anywhere  you  put  Prohibition  in.  It  is  a 
question  of  the  power  of  government  to  effectuate  itself  after  the  law  is 
put  on  the  statute  books,  and  it  is  as  great  a  struggle,  it  is  as  patriotic  a 
struggle,  it  is  as  vital  a  struggle  to  the  purposes  of  government,  as  any 
great  historic  national  struggle  we  have  had. 

As  to  the  outcome  I  have  no  possible  question.  It  is  a  question  of  time. 
It  is  a  question  of  patience.  It  is  a  question  of  faith  in  our  people  and  above 
all,  a  question  of  faith  in  God  and  in  the  righteousness  of  our  cause,  and  ulti- 
mate victory  is  assured. 


ADDRESS 

By  PROFESSOR  ROBERT  HERCOD,  PH.  D.,  Lausanne,  Switzerland 

Director  International  Temperance  Bureau  and  one  of  the  Joint  Presidents  of  the 

World  League  Against  Alcoholism 

Our  difficulties  in  Continental  Europe  are  great,  greater  than  you  per- 
haps imagine  and  they  explain  for  a  good  part  the  slowness  of  our  progress. 
We  have  to  meet  a  dreadful  economic  situation,  not  only  of  the  government, 
but  also  of  private  leaders.  We  have  all  the  traditions  which  consider  wine 
and  beer  and  spirits  as  absolute  necessities  of  a  normal  life.  We  have  also 
very  great  economic  balances  against  us,  showing  that  France  and  Spain 
and  Italy  are  for  a  good  part  living  from  the  trade  in  wine.  We  have  also  a 
liquor  traffic  which  is  nationally  and  internationally  powerfully  organized, 
perhaps  more  than  it  was  in  the  United  States  before  Prohibition.  And  what 

107 


is  worse,  the  liquor  traffic  in  Europe  is  in  most  countries  backed  by  the  gov- 
ernment. It  is  a  shame  that  when  the  wine  merchants  in  France  and  in 
Spain  wanted  to  overthrow  Iceland's  Prohibition  they  found  ready  help  from 
their  governments.  We  have  also  in  Europe  our  great  political  divisions.  In 
the  United  States  you  have  one  hundred  millions  of  people  speaking  or  under- 
standing the  same  language  and  living  under  the  same  government,  but  we  in 
Europe  have  thirty  states,  forty  or  fifty  languages,  and,  of  course,  there 
are  great  difficulties  in  our  way,  but  if  our  difficulties  are  great,  our  hopes 
are  still  greater,  and  our  hopes  are  justified. 

Northern  Europe,  not  only  Finland  or  Iceland,  but  Sweden  and  Nor- 
way, perhaps  even  Denmark,  and  the  Baltic  States,  the  whole  of  northern 
Europe  is  ripe  for  national  Prohibition  and  it  is  likely  that  we  will  have 
it  in  a  few  years.  As  for  Central  Europe,  it  is  not  yet  in  the  realm  of  pos- 
sibility to  think  of  national  Prohibition  in  Germany  or  in  Switzerland,  for  in- 
stance, but  local  option  or  better,  local  Prohibition  has  already  begun  its  good 
work.  In  Poland,  in  Bulgaria,  and  even  in  Germany  and  in  Switzerland  this 
measure  will  very  likely  be  soon  introduced. 

As  for  southern  and  western  Europe,  the  wine  interests  are  so  great 
that  it  is  impossible  to  think  of  real  legislative  measures,  but  only  of  educa- 
tion, and  even  this  educational  work  is  very  hard  and  difficult;  but  there  are 
in  those  countries  a  handful  of  valiant  people  who  will  fight,  fight,  until 
they  win.  We  hope  for  victory  as  I  told  you,  because  we  feel  that  we  are 
not  alone.  Yesterday  Dr.  Cherrington  powerfully  proclaimed  the  necessity 
of  solidarity  in  the  fight  against  alcoholism,  and  I  believe  that  this  inter- 
national world  organization  offers  all  those  who  want  to  oppose  the  liquor 
traffic  an  opportunity  to  do  so.  I  think  that  is  the  keynote  and  the  motto 
of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism.  We  must  covenant  together, 
uniting  in  one  .common  force  our  brains,  our  energy,  our  money,  and  we  will 
win. 


THE  VOTE  ON  PROHIBITION  IN  SWEDEN 

By  REVEREND  DAVID  OSTLUND,  Stockholm,  Sweden 
Secretary  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Sweden 

Mr.  Chairman,  members  of  the  Convention,  I  am  first  of  all  to  bring  you 
greetings  from  Sweden  with  its  nearly  one  million  devoted  temperance  friends, 
as  well  as  from  Norway  with  two  or  three  hundred  thousand  Prohibition 
workers.  I  am  to  bring  you  the  greetings  of  Finland  with  its  Prohibition 
people  of  more  than  three  millions.  I  have  also  been  instructed  to  bring  the 
greetings  to  this  conference  from  the  first  European  Prohibition  nation,  little 
Iceland  out  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Since  September,  1919,  it  has  been  the  privilege  of  your  speaker  to 
serve  as  a  missionary  of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  to  the 
Scandinavian  countries.  This  area  has  a  total  population  of  about  fifteen 
million  people.  Iceland  has  been  named  as  the  first  Prohibition  country. 
Finland  was  the  next,  and  they  had  Prohibition  in  effect  thirty  days  before 
you  had  National  Prohibition  in  the  United  States  of  America.  On  the 

108 


first  of  June,  1919,  Finland's  Prohibition  law  went  into  effect  and  Prohibition 
has  been  enforced  from  that  time. 

Norway  has  half  way  Prohibition,  inasmuch  as  drinks  containing  more 
than  14  per  cent  of  alcohol  are  prohibited.  That  is  a  weak  Prohibition  meas- 
ure, but  it  has  had  a  good  effect  nevertheless.  Sweden  with  its  six  million 
people  has  had  organized  temperance  work  more  than  a  century,  or  since 
1819,  when  Peter  Wiesergrain,  later  District  Pastor  in  the  State  Church  of 
Sweden,  organized  the  first  temperance  movement  in  Sweden.  Since  that 
time  organized  work  has  gone  on,  but  especially  since  1897,  when  the  Good 
Templars  started  their  work  in  Sweden,  there  has  been  a  great  development 
of  organized  temperance  effort.  Other  organizations  besides  the  Good 
Templars  have  been  at  work  and  I  can  give  you  an  idea  of  the  power  of  that 
combined  organized  work  when  I  say  that  in  the  first  year  of  this  century  the 
number  of  organized  members  in  the  temperance  societies  of  Sweden  was 
over  four  hundred  thousand.  About  that  time  a  tremendous  feeling  in  favor 
of  temperance  and  Prohibition  was  rising  in  Sweden.  As  a  result,  in  the  year 
1909,  a  petition  for  total  Prohibition  was  presented,  signed  by  over  1,800,000 
adult  persons.  But,  of  course,  Sweden  had  no  real  democratic  form  of  gov- 
ernment and  the  whole  thing  was  swamped.  Instead  of  getting  Prohibition 
Sweden  was  unfortunate  enough  to  get  the  Bratt  system,  which  is  the  most 
keen,  deceptive  effort  of  the  enemy  to  defeat  Prohibition.  The  temperance 
people  have  done  their  best  to  educate  people  not  to  drink,  but  the  Bratt  sys- 
tem educates  the  people  to  drink.  Let  me  tell  you  what  the  Bratt  system 
really  is.  When  that  great  petition  for  Prohibition  was  before  the  people 
Dr.  Bratt  of  Stockholm  rose  up  and  said,  "The  conditions  we  have  are  awful. 
The  government  system  does  not  fill  the  program  of  temperance.  The  failure 
of  the  Gothenberg  system  is  that , although  it  tries  to  prevent  persons  from 
getting  wealthy  by  selling  liquors  it  does  not  control  those  who  get  the  liquor, 
and  the  drinker  gets  it.  We  must  order  things  in  another  way.  We  must 
have  a  system  where  we  can  know  who  are  getting  liquors  and  who  are  not," 
and  he  invented  that  system  of  the  Mot  book.  He  said,  "We  will  let  every 
decent  man  and  woman  get  just  as  much  liquor  as  they  can  handle  without 
causing  harm."  The  quantity  allowed  amounts  to  nearly  one  gallon  Ameri- 
can measure,  a  gallon  of  strong  drink.  That  this  is  absurd,  to  keep  people 
away  from  doing  harm  by  giving  the  decent  people,  even  four  litres  a  month, 
ought  to  be  clear  to  everybody,  but  it  was  not  clear  to  some  of  the  temperance 
people  in  Sweden,  and  the  Bratt  system  was  established. 

We  all  know  that  a  man  can  do  himself — and  others  as  well — very  much 
harm  by  one  quart  of  whisky  at  a  time.  It  would  be  necessary  to  have  a  good 
and  faithful  policeman  to  keep  a  man  from  doing  himself  or  others  harm  by 
that  litre  in  his  possession.  That  system  is  as  absurd  as  any  system  can  be 
and  it  hasn't  given  the  satisfaction  Dr.  Bratt  promised  it  would  give.  The 
Mot  books  of  Sweden  have  gone  out  to  the  number  of  over  one  million.  A 
Swedish-American  returned  to  Sweden  some  time  ago  and  he  was  asked  about 
the  main  difference  between  America  and  Sweden.  "The  main  difference  is 
this,  sir,"  he  replied,  "that  America  has  about  one  automobile  for  every  six 
persons,  but  Sweden  has  a  Mot  book  for  every  six  persons." 

We  voted  on  Prohibition,  as  you  all  know,  on  the  27th  of  August,  1922. 

109 


We  were  voted  down  by  a  small  wet  majority  of  about  35,000  votes;  exactly, 
the  figures  stand  this  way — for  Prohibition,  889,028;  against  Prohibition 
924,934;  majority  against  Prohibition  34,906.  We  believed  that  we  would  win 
but  we  did  not  win.  What  is  the  reason  for  our  defeat? 

First,  let  me  say  that  we  did  not  recognize  the  defeat  in  reality.  We 
did  not  win  but  we  did  not  lose,  either.  We  have  the  people  of  Sweden  divided 
into  about  equal  parts,  one  for  and  one  against,  and  the  fight  is  on.  In  order 
to  make  you  understand  how  things  really  stand  in  Sweden  I  would  like  to 
state  that  the  temperance  movement  that  I  have  praised  so  much,  which  had 
its  culmination  in  the  first  years  of  this  century,  had  for  years  been  on  the 
decline.  After  Dr.  Bratt  had  become  the  ruling  power,  we  may  say,  as  the 
liquor  king  of  Sweden,  the  temperance  people  first  believed  that  he  would 
make  things  as  good  as  could  be  made;  and  when  I  had  the  opportunity  of 
coming  to  Sweden  in  1919  it  is  a  fact  that  the  temperance  organizations  were 
losing  members  by  the  tens  of  thousands.  Things  were  looking  pretty  black 
and  since  most  of  the  temperance  organizations  of  Sweden  had  not  for  decades 
taken  any  interest  in  church  affairs,  and  had  not  connected  with  them  the 
church  people  for  the  fight,  the  situation  was  this:  That  the  army  of  temper- 
ance people  was  getting  smaller  and  smaller  and  that  the  great  army  of 
church  people  in  Sweden  were  not  interested  in  the  fight.  The  church 
people  said,  "It  is  the  business  of  the  temperance  people  to  look  after  this," 
and  the  general  opinion  was  that  we  could  not  expect  very  much  in  the  near 
future.  I  can  not  by  words  describe  .the  great  gratitude  I  felt  that  through 
God  I  had  an  opportunity  to  come,  in  this  dark  hour  of  Swedish  temperance 
work  as  the  messenger  of  the  World  League  and  tell  especially  of  our  great 
victory  in  America,  the  holy  war  that  the  Christian  people  of  America  had 
fought  and  brought  to  a  conclusion  and  a  victory. 

I  had  the  opportunity  of  travelling  around  in  Sweden,  in  all  the  large 
cities,  during  the  winter  of  1919  and  1920,  and  great  crowds  listened  to  the 
message.  The  result  was  that  in  March,  1920,  half  a  year  after  I  started  my 
lecture  trip,  the  wish  was  expressed  in  all  parts  of  the  country  for  an  organiza- 
tion of  such  a  character  as  the  American  Anti-Saloon  League,  and  the  organ- 
ization was  started,  not  on  paper  but  in  reality.  We  did  not  appoint  one  man 
here  and  there  and  say,  "You  be  a  representative  of  the  Methodist  Church; 
you  of  the  Baptist  Church,"  and  so  forth.  No,  we  said  to  the  boards  of  the 
different  denominations,  "If  you  want  an  organization,  please  appoint  your 
own  man  on  that  board,"  and  so  they  did.  Three  religious  bodies  of  Sweden 
did  so  in  the  early  months  of  1920,  and  last  but  by  no  means  least,  the  State 
Church  of  Sweden  joined  with  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Sweden.  On  the 
24th  of  March,  1920,  at  the  General  Church  Council  at  Stockholm,  while  the 
Archbishop  Nathaniel  Soderblom  was  presiding,  Sweden's  State  Church  de- 
clared it  would  take  part  in  the  work  and  selected  four  State  Church  pastors 
to  represent  the  State  Church  in  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Sweden. 

It  also  helped  our  work  very  much,  to  have  with  us  for  a  short  time  the 
founder  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America.  His  meetings  were  attended 
by  crowds  of  thousands  of  Swedes,  and  it  gave  a  great  impetus  to  our  work. 

On  behalf  of  the  Anti-Saloon   League  of  Sweden,  I  want  to  thank  the 

110 


World  League  Against  Alcoholism  for  sending  us  this  excellent  helper  and 
grand  fighter. 

We  have  an  organization  now  in  Sweden  combining  all  the  forces.  Here 
we  are  at  the  best  time,  with  all  the  people  organized.  We  have  an  organiza- 
tion that  is  bound  to  bring  us  the  victory  if  we  only  keep  the  work  going 
and  we  are  going  to  do  that.  There  isn't  a  man  or  woman  in  Sweden,  in 
temperance  work,  that  is  going  back  on  this  question.  We  are  fighting  so 
that  the  enemies  are  afraid  of  us  and  Bratt  in  his  castle  in  Sweden  with  his 
brandy  and  his  liquor  is  trembling.  We  are  going  to  get  Prohibition,  and  we 
are  going  to  get  it  by  a  strong  majority  the  next  time  we  try  it,  and  we  hope 
that  will  be  in  a  couple  of  years. 


THE  CHURCHES  AND  WORLD  PROHIBITION 

By  REVEREND  JAMES  CANNON,  JR.,  D.  D. 

Bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South,  Chairman  of  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism 

The  great  fundamental  purpose  of  the  Christian  Church  is  the  making 
of  disciples  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  this  is  not  a  theoretical,  but  an  intensely 
practical  aim.  It  does  not  end  with  the  public  confession  of  individual  belief  in 
the  existence  of  God,  or  intellectual  assent  to  the  pre-eminence  of  the  character 
and  personality  of  Jesus.  "The  devils  also  believe  and  tremble."  The  aim  of 
the  Christian  religion  is  to  "bring  every  thought"  of  the  individual  and  finally 
of  society  "into  captivity  to  Christ,"  so  that  the  teaching  and  the  example  of 
Jesus  will  dominate  the  thinking,  the  aim,  and  the  conduct  of  all  life — business, 
social,  domestic  and  devotional.  All  the  law  and  the  prophets  are  summed  up 
by  Jesus  in  the  two  great  commandments:  "Thou  shalt  love  the  Lord  tby 
God  with  all  thy  heart,  with  all  thy  soul,  with  all  thy  mind;  and  thou  shalt  love 
thy  neighbor  as  thyself."  The  vital,  throbbing  word  in  these  two  command- 
ments is  "love",  and  the  new  commandment  which  Jesus  gave  to  his  disciples 
was:  "A  new  commnadment  give  I  unto  you,  that  ye  love  one  another."  St. 
Paul,  with  a  sweeping  negative  statement,  indicates  those  who  can  rightly  be 
called  Christians:  "If  any  man  have  not  the  spirit  of  Christ,  he  is  none  of 
his."  What  was  the  spirit  of  Christ?  It  was  the  spirit  of  love,  of  a  love  hav- 
ing as  its  highest  form  of  expression — self-sacrifice.  No  man  can  rightly  claim 
to  be  a  follower  of  Jesus;  no  church  can  truly  claim  to  be  a  Christian  church 
which  is  lacking  in  Love,  and  which,  therefore,  is  lacking  in  Self-Sacrifice. 
It  is  of  the  very  genius  of  Christianity;  indeed,  it  is  its  life's  blood,  that  it 
shall  follow  in  the  footsteps  of  its  Lord.  The  attitude  of  the  Church  of 
Jesus,  therefore,  toward  humanity  must  be  the  attitude  which  he  took  toward 
the  people  of  his  own  city — Nazareth — "To  preach  the  good  news  to  the  poor, 
to  heal  the  broken  hearted,  to  preach  deliverance  to  the  captive  and  recovery 
of  sight  to  the  blind,  to  set  at  liberty  them  that  are  bruised."  Jesus  Christ 
came  to  save  the  world,  and  in  the  carrying  out  of  that  saving  purpose  we 
are  told  by  St.  John,  the  apostle  of  love,  that  "For  this  purpose  the  son  of 
man  was  manifested,  that  he  might  destroy  the  works  of  the  devil,"  and  no- 
where in  all  literature  is  there  such  an  awful  catalogue  of  evil  deeds  and  such 
a  scathing  denunciation  of  them,  as  is  given  by  Jesus  in  his  terrible  indictment 

111 


of  the  scribes,  Pharisees  and  hypocrites.  He  and  all  his  apostles  preached  the 
beauty,  the  glory,  the  effectiveness  of  the  Gospel  of  Love,  and  at  the  same  time 
denounced  with  unparalleled  plainness  of  speech  the  antagonism  of  Jesus  and 
his  true  followers  to  all  forms  of  evil,  and  the  duty  of  all  genuine  Christians  to 
love,  and  to  live  a  life  of  sacrificial  love. 

What  does  sacrificial  love  require?  Jesus  said,  "Wherefore,  if  thy  right 
eye  cause  thee  to  offend,  pluck  it  out  and  cast  it  from  thee;  if  they  right  hand 
cause  thee  to  offend,  cut  if  off  and  cast  it  from  thee,  and  I  say  unto  you,  who- 
soever shall  cause  one  of  these  little  ones  to  offend,  it  were  better  for  him  that 
a  millstone  were  hanged  about  his  neck  and  he  were  cast  into  the  depths  of  the 
sea."  St.  Paul  declared,  "Wherefore,  whether  ye  eat,  or  drink,  or  whatsoever 
ye  do,  do  all  to  the  glory  of  God.  It  is  good  neither  to  eat  flesh,  nor  to  drink 
wine,  nor  anything  whereby  thy  brother  is  caused  to  stumble,  or  is  offended, 
or  is  made  weak.  We,  then,  that  are  strong  ought  to  bear  the  infirmities  of 
the  weak,  and  not  to  please  ourselves.  Let  every  one  of  us  please  his  neighbor 
for  his  good  to  upbuilding." 

This  statement  of  principles  upon  which  the  xChurch  of  Jesus  Christ  is 
founded  seems  to  be  fundamental  to  any  proper  estimate  of  the  necessary  at- 
titude of  the  Christian  Church  toward  the  Prohibition  of  the  traffic  in  intoxicat- 
ing liquors.  Jesus  Christ  gave  to  his  disciples  a  simple  but  acid  test  by  which 
they  could  judge  the  nature  of  a  tree.  "Ye  shall  know  them  by  their  fruits. 
Do  men  gather  grapes  of  thorns,  or  figs  of  thistles?  Even  so  every  good  tree 
bringeth  forth  good  fruit,  but  a  corrupt  tree  bringeth  forth  evil  fruit.  A  good 
tree  can  not  bring  forth  evil  fruit,  nor  can  a  corrupt  tree  bring  forth  good 
fruit.  Every  tree  that  bringeth  not  forth  good  fruit  is  hewn  down  and  cast 
into  the  fire.  Wherefore  by  their  fruits  ye  shall  know  them."  Judged  by  this 
simple  test,  is  the  traffic  in  intoxicating  liquors  a  good  tree,  or  is  it  a  corrupt 
tree?  Does  it  bring  forth  good  fruit,  or  does  it  bring  forth  evil  fruit?  The  key 
word  in  this  inquiry  is  the  word  "Intoxicating."  Intoxication  is  that  state  in 
which  a  man  has  lost  control  of  his  physical,  of  his  intellectual,  and  of  his 
moral  powers;  in  short,  has  lost  control  of  himself.  Sad  experience  has  demon- 
strated that  the  traffic  in  intoxicants  has  caused,  and  is  always  likely  to  cause, 
millions  of  men  and  women  to  lose  control  of  themselves,  and  therefore  to  be- 
come less  fit  to  become  members  of  society,  less  fit  for  every  form  of  eco- 
nomic, intellectual,  social  and  moral  life.  A  balance  sheet  showing  the  in- 
evitable, the  awful  effects  of  the  traffic  in  intoxicants,  struck  in  any  town,  or 
city,  or  state,  or  nation,  at  any  time,  will  show  that  the  balance  is  always  on  the 
wrong  side  of  the  ledger.  Not  one  single  item  of  profit  can,  after  fair  analysis, 
be  placed  on  the  credit  side,  while  on  the  debit  side  are  increased  taxes,  paupers, 
lunatics,  idiots,  widows  and  orphans,  harlots  and  criminals,  murderers  and 
damned  souls,  and  the  final  auditor  of  this  balance  sheet  is  not  maudlin  senti- 
ment, fanatical  puritanism,  or  hysterical  women,  but  the  employers  of  labor 
of  all  kinds,  the  managers  of  great  railroads,  manufacturing  plants  and  coal 
mines,  and  in  the  United  States  the  highest  judiciary — the  Supreme  Court — 
which,  through  the  mouth  of  Justice  Stephen  J.  Field,  declared  forty  years  ago 
that  the  traffic  in  intoxicants  is  the  most  prolific  source  of  insanity,  misery, 
vice  and  crime,  and  no  man  of  any  prominence  in  business,  social,  or  govern- 
mental life  has  ever  yet  had  the  audacity  to  question  the  awful  accuracy  of 

112 


that  decision.  And  whatever  might  be  other  judgments,  judged  by  her  Mas- 
ter's standard,  the  Church  of  Christ  must  declare  the  traffic  in  intoxicants  to 
be  a  corrupt  tree,  because  it  bringeth  forth  evil  fruit,  and  therefore  it  should 
be  hewn  down  and  cast  into  the  fire. 

By  what  method,  or  methods,  should  the  church  of  Christ  endeavor  to 
hew  down  this  corrupt  tree  and  cast  it  into  the  fire?  The  writer  believes 
that  the  Church,  as  an  organization,  should  never  attempt  to  legislate  for 
the  nation.  There  should  be  no  such  identification  of  the  organization  of  the 
church  with  the  organization  of  the  state  as  to  limit  the  proper  spheres  of 
action  of  either  form  of  organization.  But  it  is  equally  true  that  the  mem- 
bers of  the  various  Christian  denominations  are  citizens  of  the  nation,  and 
they  are,  therefore,  responsible  for  social  and  moral  conditions  and  for  laws 
upon  the  statute  books  so  far  as  those  conditions  and  laws  can  be  affected 
by  their  voice  and  vote.  No  genuine  disciple  of  Christ  can  ignore,  much  less 
repudiate,  the  teaching  of  his  Master  in  the  performance  of  his  civic  and  social 
duties. 

The  governing  principle  of  the  world  is  Selfishness;  the  governing  prin- 
ciple of  the  Christian  is  Love.  The  teaching  of  Jesus  has  been  as  the  leaven 
hid  in  the  bosom  of  human  society,  which  has  developed  slowly,  but  surely,  a 
great  social  conscience,  which  today  more  and  more  brushes  aside,  without 
hesitation,  any  claim  of  any  individual  in  any  station  in  life  to  perform  any 
action,  or  to  enjoy  any  privilege,  which  act  or  privilege  is  a  menace  to  the 
comfort,  safety,  or  life,  of  other  members  of  the  community  to  which  he 
belongs.  If  a  man  can  find  a  spot  on  a  mountain  peak,  or  in  a  desert,  or  on 
an  island  in  the  ocean,  where  his  conduct  can  not  affect  the  life  of  any  other 
human  being,  then  it  might  be  possible  to  claim  the  right  of  an  individual  to 
regulate  his  own  private  life,  but  the  teaching  of  Jesus  declares  that  a  man's 
private  life  ceases  the  moment  any  act  of  his  life  affects  the  lives  of  others, 
or  of  the  social  order  of  which,  whether  he  likes  it  or  not,  he  is  an  integral 
part.  And  that  teaching  is  absolutely  specific  and  clear-cut  in  its  declaration 
of  the  duty  of  personal  self-sacrifice  for  the  sake  of  the  society  in  which  the 
Christian  lives.  Habits  as  dear  as  the  right  hand  or  the  right  eye  are  to  be 
abandoned  rather  than  to  destroy  a  weak  one  for  whom  Christ  died.  And 
following  out  this  teaching  of  Jesus,  of  the  duty  of  all  men  to  consider  the 
happiness  and  welfare  of  others,  year  by  year  we  see  fresh  curtailment  of  the 
rights  of  the  individual  and  a  more  careful  definition  of  the  rights  of  the 
society  of  which  the  individual  is  a  part. 

For  the  protection  of  other  people  on  the  public  highway,  the  law  regu- 
lates the  speed  at  which  a  man  can  drive  his  own  automobile;  in  order  to 
protect  adjacent  property  from  fire  or  collapse,  the  law  determines  the  kind 
of  material  and  the  plans  to  be  used  in  the  construction  of  a  house  by  an 
individual  on  his  own  land  and  with  his  own  money;  in  order  to  protect  the 
lives  of  others,  the  law  puts  a  man  in  quarantine  and  under  medical  inspec- 
tion who  has  been  exposed  to  cholera  or  smallpox,  no  matter  how  prominent 
he  may  be,  and  no  matter  what  important  interest  may  be  jeopardized  by 
his  detention. 

The  great  World  War  furnished  an  example  of  self-sacrifice  for  the  ac- 

113 


complishment  of  an  ideal  result;  of  the  subordination  of  the  individual  for  the 
good  of  society.  I  was  in  London  in  March,  1918,  when  the  great  drive  of 
the  German  army  began.  I  saw  the  British  people  with  their  backs  against 
the  wall  counting  no  form  of  self-denial  too  great,  giving  without  stint  of 
their  dearest  possessions — their  money,  their  comfort,  their  children,  them- 
selves— that  freedom  and  justice  and  righteousness  might  be  maintained 
among  the  peoples  of  the  earth.  In  the  United  States,  Congress  declared 
war  and  passed  the  Selective  Draft  Act  which  called  four  million  American 
boys  from  home  comforts  and  home  associations,  and  sent  them  to  camps  to 
drill  and  into  the  trenches  to  fight,  with  the  possibility  of  loss  of  life  itself, 
not  for  the  sordid,  cowardly  reason  given  by  Ambassador  Harvey — "Solely  to 
save  the  United  States  of  America  and  most  reluctantly  and  laggardly,"  and 
because  "we  were  afraid  not  to  fight" — but  because  the  American  people  be- 
lieved in  justice  and  righteousness  and  because  they  wanted  to  destroy  the 
possibility  of  future  wars  and  to  help  make  a  peaceful  and  a  better  world. 
The  selfish  principle  of  the  right  of  one  individual  to  regulate  his  own  private 
life  was  swept  aside  by  the  demand  of  a  Christian-inspired  social  order  that 
all  private  rights  must  be  surrendered  for  the  public  welfare. 

Just  so  it  has  been  in  the  warfare  of  the  people  of  the  United  States 
against  the  liquor  traffic,  that  age-long  enemy  of  justice,  freedom,  righteous- 
ness and  peace.  A  great  majority  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  believe 
that  it  has  been  practically  and  scientifically  demonstrated  that  the  liquor 
traffic  is  the  enemy  of  the  economic,  social  and  moral  life  of  the  nation,  that 
it  ministers  fundamentally  only  to  appetite  and  covetousness,  and  that  great 
majority  has  declared  by  the  adoption  of  the  National  Prohibition  Constitu- 
tional Amendment  that,  for  the  sake  of  removing  this  menace  to  the  life  and 
happiness  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  as  a  whole,  it  will  agree  to  sur- 
render whatever  personal  right  there  may  be  to  use  intoxicating  liquors  for 
beverage  purposes.  It  is  not  possible  to  emphasize  too  strongly  that  the 
Prohibition  movement  in  the  United  States  has  been  Christian  in  its  inspira- 
tion, and  dependent  for  its  persistent  vitality  and  victorious  leadership  upon 
the  active,  and  finally  upon  the  practically  undivided  support  of  the  Protes- 
tant churches.  The  praying  bands  of  women  in  the  United  States  in  the 
seventies  were  Christian  bands.  The  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 
is  a  Christian  union.  The  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America  was  founded  and 
has  been  led  by  Christian  men.  It  was  the  Christian  pulpit  which,  not  only 
stated  to  congregations  the  awful  inescapable  facts  concerning  the  traffic  in 
intoxicants,  but  which  emphasized  more  and  more  strongly  the  responsibility 
of  Christian  men  and  women  for  the  continued  existence  of  those  facts  until 
they  had  done  their  utmost  to  destroy  the  legalized  traffic.  And  it  was  the 
Christian  citizenship  of  the  nation  which  finally  rose  up  and  demanded  that 
their  representatives  in  state  and  national  legislative  bodies  prohibit  the  man- 
ufacture and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  for  beverage  purposes  throughout 
the  United  Stages.  Prohibition  is  the  ax  laid  at  the  root  of  the  corrupt  tree 
by  which  to  hew  it  down  that  it  may  be  cast  into  the  fire.  There  must  always 
be  an  irrepressible  conflict  between  the  liquor  traffic  and  Christian  love,  and 
the  true  enlightened  church  of  Jesus  Christ  can  have  no  concord  with  Belial, 

114 


How  distressing  it  is  to  hear  men  who  call  themselves  Christians  defend- 
ing the  liquor  traffic,  opposing  the  prohibition  of  it,  and  refusing  to  sacrifice 
for  the  good  of  the  weak  and  sorely  tempted  a  mere  sensual  indulgence! 
They  are  like  poor  Esau,  selling  for  a  mess  of  pottage  their  glorious  birth- 
right as  sons  of  God  to  be  centers  and  distributors  of  saving  power  and 
makers  of  physical  and  spiritual  health. 

But  say  some  of  those  who  are  called  Christians:  "The  Prohibition  Law 
is  violated,  is  the  cause  of  lawlessness,  and  therefore  is  a  Dad  law."  How 
utterly  illogical,  even  absurd,  such  statements  are!  All  laws,  divine  as  well 
as  human,  are  the  expressions  of  the  will  of  the  governing  power.  More- 
over, all  laws  are  restrictions  upon  human  activities.  The  Ten  Commandments 
are  simply  expressions  of  the  will  of  God  concerning  the  relation  of  men  to 
God  and  to  fellow-men.  Are  these  laws — The  Ten  Commandments — good 
laws?  Thou  shalt  not  kill,  steal,  commit  adultery,  bear  false  witness,  covet, 
are  these  laws  good  laws?  Who  dares  to  denounce  them?  Who  calls  for 
their  repeal?  Are  they  violated?  Why  multitudes  violate  them  secretly  and 
openly  every  day.  One  might  almost  say  men  flaunt  themselves  in  the  face 
of  God.  St.  Paul  declares  in  the  Romans,  "I  had  not  known  sin,  but  by  the 
law.  For  without  the  law  sin  was  dead  but  when  the  law  came,  sin  revived, 
and  I  died.  Is  the  law  sin  because  men  violate  it?  God  forbid.  Where- 
fore the  law  is  holy,  and  the  commandment  is  holy,  just  and  good."  The 
Ten  Commandments,  though  so  flagrantly  violated  in  the  very  face  of  God, 
are  recognized  today  as  the  basis  of  all  law,  the  statement  of  the  principles 
by  which  all  the  relationships  of  men  in  society  are  to  be  determined. 

But  Jesus  says  that  all  the  law — The  Ten  Commandments — are  summed 
up  in  love  to  God  and  love  to  my  neighbor,  so  that  whether  intentionally,  or 
even  consciously,  or  not,  all  law — local,  state,  interstate,  or  international — is 
being  conformed  to  the  standards  of  Jesus,  and  the  final  test  of  every  law  is, 
"Is  it  in  conformity  with  the  Law  of  Love?"  If  it  is  not,  while  it  may  sur- 
vive for  a  few  years,  it  is  inevitably  doomed  to  repeal. 

Is  a  law  prohibiting  the  traffic  in  intoxicating  liquors  a  good  law?  How 
shall  that  be  determined?  Shall  it  be  condemned  as  bad  because  it  is  vio- 
lated? Then  all  of  God's  laws  are  bad  laws  and  are  to  be  condemned,  for  all 
are  violated.  And  all  laws  which  conflict  with  the  appetites  and  desires  of 
men  will  be  violated  until  men  agree  to  control  their  appetites  and  desires 
for  the  good  of  others,  that  is  until  Selfishness  gives  place  to  Love. 

It  is  clearly,  therefore,  the  duty  and  the  high  privilege  of  the  Christian 
church  to  set  forth  the  facts — the  awful,  horrible,  selfish  facts — in  reference 
to  the  liquor  traffic,  and  to  throw  all  the  weight  of  its  teaching  and  influence 
to  protect  society  from  those  who  put  the  gratification  of  appetite  and  covet- 
ousness  above  the  common  good. 

How  is  the  Christian  Church  related  to  World  Prohibition?  What 
should  be  its  attitude?  Why,  surely,  it  should  be  the  attitude  of  her  Master 
and  Founder.  Jesus  Christ  was  the  first  great  internationalist.  He  came  to 
live  in  a  small  country  among  a  people,  one  of  whose  chief  characteristics 
was  racial  pride  and  exclusiveness.  He  never  went  himself  into  the  great 
cities  of  the  world,  but  he  enunciated  one  of  his  most  striking  parables  to  teach 

115 


that  the  Jew  and  the  Samaritan  were  neighbors,  and  that  no  social  or  racial 
barriers  were  high  enough  to  prevent  the  operation  of  the  Law  of  Christian 
Love,  and  he  left  as  final  message  that  his  followers  were  to  go  into  all  the 
world  and  make  disciples  of  all  nations,  to  teach  all  men  that  the  ruling 
principle  of  life  must  be  Love.  And  the  Church  in  every  land,  if  it  be  true 
to  her  Master's  teaching,  can  have  no  fellowship  with  the  liquor  traffic.  The 
antagonism  is  an  inherent  antagonism,  which  can  not  be  ignored.  The 
leopard  can  not  change  his  spots.  No  more  can  the  liquor  traffic  change  its 
nature.  Always  and  everywhere  it  is  a  corrupt  tree,  bringing  forth  evil  fruit. 
The  Church  has  no  more  powerful  enemy  in  every  land  than  this  traffic. 
Whatever  may  be  the  attitude  of  home  churches,  the  missionary  workers  in 
all  lands  are  a  unit  in  their  realization  of  the  opposition  of  this  traffic  to  the 
fundamental  purpose  of  all  Christian  missionary  effort,  and  in  their  support 
of  measures  to  control  and  to  finally  prohibit  its  destructive  work. 

There  are  still  today  in  many  lands  sections  of  the  Christian  Church 
which  not  only  do  not  come  up  to  the  help  of  the  Lord  against  the  mighty, 
but  which  give  a  certain  amount  of  aid  and  comfort  to  the  enemy.  It  is  abso- 
lutely necessary  that  the  educative  process  be  carried  on  among  such  churches 
until  no  really  honest,  candid  follower  of  Jesus  can  doubt  or  fail  to  assert 
that  the  liquor  traffic  must  be  classed  as  among  those  works  of  the  devil 
which  his  Master  came  to  destroy,  that  it  is  a  corrupt  tree  which  should  be 
hewn  down  and  cast  into  the  fire. 

Wherever  the  Christian  Church  openly,  unitedly,  earnestly,  persistently, 
demands  and  works  for  the  abolition  of  the  traffic  in  intoxicants,  victory  will 
inevitably  follow.  It  may  not  come  today,  nor  tomorrow,  but  it  will  come, 
and  in  that  day  his  Church  shall  shine  forth  clear  as  the  sun,  fair  as  the  moon, 
and  terrible  as  an  army  with  banners. 


THE  QUEBEC  SYSTEM  OF  DEALING  WITH  THE 
LIQUOR  TRAFFIC 

By  S.  J.  CARTER,  ESQ. 
President  of  the  Quebec  Branch  of  the  Dominion  Alliance 

Last  evening,  Doctor  Saleeby,  referring  to  Quebec,  characterized  that 
place  as  being  a  garden  spot  on  the  North  American  continent,  and  so  it  is. 
Many  of  you  may  not  know  exactly  the  conditions  existing  in  the  Province 
of  Quebec.  I  should  say  that  75  per  cent  of  the  population  of  the  Province  of 
Quebec  are  French  and  Roman  Catholic.  The  other  25  per  cent  is  made  up  of 
English  Protestants  and  foreign  elements.  The  Roman  Catholic  Church  until 
four  years  ago  took  a  very  prominent  position,  promoting  the  temperance  cause 
and  movement  with  marked  success.  The  bishops  and  the  priests  throughout 
that  Province  were  temperance  men,  and  I  am  sure  that  even  today  they  have 
not  changed  their  attitude  on  the  temperance  question. 

The  proof  of  this  statement  may  be  found  in  the  fact  that  out  of  1,300 
municipalities  in  that  Province  1,100  of  them  were  under  local  option.  Nat- 
urally the  question  comes,  how  is  it  with  1,100  municipalities  under  local 
option,  that  province  at  the  present  time  is  under  the  liquor  regime?  That 

116 


is  a  very  difficult  question  to  answer,  but  I  will  attempt  to  show  some  reason 
for  this.  Up  to  four  years  ago  we  were  making  rapid  progress  in  the  tem- 
perance cause.  Ontario  and  other  provinces  in  this  Dominion  had  taken  very 
aggressive  steps  and  were  making  progress.  They  had  on  their  statute  books, 
provincial  Prohibition  laws,  and  they  were  working  mostly  to  that  end.  But 
in  the  Province  of  Quebec  we  shot  ahead  and  we  were,  I  believe,  the  first 
province  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada  to  record  a  prohibitive  legislative  meas- 
ure on  Prohibition.  Then  the  government  gave  a  sympathetic  ear  to  the 
brewing  interests  and  to  the  liberty  leagues  which  suggested  that  a  plebiscite 
might  be  taken  on  the  question  of  beer  and  wine.  The  Government  gave 
consent  to  introduce  the  question  before  the  popular  vote  of  the  province  and 
the  vote  was  carried  in  favor  of  beer  and  wine.  Legislation  then  was  passed 
so  as  to  carry  out  that  policy  but  before  twelve  months  had  passed  the  Gov- 
ernment found  itself  in  a  most  hopeless  condition.  The  importers  of  spirits, 
who  were  supposed  to  import  spirits  only  to  supply  the  needs  of  the  health  of 
the  province,  as  certified  by  medical  certificates  from  our  doctors,  were  so 
overwhelmed  with  the  volume  of  business  that  we  were  forced  to  believe 
that  the  health  of  the  province  was  very  bad.  The  brewers  by  this  act 
were  instructed  to  brew  beer  of  a  certain  strength,  but  for  economic  rea- 
sons they  decided  among  themselves,  without  consulting  with  the  tem- 
perance people  or  with  the  Government,  to  increase  the  strength  of  beer  to 
about  double  what  the  Government  said  they  should  brew.  These  conditions 
brought  about  such  serious  results  that  the  Government  found  itself  abso- 
lutely helpless.  They  were  submerged.  They  were  overpowered;  and  the 
only  way  to  overcome  the  difficulty  was  to  put  the  Province  under  military 
law  or  to  amend  the  act,  and  so  they  amended  the  act  by  bringing  the  liquor 
business  under  strictly  speaking  Government  control.  Therefore  in  the  Prov- 
ince of  Quebec  we  are  today  under  Government  control.  They  passed  a 
Liquor  Act  and  they  formed  a  liquor  commission.  The  liquor  commission 
has  full  power  and  control  over  the  liquor  business  in  that  province.  Even 
the  government  can  not  interfere,  and  the  people  have  no  voice,  and  can  not 
go  to  them  for  any  information.  The  only  way  that  you  can  get  information 
as  to  how  the  liquor  business  is  conducted  in  the  Province  of  Quebec  is 
through  a  member  of  the  Legislature  when  the  Legislature  is  in  session,  and 
this  member  must  give  notice  in  the  Legislature  to  secure  this  information; 
the  government  at  their  pleasure  may  accede  to  the  request  or  they  may  not. 
In  territories  where  local  option  is  not  in  force  this  liquor  commission 
has  established  liquor  stores  in  which  you  are  permitted  to  buy  one  bottle  at 
a  time  and  no  more,  but  there  is  no  provision  in  the  law  to  say  how  many 
times  you  can  buy  the  one  bottle.  Many  customers  buy  one  bottle,  perhaps 
a  hundred  times  in  one  day.  If  a  man's  time  is  too  short,  he  employs  boys 
and  men  that  are  out  of  work  to  go  into  these  liquor  stores  and  buy  a  bottle 
to  increase  the  quantity  he  has  already  purchased,  and  when  he  has  sufficient, 
he  starts  out  perhaps  in  the  direction  of  Ontario,  or  heads  for  the  United 
States  of  America,  to  find  a  customer  for  this  one  bottle  of  spirits.  So  far 
as  beer  is  concerned,  the  breweries  are  licensed  or  granted  a  permit  by  this 
commission.  Now  in  territories  where  local  option  is  not  enforced  the  com- 

117 


mission  receives  applications  from  dealers,  from  cabarets  and  from  shops  for 
the  privilege  of  selling  beer.  These  dealers  pay  a  fee  for  the  permit,  and 
the  brewers  are  notified  to  supply  only  the  dealers  who  have  permits.  That 
is  where  our  difficulty  comes  in.  We  have  our  local  option  territories,  and 
municipalities,  but  the  temptation  comes  to  revoke  or  to  repeal  their  local 
option  measure,  so  as  to  extend  the  operations  of  the  breweries  and  increase 
the  revenues  of  the  Province.  This  situation  is  what  we  are  facing  at  the 
moment.  The  liquor  forces  are  attacking  our  local  option  municipalities  and 
in  many  cases  winning  them. 

Now  we  have  in  the  Province  a  large  section  of  territory  under  the 
Canada  Temperance  Act.  This  is  a  federal  act  and  any  section  or  any  county 
in  the  Province  of  Quebec  that  finds  it  to  their  advantage  to  take  a  vote  under 
the  Canada  Temperance  Act  may  do  so.  We  have  been  working  for  the  last 
forty  years  on  the  weak  spots  in  our  Province;  that  is,  where  we  find  a 
municipality  where  we  think  we  can  win  a  victory,  we  go  in,  and  if  we  win  in 
that  municipality,  we  attack  the  next,  and  finally  try  to  make  the  whole 
county  dry. 

We  have  in  the  Province  of  Quebec  a  whole  block  of  counties  containing 
over  3,000  square  miles  of  territory  bordering  on  the  United  States  which  are 
under  the  Canada  Temperance  Act,  which  means  Prohibition.  The  policy  of 
the  Government  in  Quebec,  I  am  very  sorry  to  say,  is  not  in  sympathy  with 
the  Canada  Temperance  Act.  We  are  not  getting  any  help  from  them  to  en- 
force the  provisions  of  this  act.  They  tell  us  that  it  is  a  Dominion  measure  and 
let  the  Dominion  authorities  at  Ottawa  enforce  their  law.  Where  the  liquor 
commission  is  acting,  in  places  where  permits  have  been  granted,  they  are  pre- 
pared to  enforce  the  law  to  protect  the  privileges  that  have  been  granted.  The 
result  is:  That  if  under  the  provision  of  the  Canada  Temperance  Act  a  violator 
of  the  law  is  brought  before  the  courts,  he  gets  a  penalty  of  a  $50  fine,  but  if 
anyone  breaks  the  law  in  an  adjoining  municipality  that  is  not  under  local 
option,  that  has  the  beer  and  wine  privilege,  he  gets  $1,000  fine  and  possibly 
three  months  in  jail.  Now  what  is  the  effect  of  this  kind  of  thing?  They  are 
saying,  to  the  temperance  people,  "Repeal  the  law,  the  Canada  Temperance 
Act,  and  bring  the  matter  under  our  jurisdiction,  and  we  will  make  it  severe  for 
violators  of  that  law."  We  are  not  prepared  to  give  up  anything  that  we  hold. 
We  now  have  these  counties  under  the  Canada  Temperance  Act,  and  we  are 
going  to  try  with  all  our  might  and  main  to  hold  them  in  the  dry  column. 

We  defy  the  liquor  traffic  to  do  their  worst.  We  are  not  going  to  kow- 
tow  to  them  and  we  are  not  going  to  have  their  influence  decide  the  destiny  of 
these  counties.  This  propaganda  is  having  a  very  bad  effect  upon  many  of 
our  people.  They  say,  "After  one  year  of  administration  we  have  cleaned  up 
in  net  profits  over  $4,000,000  under  liquor  control,"  and  when  we  go  to  them 
for  a  grant  for  educational  purposes  they  tell  us  that  possibly  they  will  have 
some  surplus  funds  from  the  profits  in  liquors  and  will  likely  vote  a  sum  of 
money  towards  helping  in  this  matter.  When  the  farmers  ask  for  grants  for 
good  roads,  they  tell  them  there  may  be  a  surplus  left  over  from  the  profits 
derived  from  the  sale  of  liquors  and  they  may  get  some  of  that  money.  You 
see  what  the  moral  effect  is.  These  farmers  say,  "If  we  want  good  roads 

118 


and  if  we  want  our  schools  improved,  and  if  we  want  to  extend  education,  all 
we  have  to  do  is  to  go  into  the  wet  column  and  we  will  get  financial  help 
and  assistance,"  and  many  of  our  neutrals,  many  that  stand  on  the  fence,  say 
that  is  the  best  thing  for  us  to  do.  We  must  keep  up  the  fight.  We  have  to 
convince  our  people  that  there  is  a  higher  principle  than  money  involved,  and 
we  must  educate  them  up  to  the  high  ideals  of  a  Christian  citizenship. 


ADDRESS 

By  HONORABLE  ALFRED  HERBERT  HORSFALL,  M.  B.,  CH.  B.,  London,  England 
Lecturer  for  Royal  Colonial  Institute  and  Social  Political  Education  League 

I  am  reminded  that  this  is  a  conference  for  the  study  of  measures  to 
be  taken  against  alcoholism.  What  is  alcoholism,  is  then  a  necessary  prelimi- 
nary to  any  discussion.  When  I  was  a  medical  student  alcoholism  was  rec- 
ognized as  a  very  definite  physical  disorder.  We  realized  that  it  was  due  to 
over-indulgence  in  alcohol  and  manifested  itself  in  those  various  gross  lesions 
which  are  familiar  to  all  medical  men.  But  that  definition  has  had  to  be 
considerably  modified  within  the  last  few  years  and  the  definition  may  now 
be  expressed  briefly  as  a  disease  resulting  from  the  absorption  of  alcohol  into 
the  human  body,  in  however  small  a  quantity  it  may  be  taken.  Let  us  examine 
that  definition  for  one  moment. 

I  will  refer  you  in  the  first  instance  to  a  remarkable  publication  which 
was  published  by  authority  of  the  British  Government  in  the  year  1917,  which 
stated  the  scientific  aspect  of  this  great  question  at  that  time.  It  has  been 
known  for  thousands  of  years  that  alcohol  produced  certain  disorders,  yet  up 
to  50  years  ago,  and  even  more  recently  than  that,  alcohol  was  considered  a 
good  beverage,  and  is  still  so  considered  by  some  citizens  in  the  United  States 
of  America,  for  example.  The  other  day  a  New  York  lawyer,  stated  that 
wine  and  beer  are  not,  except  in  large  quantities,  intoxicating  and  have  been 
the  daily  food  of  many  of  the  inhabitants.  I  would  refer  him  to  this  publica- 
tion. 

Alcohol  successively  weakens  and  suspends  the  hierarchy  of  the  func- 
tions of  the  brain  and  therefore  of  the  mind  in  the  inverse  order  of  their 
development.  The  higher  intellectual  faculties  are  the  latest  acquired  and 
the  first  to  be  affected  by  alcohol.  The  symptoms  may  be  summarized 
brhefly  thus,  uncritical,  self-satisfaction  of  the  subject  with  his  own  per- 
formances; second,  disregard  of  occurrences  and  conditions  normally  evoking 
caution  of  acts  and  words;  third,  trespass  of  the  rules  and  conventions 
previously  respected;  fourth,  impaired  appreciation  of  the  passage  of  time; 
fifth,  loquacity  and  an  argumentative  frame  of  mind.  These  start  with  the 
first  dose  you  take,  on  the  'authority  of  this  book.  I  would  advise  all  those 
gentlemen  who  pretend  to  lead  the  public  to  study  their  literature  and  the 
scientific  facts  underlying.  The  action  of  alcohol  then,  briefly,  on  the  human 
system,  is  confined  to  the  higher  and  most  recently  evolved  cells  of  our 
brain.  It  attacks  and  blunts  those  higher  things  of  man  which  have  to  do 
with  self-control,  patriotism,  duty,  love  in  its  highest  manifestations,  and  all 
those  qualities  which  distinguish  the  civilized  man  from  the  savage. 

119 


Passion  development  and  the  power  of  speech  to  express  our  thoughts 
in  words  is  the  very  ancient  development  of  the  human  species.  As  man 
has  developed  all  along  the  line  (and  I  speak  of  man  in  the  generic  sense, 
of  course),  man  has  developed  his  passion  nature  to  a  higher  degree  than  any 
of  the  lower  animals,  but  along  with  it  he  has  developed  these  higher  critical 
faculties  which  no  animal  possesses.  Anything  which  blunts  and  interferes 
with  the  higher  critical  faculty  of  man  must  necessarily  give  full  play  to 
these  lower  basal  passionate  centers  of  ours.  Hence  it  follows,  naturally, 
and  sequentially,  as  every  judge,  every  leader,  who  is  honest,  will  admit,  that 
alcohol  is  at  the  root  of  many  of  the  crimes  in  the  calendar.  If  the  evil 
results  of  alcohol  ended  at  this  point,  there  might  not  be  the  great  necessity 
for  this  strong  legislative  and  educational  activity,  but  we  find  that  the  so- 
called  moderate  use  of  alcohol  has  a  permanent  damaging  effect  on  that 
delicate  tissue  which  has  to  do  with  the  continuance  of  the  race,  and  in  that 
sense  the  moderate  drinker  is  of  greater  danger  to  society  than  the  drunkard. 
Dr.  Kurtz,  who  has  investigated  this,  Professor  Lightnow,  of  Bulgaria, 
an  eminent  man  from  Switzerland,  and  many  workers  in  every  country,  have 
proved  conclusively  that  the  moderate  drinker,  that  is,  the  man  who  is  drink- 
ing perhaps  moderately,  a  few  glasses  of  beer  a  day,  is  of  more  danger  to 
the  community  than  the  immoderate  drinker  and  the  drunkard,  for  this  simple 
reason,  that  the  drunkard  has  no  children.  Of  course  you  will  find  exceptions. 
Some  people  can  absorb  much  more  alcohol  than  other  people  can  with 
apparently  no  damage,  but  when  you  take  thousand  by  thousand  and  million 
by  million  you  get  a  great  broad  general  rule  and  the  rule  is  as  I  have  stated. 
I  emphasize  this  point,  that  it  is  the  moderate  drinker  who  damages  the 
stream  of  life  which  passes  from  the  past  through  us  and  so  on  into  the 
future,  and  in  a  very  true  sense  we  are  responsible  in  our  day  and  generation 
that  that  stream  of  life  shall  not  be  fouled  more  than  it  need  be  as  it  passes 
through  us. 

This  then  briefly  stated  is  the  scientific  basis  of  this  disease. 
Now,  what  is   the  cure?      The  cure   can  be  readily  put  down  into  two 
categories.      Curative   medicine   has   given   place,   to   a   very  large   extent,   to 
preventive  medicine. 

Let  us  adopt  this  parallel  in  our  treatment  of  the  social  disease  called 
alcoholism.  We  have  called  in  the  diagnostician  who  has  pointed  out  the 
disease  and  its  nature.  It  is  due  to  the  taking  of  alcohol  into  the  human 
body  in  however  small  quantities.  But  we  are  confronted  here  with  two 
problems.  The  habits  and  the  customs  and  the  traditions  of  the  people  ex- 
tending back  some  thousands  of  years  must  be  considered.  Therefore  the 
curative  agent  in  this  case  must  be  educated  Democracy.  It  is  then  essential 
if  we  are  going  to  make  progress,  towards  our  ideal,  that  we  must  educate 
the  Democracy  as  to  the  true  nature  of  alcohol,  and  then,  with  an  educated 
Democracy  I  have  no  fear  of  the  legislative  action  following. 

Now,  how  is  this  to  be  accomplished?  During  the  war  it  was  my 
privilege  to  be  a  surgeon  in  various  fields  of  action.  I  was  a  surgeon  right 
up  in  the  front  line  trenches  and  I  was  a  surgeon  at  the  base.  The  treat- 
ment of  wounds  was  a  very  different  thing  in  the  front  line  trenches,  from 
what  it  was  in  the  base.  What  was  an  ideal  method  of  treatment  in  the  one 

120 


instance  would  have  proved  fatal  in  the  other.  You  must  take  into  con- 
sideration all  the  factors  in  the  treatment  of  this  disease.  What  may  be 
found  useful  in  the  United  States  of  America  may  not  be  useful  in  such  a 
place  as  France.  May  I  explain  how  we  in  England  are  attempting  to  deal 
with  this  disease? 

Last  year  the  expenditure  on  intoxicating  liquors  in  England  was  four 
hundred  million  pounds  in  the  year  or  thereabouts,  but  that  does  not  represent 
that  amount  of  absolute  alcohol  consumed.  Nearly  half  of  that  amount  went 
to  the  state  in  taxation.  At  no  time  in  the  history  of  Great  Britain  has  the 
liquor  traffic  been  taxed  so  heavily.  At  the  present  moment  a  glass  of  beer 
will  cost  the  individual  something  like  7  pence  halfpenny  as  against  two  pence 
before  the  war  and  that  beer  is  about  a  third  the  strength  in  absolute  alcohol 
that  it  was  before  the  war.  Those  restrictions  and  the  restrictions  in  hours 
are  the  cause  of  a  great  diminution  in  the  amount  of  alcohol  consumption 
and  therefore  an  increase  in  sobriety,  and  the  capacity  for  clear  and  reasoned 
thinking,  which  will  eventuate  most  assuredly  in  the  next  step  forward, 
which  is  local  option,  looking  to  Prohibition. 


RESPONSE  TO   ROLL   CALL 

FINLAND 

By  MB.  AKSELI  RUANHEIMO 
Representing  the  Prohibition  League  of  Finland 

We  are  representing  Finland  and  we  bring  you  greetings  from  our  coun- 
try. We  have  heard  here  many  eloquent  speeches  from  different  countries. 
We  are  not  eloquent.  One  of  our  poets  says  the  Finn  is  not  a  man  of  many 
words  but  a  man  of  action.  Finland  is  the  first  Prohibition  country  on  the 
European  Continent.  When  universal  suffrage  was  granted  in  Finland  one 
of  the  very  first  acts  of  our  new  parliament  was  to  pass  the  Prohibition  law. 
It  was  passed  in  1907.  It  was  passed  and  not  a  single  voice  was  heard  against 
it.  At  that  time  Finland  was  still  united  with  Russia  and  the  sanction  of  the 
Russian  Emperor  was  needed  before  the  law  could  be  enforced.  The  Emperor 
did  not  sanction  our  Prohibition  law. 

Again  in  1909  the  Finnish  Parliament  voted  for  a  new  Prohibition  law.  It 
was  not  sanctioned  before  1917.  The  Russian  Empire  had  to  collapse  first. 
Our  Prohibition  law  was  passed  on  the  1st  of  June,  1919,  12  years  after  the 
Finnish  Parliament  had  voted  for  Prohibition.  The  effects  of  our  Prohibition 
law  have  no  doubt  been  noted.  The  economic  condition  of  the  people  has 
improved.  Criminality  has  decreased  about  50  per  cent.  I  cannot  deny  that 
the  crimes  committed  in  Finland  against  the  Prohibition  law  are  many  and 
heavy.  We  have  moonshiners  also  in  Finland.  Many  stills  have  been 
established  in  our  immense  woods,  but  their  number  is  decreasing  and  we 
are  sure  that  after  a  few  years  this  industry  will  cease. 

More  serious  is  the  secret  importation  from  the  neighboring  countries. 
Our  coast  with  thousands  of  islands  offers  good  opportunity  to  bandits  and 
smugglers.  The  largest  quantities  are  brought  from  Esthonia  from  which 
the  journey  to  Finland  is  only  a  matter  of  a  few  hours.  In  Esthonia  immense 

121 


amounts  of  intoxicating  drinks  are  prepared  for  export  to  other  countries 
and  this  industry  is  one  of  the  most  considerable  sources  of  income  to  the 
Esthonian  State.  The  temperance  people  in  Finland  are  well  aware  that 
law  alone  is  not  sufficient  to  create  a  sober  nation.  Temperance  work  is 
being  done  there.  The  temperance  associations  and  many  others  are  work- 
ing the  best  they  can.  We  have  also  in  Finland  a  Prohibition  League,  which 
I  have  the  honor  to  represent.  It  is  a  union  of  various  organizations,  and 
its  membership  is  half  a  million.  The  population  of  Finland  is  only  three 
million  and  a  half,  therefore  every  seventh  person  in  Finland  is  a  member  of 
our  Prohibition  League.  All  the  representatives  of  the  biggest  political  parties 
in  our  parliament  are  members  of  our  league. 

All  this  shows  that  Finland  will  remain  a  Prohibition  country.  But  I 
must  confess  that  the  secret  importation  of  alcohol  not  only  from  Esthonia, 
but  also  from  Sweden,  Germany  and  Russia  is  a  very  vital  menace  to  Finland. 
Unless  we  find  means  to  stop  the  secret  importation,  the  morale  of  the  people 
is  in  danger  of  being  corrupted  and  we  will  be  kept  out  of  the  blessings 
which  we  hope  Prohibition  will  bring  about. 


MEXICO   - 
By  REVEREND  E.  B.  VARGAS 
Delegate  from  Mexico 

It  was  with  a  mixed  feeling  of  joy  and  sadness  that  I  greeted  the  advent 
of  the  Volstead  act  in  the  United  States.  It  was  a  joy  to  me  because  I  re- 
joiced in  the  victory  of  righteousness.  It  was  a  sadness  to  me,  because  I 
saw  in  the  future  a  very  gloomy  picture  for  my  own  country.  When  this 
great  victory  was  announced  throughout  the  world  I  imagined  the  United 
States  as  a  great  garden  for  the  young  people,  with  beautiful  flowers,  where 
saloons  would  not  be  known,  but  the  thought  came  to  me:  "What  about  the 
vultures?  What  about  the  saloon  men  that  will  be  ousted  from  their  busi- 
ness?" And  then  suddenly  I  awakened  to  the  fact  that  my  country  would 
be  the  victim  of  these  vultures;  and  so  it  came  to  pass. 

Immediately  the  border  towns  became  the  centers  for  these  saloon  men. 
There  is  an  agreement  between  the  saloon  men  of  both  countries,  and  between 
the  drunkards  of  both  countries.  The  saloon  men  of  the  United  States  have 
their  beautiful  homes  on  the  side  of  the  United  States  and  their  damnable 
business  on  the  other  side.  This  is  a  great  problem  indeed  that  we  have  to 
contend  with.  I  have  one  real  hope  and  that  is  in  the  mighty  forces  that 
are  working  throughout  the  country  in  favor  of  Prohibition.  I  say  mighty 
forces  not  because  we  have  moneyed  men  on  our  side,  not  because  we  have 
the  politicians  on  our  side,  but  because  we  have  God  on  our  side,  because 
we  can  enlist  the  mothers  and  the  children  of  our  country,  (something  that 
the  saloon  men  could  not  do),  and  because  we  can  enlist  the  Christian 
churches  in  this  great  cause. 

About  two  years  ago,  we  were  astonished  in  El  Paso.  A  great  move- 
ment was  started  in  the  State  of  Chihuahua  to  enact  dry  legislation  and  met 
with  such  success  that  the  saloon  men  found  that  the  law-making  body  had 
a  majority  in  favor  of  dry  legislation.  They  said  to  the  law-making  body, 

122 


"You  can't  legislate  unless  you  submit  this  to  the  people."  They  were  very 
solicitous  about  the  people.  The  heroic  Christian  forces  of  Mexico  accepted 
the  challenge.  We  asked  our  people  in  Mexico  City  to  come  to  our  rescue. 
We  asked  our  good  friends  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America  to  help  us. 
Bishop  Cannon  and  others  came  nobly.  Then  the  gentlemen  who  are  very 
solicitous  said  to  the  law-making  body,  "You  are  paid  to  make  the  law.  You 
needn't  bother  the  people  about  it."  Accordingly  the  legislature  of  Chihua- 
hua passed  a  law  in  favor  of  Prohibition,  and  we  had  won  a  great  victory. 
But  immediately  these  forces  combined  and  flooded  the  state  with  their  money 
and  their  influence;  and  managed  to  maneuver  in  such  a  way  that  that  law, 
the  most  righteous  law  that  has  ever  been  enacted  in  the  history  of  that  state, 
was  pronounced  unconstitutional.  We  were  cheated  out  of  our  victory,  but 
we  are  ready  again  to  fight  to  the  last  minute  to  obtain  this  great  victory. 
My  trust  is  not  so  much  in  the  strength  of  men  as  it  is  in  our  loyalty  to  Jesus 
Christ. 


SPAIN 
By  REV.  FRANKLIN  ALBRECIAS,  of  Alicante,  Spain 

In  Spain  the  movement  against  alcohol  is  hanging  in  the  balance  now. 
We  are  a  small,  a  very  small  group  of  people,  who  are  in  the  battle  against 
alcohol  in  Spain.  The  people  of  Spain  have  alwa3'S  been  a  very  sober  people. 
Now,  in  later  years,  under  the  influence  of  the  French  colonies  in  North 
Africa,  a  very  large  number  of  people  drink,  and  drink  a  great  deal.  It  is 
exceedingly  sad  that  a  nation  which  has  been  temperate  for  so  many-  years 
is  now  giving  itself  so  much  to  drink.  There  is  none  to  fight  it.  We  are  a 
few  people  distributed  among  a  nation  of  more  than  twenty  millions,  but  we 
are  now  beginning  the  work  against  the  traffic  in  alcohol. 

When  Dr.  Cherrington  spoke  about  what  Spain  had  done  about  the  ex- 
portation of  wine  to  Iceland,  I  was  very  much  ashamed  that  my  Government 
protected  this  vice.  It  makes  us  very  sad  to  know  the  way  in  which  the 
Spanish  Government  favors  and  protects  this  matter  of  drinking.  In  Spain 
the  law  is  not  equal  for  all.  There  is  one  law  for  the  poor  and  there  is 
another  law  entirely  distinct  and  apart  for  the  rich.  Those  who  have  plenty 
of  money  can  do  whatever  they  choose  against  the  law.  Those  who  export 
wine  are  people  who  have  a  great  deal  of  money  and  a  great  deal  of  in- 
fluence. 

I  desire  to  express  my  warmest  affection  and  to  extend  to  you  greetings 
from  those  few  temperance  workers  in  Spain. 


IRELAND 

By  MRS.  EMILY  MOFFAT  CLOW 
.  Representing  Ireland 

My  dear  comrades,  I  know  you  are  greatly  interested  in  our  distressful 
country.  You  are  hearing  about  us  every  day  in  the  newspapers  just  now. 
We  have  been  passing  through  terrible  times,  but  I  trust  and  pray  that  these 
terrible  times  are  past  and  that  we  are  gradually  and  slowly  and  painfully 
emerging  in  the  calmer  waters  and  that  with  good  sense  and  with  charity 

123 


and  with  the  Christian  spirit  on  both  sides  and  at  both  extremities  of  our 
Island  we  shall  soon  be  working  together  as  one. 

At  any  rate  the  temperance  forces  throughout  our  Island  are  one.  But 
unfortunately  they  cannot  work  together  at  the  present  time  because,  as  you 
know,  we  have  a  government  for  the  Irish  Free  State,  and  we  have  a  govern- 
ment for  Northern  Ireland.  I  am  able  to  speak  more  particularly  for  Ulster 
where  we  have  the  great  mass  of  the  Protestant  people  of  our  country  and 
where  all  religious  movements  and  all  movements  such  as  this  for  the  up- 
lift of  the  country  have  a  great  power.  In  the  Northern  part  of  our  country 
we  have  strong  temperance  societies.  The  latest  addition  is  the  Women's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  in  Ulster,  which,  although  only  three  years  old, 
numbers  six  thousand  women  members.  We  believe  that  our  women  are 
going  to  do  a  great  work.  Indeed,  already  they  have  made  their  power  felt, 
because  in  our  first  election  for  our  Northern  Parliament  in  May  of  1921  the 
women  did  a  great  work  and  we  were  able  to  return  to  our  first  parliament 
a  large  proportion  of  men  who  were  pledged  to  work  for  local  option  for 
Ulster  at  the  earliest  moment.  We  have  been  working  for  a  three  point 
program.  We  want  Sunday  closing;  we  want  the  abolition  of  the  spirit 
grocer  license,  which  has  been  a  curse  to  our  country,  and  also  to  Scotland, 
and  our  third  point  is  local  option.  When  I  left  home  at  the  end  of  October 
a  bill  was  just  in  process  of  being  drawn  up  to  be  presented  in  Parliament 
giving  us  two  of  our  three  points,  namely,  the  Sunday  closing  and  the  abolition 
of  the  grocer's  license,  which  would  take  away  five  hundred  licenses  at  one 
sweep.  I  am  glad  to  tell  you  that  our  Premier,  Sir  James  Craig,  although 
cradled  in  whisky  and  having  drawn  his  income  from  it  all  his  life,  has 
promised  that  that  bill  is  going  to  go  through,  even  though  the  opposition 
of  the  trade  is  being  led  by  the  managing  director  of  his  own  firm  of  Dundas. 
That  is  the  tragedy  of  it  in  Ireland,  dear  friends,  that  the  liquor  is  made  by 
the  Protestant  Unionist  section  and  it  is  sold  by  the  Catholic  section  and 
there  we  are  between  the  devil  and  the  deep  blue  sea.  We  are  not  going  to 
get  local  option  this  time,  but  it  is  only  going  to  nerve  us  to  go  on  working 
harder  than  ever  and  demanding  that  before  another  couple  of  years  are  over 
our  heads  we  shall  have  the  people's  voice  on  the  matter.  We  have  had  no 
legislation  on  temperance  in  Ireland  for  forty  years.  It  is  high  time  we  had 
some.  We  have  one  license  for  every  two  hundred  and  seventy  of  our 
population,  man,  woman  and  child,  and  in  our  Northern  area  containing  a 
million  and  a  half  people,  last  year  we  spent  nine  million  pounds  for  liquor, 
and  the  drink  bill  for  the  whole  of  Ireland  last  year  was  43,000,000  pounds. 
How  can  our  little  country  stand  that?  We  are  not  going  to  stand  it. 

So  far  as  the  South  is  concerned,  I  am  glad  to  tell  you  some  good  news 
also  about  the  Irish  Free  State.  The  Government  there  has  had  a  hard  row 
to  hoe.  While  it  may  be  some  time  before  legislation  on  the  drink  question 
is  introduced  in  the  Southern  Parliament  I  am  glad  to  tell  you  that  through- 
out the  South  and  West  there  has  been  a  great  wave  of  total  abstinence  pledge 
signing  during  the  last  two  or  three  years  and  throughout  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  in  the  South  and  West  they  have  gained  in  the  last  few  years  some- 
thing like  three  hundred  thousand  new  members  for  their  temperance  societies. 

124 


I  believe  that  that  movement  will  be  the  foundation  of  temperance  legislation 
for  the  South  as  well  as  for  the  North. 

You  cannot  understand  what  it  has  meant  to  me  to  have  attended  these 
conventions,  to  have  met  those  noble,  strong,  determined  women  of  your 
country  and  of  Canada  and  of  all  the  other  nations  of  all  the  world  and  to 
have  felt  that  one  was  lining  up  with  them  to  bring  their  own  country  along. 
I  am  going  back  to  work  and  to  fight  and  to  put  my  back  into  it  as  never 
before,  that  Ulster  at  least,  the  part  I  love  the  best,  may  soon  catch  up  with 
America  and  with  Canada  and  with  Finland  and  with  the  other  countries  that 
have  got  Prohibition. 


HUNGARY 

By  MB.  JOHN  G.  GOGOLYAK 
Representing  Hungary 

At  the  time  I  left  Hungary  the  Prohibition  movement  there  was  in  a  very 
sad  state.  I  am  sorry  to  state  that  among  the  lower  classes  of  people, 
especially  the  peasant  class,  the  mothers  were  in  the  habit  of  drinking  them- 
selves. 

In  Southern  Hungary  and  the  beautiful  plains  of  the  Danube  around  the 
South  of  Budapest  you  will  find  what  has  been  called  the  bread  basket  of 
Europe.  The  peasant  mothers  have  to  go  out  in  the  morning,  most  of  them, 
and  work  out  in  the  fields. 

There  is  hardly  a  peasant  mother  who  doesn't  have  a  little  baby  to  carry 
around  in  her  arms  and  in  order  to  make  her  child  go  to  sleep  she  will  have 
some  sort  of  food  which  she  gives  the  child  at  different  times  in  the  day  and 
in  order  to  make  him  sleep  and  keep  quiet,  she  administers  a  little  rum 
to  him. 

That  was  the  situation  in  Hungary  a  few  years  ago. 

Thanks  to  the  Blue  Cross  movement,  with  the  assistance  of  some  o-f  the 
finest  women  among  the  society  leaders  in  Hungary,  at  present,  there  is  a 
movement  going  on  that  will  finally  culminate,  I  hope,  in  the  organization  of  a 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union.  I  hope  that  this  will  soon  come 
about,  for  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  has  done  a  great  deal 
for  the  people  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  and  if  they  will  get  a  hold  on 
our  women  in  Hungary,  especially  the  middle  and  lower  classes,  we  will  find 
a  great  change  coming  in  the  next  generation,  I  believe. 


COLOMBIA 

By  MB.  EICCARDO  DUSSAN,  of  Colombia 

I  consider  it  a  great  privilege  and  honor  to  be  able  to  see  a  conference 
of  this  kind,  unique  in  the  history  of  humanity;  and  also  it  is  a  great  honor 
to  me  to  represent  here  the  Republic  of  Colombia.  I  want  to  convey  unto 
you  the  greetings  of  that  Republic  with  the  best  wishes  for  the  best  of  success 
for  this  conference. 

The  history  of  Prohibition  with  us  is  not  very  long.  It  has  been  only 
two  years  since  we  have  started  it,  and  considering  the  short  time  and  the 

125 


great  political  struggle  through  which  we  have  gone,  we  have  accomplished 
very  much  indeed.  We  have  had  two  years  of  a  great  political  struggle,  and 
a  very  remarkable  one,  because  we  have  not  fought.  Usually  in  our  part  of 
the  world  they  have  revolutions,  but  for  twenty-two  years  we  have  not  had 
any  revolution,  and  I  cannot  tell  you  how  strongly  we  want  peace  and  Pro- 
hibition. What  have  we  accomplished  in  Prohibition  during  these  two  years? 
We  are  fifty  per  cent  of  the  time  dry.  What  does  that  mean?  That  means 
that  we  were  able  to  pass  a  national  law  prohibiting  the  sale  of  any  kind  of 
liquor  from  six  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  till  six  o'clock  in  the  morning.  Now, 
besides  that,  on  Sundays  and  holidays  the  sale  of  any  intoxicating  drink  is 
forbidden,  except  on  holidays  they  allow  beer  of  a  very  low  per  cent.  That 
'  may  not  seem  very  much  to  you,  but  it  is  a  great  deal  because  we  have  had 
only  two  years  for  the  campaign  and  the  country  hasn't  been  able  to  give 
very  much  consideration  to  the  cause  of  Prohibition  because  of  the  great 
political  struggle. 

We  have,  I  might  say,  the  best  men  of  the  country  working  for  Prohibi- 
tion, trying  to  educate  the  people,  and  telling  them  about  the  evils  of  liquor. 
One  of  the  great  troubles  is  that  our  people  are  not  as  well  educated  as  yours, 
and  that  is  one  of  the  first  things  we  are  doing  now,  educating  the  people,  and 
in  this  we  are  backed  by  one  of  the  political  parties.  That  party  is  employ- 
ing all  its  efforts  to  give  a  liberal  education  to  our  people,  which  is  opposed 
by  the  other  political  party,  and,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  by  the  Church  too. 

Now,  you  see,  what  our  work  is.  There  are  only  a  few  of  us  working, 
but  we  are  working  hard.  We  are  looking  toward  this  country  in  the  North 
to  help  us.  We  need  help  very  much.  Colombia  is  the  closest  country  in 
Latin-America  to  you  people.  It  is  the  land  of  opportunity.  We  are  ready 
to  fight,  we  will  work  our  best,  and  with  your  help  I  don't  doubt  we  will  ac- 
complish very  much  in  a  short  time. 


SATURDAY   AFTERNOON    SESSION 

KEYNOTE  ADDRESS 

REV.  IRA  LANDRITH,  D.D. 

Let  me  say  briefly  that  Prohibition  has  come  to  the  North  American 
Continent  to  stay,  that  the  liquor  traffic  is  on  its  last  legs  in  America,  and 
that  means  Canada  as  well  as  the  United  States,  with  emphasis  on  Canada 
first,  for  we  know  the  people  in  Canada  are  against  it,  and  the  United  States 
v/ith  Canada  means  to  carry  Prohibition  to  the  rest  of  the  world.  We  are 
the  new  Holy  Land,  we  are  God's  chosen  people  today.  We  started  this 
thing,  and  with  the  help  of  God  we  are  going  to  finish  it. 

The  first  thing  for  us  to  do  in  Canada  and  in  the  United  States  is  to  see 
that  the  law  is  enforced  here.  Because  if  Canada  and  the  United  States 
enforce  Prohibition — I  am  told  we  will  then  be  able  to  invite  the  rest  of 
the  world  to  become  dry  and  they  will.  No  part  of  the  world  under  the 
handicap  of  the  liquor  traffic  can  compete  with  a  dry  North  America. 

I  believe  that  the  schools  and  colleges  of  this  country  can  do  a  great 
deal  in  this  movement  in  the  educating  and  training  of  leaders  for  all  coun- 

126 


tries.  More  effective  leaders  than  ever  are  required  in  North  American  coun- 
tries. We  need  strong  leaders  hi  this  war  in  the  United  States  and  in  Canada, 
against  alcoholism.  The  only  place  to  get  strong  leaders  is  in  the  colleges 
and  from  the  student  bodies  trained  in  the  colleges  for  law  enforcement,  and 
for  the  enforcement  of  all  the  laws,  in  these  two  countries.  By  the  enforce- 
ment of  laws,  I  mean  the  enforcement  of  laws.  Once  you  have  the  law  en- 
forced, the  rest  is  easy. 

It  has  come  to  be  a  very  simplified  business,  the  Prohibition  business.  Our 
enforcement  in  North  America,  of  the  Prohibition  law,  will  extend  the  Pro- 
hibition law  to  the  utmost  parts  of  the  earth.  That  is  all  you  have  to  do, 
enforce  it  in  your  own  country  and  then  take  it  abroad. 


ADDRESS 

By  DR.  AUGUST  LEY 
University  of  Brussels,  Belgium 

When  one  considers  the  indifference  and  sometimes  the  hostility  of 
many  enlightened  and  educated  persons  toward  the  anti-alcoholic  movement 
in  French-speaking  countries,  one  is  convinced  that  absence  of  knowledge  is 
the  principal  cause  of  this  indifference  and  one  sees  clearly  the  necessity  for 
study  of  the  problem. 

The  propaganda  among  the  students  in  order  to  create  in  the  universities 
study-groups  upon  the  alcoholic  question  seems  to  me  therefore  very  im- 
portant and  very  interesting. 

In  1920  in  campany  with  Mr.  Harry  Warner,  General  Secretary  of  the 
Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Association,  I  made  a  visit  to  our  four  universities 
in  Belgium.  We  met  a  large  number  of  professors  and  students. 

After  these  conferences,  study  groups  were  created  at  the  university  of 
Brussels,  among  the  students  in  medicine  and  among  the  students  in  law. 
The  first  group  studied  the  question  from  the  physiological  point  of  view. 
The  second  is  studying  now  two  problems:  the  laws  upon  alcohol  in  Belgium, 
and  the  means,  ways  and  results  of  American  Prohibition. 

A  difficulty  in  connection  with  this  study  is,  that  very  few  students 
are  able  to  read  English  papers  and  books,  and  that  the  French  literature 
about  alcohol  is  poor. 

The  study  groups  in  Brussels  received  as  an  encouragement  from  the 
Ministry  of  the  Interior,  a  supply  of  500  francs  (about  $30)  for  buying  books 
and  papers. 

In  the  University  of  Louvain  there  is  a  movement  among  the  Flemish 
students;  and  they  have  founded  an  anti-alcoholic  club  devoted  to  individual 
propaganda  rather  than  the  scientific  study  of  the  problem. 

In  the  two  other  universities,  Ghent  and  Liege,  I  did  not  hear  of  any 
movement  among  the  students. 

In  France,  I  heard  lately  from  Dr.  Legrain  that  there  is  no  tendency  in 
the  student  world  to  study  the  alcohol  problem. 

I  regret  that  I  must  state  that  the  student  movement  in  French- 
speaking  countries  is  very  poor.  I  think  this  is  because  the  general  anti- 

127 


alcoholic  movement  is  not  intensive  enough  in  these  countries.  The  public 
spirit  is  not  sufficiently  accustomed  to  consider  the  importance  of  the 
problem. 

The  anti-alcoholic  propaganda  among  the  public  is  not  sufficient  and  it  is 
too  much  addressed  to  people  who  are  already  convinced. 

Our  daily  newspapers  in  France  and  Belgium  only  publish  the  pro-alco- 
holic information,  and  most  of  them  refuse  absolutely  to  publish  anything  un- 
favorable to  the  liquor  traffic. 

I  can  give  you  a  typical  sample  of  the  attitude  of  the  newspapers  in  Bel- 
gium. The  Royal  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  highest  medical  authority  of 
Belgium,  has  unanimously  voted  a  wish  for  the  complete  Prohibition  of  dis- 
tilled liquors.  The  most  of  the  newspapers  did  not  mention  this  important  fact 
and  the  two  who  did  relate  it  did  so  very  imperfectly,  and  for  instance  "forgot" 
to  say  that  the  wish  was  voted  by  the  Academy  and  that  it  was  voted  unani- 
mously. 

The  student  yields  to  the  influence  of  his  surroundings  and  does  not  con- 
sider the  problem  as  important,  because  the  public  does  not  consider  it  so. 

I  think  that  it  is  necessary,  in  order  to  have  a  better  student  interest  in 
the  anti-alcoholic  question,  to  intensify  the  general  anti-alcoholic  propaganda 
and  to  reach  the  great  mass  of  the  public  by  posters,  public  lectures,  and 
special  anti-alcoholic  newspapers. 

The  student  will  only  feel  the  importance  and  the  interest  of  the  question 
when  the  influence  of  the  general  spirit  of  the  public  upon  him  is  more  in- 
tensive and  more  enlightened. 

May  I  remark  that  the  student  movement  has  only  taken  a  great  intensity 
in  the  countries  where  the  great  mass  of  the  public  is  interested  in  the  alcohol 
question?  This  student  movement  is  a  specialization,  and  came  late  in  the 
evolution  of  the  anti-alcoholic  movement. 

I  mean  this,  that  we  must  not  expect  too  much  from  the  students  in  our 
countries  so  long  as  the  general  public  is  not  more  interested. 

Let  me  conclude  by  saying  that  if  America  would  d,o  something  for  our 
countries,  she  must  give  to  our  propagandists  the  ways  and  means  of  extend- 
ing their  movement  among  the  public,  by  means  of  newspapers,  conferences, 
posters  and  literature. 

I  am  saying  it  deliberately,  Prohibition  came  to  the  United  States  from 
the  humble  people  of  the  United  States.  It  ought  to  go  to  the  rest  of  the 
world  from  the  educated  people  down,  and  it  is  a  proper  thing  for  this  con- 
vention to  demand  that  the  universities  and  colleges  of  the  world  shall  take 
the  lead  now. 


ADDRESS 

By  PBOFESSOE  J.  G.  HUME,  A.M.,  PH.D. 
Head  of  the  Department  of  Philosophy,  in  the  University  of  Toronto 

I  am  in  complete  sympathy  with  the  aims,  purposes  and  ideals  of  the 
World  League  Against  Alcoholism.  It  has  been  said  that  in  the  early  days 
of  the  science  of  medicine,  doctors  were  trying  to  deal  with  disease  by  get- 

128 


ting  rid  of  its  syniptoms  instead  of  removing  its  causes.  The  World  League 
Against  Alcoholism  is  trying  to  remove  one  of  the  causes  of  much  evil. 

I  am  also  very  much  pleased  indeed  to  note  the  size  of  the  Intercollegiate 
Association  for  Prohibition  and  its  important  place  in  the  World  League 
Against  Alcoholism.  I  joined  the  Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars  as 
soon  as  I  was  old  enough,  that  was  at  fourteen  years  of  age,  and  I  have  never 
regretted  that  step  and  the  temperance  pledge  to  which  I  subscribed.  With 
added  years  and  added  experience  I  am  more  and  more  firmly  convinced  of 
the  need  of  eternal  vigilance  in  waging  a  persistent  fight  against  the  evils 
of  narcotics,  including  alcoholism. 

I  am  also  persuaded  that  education — more  knowledge —  is  on  the  whole 
one  of  the  most  effective  ways  of  combatting  the  evil  of  alcoholism. 

The  students  can  do  a  very  great  deal.  By  a  process  of  artificial  selec- 
tion the  students  are  our  "picked  young  men"  and  "picked  young  women" — 
specially  adapted  and  specially  trained  for  leadership.  Students  are  trained 
to  guide  themselves  not  by  tradition  but  by  reason  and  good  sense.  If  some 
custom  or  usage  is  deleterious,  the  mere  fact  that  it  is  widespread  is  no  com- 
mendation but  is  a  challenge  to  the  earnest  student  to  undertake  its  emenda- 
tion. Drinking  customs  in  many  countries  have  the  sanction  of  usage,  but 
as  these  customs  are  injurious  students  will  endeavor  to  change  them. 
Students  are  taught  to  think  for  themselves — they  are  not  easily  fooled  by 
sophistries. 

A  short  time  a(go  in  a  part  of  Toronto  where  there  are  many  ignorant 
foreigners  and  anti-Prohibitionists,  the  candidates  in  a  by-election  all  desired 
to  get  the  vote  of  the  liquor  men  and  yet  not  seem  to  break  too  openly  with 
the  temperance  platform  of  their  parties.  Each  one  of  these  astute  politicians 
subscribed  to  the  sentiment  that  one  of  them  expressed  thus — "I  am  in  favor 
of  temperance  always,  of  Prohibition  never!"  That  was  supposed  to  be  very 
clever — very  smart  indeed — really  it  was  the  shallowest  claptrap. 

I  too  am  in  favor  of  temperance  or  moderation  even  in  the  use  of  good 
things  like  food,  but  surely  while  one  favors  the  moderate  and  proper  use 
of  good  things  this  is  not  inconsistent  with  the  rejection  of  harmful 
things. 

Prohibition  is  an  attempt  to  restrain  from  the  use  of  harmful  things,  and 
any  one  who  says  he  is  never  in  favor  of  Prohibition  is  talking  nonsense. 
The  Ten  Commandments  are  mainly  Prohibitions.  Are  we  to  abolish  the 
Ten  Commandments?  All  law  is  prohibitory  or  inhibitory  of  what  the  law 
forbids.  Do  away  with  all  Prohibition  and  you  do  away  with  all  law. 

But  I  am  quite  well  aware  that  even  among  well  educated  men  there  are 
some  who  mislead  youth  by  proclaiming  intoxicants  in  moderation  to  be 
good,  and  only  evil  in  their  excessive  use.  Quite  recently  there  was  a  con- 
troversy among  some  of  the  literary  leaders  in  England,  one  set  maintaining 
that  wine  and  other  stimulants  were  helpful  to  brainworkers  and  conduced 
to  good  authorship.'  A  reporter  interviewed  George  Bernard  Shaw  as  to 
what  he  thought  of  this  claim  that  stimulants  made  authors  brighter  and 
more  clever.  His  reply  was,  "As  far  as  he  had  observed  instead  of  making 
them  brighter  it  made  them  silly",  and  he  might  have  added,  "The  more  the 
stimulant,  the  sillier  the  user".  "But,"  said  the  reporter,  "Chesterton  claims 

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that  it  increases  the  brainpower."  "Did  Chesterton  say  that?"  asked  Shaw. 
"Yes,"  said  the  reporter.  "Well,"  said  Shaw,  "if  Chesterton  did  write  that, 
all  I  would  like  to  know  is  how  much  G.  K.  had  before  he  wrote  it." 

Students  in  training  for  athletics  and  in  preparing  for  examinations  learn 
that  stimulants  are  harmful  and  dangerous. 

Let  me  quote  from  the  latest  textbook  on  Pharmacology  by  Dixon: 

"It  has  been  shown  by  many  observers  that  attention,  judgment,  and 
the  higher  mental  processes  are  retarded  at  once  by  amounts  of  alcohol  in- 
sufficient to  intoxicate." 

"Alcohol  and  allied  drugs  give  rise  to  a  condition  bearing  a  strong 
resemblance  to  the  dissolution  of  insanity." 

Politicians  seeking  votes  may  "soft  pedal"  in  their  references  to  alcohol- 
ism, and  some  literary  people  may  suffer  from  the  self-delusion  that  they  are 
as  clever  as  they  think  themselves  to  become  when  they  get  a  little  boozy, 
but  scientists  calmly  tell  us  how  injurious  are  the  physiological  effects. 
Psychologists  point  out  that  intoxication  is  a  great  source  of  self-delusion 
and  foolish  imaginings.  Some  may  ask,  "What  do  the  philosophers  say?" 
Philosophers  on  most  questions  fall  into  two  opposing  camps — materialists 
versus  idealists;  empiricists  versus  rationalists;  pessimists  versus  optimists; 
Epicureans  for  pleasure  versus  Stoics  for  duty.  But  it  is  very  significant 
that  there  is  practically  complete  unanimity  among  the  philosophers  of  every 
country — every  time — in  warning  against  the  evils  of  intoxicants  and 
narcotics. 

Even  the  Epicurean  will  tell  us  not  to  increase  our  indulgences  but 
decrease  our  desires — control  our  appetites.  All  philosophers  say,  "Learn 
self-knowledge,  self-reverence,  self-control,"  all  say,  "Be  wise,  be  vigilant, 
be  sober." 

But  some  defenders  of  alcohol  appeal  to  theology.  "God  created  alcohol, 
and  so  meant  that  we  should  use  it."  I  have  been  accustomed  to  think 
that  God  created  grapes,  and  men  made  them  into  wine — God  created  barley, 
but  man  made  it  into  beer.  However,  the  argument  as  to  what  God  in- 
tended by  his  creations  seems  to  beg  the  question,  as  the  logicians  say.  We 
know  that  God  created  mushrooms  and  we  are  not  shocked  if  some  one  says 
He  intended  them  to  be  eaten — but  God  also  created  toad-stools.  Did  he  in- 
tend them  to  be  eaten  also? 

God  created  potatoes,  suitable  for  eating,  but  he  also  created  potato-bugs. 
Are  we  to  be  exhorted  to  eat  potato  bugs  because  God  created  them?  I 
thank  God  he  created  me  with  enough  intelligence  to  eat  the  potatoes  and 
not  to  eat  the  potato  bugs. 

But  some  deride  Prohibition  as  a  narrow  or  negative  method.  Let  us 
have  something  positive;  very  good — I  agree  as  to  the  value  of  the  positive. 
But  when  Christ  summed  up  the  import  of  the  Ten  Commandments  in  the 
one  great  new  all-embracing  positive  commandment  of  Love,  he  did  not  do 
away  with  prohibitions  and  abolish  the  negative.  If  I  am  to  love  the  Lord 
God  with  my  whole  heart,  that  surely  prohibits  loving  some  other  god  with 
some  part  of  my  heart — if  I  am  to  love  my  neighbor  as  myself,  surely  I  am 
prohibited  thereby  from  hating  my  neighbor.  If  church  and  school  can  in- 
culcate right  principles  and  get  men  imbued  with  a  desire  to  do  what  is  right 

130 


and  good,  the  opposing  evil  things  will  be  thereby  opposed  and  prohibited. 
But  we  must  acknowledge  that  there  are  quite  a  considerable  number  of 
people  who  do  not  rise  to  the  height  of  accepting  and  following  the  positive 
way  of  the  right  and  the  good.  These  degraded  people  are  guided  by 
another  principle;  they  set  out  to  make  profit  for  themselves,  even  if  it  be  at 
the  expense  of  the  degradation  and  destruction  of  their  fellowmen.  They 
are  making  profit  out  of  vice.  For  these  people  it  is  of  little  use  to  com- 
mend the  right  without  forbidding  the  evil  by  law,  and,  I  may  add,  with 
suitable  penalties  and  punishments  attached  to  the  violation  of  the  law. 
Hence  we  must  regard  prohibitions,  laws,  and  penalties  as  still  salutary  and 
essential  if  we  are  not  to  allow  parasitic  vermin  to  overrun,  prey  upon,  and 
destroy  civilization. 

A  rum-runner,  a  bootlegger,  a  dope  dispenser  or  panderer  to  dope  fiends, 
is  about  as  useful  to  civilization  as  a  rat  is  to  a  farmer  or  a  skunk  to  a  poultry 
man.  Not  only  is  it  necessary  to  preserve  society;  it  is  also  the  greatest  kind- 
ness to  these  misguided  individuals  to  check  them  in  their  mad  career. 

And  to  advance  civilization,  and  to  withstand  those  who  would  destroy  it, 
we  must  still  look  mainly  to  our  young  men  and  young  women.  Our  older 
leaders  must  often  leave  u's  ere  the  victory  is  quite  won.  The  United  States 
had  its  Neal  Dow,  its  Frances  E.  Willard — they  are  gone.  Canada  had  its 
Joseph  Gibson,  its  F.  S.  Spence — they  are  gone.  Who  are  to  take  their 
places? 

You  will  remember  that  in  the  spring  of  1918,  some  eight  months  before 
the  Armistice,  there  came  one  of  the  darkest  periods — the  breaking  through 
by  the  Germans  of  the  front  line  of  General  Gough,  and  his  enforced  retire- 
ment. The  Germans  thereupon  concentrated  all  their  guns  and  men,  all  their 
fury,  to  drive  a  wedge  between  Gough  and  Byng,  and  between  Arras  and 
Amiens — Byng's  line  had  to  recede  to  keep  touch  with  Gough's  army  as  it 
sullenly  and  slowly  withdrew.  Holding  the  gap  with  desperate  courage 
against  overwhelming  odds  stood  a  resolute  band  of  British  soldiers — again 
and  again  they  had  to  retire  and  take  up  new  positions.  When  they  were  on 
the  point  of  utter  exhaustion  a  wounded  man  is  seen  to  rise  and  wildly  cheer 
"The  Guards!  the  Guards!"  and  as  the  reinforcing  guards  swing  up  the 
shouts  were  "God  bless  the  British  Guards!" 

So  too,  as  the  older  leaders  fall  in  the  long  fight  against  alcoholism,  we 
welcome  the  reinforcements  from  our  young  men  and  young  women — God 
bless  them! 


THE  BIG  GAME 

By  REV.  ELMER  LYNN  WILLIAMS 

Twenty  years  ago  as  a  college  boy  delegate  to  the  World  Student's 
Volunteer  Convention,  I  sat  yonder  in  the  gallery  with  overflowing  heart  and 
overflowing  eyes.  This  hall  was  filled  with  students  from  22  countries. 
Across  this  hall  there  sat  100  delegates,  young  men  and  young  women,  who 
were  then  leaving  to  go  out  into  the  world  as  foreign  missionaries.  We  sat 
with  bowed  heads  while  a  quartet  sang  "Speed  away,  speed  away  on  your 
mission  of  life,"  and,  as  we  were  seated  here,  numbering  2,000  or  more  young 

131 


men  and  young  women  from  the  colleges  and  universities,  there  were  twenty 
million  boys  on  the  playgrounds  of  the  world,  developing  their  young  bodies, 
and  today  many  of  these  twenty  millions  are  in  their  graves.  If  some  prophet 
had  been  able  to  look  twelve  years  ahead,  and  had  been  able  to  avert  that 
catastrophe,  how  much  better  the  world  would  be. 

And  now  another  world  war  is  gathering  and  we  are  collecting  the  forces 
to  fight  drunkenness.  We  are  going  to  have  a  real  war  of  darkness  against 
the  forces  of  light,  and  strange  associations  and  fellowships  are  being  made. 

The  river  rats  on  both  sides  of  the  St.  Lawrence  are  joined  together,  and 
all  the  blind  tigers  in  the  zoo  of  municipalities  are  gnawing  at  constitutional 
government  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  all  the  political  skunks  in 
Christendom  have  united  to  bring  Prohibition  into  bad  odor,  and  all  the 
monsters  of  the  deep  are  rising  up  like  those  monsters  of  Troy  to  grapple 
with  all  the  defenders  of  right,  and  all  the  liars  in  all  the  world  are  exag- 
gerating the  breadth  and  size  of  this  great  movement  of  ours. 

In  this  world  war  as  in  every  other  world  war  the  young  men  of  the 
world  must  fight  the  battle,  and  furnish  the  enthusiasm.  Do  you  not  hear 
yet  in  your  ears  the  songs  as  the  soldiers  marched  away,  "Pack  up  your 
troubles  in  your  old  kit  bag  and  smile,  smile,  smile?"  Do  you  not  hear  them, 
as  their  songs  rang  out,  "We're  going  over,  we're  going  over,  and  we  won't 
come  back  till  it's  over,  over  there?" 

Youth  today  furnishes  that  enthusiasm.  I  sat  last  week  at  Ann  Arbor 
v.ith  the  coaches  who  were  getting  their  team  ready  to  meet  Wisconsin  and 
the  coach  said,  "Every  man  on  the  team  is  going  out  to  fight  until  he  is  car- 
ried off."  That  is  the  spirit  of  the  American  youth  wherever  they  are  enlisted. 
The  American  youth  and  the  youth  of  all  lands  hate  shame,  despise  shame, 
and  when  we  show  the  youth  the  shame  of  the  liquor  traffic,  we  will  crystal- 
lize their  opinion  to  the  point  where  they  will  demand  to  know  why  these 
things  continue  to  exist. 

When  we  show  the  youth  of  America  that  United  States  Senators  are 
travelling  about  Europe,  in  Germany  and  other  parts,  appointing  saloon- 
keepers as  investigators,  we  know  how  serious  a  concern  this  world  war 
against  the  liquor  traffic  must  be,  but  we  will  presently  have  them  lined  up 
in  a  conflict  in  which  they  will  exercise  the  same  kind  of  intelligence  that  a 
negro  expressed  in  my  hearing.  He  said  that  a  little  boy  was  waiting  for  the 
circus  parade  and  he  had  an  orange  to  eat  while  he  was  watching  the  parade 
go  by.  Presently  the  parade  came  along  with  lions  and  giraffes  and  then  an 
elephant.  This  little  darky  boy  was  holding  his  orange  out  in  his  hand,  and 
the  elephant,  evidently  thinking  the  boy  was  offering  the  orange  to  it.  took 
the  orange  out  of  his  hand.  The  boy  immediately  ran  around  the  corner  to  a 
woodshed  and  got  a  long  wooden  slat  that  had  been  previously  used  in  some- 
one's bed.  He  came  rushing  back  to  the  scene  of  the  parade  and  someone 
asked  him  what  he  was  going  to  do.  He  said  if  he  could  find  out  which  end 
of  the  elephant  was  its  head  he  was  going  to  swat  it  on  the  head  with  the  slat 
and  get  back  the  orange. 

Now,  we  know  which  end  is  the  head  of  the  liquor  traffic  and  we  are 

132 


going  to  hit  that  mighty  hard.  We  are  not  going  to  be  set  aside  with  this 
so-called  program  of  wine  and  beer. 

I  talked  with  an  eminent  attorney  investigator  in  Chicago  the  other  day, 
who  said,  "The  Liquor  Traffic  Counsel  said  to  me  the  other  day,  'We  would 
be  very  glad  if  we  could  embroil  the  Government  in  a  war  with  Europe  on 
this  Prohibition  question.'  "  And  Dr.  Cooke  confirmed  that  when  he  said  the 
rum  runners  of  British  Columbia  would  be  glad  to  create  suspicion  and  dis- 
content between  Canada  and  the  United  States. 

Youth  is  ready  to  make  sacrifices.  It  is  the  champion  of  fair  play  and 
wherever  there  is  a  violent  fight  it  is  ready  to  enlist. 

My  friends,  if  we  are  wise,  we  will  call  on  the  youth  of  North  America 
as  we  called  them  to  the  world  conflict,  into  this  new  movement,  this  new 
world  war  against  alcohol,  and  we  will  have  in  the  youth  of  the  country,  both 
of  the  United  States  and  of  Canada,  not  only  a  vanguard,  but  an  army  that 
will  successfully  challenge  and  defeat  all  our  enemies  in  whatever  land  they 
may  now  be. 


THE  STUDENT  FIELD 
By  HABRY  S.  WARNER 

General   Secretary   of  the  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Association 

What  is  the  student  fkld?  Perhaps  a  conception  of  the  student  field 
might  be  given  by  an  illustration. 

Two  years  ago  I  had  the  privilege  of  attending  a  conference  of  the  stu- 
dents in  Sweden.  They  met  for  five  days  with  the  student  leaders,  from  all 
parts  of  that  country.  For  twenty-five  years  they  have  been  interested  in 
the  question  of  alcohol.  These  students  have  been  educating  themselves, 
studying  the  facts  about  the  question  of  drink  in  their  own  national  life  and 
then  in  the  world  life.  Their  ideals  were  educational,  their  methods  were 
educational,  their  inspiration  was  the  service  of  their  fellowmen  who  did 
not  have  the  privilege  which  comes  with  university  life.  They  had  gone  out 
into  the  smaller  communities,  giving  talks,  rescuing  drunkards  and  especially 
helping  those  w  ho  had  children  and  assisting  materially  the  children  of  the 
working  people. 

They  were  competing  with  a  wrong  ideal,  an  ideal  which,  sad  to  relate, 
prevails  among  the  educated  people  of  some  countries,  and  even  ours;  the 
idea  that  to  be  temperate  ,to  abstain,  was  not  very  sociable,  that  you  could 
not  have  a  good  time  without  drink. 

The  age-old  dependence  of  certain  privileged  classes  upon  intoxication 
as  a  means  of  enjoyment  had  given  a  false  impression  throughout  the  nation, 
and  these  students  had  to  compete  with  this  idea/  They  had  to  set  up  a  new 
ideal  to  their  own  people.  Through  that  stirring  up,  the  life  of  the  com- 
munity was  being  educated  and  shown  that  the  poison  they  were  taking  into 
their  systems  through  the  use  of  wines  and  intoxicating  liquors  was  not  a  real 
pleasure  but  was  to  result  in  the  poisoning  of  their  bodies. 

Last  summer  on  the  27th  of  August  for  the  first  time  a  vote  was  taken 
on  the  question  of  Prohibition  and  the  vote  that  was  cast  for  banishing  drink 

133 


was  nearly  as  complete  as  the  victory  that  you  had  in  Ohio  after  years  of 
study  and  voting  and  the  progress  made  in  America. 

What  is  the  student  field?  It  means  the  development  of  a  new  and 
better  social  ideal,  but  most  of  all  putting  back  of  this  movement  the  vital 
young  life,  the  man  of  the  universities,  the  colleges,  and  the  "gym,"  and 
others  who  are  willing  to  work  to  accomplish  the  end  we  seek. 

Twenty-five  years  ago  when  I  was  a  boy  on  the  farm  in  Ohio,  my  brother 
and  I  went  to  a  country  Prohibition  meeting,  in  our  bare  feet.  While  our 
father  thought  that  the  lecture  would  be  good  for  us,  there  was  a  feeling  that 
the  prohibition  idea  was  a  queer  sort  of  thing,  and  we  were  not  ready  for  it. 
People  did  not  want  to  have  other  people  think  that  they  were  vigorous  sup- 
porters of  it. 

There  was  a  meeting  and  a  man  spoke.  I  do  not  know  what  he  said. 
There  was  a  student  quartet  from  Wooster  College  and  they  sang  some  songs, 
foolish  college  songs.  I  do  not  remember  what  they  were,  but  it  did  not  make 
much  difference.  The  idea  registered  itself  deep  in  my  mind,  if  these  brilliant 
young  fellows  from  college  dare  to  stand  up  for  Prohibition,  then  there  must 
be  something  worth  while  in  it  in  spite  of  what  our  people  said. 

So,  the  life  of  one  country  boy  at  least  was  changed  by  that  college  quar- 
tet. I  have  seen  it  happen  time  and  again  since  then.  Young  men,  boys, 
and  girls  are  often  turned  to  a  better  life  by  the  example  of  young  people  of 
their  own  age.  We  want  to  go  with  the  crowd.  The  student  once  thought 
that  he  could  not  afford  to  go  with  the  Prohibition  people,  with  their  new 
ideals,  because  the  crowd  was  not  with  them.  But  then  came  the  slogan, 
"Get  the  facts."  Decide  for  yourself  what  the  facts  are.  Get  all  the  facts  and 
then  act  according  to  them. 

That  problem  presents  a  practical  field  of  international  work  for  the 
student  bodies  today.  The  fault  that  has  existed  for  so  many  years  can  be 
remedied  in  another  way.  There  are  organized  students  now,  thousands  of 
members,  all  over  the  world,  pursuing  their  study  of  this  great  question  in  a 
scientific  way  and  with  seriousness;  and  we  have  seldom  found  any  of  our 
students  who  made  a  thorough  investigation  of  the  situation  who  did  not 
stand  out  boldly  for  Prohibition. 

I  have  seen  enthusiastic  groups  of  students  in  Holland  that  would  be 
sufficient  to  fill  this  hall.  There  are  organizations  in  Holland,  Belgium  and 
Switzerland.  There  are  ten  thousand  in  the  universities  of  Germany,  and 
there  are  groups  in  all  the  countries.  There  are  175  members  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Leipzig,  and  you  will  find  them  throughout  all  the  universities  of 
Europe. 

You  will  find  them  in  China  and  in  Australia  and  in  all  the  other  coun- 
tries, doing  just  what  we  have  been  doing  here,  searching  for  a  new  ideal 
for  the  students  to  follow.  A  great  beginning  has  been  made  among  the 
students  of  Japan,  and  the  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Association  of  Japan 
has  been  developed.  There  are  some  in  South  America  and  some  in  Austria 
and  some  in  China  and  some  in  Spanish  America.  There  are  perhaps  25,000 
organized  students  seeking  in  various  ways  to  do  their  share  toward  solving 
the  world  problem  of  alcoholism. 

134 


That  is  just  a  beginning.  Back  of  that  great  student  body  must  be  de- 
veloped the  leader  group.  There  is  much  being  done  by  professors  in  a 
non-organized  way.  May  we  not  look  forward  to  the  possibility  of  these 
beginnings  developing  into  an  international  movement  supported  enthusias- 
tically by  the  International  Collegiate  Student  movement  cooperating  with 
our  great  World  League  in  spreading  this  movement  among  all  the  nations? 

This  opportunity  brings  a  challenge  to  the  students  of  the  present  time  to 
solve  one  of  the  great  world  problems.  The  thought  and  interest  of  the  best 
educated  men  is  as  necessary  to  this  great  movement  as  it  is  to  any  other 
movement  that  requires  leaders  and  workers. 

This  movement  must  be  begun  in  the  academic  life  of  the  student.  It 
will  gradually  develop  in  the  student  and  then  go  into  the  community  life  and 
from  there  into  the  legislature  and  into  the  executive  branch  and  the  making 
of  the  world  a  Prohibition  world  will  soon  be  complete. 

What  is  the  student  movement?  The  training  of  actual  recruits,  the 
getting  of  their  interest,  the  training  of  them  into  practical  workers.  Get 
the  facts,  and  upon  that  base  build  strong  the  movement  that  will  solve  this 
problem  throughout  the  world. 

The  student  field  is  before  us.  May  we  make  the  most  of  it,  because  we 
have  never  yet  touched  the  possibilities  which  are  in  it  and  it  is  one  of  the 
great  social  problems  and  opportunities  of  the  hour. 


ADDRESS 

By  PBOF.  VILLEM  EENITS 
University  of  Tartu,  Esthonia 

I  bring  to  the  World  Convention  against  Alcoholism  greetings  from  the 
Esthonian  Student  Temperance  Society  at  Tartu. 

We  have  in  our  society  about  100  students  and  about  15  professors, 
among  them  Professor  Frank  Bergman,  the  President  of  the  International 
Bureau  Against  Alcoholism  in  Lausanne.  We  have  arranged  many  meetings 
and  lectures  and  scientific  courses  about  alcoholism.  At  present,  Professor 
Bergman  is  lecturing  at  the  University  of  Tartu  about  the  history  of  the  tem- 
perance movement. 

We  have  also  begun  our  work  among  the  higher  classes  in  our  schools 
and  colleges  to  prevent  the  youth  from  drinking  before  they  come  to  the 
university. 

It  must,  though,  be  said,  that  the  drinking  habits  and  ceremonies  of. 
German  origin  are  still  very  strong  among  one  part  of  the  student  body  of 
Esthonia,  but  we  must  vanquish  them. 

The  Esthonian  Temperance  League  has  supported  the  scientific  investi- 
gations of  our  professors  in  regard  to  the  temperance  question.  We  are  now 
making  scientific  experiments  in  our  universities  and  we  have  a  professor  of 
neurology,  a  professor  of  philosophy,  we  have  physiologists  and  pharmacolo- 
gists and  others  who  are  devoting  their  entire  lives  to  this  important  work. 
Much  work  in  preparation  for  a  degree  has  been  given  to  the  students  re- 
ferring to  the  alcohol  question,  also  special  aspects  of  the  alcoholism  question. 

135 


The  students  have  been  the  most  arduous  workers  in  the  struggle  against 
alcoholism,  and  they  are  also  at  preesnt  included  in  the  central  committee  of 
the  Esthonian  Temperance  League,  where  many  students  who  have  worked 
as  temperance  propagandists  have  been  successful.  They  have  become  ardent 
supporters  of  the  Esthonian  Temperance  League.  There  are  40  men  who 
have  obligated  themselves  to  work  in  this  struggle  against  alcoholism  for 
the  next  20  years. 

But  I  am  sure  that  these  men  will  work  to  the  end  of  their  lives  and 
will  not  be  content  to  stop  at  the  end  of  the  20  years,  and  the  professors  and 
students  of  our  universities  will  be  in  future  our  temperance  leaders. 

I  have  also  to  tell  you  about  temperance  work  in  the  University  of  Riga, 
the  southern  neighbor  of  Esthonia,  in  Latvia.  There  are  many  professors 
there  who  investigate  the  temperance  question,  and  there  is  also  a  group  of 
students,  many  of  whom  are  in  the  temperance  work.  They  had  at  the  an- 
niversary of  the  University  a  speech  against  alcoholism,  a  speech  which  wi-s 
directed  against  the  use  of  alcohol  among  the  students.  They  are  also  work- 
ing among  the  youth  of  the  high  schools.  The  work  is  at  it:-;  beginning,  but 
we  are  very  sure  it  will  prosper,  and  the  University  of  Riga  will  be  leading 
in  the  temperance  movement  throughout  the  world. 

In  Lithuania,  at  the  University  of  Kannas  are  many  professors  who  arc- 
working  on  the  temperance  question.  The  temperance  movement  is  in  «ts 
beginning  there,  but  I  am  sure  it  will  have  also  a  great  future  in  that  part 
of  the  world. 


ADDRESS 

By  REV.  C.  W.  GORDON  (Ralph  Connor) 

I  am  sorry  I  have  not  been  here  very  long,  but  I  read  something  of  your 
convention  in  the  newspapers,  and,  even  through  the  pages  of  cold  type,  I 
got  a  thrill,  the  thrill  that  you  are  all  getting  from  this  wonderful  and  very 
beautiful  and  very  potential  gathering  here  of  people  from  all  the  world 
interested  in  the  abolition  of  alcoholism.  We  have  had  a  touch  of  that  up 
in  Manitoba  during  the  last  week,  where  we  have  had  a  convention,  the  like 
of  which  we  have  not  had  for  over  ten  years. 

Ten  years  ago  we  held  a  strong  convention  because  we  were  fighting 
the  liquor  traffic  with  all  the  power  we  could  command. 

We  have  had  15  years  of  long  and  bitter  fighting  against  the  liquor  traf- 
fic. Officially  we  won  out  and  Manitoba  is  now  a  Prohibition  province,  but 
the  liquor  traffic  has  not  gone.  The  battle  is  not  over,  although  many  of  us 
thought  it  was.  Some  of  us  were  confident  that  we  could  sit  idly  by  after 
we  had  secured  Prohibition  and  let  other  people  take  care  of  the  result.  But 
we  have  been  rudely  awakened  this  last  year  by  the  discovery  that  our  foe 
had  taken  advantage  of  our  tardiness  and  quietly  and  effectively  organized 
a  campaign  which  threatens  the  existence  of  Manitoba's  Prohibition. 

I  shall  refer  to  one  thing,  sir,  which  I  think  is  very  significant.  The 
great  power,  the  great  force,  that  was  of  so  much  help  in  winning  Prohibition 
was  that  force,  which  after  all  is  the  big  triumphant  force  in  the  world.  It 
is  the  force  represented  by  the  churches.  That  was  the  force  which  won 

136 


Prohibition,  under  the  leadership  of  the  Social  Service  Council  in  Manitoba. 

We  have  made  the  discovery  that  a  great  many  people  who  would  never 
have  thought  of  taking  a  position  in  opposition  to  the  churches,  did  not 
hesitate  to  take  a  position  of  opposition  to  the  Social  Service  Council.  The 
minister  of  one  of  the  most  distinguished  churches,  with  one  of  the  largest 
congregations,  in  Western  Canada,  told  me  this:  That  he  did  not  believe 
if  it  came  to  a  vote  in  this  section  he  could  defeat  the  Moderation  League, 
though  his  church  and  his  congregation  did  remarkable  service  in  the  fight 
fcr  Prohibition  a  few  years  ago.  The  reason  is  that  a  number  of  people  who 
would  never  have  thought,  as  I  said  before,  of  opposing  their  own  church, 
dfd  not  hesitate  to  oppose  some  things  other  than  their  own  church.  During 
the  last  six  months,  a  change  has  been  made  in  the  alignment  of  our  forces 
in  Manitoba.  The  Social  Service  Council  has  requested  that  the  ch.urches 
of  Manitoba  should  once  more  take  their  places  in  the  front  line  of  the  fight, 
and  this  has  been  done,  and  I  am  very  glad  to  say,  sir,  that  every  great 
church  in  Canada  represented  in  Manitoba  is  on  the  fighting  line  today  and 
in  the  front  ranks. 

We  have  just  concluded  a  great  convention,  I  think  the  best  convention 
in  every  way  that  we  have  had  in  Canada.  We  have  had  the  greatest  en- 
thusiasm during  that  convention,  and  that  meeting,  I  believe,  registers  the  first 
high  explosive  against  what  is  indeed  the  most  subtle  and  dangerous  of  our 
enemies,  namely,  the  Moderation  League  movement. 

Ladies  and  gentlemen,  the  whisky  business  will  never  be  brought  back 
by  drunkards.  It  will  never  be  brought  back  by  those  who  are  under  the 
power  of  this  business;  it  will  be  brought  back  first,  by  those  who  make 
money  by  it,  and  second  by  those  who  are  moderate  in  the  use  of  alcohol.  It 
will  not  be  brought  back  by  the  extremist  but  by  these  moderate  people,  and 
these  moderate  people  are  the  people  we  must  most  fear. 

We  expect  to  take  a  referendum  in  Manitoba  next  year,  probably  in  the 
early  spring,  and  our  province  will  be  the  battle  ground  for  the  Prohibition 
forces  in  Canada.  I  believe  I  have  a  right  to  say  I  have  the  utmost  con- 
fidence in  Manitoba  and  I  believe  that  Manitoba  will  not  only  be  the  great 
sector  for  Prohibition  but  Manitoba  will  be  the  place  where  prohibition  in 
Canada  will  receive  the  first  demonstration  of  being  a  permanent  institution 
in  this  Dominion. 


THE  FIGHT  AHEAD 

By  REV.  F.  SCOTT  MCBRIDE,  D.  D. 
Superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Illinois 

I  am  sure  that  everyone  of  us  is  in  hearty  accord  with  this  world  move- 
ment. I  had  about  come  to  the  conclusion  if  I  were  not  and  did  not  intend 
to  remain  a  citizen  of  the  Unitec(  States  of  America,  that  I  would  come  to 
Canada  and  be  a  citizen  of  Toronto,  or  go  to  England  and  be  a  citizen  of 
England,  or  to  Scotland  and  be  a  citizen  of  Scotland,  or  go  over  to  Ireland 
and  fight  with  the  Irish,  or  go  somewhere  around  the  world,  for  there  is 
going  to  be  good  fighting  all  along  the  line.  It  takes  neither  a  prophet  nor  the 

137 


son  -of  a  prophet  to  see  that  the  fight  against  the  liquor  traffic  is  still  on;  that 
that  there  is  a  fight  ahead.  There  is  a  fight  of  course,  in  those  countries  that 
have  not  yet  adopted  Prohibition,  but  we  must  never  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that 
there  is  as  well  a  fight  in  those  countries  that  are  now  trying  out  Prohibition 
such  as  the  United  States  of  America  and  Canada.  There  is  nothing  dis- 
couraging or  reactionary  in  the  recent  elections  in  the  United  States  of 
America,  the  liquor  traffic  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.  We  have,  how- 
ever, learned  some  lessons.  There  is  a  substantial  minority,  and  it  is  one  of 
the  best  things  that  has  ever  happened  to  the  temperance  cause  to  find  out 
that  there  is  that  organized  substantial  minority  fighting  to  overthrow  pro- 
hibition. A  minority  is  dangerous  especially  when  it  has  the  foghorn  of  the 
public  press  and  can  make  a  lot  of  noise  in  talking  about  prohibition,  but  the 
interesting  thing  and  the  encouraging  thing  is  the  fact  that  there  is  no  reac- 
tion. In  the  State  of  O.hio,  where  we  had  the  only  real  referendum  on  the 
beer  and  wine  proposition  the  liquor  traffic  lost  by  189,000. 

In  the  State  of  California  where  they  had  a  referendum  on  the  Wright 
bill,  they  had  had  a  referendum  two  years  before  at  which  time  the  law  en- 
forcement bill  lost  by  about  60,000.  This  time  it  won  by  30,000,  a  gain  of 
90,000.  So  you  see  there  is  no  reaction  on  those  propositions. 

But  the  real  fight  and  the  real  test  was  in  the  Congressional  elections. 
As  to  Congressmen,  we  have  not  lost  in  any  of  the  states  where  this  issue 
was  the  determining  factor.  In  the  biggest  states,  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
Ohio,  and  Illinois,  as  in  practically  all  of  the  dry  states,  there  is  no  loss  in 
dry  Congressmen  that  would  indicate  any  reaction  whatsoever.  In  our 
State  of  Illinois  we  elected  a  larger  delegation  to  Congress,  definitely  com- 
mitted to  this  proposition,  where  the  issue  was  raised  by  the  Association 
Against  the  Prohibition  Amendment  in  the  different  congressional  districts, 
than  in  any  other  election  that  preceded.  We  elect  two  Congressmen  at  large 
in  our  district  and  the  issue  was  clearly  defined.  I  have  here  one  of  the 
placards  of  the  wets.  Here  is  a  candidate  that  ran  with  these  words,  as  a 
part  of  his  platform,  "Repeal  the  Volstead  Act,  Personal  Liberty,  Wines  and 
Beer."  He  sent  word  out  over  the  State  of  Illinois  that  he  would  come  out 
of  Chicago  with  200,000  majority  on  the  beer  and  wine  iss.ue,  but  when 
the  votes  were  counted  he  lost  Cook  County  by  50,000  and  the  State  of 
Illinois  by  150,000.  Our  two  Congressmen  at  large  were  elected  by  about 
250,000  majority  and  no  beer  and  wine  candidate,  running  openly  on  that 
issue,  will  go  to  Congress  from  the  State  of  Illinois. 

We  had  a  contest  in  the  Peoria  District,  which  is  the  old  home  of  the 
distillery  interests.  The  Republican  candidate,  a  dry,  had  a  normal  majoritv 
two  years  ago  of  25,000.  The  successful  candidate  this  year,  an  ex-distiller, 
was  endorsed  by  the  Association  Against  the  Prohibition  Amendment.  Before 
the  election  he  repudiated  that  wet  endorsement.  He  carried  that  district 
by  only  about  8,000.  He  lost  17,000  votes  and  had  to  come  out  definitely  for 
the  enforcement  of  the  Prohibition  laws  in  order  to  keep  from  being  defeated. 
When  you  make  Prohibitionists  out  of  ex-distillers  in  a  contest  of  this  kind, 
there  is  no  reaction  on  the  Prohibition  issue. 

Pennsylvania  affords  a  good  example.  Pennsylvania  is  one  of  the  big 

138 


states  of  our  Union,  where  the  liquor  traffic  has  had  its  strongholds.  Pennsyl- 
vania for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  that  state  has  elected  a  Governor  who 
campaigned  on  the  issue  that  he  would  put  the  saloons  and  the  bootleggers 
out  of  the  Keystone  State  and  they  elected  a  legislature  with  a  majority  in 
the  House  and  Senate  which  will  stand  back  of  him  in  that  program. 

And  they  talk  about  reaction!  The  thing,  however,  that  we  had  not  yet 
learned,  but  which  was  taught  us  in  this  election,  is  that  there  is  a  very  defi- 
nite and  determined  minority.  The  wets  are  going  to  fight.  In  the  State 
of  Ohio,  while  we  carried  that  state  by  189,000  majority,  the  remarkable  thing 
is  that  there  were  700,000  people  who  went  to  the  polls  and  voted  for  a 
proposition  that  would  have  put  Ohio  in  a  position  of  having  nullified  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America.  That  would  nave  taken  away 
every  bit  of  legislation  Ohio  had  providing  for  law  enforcement.  While  our 
forces  there  had  a  clear-cut  majority,  yet  we  must  never  forget  that  there  is  a 
minority  which  tells  us  in  bold  words  that  there  is  a  fight  ahead. 

Last  week,  the  papers  of  our  state  ran  big  headlines  showing  that  the 
Association  Opposed  to  the  Prohibition  Amendment  had  had  a  big  meeting 
in  St.  Louis.  They  said:  "We  are  going  to  elect  the  next  President  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  We  are  going  to  write  into  both  party  platforms 
a  personal  liberty  plank  for  beer  and  light  wine  and  if  we  don't  get  it  in  those 
platforms  we  will  run  a  candidate  of  our  own." 

In  addition  to  that,  they  issued  a  statement  in  the  name  of  representa- 
tives from  thirty  states  of  our  Union,  saying,  "We  are  going  out  into  the 
Congressional  districts  and  organize  them  and  fight  from  now  on  as  the 
Anti-Saloon  League  has  fought,  till  we  get  rid  of  the  Prohibition  measure." 

Now,  the  liquor  interests  ought  to  take  legal  notice  of  the  fact  that  John 
Barleycorn  has  been  asked  to  get  out  of  the  United  States  oi  America.  He 
has  been  asked  by  the  action  of  forty-four  states  by  legislation.  He  has 
been  asked  by  the  18th  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of 
America  which  has  been  ratified  by  46  states  out  of  the  48  in  the  Union. 
The  only  states  that  have  stayed  out  are  the  two  big  states  of  Connecticut  and 
Rhode  Island.  There  are  two  things  that  we  must  do  in  the  fight  ahead. 
The  first  is  to  wage  the  defensive  fight  and  the  second  is  to  make  the  offensive, 
aggressive  fight. 

In  the  defensive  fight  we  meet  first  of  all  the  beer  and  wine  proposal. 
That  is  a  program  of  nullification,  because  it  forgets  the  fact  that  there  is 
an  18th  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
Those  who  support  this  program  would  bring  back  beer  and  wine  without  first 
re-amending  that  constitution.  The  beer  and  wine  nullificationists  would  bring 
back  ninety  per  cent  of  the  old  liquor  traffic  and  the  bootlegger  would  bring 
back  the  other  ten  per  cent  of  that  traffic,  and  they  wouldn't  stop  there,  for  the 
last  stage  would  be  a  thousand  times  worse  than  the  others;  there  would  not 
be  a  single  foot  of  territory  in  the  United  States  of  America,  no  matter  how 
much  we  had  won  in  all  these  years,  that  would  be  left  as  Prohibition  territory. 
The  beer  and  wine  proposition  would  bring  back  the  old  brewery  and  beer 
politician;  those  who  have  been  hand  in  hand  with  the  liquor  forces  all  these 
years,  and  all  the  forces  that  corrupted  our  politics  in  our  state  legislatures 

139 


and  in  our  Congress.  They  talk  about  reforming  the  saloons,  but  in  our 
State  of  Illinois  we  tested  out  the  breweries,  as  to  whether  or  not  they  would 
ever  give  us  any  reformation  measure.  We  asked  them  to  eliminate  treating, 
We  asked  them  to  close  at  1  o'clock  at  night.  We  asked  them  to  divorce 
their  business  from  the  dance  hall,  but  the  brewers  in  control  said  to  the 
members  of  that  legislature  who  were  under  obligations  to  them,  "You 
dare  not  do  anything  that  will  cost  us  a  dollar.  We  are  in  this  business  for 
money."  These  brewers  owned  eighty  per  cent  of  the  oldtime  saloons  in 
our  city  of  Chicago.  Out  of  7,142  saloons  6,000  of  them  were  owned  by  the 
brewers,  and  they  could  have  done  as  they  pleased  with  the  saloon  business 
in  the  city  of  Chicago,  but  they  didn't  please  to  do  anything  in  the  way  of 
reformation  and  they  never  will.  The  beer  and  wine  program  means  the 
coming  back  of  the  political  power  of  the  liquor  interests  and  we  cannot  af- 
ford to  have  that  happen. 

The  strangest  thing  of  all  has  been  that  these  people  say,  "We  want  beer 
and  light  wines,  but  no  saloons,"  thereby  conceding  that  the  Anti-Saloon 
League  was  right.  But  they  are  not  willing  now  to  take  advice  from  us. 
They  say  now  the  Anti-Saloon  League  was  all  right  when  we  said  "No 
saloons,"  but  they  didn't  agree  with  us  at  the  time;  and  now  after  we  have 
gotten  the  saloons  out  of  business  they  come  back  to  us  and  say,  "You  were 
right  in  righting  the  saloons,  but  now  let  us  have  our  beer  and  wines."  If 
our  advice  was  good  then,  and  we  were  in  the  right,  why  not  take  our  advice 
today,  and  keep  the  liquor  traffic  out? 

The  liquor  people  talk  about  reforming  the  liquor  traffic.  Now  the  fact  is, 
they  have  put  themselves  out  of  business.  A  campaign  orator  one  time  said 
something  like  this,  concerning  his  opponent,  and  it  applies  as  well  to  the 
liquor  interests:  "They  will  just  keep  on  cutting  the  wool  off  the  hen  that 
laid  the  golden  egg  until  they  pump  it  dry."  That  is  what  the  liquor  traffic 
has  done  along  the  line  of  reformation.  They  just  kept  on  doing  one  thing 
after  another  that  was  corrupt  until  the  people  in  the  interests  of  decency 
said,  "We  are  going  to  abolish  the  liquor  traffic,"  and  the  saloon  is  gone  and 
must  be  kept  away. 

In  addition  to  the  beer  and  wine  nullifications  we  find  a  campaign  of  wet 
propaganda.  We  have  in  our  City  of  Chicago  six  big  daily  newspapers.  Five 
out  of  the  six  are  printing  wet  editorials.  The  Chicago  Tribune  said,  after 
the  election,  first,  that  Ohio  was  going  about  three  to  one  wet  and  then 
about  four  or  five  days  later,  when  it  had  gone  189,000  dry,  they  said  in 
their  headlines,  "Ohio  has  gone  a  wee  bit  arid,"  and  then  five  days  after 
the  election  in  their  Sunday  edition  they  based  an  editorial,  printed  it,  pub- 
lished it,  distributed  it,  on  the  basis  that  Ohio  had  scarcely  gone  dry  and 
that  California  had  gone  wet.  That  was  five  days  after  the  election. 

Now,  they  may  be  so  far-sighted  as  to  prepare  those  editorials  two  or 
three  weeks  before  election,  but  they  ought  not  to  print  them.  What  is  the 
matter  with  that  paper?  The  Chicago  Tribune  has  the  best  news  service  of 
any  paper  in  the  world  today.  It  isn't  poor  news  service,  it  is  wet  propaganda 
and  nothing  else  in  the  world. 

It  reminds  me  of  the  fellow  who  was  out  on  a  fishing  expedition.  He 

140 


got  a  pair  of  scales  to  weigh  his  fish  and  had  another  man  to  witness  the 
weighing  and  take  down  the  record,  so  he  could  go  back  home  and  convince 
the  people  he  had  caught  those  fish.  One  day  a  baby  was  born  in  the  colony, 
and  they  borrowed  the  fisherman's  scales  to  weigh  him.  When  they  put  the 
little  fellow  on  the  scales  he  weighed  55  pounds.  That  is  the  trouble  with 
the  Chicago  Tribune.  It  has  its  political  propaganda,  its  wet  propaganda, 
and  is  using  its  columns  to  carry  out  the  wet  propaganda  program.  What 
are  we  going  to  do  with  that  kind  of  paper? 

The  first  thing  we  will  have  to  do  is  to  smoke  them  out  in  order  that  the 
people  who  read  those  papers  will  know  that  it  is  wet  propaganda  and  that 
these  papers  stand  for  the  wet  side,  so  that  we  may  read  those  things  in  the 
columns  of  such  a  newspaper  just  as  we  in  Illinois  will  read  the  columns  of 
the  "Champion  of  Fair  Play."  Wet  propaganda  does  not  hurt  if  you  know 
who  is  talking  it.  If  we  could  make  those  men  sign  their  names  so  we  could 
see  whether  they  are  talking  out  of  their  heads  or  appetites  we  wouldn't 
have  so  much  trouble. 

A  little  while  ago,  as  another  element  of  newspaper  propaganda,  in  our 
city  of  Chicago,  an  article  came  out  saying  that  since  Prohibition  had  come 
there  was  more  insanity;  that  the  psychopathic  hospital  is  crowded;  that  it 
had  more  patients  than  it  had  before  Prohibition.  Dr.  James  Whitney  Hall, 
who  is  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Insanity  in  the  county,  gave  that  state- 
ment to  the  press.  Two  days  after  that  was  published  two  of  the  members  of 
the  psychopathic  hospital  staff,  Dr.  George  W.  Hall  and  Dr.  Neymann,  came 
out  with  a  statement  calling  attention  to  the  following:  That  the  statement  of 
James  Whitney  Hall  was  unfair  and  the  increase  in  the  number  of  patients 
was  accounted  for  largely  because  of  these  three  facts:  First,  our  House  of 
Correction  closed  its  hospital,  under  Prohibition,  and  turned  its  few  remaining 
patients  over  to  the  hospital  for  treatment.  Second,  the  Washingtonian 
Home,  which  is  for  incurable  drunkards,  had  closed  its  doors  and  sent  its 
patients  to  the  psychopathic  hospital.  Third,  the  free  ward  of  the  hospital 
had  quit  treating  such  patients  in  the  wards,  and  sent  them  to  the  psychopathic 
hospital.  We  put  that  statement  out  in  the  Chicago  Tribune  and  as  far  as  I 
have  been  able  to  find  it '  never  went  outside  of  the  boundaries  of  the  City 
of  Chicago.  That  is  wet  propaganda.  If  the  people  can  get  the  truth,  the 
truth  will  make  them  free  and  that  is  a  part  of  our  platform  and  our  program. 

The  wets  are  trying  to  establish  two  things,  by  wet  propaganda.  First, 
that  a  man  has  no  right  to  obey  a  law  that  he  doesn't  like;  second,  that  the 
community  has  no  right  to  have  imposed  upon  it  a  law  with  which  it  is  not 
agreed.  That  is  in  accordance  with  the  resolution  introduced  in  Congress 
by  Congressman  Tinkham  providing  that  those  communities  which  do  not 
like  the  18th  amendment  to  the  Constitution  be  given  an  opportunity  by  refer- 
endum to  go  out  from  under  its  provisions.  Think  of  that!  If  we  permit 
the  liquor  traffic  to  do  that  with  our  Constitution  it  won't  be  very  long  until 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America  is  not  worth  the  paper  on 
which  it  is  written.  If  we  will  put  the  strength  and  weight  of  public  opinion 
against  the  liquor  traffic,  and  stick  our  toes  into  the  ground  we  will  be  able 
to  drive  them  back  and  hold  them  from  making  any  progress  along  that  line. 

141 


The  second  thing  we  must  take  care  of  is  the  offensive  program,  the  ag- 
gressive program.  I  was  glad  to  hear  Dr.  Baker  say  that  the  time  has  come 
when  we  must  swing  back  into  these  local  communities,  in  every  county  in 
every  section  of  this  Union  and  build  up  an  organization  that  will  teach  the 
truth  about  the  liquor  traffic.  Organization  and  educational  work  is  all-im- 
portant. It  is  trench  work,  and  we  must  get  down  into  the  trenches  and 
take  care  of  that  proposition,  in  order  to  be  ready  to  take  care  of  the  ag- 
gressive program. 

There  are  three  things  in  the  aggressive  program.  First,  the  election. 
As  long  as  we  can  elect  dry  congressmen  and  members  of  legislatures  we 
won't  have  much  trouble.  The  wets  can  get  a  lot  of  encouragement  out  of 
heavy  headlines  in  the  papers  telling  them  they  have  won  a  great  victory 
and  when  on  going  down  to  Washington  they  find  that  only  134  members  of 
the  House  are  committed  to  them  out  of  a  total  of  435,  there  is  a  lot  of  comfort 
in  that,  isn't  there?  And  when  they  look  at  the  United  States  Senate  and  find 
out  that  there  are  three  more  dry  United  States  Senators  elected  than  ever 
before  they  should  get  a  lot  of  comfort  out  of  the  great  newspaper  stories  on 
the  reaction  against  Prohibition. 

The  second  thing  we  need  to  do  is  to  take  care  of  law  enforcement. 
The  country  that  fails  to  enforce  its  laws  is  inviting  trouble.  "Whatsoever 
a  man  soweth,  that  shall  he  also  reap."  That  applies  to  the  nation  as  well 
as  to  the  individual.  A  lot  of  places  are  finding  out  that  they  are  reaping  the 
whirlwind  where  they  had  sown  to  the  wind.  In  one  of  the  cities  in  the  State 
of  Illinois,  Rock  Island,  they  have  had  such  an  experience.  Rock  Island  is 
the  most  wide  open  city  anywhere  in  the  State  of  Illinois.  Within  the  last 
six  months  they  found  it  necessary  to  go  down  in  their  pockets  and  raise  a 
fund  of  $35,000,  and  call  the  Attorney  General  of  the  State,  to  get  a  special 
grand  jury,  and  indict  the  men  who  are  bringing  crime  into  that  city. 

Let  me  give  you  another  example  in  a  different  county  in  our  State. 
Lake  County  has  a  state  attorney  who  cooperates  with  the  Anti-Saloon 
League  of  Illinois.  The  Illinois  Prohibition  Act  provides  that  the  Board  of 
Supervisors  shall  make  an  appropriation  for  the  state's  attorney  who  shall 
gather  the  evidence,  and  prosecute  and  take  out  of  the  fines  first  the  expenses 
of  the  prosecution,  the  salary  of  the  state's  attorney  and  his  assistant's  salary, 
and  the  rest  of  the  fine  goes  into  the  school  fund.  In  Lake  County  in  place 
of  the  people  having  to  go  down  into  their  pockets  to  get  the  money  to  pay 
for  law  enforcement,  they  put  into  the  school  fund  of  the  county  $48,000. 
That  is  the  way  to  enforce  the  law.  Law  is  law,  and  no  matter  whether  the 
people  of  a  community  like  a  certain  law  or  not,  it  ought  to  be  enforced  and  it 
must  be  enforced.  Officers  of  the  different  states  of  our  Union  must  either 
keep  their  oath  of  office  to  obey  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica and  stand  by  the  laws  of  the  different  states  of  our  Union  or  get  out  of 
the  way  and  let  somebody  else  take  his  place  who  will  keep  the  oath.  That 
is  the  sentiment  contained  in  the  recent  declaration  by  the  judicial  Bar  Asso- 
ciation of  our  country.  They  said  in  substances,  "He  that  scoffs  at  or  ignores 
any  law  is  helping  the  cause  of  anarchy."  We  need  to  get  it  into  our  heads 
that  we  will  have  to  enforce  our  laws.  Law  is  not  for  those  people  that  like  it. 

142 


It  is  for  people  that  don't  like  it.     If  they  all  liked  it  we  wouldn't  need  any  law. 

The  sentiment  of  the  great  Lincoln  needs  to  be  revived,  "Let  reverence 
for  the  laws  be  breathed  by  every  American  mother,  let  it  be  taught  in  the 
schools,  let  it  be  written  in  the  primers,  let  it  be  preached  from  the  pulpit, 
proclaimed  in  legislative  halls  and  enforced  in  courts  of  justice;  in  short  let  it 
become  the  political  religion  of  our  country." 

President  Grant  said  that  if  a  law  is  a  bad  law,  enforce  it,  that  you  might 
find  out  it  is  a  bad  law  and  get  rid  of  it.  If  a  law  is  a  good  law,  enforce  it, 
so  as  to  get  the  benefit  of  it.  And  I  believe  the  sentiment  in  the  closing  words 
of  our  American  creed  is  splendid:  "I  therefore  believe  it  to  be  my  duty  to 
my  country  to  love  it,  to  support  its  Constitution,  to  obey  its  laws,  to  respect 
its  flag  and  to  defend  it  against  all  its  enemies." 

But  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  the  liquor  traffic  is  international  as  well 
as  national;  that  it  belongs  to  the  world  as  well  as  to  local  communities;  and 
that  if  we  are  going  to  take  care  of  our  own  fight  we  will  have  to  take  care 
of  the  world  fight.  Reference  has  already  been  made  in  this  convention  to 
the  fact  that  the  international  liquor  interests  met  about  a  month  ago  in 
Paris  and  sent  out  a  declaration  that  was  read  all  over  the  world.  They 
stated  that  the  wine  growers  of  Southern  Europe  had  pledged  a  fund  of 
many  millions  of  francs,  mind  you,  for  what  purpose?  To  make  a  merciless 
attack  upon  Prohibition.  Where?  Everywhere,  they  said,  but  they  said  they 
were  going  to  make  it  particularly  in  the  places  Prohibition  is  now  on  trial, 
like  the  United  States  of  America  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  They  said, 
"We  are  going  to  cooperate  with  the  wets  in  those  countries."  No  wet 
organization  in  any  country  outside  ought  to  come  into  our  country  and  help 
an  institution  that  has  been  outlawed,  help  the  wets  to  undermine  our  very 
government  itself.  A  lot  of  people  are  talking  about  the  United  States  of 
America  forgiving  the  war  debts.  I  am  in  favor  of  doing  everything  we  can 
to  help  any  nation  on  the  face  of  the  earth  and  if  we  do  forgive  the  war  debts 
we  should  forgive  them  on  the  condition  that  they  don't  use  a  dollar  of  that 
money  for  the  raising  of  funds  to  come  back  and  fight  our  Constitution,  and 
in  addition  to  that,  on  condition  that  they  will  quit  drinking  up  money.  Let 
us  be  fair  to  each  other  and  stand  up  together  in  this  finish  fight  against  the 
liquor  traffic. 

In  order  to  win  this  fight  it  is  necessary  for  us  to  go  down  the  field  to- 
ward the  goal  of  an  outlawed  and  accursed  liquor  traffic.  Great  multitudes 
throng  the  world  stadium  and  watch  this  spirited  contest.  The  crowds  are 
on  their  feet.  They  are  interested  and  anxious.  The  signal  has  been  given. 
The  whistle  is  blown.  The  Prohibition  ball  has  been  handed  to  the  World 
League  Against  Alcoholism,  and  with  sixty  nations  represented  here,  we 
must  form  such  an  interference  as  will  make  it  possible  for  us  to  ward  off 
the  world  nullificationists  and  the  wet  propagandists  and  send  them  with  their 
many  millions  of  francs,  whirling,  rolling  and  writhing  to  the  ground,  and 
make  such  a  forward  pass  as  will  send  the  ball  over  the  goal  for  good  elec- 
tions, clean  elections,  law  enforcement  and  world-wide  Prohibition.  We  must 
go  over  or  through  all  opposition,  and  kill  the  liquor  traffic  in  the  Prohibition 
fight  once  and  for  all  time.  We  must  stamp  out  moonshine  where  Prohibi- 

143 


tion  is  and  scatter  the  sunshine  by  Prohibition  around  the  world.  Prohibition 
will  never  be  what  it  ought  to  be  anywhere  until  we  get  it  everywhere.  We 
must  enlist  for  this  finish  fight,  and  I  am  going  to  ask  you  now  if  you  believe 
that  this  fight  ought  to  T5e  world-wide,  to  ehlist  as  servants  in  this  movement 
and  be  willing  to  make  whatever  sacrifice  you  need  to  make  to  finish  the  fight. 

A  little  while  ago  our  President  was  called  down  to  New  York  harbor  to 
give  a  word  of  comfort  to  the  women  and  children  who  were  there  to  meet 
the  bodies  of  three  thousand  soldier  boys,  fathers,  husbands,  sons  and  brothers, 
that  were  brought  back  from  the  fields  of  France.  Our  President  prepared  a 
message  and  started  to  read  it.  His  eyes  failed  him.  His  throat  filled  up  and 
after  a  great  deal  of  effort  he  looked  out  over  those  three  thousand  bodies  of 
soldier  boys,  wrapped  with  the  American  flag,  and  was  able  to  say  merely 
these  words: 

"This  thing  must  never  happen  again." 

Some  of  you  here  in  Canada  and  from  the  other  countries  who  suffered 
more  than  the  United  States  of  America,  know  how  to  join  with  us  in  that 
declaration,  "This  thing  must  never  happen  again."  If  we  can  get  co- 
operative action  I  believe  we  will  not  only  kill  the  liquor  traffic,  but  we  will 
kill  the  other  things  for  which  the  liquor  traffic  is  responsible.  As  I  look  back 
over  the  years  I  see  not  merely  three  thousand  soldiers'  bodies,  but  a  million 
soldiers'  bodies  shrouded  with  the  disgrace  of  having  been  killed  by  the  cruel 
liquor  traffic.  Are  we  going  to  stand  for  that  kind  of  thing?  Are  we  going 
to  let  the  liquor  traffic  come  back?  I  believe  the  sentiment  of  this  convention 
is  that  we  are  ready  to  say  in  the  words  of  the  President  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  "This  thing,  by  the  help  of  God,  must  never  happen  again." 


ORGANIZED   LABOR  AND   PROHIBITION 

By  HONOKABLE  JOHN  G.  COOPER 

Member  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  United  States  of  America  and  Member 
of  the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engineers,  United  States  of  America 
I  deem  it  an  honor  and  a  privilege  to  come  before  you  and  speak  to  the 
great   gathering   of   men    and    women    here.     It    has    been    an    inspiration    for 
me  to  sit  here  and   see   the  enthusiasm  that  has  been   manifested   and  when 
I  leave  to  take  the  train  back  to  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  I  assure 
you  that  I  shall  go  inspired  with  a  greater  determination   than   I   have  ever 
had   before   to   fight   old   John    Barleycorn   and   the    liquor   traffic,   until    it   is 
wiped  frorri  the  entire  face  of  the  earth. 

You  have  heard  a  great  deal  about  what  the  American  Congress  is  going 
to  say;  is  going  to  do.  Let  me  say  this  to  you,  as  one  member  of  that  Con- 
gress: That  the  American  Congress  is  going  to  hold  fast.  We  have  a  front 
line  there.  The  liquor  forces  and  all  the  demons  of  hell  are  not  going  to  break 
through  and  they  are  not  going  to  modify  or  weaken  the  national  Prohibition 
enforcement  act  in  any  way,  shape  or  manner. 

I  have  been  assigned  the  subject  of  "Prohibition  and  its  Relation  to  Or- 
ganized Labor."  That  is  quite  a  delicate  question  to  talk  upon,  but  I  shall  do 
my  very  best  to  confine  myself  to  the  subject  which  you  have  assigned  me. 

144 


From  the  days  when  I  was  a  wee  small  lad  and  at  the  age  of  thirteen 
went  to  work  in  the  great  rolling  mills  of  the  district  in  which  I  lived,  all  of 
my  life  has  been  associated  with  the  men  and  women  that  toil.  For  seventeen 
years  prior  to  the  time  when  the  people  of  my  Congressional  District  sent 
me  to  Congress  eight  years  ago,  I  was  employed  by  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road Company  in  the  capacity  of  a  locomotive  fireman  and  engineer,  and  while 
I  have  not  been  in  active  service  as  an  engineer  since  my  election  to  Con- 
gress, yet  it  is  with  something  of  a  feeling  of  pride  that  I  can  sl:and  here  and 
say  to  you  that  I  am  still  a  member  in  good  standing  in  one  of  the  great  labor 
organizations  of  our  country,  namely,  the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive 
Engineers. 

I  do  not  come  to  you  this  afternoon  as  one  who  has  any  authority  to 
speak  for  organized  labor.  I  merely  come  to  you  as  one  who  is  a  member  of 
organized  labor,  one  who  is  associated  with  the  working  classes  and  has  been 
so  associated  all  of  his  life.  I  have  shared  with  them  their  comforts  and 
their  hardships,  their  joys  and  their  sorrows,  and  I  have  nothing  but  their 
best  interests  at  heart.  There  is  at  this  time  a  very  determined  effort  being 
made  on  the  part  of  the  liquor  interests  and  a  few  members  of  organized  labor 
to  leave  the  impression  that  the  working  classes,  and,  especially,  those  that 
are  affiliated  with  organized  labor,  are  opposed  to  prohibition  of  the  liquor 
traffic.  / 

Now,  I  want  to  deny  and  challenge  the  statement  that  the  working  classes 
or  a  majority  of  those  affiliated  with  organized  labor  are  opposed  to  Prohibition 
and  are  in  sympathy  with  the  liquor  traffic,  and  that  they  are  ready  to  adopt 
the  beer  keg  and  the  whisky  bottle  as  their  emblem.  I  grant  you,  it  is  true 
that  there  are  some  affiliated  with  organized  labor  who  are  opposed  to  Pro- 
hibition of  the  liquor  traffic,  but  as  a  rule  you  will  find  that  these  men  are 
affiliated  with  various  crafts,  which  in  the  past  have  been  engaged  in  the  dis- 
tribution, the  manufacture  or  the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors.  Now,  Mr.  Chair- 
man, I  hold  no  brief  against  these  men.  God  bless  them,  I  would  be  the  first 
to  do  them  a  good  turn  if  it  lay  in  my  power  so  to  do,  but  this  fact  remains, 
that  they  were  engaged  in  the  manufacture,  in  the  sale  and  in  the  distribution 
of  that  which  was  the  greatest  enemy  that  the  working  class  has  ever  had. 

While  I  hold  no  brief  against  these  men  and  I  do  not  care  to  make  any 
attack  upon  them  from  a  personal  standpoint  yet,  I  must  take  the  position  to 
fight  with  all  the  power  at  my  command  the  institution  which  they  are  up- 
holding. Not  long  ago  the  newspapers  of  our  country  published  a  story  rela- 
tive to  the  action  that  had  been  taken  by  the  Executive  Council  of  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor,  calling  upon  the  voters  all  over  this  great  land  of 
ours  to  support  only  those  candidates  for  the  Senate  and  the  House  of 
Representatives  who  had  pledged  themselves  to  a  modification  of  the  Volstead 
Act  in  such  a  way  as  would  permit  the  sale  of  wine  and  beer  which  is  now 
prohibited  under  our  Federal  Constitution.  When  I  read  of  the  action  taken 
by  the  Council  I  wondered  if  the  great  American  Federation  of  Labor  had 
cast  aside  the  fundamental  principles  for  which  it  had  always  stood,  namely, 
the  welfare,  the  comfort  and  the  happiness  of  the  workingman  and  his  family. 
I  wondered  if  it  had  cast  aside  those  great  principles  and  formed  an  alliance 

145 


with  those  who  are  seeking  the  return'  of  the  liquor  traffic  which  has  always 
been  the  arch  enemy  of  the  workingman's  home  and  a  Christian  civilized 
nation. 

The  most  powerful  agency  that  is  fighting  prohibition  in  the  United 
States  of  America  today  is  known  as  the  Association  Opposed  to  the  Pro- 
hibition Amendment.  You  will  not  find  any  working  people  or  leaders  of 
organized  labor  among  the  incorporators  of  this  organization.  No.  But  you 
will  find  on  the  board  of  directors  such  sturdy  champions  of  the  down- 
trodden masses  as  Arthur  Capell,  banker,  of  New  York  City;  Michael  Freed- 
man,  President  of  the  S.  Altman-  Company;  Joseph  W.  Harriman,  President 
of  the  Harriman  National  Bank;  P.  S.  Hill,  President  of  the  American  To- 
bacco Company;  Lawrence  McGuire,  President  of  the  United  States  Realty 
and  Improvement  Company,  and  many  other  multi-millionaires  as  the  incor- 
porators and  board  of  directors  of  this  Association.  As  I  read  the  names  of 
these  illustrious  friends  of  the  toiling  masses  I  wondered  how  much  of  their 
great  wealth  had  come  from  the  poisoned  fruits  of  the  liquor  traffic  and  how 
much  capital  they  had  invested  in  business  which  they  think  may  be  benefited 
by  the  revival  of  the  licensed  sale  of  booze. 

Another  of  these  so-called  champions  of  the  working  classes  who  is  try- 
ing to  solicit  the  support  of  organized  labor  for  the  revival  of  the  liquor  traf- 
fic is  Captain  William  H.  Stayton,  who  is  the  managing  director  ofHhis  asso- 
ciation. 

Now,  I  want  to  call  the  attention  of  my  workingmen  friends  in  Canada 
here  to  the  fact  that  it  has  only  been  about  two  or  three  years  ago  since  this 
same  Captain  William  H.  Stayton  went  from  one  end  of  the  United  States  to 
the  other,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Gulf, 
lecturing  to  chambers  of  commerce  and  civic  organizations  and  asking  them 
to  get  in  touch  with  their  Senators  and  their  Congressmen  and  fight  for  a 
provision  in  the  Army  and  Navy  appropriation  bills  for  the  stop-watch  time 
saving  device  in  the  arsenals  and  the  navy  yards  of  our  country. 

If  Captain  Stayton  could  have  had  his  way  the  employees  in  the  United 
States  arsenals  and  navy  yards  would  now  be  working  under  conditions 
where  the  stop  watch  would  be  held  over  them  as  it  is  held  over  a  race  horse 
when  he  is  trying  to  break  the  record. 

Some  time  ago  this  Association  Opposed  to  the  Prohibition  Amendment 
held  a  mass  meeting  in  Madison  Square  Garden  in  New  York  City  and  the 
papers  stated  that  one  of  the  prominent  speakers  at  this  meeting  was  Mr. 
Samuel  Gompers,  President  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  and  if  the 
press  reports  are  true,  Mr.  Gompers  is  quoted  as  saying  this: 

"I  and  the  federation  I  represent  are  in  favor  of  wine  and  beer  and  we 
are  against  any  attempt  to  enforce  laws  aimed  at  the  personal  liberty  of  our 
people." 

Now,  I  have  no  quarrel  with  Mr.  Gompers  as  a  labor  leader.  I  think 
that  in  some  respects  he  has  been  a  great  labor  leader,  but  I  cannot  and  will 
not  agree  with  him  on  his  stand  on  the  liquor  question. 

I  do  not  challenge  the  right  of  Mr.  Gompers  to  speak  for  himself  on  the 
Prohibition  question,  but  I  do  challenge  the  right  of  Mr.  Gompers  or  anyone 

146 


else  to  speak  for  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  law-abiding  workingmen  and 
women  who  have  joined  hands  with  the  Christian  forces  of  our  country  and 
swept  the  legalized  liquor  traffic  out  of  that  fair  land  of  ours.  What  did  Mr. 
Gompers  mean  when  he  said,  "We  are  against  any  attempt  to  enforce  laws 
aimed  at  the  personal  liberty  of  our  people?"  Did  he  mean  that  he  was 
against  the  enforcement  of  the  Volstead  Act?  The  Volstead  Act  is  nothing 
more  nor  less  than  a  statute  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  the  18th  amendment 
to  our  Constitution. 

In  an  address  that  Mr.  Gompers  delivered  at  Chicago  in  April,  1922,  he 
said  this:  "While  I  am  a  trade  unionist  from  the  ground  up,  I  am  first  of  all 
an  American." 

I  would  like  to  ask  Mr.  Gompers  this  question:  How  can  any  man  be  a 
true  American  in  spirit  or  ideals  who  openly  advocates  disregard  for  con- 
stituted law? 

The  18th  amendment  is  part  of  our  Constitution  and  it  is  just  as  sacred 
as  any  other  part  of  our  Constitution;  and  the  man  or  woman  who  violates  it 
is  just  as  guilty  as  if  he  or  she  committed  any  other  crime  against  our  Gov- 
ernment. 

Then,  again,  Mr.  Gompers  raises  the  old  cry  of  personal  liberty.  Personal 
liberty!  No  man  or  group  of  men  has  the  right  to  engage  in  any  business 
that  turns  human  beings  into  beasts,  destroys  homes,  and  threatens  the 
foundations  of  all  government  in  a  Christian  civilization.  But  I  doubt  if  any 
thinking  person  pays  serious  attention  to  Mr.  Gompers'  old  "personal  lib- 
erty" cry  for  it  is  the  worn  out  wail  of  those  who  would  feed  their  selfish  appe- 
tites, no  matter  what  the  cost  to  the  welfare  and  happiness  of  their  fellowmen. 
But  thank  God  that  not  all  leaders  of  organized  labor  are  opposed  to  Pro- 
hibition. I  am  proud  of  the  fact  that  my  name  is  recorded  on  one  of  the 
great  labor  organizations  of  our  country  which  ten  years  ago  went  on  record 
as  being  in  favor  of  state  and  national  prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic. 

And  in  1915  I  had  the  honor  to  be  present  at  the  triennial  convention  of 
the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engineers  held  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  when  the 
delegates  to  that  convention  went  on  record  representing  80,000  members, 
pledging  the  best  efforts  of  the  organization  for  the  abolition  of  the  liquor 
traffic.  In  a  letter  which  was  made  public  a  short  time  after  that,  by  Mr. 
Warren  S.  Stone,  Grand  Chief  of  the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engineers, 
h';  had  this  to  say: 

"We  fight  the  liquor  traffic  as  hard  as  any  of  the  churches.  Liquor  has 
no  place  in  our  modern  railroading.  I  never  expect  to  be  the  manager  of  a 
railroad,  but  if  I  were,  the  man  could  not  work  for  me  who  took  a  drink  of 
liquor,  either  on  or  off  duty.  I  would  make  no  difference  between  the  two, 
for  the  man  who  will  drink  off  duty  is  not  fit  to  go  on  duty  when  the  time 
comes.  I  fail  to  see  why  our  workingmen  do  not  come  out  in  the  open  and 
fight  this  evil.  It  tends  to  destroy  the  home  life,  lower  the  tone  of  citizen- 
ship in  the  community,  and  the  morale  of  the  individual  as  well,  to  say  noth- 
ing of  his  mental  and  physical  health." 

God  bless  Warren  S.  Stone.  Thank  God  that  we  have  such  great  labor 
leaders  as  he  in  our  country. 

147 


Some  time  ago  I  wrote  personal  letters  to  many  of  the  great  labor  leaders 
in  the  United  States  of  America  and  asked  them  to  give  me  in  writing  their 
opinion  as  to  what  effect  Prohibition  had  had  on  the  working  classes  and 
invariably  every  one  of  those  leaders  wrote  to  me  and  said  that  the  working 
classes  had  derived  great  benefit  fronn  the  Prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic. 

Something  has  been  said  about  Ohio  here  today.  I  want  to  speak  about 
the  situation  there  because  it  is  my  home  state. 

Does  some  one  ask,  "Was  it  the  rural  sections  that  gave  Ohio  189,000 
majority  against  the  amendment  for  beer  and  wine  on  the  7th  day  of  last 
month?"  No,  the  rural  sections  helped,  but,  my  friends,  Ohio  is  the  third 
greatest  industrial  state  in  the  United  States.  Take  my  own  Congressional 
District,  my  own  city  of  Youngstown,  Ohio.  We  have  the  second  largest 
iron  and  steel  industry  in  the  world  throughout  that  great  valley.  Sixty 
thousand  men  work  in  our  steel  plants  alone.  Through  that  district  we  have 
the  heaviest  railroad  traffic  of  any  district  in  the  United  States  of  America. 
We  have  thousands  and  thousands  of  mechanics  in  the  diversified  industries 
through  that  great  valley,  and  yet  on  the  7th  day  of  last  November,  the  county 
in  which  is  located  the  city  of  Youngstown  went  to  the  polls  and  gave  a  dry 
majority  of  3,200.  Yet  people  say  to  you  that  organized  labor  and  the  work- 
ing classes  are  opposed  to  prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic!  I  deny  it,  and 
I  challenge  the  untruthful  statement  that  organized  labor,  and  the  labor- 
ing classes  are  opposed  to  Prohibition.  I  fail  to  understand  what  labor  ex- 
pects to  gain  by  the  resurrection  of  the  liquor  traffic  in  these  trying  times  of 
the  world  history.  I  want  to  say  to  you,  my  friends,  especially  to  you  who 
are  members  of  organized  labor,  that  we  have  all  we  can  do  to  look  after  our 
own  interests  without  trying  to  do  the  dirty  work  of  the  brewers  and  the 
distillers  who  expect  the  public  to  bring  back  beer  and  wine. 

Now,  my  observation  has  led  me  to  believe  that  it  is  not  the  working 
people  who  are  clamoring  for  the  return  of  the  liquor  but  it  is  chiefly  the 
class  of  people  who  do  not  produce  anything  in  this  world.  Most  of  them 
are  referred  to  as  "The  Idle  Rich."  They  have  been  left  with  more  money 
than  they  know  what  to  do  with.  They  have  nothing  to  do  but  lounge  around 
in  bed  all  day  and  then  they  spend  their  nights  in  the  cabarets  and  the  dance 
halls  and  the  banquet  rooms  and  say,  "We  must  have  liquor  to  give  us  a 
little  pep."  If  these  people  could  divert  their  minds  to  some  useful  purpose,  if 
they  would  only  do  an  honest  day's  work  once  in  a  while,  they  would  not 
need  intoxicating  liquors  to  give  them  false  stimulation. 

Among  those  who  are  seeking  the  return  of  the  liquor  traffic  is  another 
class,  some  of  the  employers  of  labor.  I  do  not  mean  all  employers. 

A  great  many  of  our  employers  of  labor  worked  in  season  and  out  of 
season  to  bring  about  Prohibition.  I  believe,  some  worked  to  that  end  be- 
cause they  thought  they  could  get  more  efficiency  out  of  their  working  men. 
Now,  I  have  no  objections  to  the  employer  of  labor  favoring  Prohibition, 
but  I  have  nothing  but  the  deepest  of  contempt  for  the  employer  of  labor 
who  acts  to  bring  about  Prohibition  for  his  own  employees  and  is  not  man 
enough  to  leave  the  drink  alone  himself.  We  have  that  class  too. 

Then  there  is  another  class  who  break  the  law  to  satisfy  the  desires  of  a 

148 


physical  appetite.  How  deplorable  it  is  when  we  hear  of  men  and  women, 
scores  of  them,  supposed  to  stand  high  in  the  communities  in  which  they  live, 
men  and  women  who  should  be  a  power  for  good,  defiantly  boasting  that  they 
are  violating  one  of  the  constituted  laws  of  our  land.  But  I  want  to  issue  a 
solemn  warning  to  them  here  and  now.  I  would  say  to  them  that  they 
had  better  read  the  warning  sign,  stop,  look  and  listen,  for  in  their  eager  de- 
sire to  satisfy  the  craving  of  a  physicial  body  they  are  laying  the  foundation 
for  a  condition  which,  if  not  checked,  ultimately  will  destroy  the  soul  of 
our  Nation;  for  when  the  people  of  our  great  land  have  so  far  forgotten 
themselves  that  they  have  no  respect  for  constituted  law,  when  that  time 
comes,  all  liberty  will  cease  and  anarchy  will  begin.  No  class  can  be  greater 
than  our  government  and  law,  and  still  leave  us  with  a  free  country.  Our 
nation,  and  your  nation,  will  never  rise  above  the  moral  fibre  of  its  people; 
and  if  the  day  ever  comes  in  this  great  , country  of  yours  and  in  the  great 
land  of  ours  which  today  are  looked  upon  by  the  peoples  of  all  the  old  world 
as  the  beacon  light  and  the  torch  bearers  of  a  Christian  civilization  and 
freedom — I  say,  if  the  day  ever  comes  when  we  fall,  it  will  be  because  we  have 
forgotten  Almighty  God  in  our  disrespect  and  disregard  for  constituted  law 
and  authority. 

In  conclusion,  I  want  to  appeal  to  the  working  masses  to  consider  well 
the  false  cry  of  those  who  say  that  organized  labor  is  supporting  the  move- 
ment of  the  liquor  people  for  the  return  of  that  nefarious  business. 

I  appeal  to  the  working  classes  in  all  walks  of  life,  to  strike  back  at  those 
who  would  use  labor  as  a  means  to  bring  back  this  nefarious  business.  Work- 
ing men  and  women,  let  us  stand  by  and  support  the  constituted  laws  of  our 
land.  Let  us  see  to  it  that  the  black  flag  of  anarchy  shall  never  flaunt  its 
dirty  folds  within  the  sacred  sanctuary  of  the  American  workingman's  home. 

About  six  or  seven  months  after  the  great  World  War  was  ended,  one 
bright  morning,  amidst  the  blowing  of  whistles  and  the  booming  of  cannons, 
the  ringing  of  bells,  the  waving  of  flags,  and  the  cheering  of  multitudes,  a 
great  ocean  liner  slowly  steamed  into  New  York  Harbor.  On  board  that  liner 
was  a  very  distinguished  American  citizen,  General  John  J.  Pershing,  Com- 
mander in  Chief  of  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces.  As  the  liner  came 
to  the  dock  a  committee  went  on  board,  among  them  the  Secretary  of  War, 
Newton  D.  Baker.  He  had  been  delegated  to  go  to  New  York  and  meet  the 
General  and  present  to  him  a  commission  granted  to  General  Pershing  by  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States  making  him  a  permanent  General  in  the 
United  States  Army.  I  believe  only  two  other  American  citizens  have  been 
granted  that  honor,  namely,  General  Washington  and  General  Grant.  The 
commission  was  presented  to  the  great  General  who  accepted  it  in  a  few  brief 
words  of  appreciation  and  then  turned  to  an  inferior  officer  standing  by  his 
side  and  said,  "Sergeant,  this  is  going  to  be  a  busy  day  for  me  and  I  am  going 
to  give  you  this  commission  and  I  want  you  to  keep  it  safe."  The  "Sergeant" 
was  his  only  son,  Warren  Pershing,  a  boy  about  fourteen  or  sixteen  years  of 
age.  The- father  had  taken  the  little  chap  over  to  France  with  him.  The 
boys  liked  -him  and  the  officers  liked  him.  They  put  a  uniform  on  him  and 
made  him  a  "Sergeant."  As  the  General  handed  the  little  Sergeant  his  com- 

149 


mission,  the  boy  saluted  and  said,  "General,  I  will  keep  your  commission 
safe."  During  the  excitement  of  the  day  the  little  lad  for  the  time  being 
was  separated  from  his  father.  He  was  in  good  hands,  but  as  the  time 
went  on  the  General  was  just  a  little  bit  concerned  about  him.  He  said  to 
one  of  his  aides,  "Will  you  go  out  and  see  if  you  can  find  Warren  and  bring 
him  to  me."  The  aide  went  out  and  in  a  few  moments  returned  with  the 
boy.  As  they  came  up,  the  first  thing  the  General  said  was  "Sergeant,  have 
you  got  my  commission  safe?"  The  little  lad  again  saluted  and  said,  "Yes. 
General,  I  have  your  commission  safe." 

A  little  more  than  nineteen  hundred  years  ago  the  angels  of  the  Lord 
appeared  unto  the  shepherds  who  were  watching  their  flocks  by  night  on  the 
plains  of  Bethlehem  and  told  them  of  the  Prince  of  Peace,  the  Savior  of 
mankind  who  had  been  born.  He  came  to  us  with  a  message  of  peace  and 
of  joy  and  of  love  and  of  happiness.  He  lived  a  life  of  purity,  suffering  and 
sacrifice.  He  sacrificed  his  life  on  the  Cross  in  order  that  you  and  I  might 
have  eternal  life  and  a  home  in  heaven.  By  shedding  of  His  blood  He  left  to 
you  and  me  a  commission  to  go  out  into  this  world  and  win  it  for  the  King- 
dom of  God,  and  make  it  a  better  place  in  which  to  live. 

God  grant  that  we  may  stand  firm  in  this  critical  time  of  the  world's 
history,  when  the  forces  of  evil  are  working  as  they  never  did  before,  organiz- 
ing to  strike  down  and  tear  away  civilization,  religion,  and  the  Church  of 
Jesus  Christ,  and  that  when  the  final  day  comes  we  will  be  able  to  stand  erect 
and  say  as  the  little  Sergeant  said,  "Jesus,  I  have  kept  the  commission  safe; 
I  have  given  you  the  best  and  all  I  had,  to  win  the  old  world  for  the  King- 
dom of  God  and  make  it  a  better,  cleaner  and  purer  place  in  which  men  and 
women  can  live." 

MEMORIAL  SERVICE 

THE  HON.  MATTI  HELENIUS  SEPPALA 

By  PROFESSOR  ROBERT  HERCOD,  PH.  D.,  Lausanne,  Switzerland 

On  the  15th  of  October,  two  years  ago,  at  New  York  I  accompanied  my 
friend,  Dr.  Matti  Helenius  Seppala,  to  the  boat  which  was  to  take  him  home 
tc  Helsingfors.  He  was  in  high  spirits.  He  had  greatly  enjoyed  his  brief 
stay  in  the  United  States  of  America,  which  had  become  a  Prohibition  coun- 
try. He  rejoiced  also  to  resume  his  arduous  duties  as  Prohibition  Com- 
missioner for  Finland. 

Four  days  later  a  wireless  message  announced  to  us  that  he  had  suddenly 
died.  He  died  a  martyr  to  our  cause.  He  had  overworked  himself  for  many 
months,  and  in  July  instead  of  resting  he  spent  his  holidays  in  Denmark  lec- 
turing. He  wrote  me  then,  "I  cannot  stand  upon  my  feet.  I  am  obliged  to 
speak  sitting,  but  I  have  accepted  to  speak  and  I  will  speak." 

We  had  agreed  to  sail  together  to  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress 
in  the  United  States  of  America,  and  when  I  met  him  at  Paris  I  found  him 
so  ill  that  I  earnestly  urged  him  to  remain  for  some  days  in  a  hospital  and 
then  go  back  to  Helsingfors,  but  he  would  not.  He  considered  it  as  a  duty 
for  him  as  the  official  representative  of  Prohibition  Finland,  to  go  to  Wash- 
ISO 


ington  and  to  attend  the  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism  as  well 
as  the  session  of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism. 

At  Washington  he  was  very  active  and  we  could. not  keep  him  quiet.  He 
wanted  to  attend  every  meeting.  He  was  so  glad  to  speak  of  his  Prohibition 
country,  of  his  experiences,  of  his  hopes.  He  was  so  glad  to  meet  with  so 
many  friends.  He  took  also  a  prominent  part  in  sessions  of  the  World 
League,  and  the  result  was  the  reaction  of  disease  on  the  boat  and  his  death. 

Who  was  Matti  Helenius  Seppala?  What  part  has  he  had  in  our  move- 
ment? 

As  a  young  student  when  he  gave  the  best  hopes  of  a  brilliant  career  he 
decided  to  espouse  the  then  unpopular  cause  and  to  devote  his  life  to  the  fight 
against  alcohol,  and  the  liquor  traffic,  in  his  beloved  country.  He  decided  not 
to  rest  until  his  country  was  free  from  liquor,  and  he  was  faithful  until  his 
death,  but,  before  speaking  and  writing  on  the  alcohol  question  he  wanted, 
conscientious  as  he  was,  to  know  himself  thoroughly  on  the  question  and  so 
that  he  could  ascertain  many  facts  that  were  then  not  quite  sure  in  our  ques- 
t'on  he  decided  that  his  first  work  for  the  movement  would  be  to  elucidate 
the  question  which  was  under  discussion.  During  several  years  he  travelled, 
and  studied  for  weeks  and  months  in  the  principal  libraries  in  Europe  and 
the  result  of  this  was  a  book  of  more  than  four  hundred  pages  for  which  he 
received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Political  Sciences  from  the  University  of 
Copenhagen.  That  book,  which  was  translated  into  Swedish,  English  and 
German,  is  now  twenty  years  old.  Many  pages  are  out  of  date,  but  it  re- 
mains a  great  store  of  valuable  information.  After  having  achieved  his  prep- 
aration, Dr.  Seppala  began  his  practical  work.  He  became  the  Secretary  of 
the  Finnish  Society  of  Friends  of  Abstinence,  and  his  work  there  was  won- 
derful, always  writing,  lecturing  from  North  to  South,  from  West  to  East. 
I  have  photos  of  him  where  once  he  is  seen  in  the  middle  of  the  winter 
speaking  to  the  Laps  on  the  frozen  shores  of  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

He  wanted  not  only  to  educate,  but  also  to  legislate,  and  he  accepted  a 
political  mandate  as  representative  of  the  Christian  Social  party  of  Finland 
and  soon  was  a  member  of  important  committees,  but  always  having  as  his 
first  thought  to  win  his  fellow  members  for  Prohibition  laws  for  Finland. 
Tn  1907  victory  seemed  to  be  won.  The  Finnish  Parliament  adopted  almost 
universally  the  Prohibition  law;  but  Finland  then  was  not  free.  It  was  a 
part  of  the  Russian  Empire  and  any  law  voted  by  the  Finnish  Parliament  had 
to  be  ratified  by  the  Russian  Emperor.  The  Finnish  Prohibition  law  was  not 
ratified.  It  has  been  said  that  the  Russian  ministers  were  not  unfavorable 
but  the  French  wine  interests  interfered.  France  had  lent  much  money  to 
Russia,  and  the  law  was  not  ratified. 

Two  years  later  the  Finnish  Parliament  voted  a  second  Prohibition  law. 
trying  to  answer  some  of  the  objections  which  rlad  been  made  to  the  first 
one.  This  law  also  was  not  ratified,  and  all  that  remained  to  the  friends  of 
Prohibition  in  Finland  was  to  hope  for  a  better  future  and  to  educate,  educate, 
the  population.  At  that  time  Dr.  Matti  Helenius  Seppala  made  a  long  journey 
in  the  United  States  of  America  and  brought  back  a  fine  impartial  book  on 

151 


the  story  of  Prohibition  in  Maine.  Then  the  war  came  and  in  1917  the  Rus- 
sian Revolution.  Finland  was  still  nominally  for  some  weeks  a  subject  of  the 
Russian  Republic,  but  practically  she  was  free,  and  the  Finnish  Parliament 
received  from  Petrograd  the  ratification  of  the  former  Prohibition  law.  This 
was  a  great  day  in  all  Finland.  In  all  churches  the  pastors  thanked  God, 
and  the  faithful  men  and  women  who  had  fought  for  so  many  years.  Matti 
Helenius  Seppala  had  the  most  glorious  day,  the  happiest  day  in  all  his  life, 
but  his  work  was  not  at  an  end.  He  had  been  offered  the  post  of  Minister 
for  Social  Affairs  in  the  new  republic.  He  was  a  modest  man  and  would 
i-ot  accept  it,  but  he  did  accept  the  difficult  task  of  being  the  Chief  of  the 
Prohibition  Section  in  the  Social  Ministry.  He  had  to  enforce  the  new  Pro- 
hibition law.  His  work  was  very  difficult.  All  of  the  enforcement  section 
was  to  be  organized.  He  had  also  to  meet  the  many  adversaries  and  foes  of 
the  Prohibition  law,  and  he  did  this,  it  is  the  common  judgment  of  his  fellow 
citizens,  in  the  most  wonderful  way.  But  it  was  too  much  for  him,  and  he 
died  from  overwork. 

In  the  international  movement  against  alcoholism,  Dr.  Matti  Helenius 
Seppala  was  also  a  prominent  figure.  He  always  attended  the  International 
Congresses.  He  did  not  speak  much  but  he  spoke  always  to  the  point  and 
always  his  voice  was  acknowledged  as  the  voice  of  a  wonderful  official  and 
worker.  He  was  of  a  mild  and  cheerful  disposition,  not  at  all  a  stern  fanatic, 
but  a  man  who  enjoyed  a  good  joke,  who  enjoyed  good  companionship.  He 
was  universally  beloved  in  his  Finland  where  he  was  commonly  named, 
"Righteous  Matti,"  "Temperance  Matti"  or  "Uncle  Matti."  He  was  a  friend 
ever  ready  to  oblige,  and  when  one  was  in  trouble  one  was  sure  of  his  active 
sympathy.  I  was  closely  connected  with  him,  and  when  I  heard  of  his  death 
it  was  one  of  the  saddest  days  of  my  life,  and  also  one  of  the  saddest  days 
in  the  life  of  many  people  in  Finland. 

His  place  has  not  been  taken  by  another.  They  know  that  nobody  can 
have  his  authority  but  they  wrote  me  after  his  death,  "Now,  we  will  work 
twice  as  much  in  order  to  be  worthy  of  our  chief."  In  the  name  of  the  Fin- 
nish Temperance  movement,  in  the  name  of  all  the  friends  of  Dr.  Matti 
Helenius  Seppala,  in  this  country,  I  thank  the  organizers  of  this  touching, 
memorial  service  for  having  included  his  name  in  it.  He  is  worthy  of  it. 

I  am  sure  that  when  one  will  write  the  history  of  the  modern  Prohibition 
movement  Dr.  Matti  Helenius  Seppala  will  take  in  this  history  a  prominent 
place  as  a  leader  of  the  Finnish  Prohibition  forces,  and  as  one  of  the  noble 
leaders  of  the  world  in  the  temperance  reform. 


THE  REV.  JAMES   MARION 
By  REVEREND  ROBERT  B.  S.  HAMMOND,  D.  D.,  of  Sydney,  Australia 

Among  those  present  in  the  first  gathering  of  the  family  of  the  World 
League  Against  Alcoholism  in  1919,  was  James  Marion  of  Sydney,  Australia. 
He  was  at  the  time  General  Secretary  of  the  New  South  Wales  Alliance  for 
Prohibition.  He  was  born  in  Australia.  He  campaigned  in  every  state  of 
that  continent  and  also  in  New  Zealand,  making  a  good  impression  and  al- 

152 


ways  winning  friends.  This  bright,  versatile  worker  tor  Prohibition  held  a 
special  layman's  license  from  the  Primate  of  Australia  to  preach  in  the 
Episcopal  Church  which  numbers  46  per  cent  of  the  population  of  Australia. 
The  whole  commonwealth  recognized  that  he  was  worthy  to  represent  Aus- 
tralia's Prohibition  sentiment  at  the  first  World  League  meeting. 

After  his  return  from  America  his  usefulness  to  the  cause  of  Prohibition 
was  increased  a  hundred  fold  and  his  lecture,  "Uncle  Sam  Goes  Dry,"  was 
heard  by  tens  of  thousands,  always  winning  converts,  attracting  great  public 
attention.  Last  year  he  went  to  New  Zealand  on  a  special  mission  and  at 
the  height  of  success,  when  addressing  a  crowded  auditorium,  smiling,  vigor- 
ous, in  the  prime  of  life,  only  44  years  of  age,  he  stopped  speaking  to  the 
audience  and,  turning  to  the  chairman,  said,  "I  don't  feel  well,"  and  then  he 
?.at  down.  He  said,  "My  work  is  done.  Jesus  is  calling  me."  Looking  up, 
fce  said,  "I  am  ready,  I  am  coming."  He  never  spoke  again.  He  became  un- 
conscious; within  two  hours  he  had  gone  home.  In  this  manner,  my  friend 
and  comrade  of  many  years  was  called  home,  leaving  behind  him  a  fragrant 
memory,  of  fine  enthusiasm,  of  sparkling  speech  and  of  tireless  energy.  He 
did  not  enter  mto  the  sunshine  of  Prohibition  in  Australia,  but  he  saw  the 
dawn  breaking.  The  unfinished  work  remains  for  those  of  us  who  counted 
it  as  our  life's  most  worth  while  business  to  bring  sunshine  to  human  hearts 
and  homes,  that  have  too  long  lived  under  the  dreary  shadow  of  the  world's 
greatest  enemy  and  greatest  sorrow  maker,  alcohol. 

We  pay  our  best  tribute  to  the  memory  of  great  and  noble  souls  by  re- 
newing our  energies  and  catching  a  fresh  inspiration  for  our  enthusiasm  to 
complete  the  work  they  so  nobly  began. 


MR.  THOMAS  SEARLE 

By  MBS.  DEBORAH  KNOX  LIVINGSTON,  of  Boston,  Mass. 

In  that  far  away  country,  beyond  the  southern  Atlantic,  beneath  the 
Southern  Cross,  known  as  the  Union  of  South  Africa,  Thomas  Searle  lived 
and  did  his  day's  work  until  the  book  of  toil  for  him  was  finished. 

As  President  of  the  Temperance  Alliance  of  South  Africa,  he  was  loved 
and  honored  through  all  the  provinces  of  that  country,  but  beyond  the 
provinces  which  make  the  Union  of  South  Africa,  his  name  was  known,  be- 
cause of  his  great  interest  in  the  protection  of  the  native  races  of  that  great 
continent.  He  loved  the  cause  of  temperance  for  many  reasons.  Perhaps,  he 
loved  it  best  because  he  loved  little  children  so  well.  It  was  his  great  in- 
terest in  the  protection  of  little  children,  whether  they  were  black  or  white, 
that  sent  him  forth  into  the  highways  and  the  byways  of  that  country  to  or- 
ganize these  children  in  the  Bands  of  Hope. 

As  the  President  of  the  Alliance  of  that  Dominion  of  South  Africa,  he 
brought  into  being  an  organization  which  is  seeking  to  carry  out  today  the 
great  principles  of  the  prohibition  of  traffic  in  alcoholic  drinks,  by  government 
action,  as  well  as  the  setting  up  of  a  standard  of  total  abstinence  among  all 
the  peoples  of  South  Africa.  It  was  my  happy  privilege  during  my  recent 
visit  to  that  country  to  be  a  guest  in  the  home  of  his  son  and  to  be  taken 

153 


through  the  little  town  in  which  he  lived.  While  I  was  interested  in  all  the 
splendid  industrial  center  which  he  had  built  up,  the  thing  that  interested  me 
most  was  when  his  son  said,  "You  know,  Mrs.  Livingston,  father  believed  in 
beginning  at  home  with  his  temperance  missionary  enterprise  and  there  has 
never  ben  a  public  house  in  this  town  since  a  Searle  began  to  live  here." 

There  are  indeed  many  words  of  praise  and  of  tribute  that  I  might  bring 
to  you  from  our  South  African  comrades  as  they  told  me  of  the  wonderful 
life  of  this  remarkable  man  but,  as  I  have  been  thinking  of  those  expressions 
of  their  appreciation,  the  thing  that  has  impressed  me  more  than  anything 
else  is  this:  That  he  though  being  dead  yet  spoke  with  a  voice  more  power- 
ful than  even  in  his  life,  in  the  great  temperance  reform  in  South  Africa,  and 
truly  it  might  have  been  written  of  him  as  was  written  of  another: 

"There  is  no  death.    The  stars  go  down 

To  rise  upon  some  fairer  shore, 

And  bright  in  Heaven's  jewelled  crown 

They  shine  forever  more. 

******* 

O'er  all  the  boundless  universe 
Is  life — there  is  no  death." 


THE  COUNTESS  OF  CARLISLE 

By  Miss  AGNES  SLACK 
Secretary,  World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 

The  last  time  I  spoke  on  this  platform  it  was  with  the  founder  of  the 
World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  Frances  E.  Willard.  Today, 
I  speak  of  our  late  president,  the  Countess  of  Carlisle.  My  first  speech  outside 
my  own  county  was  made  in  a  great  hall  in  the  city  of  London.  In  the 
chair  was  Lady  Aberdeen  and  on  the  platform  were  women  whose  names 
are  known  throughout  the  British  Empire.  That  political  organization  has 
more  than  once  turned  a  general  election  in  my  county.  I  was  speaking 
for  the  chairman,  and  proposed  a  resolution  that  it  should  be  made  illegal 
for  little  children  of  six  or  seven  years  of  age  to  be  allowed  to  go  to  public 
houses  to  drink  intoxicating  liquors.  When  I  finished  my  speech  there  was 
a  stir  on  the  platform.  "She  is  wrong  in  her  law.  Children  can't  go  at  seven 
years  of  age  and  get  drinks,"  and  there  was  dead  silence  and  no  second  to 
my  resolution.  Lady  Aberdeen  was  just  going  to  rise  to  say  it  fell  to  the 
ground,  when  a  lady  from  the  middle  of  the  hall  came  bustling  forward  in 
her  quick  way  and  on  to  the  platform.  It  was  the  Countess  of  Carlisle.  She 
said,  "I  am  not  going  to  speak  here.  I  am  not  here  to  ask  for  pros  and  cons. 
1  will  test  the  law.  I  will  second  this  resolution  and  we  will  soon  find  out 
what  is  legal  and  what  is  illegal."  That  was  the  beginning  of  a  great  move- 
ment. That  was  the  first  time  I  saw  Lady  Carlisle. 

From  that  time  and  until  a  little  more  than  a  year  ago  I  was  closely 
associated  in  my  temperance  work  and  other  work  as  an  intimate  friend  of 
Lady  Carlisle  and  it  has  been  one  of  life's  greatest  privileges  for  me.  I 
remember  once  walking  down  the  stately  avenues  of  Castle  Howard  with  her 

154 


and  I  said  to  her,  "Who  has  walked  down  this  avenue  with  you?"  She  said, 
"Everybody  who  has  been  great  and  important  in  the  world  of  politics,  art, 
and  literature,  has  walked  down  Castle  Howard  Avenue,"  and  she  mentioned 
one  instance  after  another  of  those  who  had  walked  there.  Men  and  women 
went  to  her  when  they  were  discouraged.  Prime  Ministers  would  go  to  her. 
Cabinet  Ministers  would  go  to  her  in  moments  of  crisis  in  British  history,  and 
would  leave  her  with  a  higher  ideal,  encouraged  and  full  of  hope.  Men  and 
women  from  the  length  and  breadth  of  our  country  would  go  to  that  great 
woman  in  moments  of  perplexity  and  they  would  leave  her  full  of  hope  and 
full  of  joy  and  full  of  the  great  vision  of  what  life  might  be. 

Yes,  I  have  known  crises  in  our  Cabinet.  I  knew  one  case  particularly 
when  she  was  exceedingly  useful  behind  the  scenes  with  our  Cabinet  Ministers 
iu  a  great  crisis.  They  regarded  her  as  our  great  woman  statesman.  She 
was  a  statesman.  I  know  no  woman  who  did  as  much  in  our  country  to  give 
women  votes,  as  Lady  Carlisle,  when  it  was  an  unpopular  movement  and 
seemed  to  have  little  chance  of  success.  She  with  her  great  influence  em- 
ployed women  to  go  and  speak  in  the  villages  and  towns  in  the  whole  of  our 
country  on  this  question.  She  did  this  for  years,  and  she  created  an  education 
and  enthusiasm  which  culminated  the  other  day  in  the  victory  which  gave  the 
vote  to  women.  As  Mr.  George  Wilson  said  to  me,  "The  wicked  fear  her 
and  all  the  good  folks  love  her." 

In  1904  Lady  Henry  Somerset  resigned  from  the  presidency  of  the 
World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union — a  great  association  of  120,000 
women.  Unknown  to  anybody  in  the  world  I  went  alone  to  Lady  Carlisle 
and  found  Sir  Lawson  having  tea  with  her.  I  stayed  with  her  six  hours,  until 
nearly  midnight,  until  I  had  made  her  consent  to  stand  for  nomination  for 
president  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Association.  She  stood.  We 
elected  her  president  and  until  the  moment  she  passed  away  she  was  a  great 
president. 

One  reason  why  she  was  so  great  was  that  she  kept  a  straight  course.  I 
knew  that  all  the  red  herrings  that  were  trailed  across  our  path  in  Britain 
would  not  keep  her  off  the  straight  course.  Nothing  would  divert  that  woman 
from  local  option.  "License  or  no  license"  was  her  cry.  For  that  she  lived 
and  for  that  she  died,  and  she  never  wavered.  She  was  our  great  genius. 
She  was  a  woman  who  gave  enormous  attention  to  detail.  I  have  never 
known  anyone  to  take  such  trouble  in  committee  work  as  Lady  Carlisle. 
Nothing  was  too  small,  and  sometimes  when  I  would  whisper  to  her,  "Can't 
we  pass  on?"  She  would  turn  around  and  say,  "No,  nothing  is  unimportant." 
She  would  also  say,  "These  trivials  lead  to  big  things."  I  remember  one  day 
at  our  national  council  meeting  when  I  dared  to  tell  that  council  that  she  had 
just  given  another  enormous  sum  of  money  to  the  World's  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union,  and  she  took  hold  of  my  dress,  as  she  often  did  and 
pulled  me  down.  I  managed  to  get  up  again  and  finish  my  sentence  and  when 
I  sat  down  she  said,  "You  ought  to  be  ashamed  of  yourself,  talking  about 
what  I  did.  Don't  you  know  as  a  true  Methodist  woman,  that  it  isn't  mine? 
Don't  you  know  we  are  all  stewards,  and  have  to  account  for  what  we  have? 
I  am  only  a  steward." 

155 


I  should  like  to  picture  her  to  you  as  she  presided  at  our  great  council. 
She  declined  to  give  presidential  addresses.  I  used  to  bide  my  time,  till 
some  one  would  say  something  that  roused  her  and  she  would  whisper  to  me, 
"I  think  I  would  like  to  answer  them,"  and  I  would  say,  "Why,  of  course,  you 
must,"  and  up  she  would  get  with  all  her  power  and  vim,  with  her  rich 
voice,  her  great  personal  charm.  She  would  thrill  that  audience.  They 
couldn't  clap.  They  couldn't  cheer.  I  used  to  hold  my  chair  with  emotion. 
There  would  be  silence  for  a  moment  when  she  sat  down  and  then  the  Lon- 
don hall  would  shake  and  thrill,  as  if  the  very  roof  would  fall  in  with  the  re- 
sponse to  that  great  hearted  woman  and  her  magnificent  eloquence.  The 
secret  of  her  great  force  was  her  power  of  conviction,  which  she  managed 
somehow  to  pass  on  to  other  people  in  a  wonderful  manner. 

One  day  when  we  were  all  asked  to  write  in  a  certain  album,  she  wrote 
"Work,  for  the  night  is  coming,  when  no  man  can  work."  She  turned  to  me 
and  said,  ''That  is  what  I  think.  Every  day  I  try  to  live  as  if  it  were  my  last." 
Through  the  whole  of  that  life,  as  a  woman  of  the  world,  a  woman  of  the 
world  of  art,  the  world  of  literature,  with  everything  that  a  great  country 
could  give  to  make  life  easy,  if  she  chose,  she  worked  from  morn  to  night. 

The  beautiful  hours  of  life  are  not  passed  when  they  are  over.  They  live 
in  us  as  they  become  part  of  us,  and  so  the  beautiful  hours  of  life  that  many 
of  us  have  shared  with  Lady  Carlisle  will  always  live  in  us  as  part  of  our  life. 
A  short  time  ago  a  group  of  women  were  talking  about  our  great  women, 
and  they  said,  "Lady  Carlisle  was  a  great  woman."  I  said,  "Lady  Aber- 
crombie,  give  me  your  definition:  What  is  a  great  woman?"  And  she  said, 
"A  great  woman  is  a  woman  with  many  sides  of  her  character  all  beautifully 
developed,"  and  that  was  what  Lady  Carlisle  had.  In  other  words  she  did 
believe  and  she  lived  it,  those  two  of  the  finest  lines  Tennyson  wrote,  two 
of  the  divinest  lines  in  the  English  language: 

"Our  wills  are  ours,  we  know  not  how — 
Our  wills  are  ours,  to  make  them  Thine." 


THE  HONORABLE  JOHN  G.  WOOLLEY 

By  REVEREND  IBA  LANDRITH,  D.  D. 

Elsewhere,  and  I  hope  in  fitter  phrase,  I  have  tried  to  tell  the  story  of  the 
life  of  John  G.  Woolley,  and  you  may  read  it.  I  think  if  he  had  been  con- 
sulted he  would  have  been  glad  to  have  been  buried  in  the  grave  of  the  un- 
known soldier  in  this  mgnificent  fight  in  which  he  was  easily  first  amongst 
us.  I  am  quite  sure  that  if  I  could  consult  you  there  would  be  a  hundred 
men  and  women  in  this  audience  who  in  grateful  recognition  of  the  service  he 
gave  them  would  envy  me  the  opportunity  of  paying  some  tribute  to  his 
memory. 

I  can  not  do  it  as  he  deserves  to  have  it  done  and  I  will  not  attempt  to 
do  it  adequately  at  all. 

I  think  the  story  of  Who's  Who  in  America,  that  inscription  on  the  tombs 
of  the  living  and  the  dead,  will  tell  you  how  this  man,  scholar,  great  lawyer, 

156 


promising  jurist,  one  day  was  won  away  from  his  advocacy  of  the  law  to 
become  the  greatest  advocate  that  Prohibition  has  had  in  his  generation  in 
the  United  States  of  America.  When  the  liquor  traffic  destroyed  the  lawyer 
it  made  the  great  advocate  of  the  greatest  cause  that  has  been  won  iti  the 
memory  of  any  man  here  living.  The  liquor  traffic  ran  true  to  form  when  it 
tried  to  destroy  John  G.  Woolley's  life  and  instead  transformed  him  into  a 
flaming  fire  of  irresistible  eloquence  with  the  tongue  of  an  artist,  the  pen  of 
a  poet,  and  the  soul  of  an  intrepid  and  triumphant  warrior. 

I  do  not  come  to  speak  in  praise  of  John  G.  Woolley.  A  thousand  times 
a  thousand  people  would  answer  me  back,  if  I  asked  them  the  question  which 
was  asked  of  another:  What  is  the  secret  of  your  success?  Each  of  them 
would  say  "I  had  a  friend  who  was  sent  from  God,  whose  name  was  John  G. 
Woolley,"  and  I  come  merely  as  one  of  those.  I  sat  as  an  entranced  listener 
on  the  Boston  Common  thirty  years  ago  and  heard  the  greatest  speech  on 
Prohibition  and  temperance  I  ever  heard  in  my  life.  On  that  occasion  I  heard 
John  G.  Woolley  say  the  thing  which  I  believe  was  the  beginning  of  the  tem- 
perance triumph  of  our  country.  He  said,  "The  liquor  traffic  gets  its  mer- 
chandise from  a  still  house.  It  gets  its  continued  existence  from  a  still 
church."  Fifty-two  thousand  young  people  declared  that  day  that  the  liquor 
traffic  should  never  again  get  a  moment's  continued  existence  from  the  still 
church,  and  when  the  church  arose  it  killed  the  liquor  traffic,  for  the  church 
is  God's  organized  omnipotence  in  this  world. 

In  the  audience  that  day  were  a  good  many  of  us  who  declared  our  pur- 
pose to  fight  John  Barleycorn  until  he  died  or  we  died.  Amongst  the  last 
things  John  G.  Woolley  said,  speaking  of  the  importance  of  the  campaign  of 
law  enforcement  in  both  these  countries,  but  particularly  in  the  United  States 
o"  America,  "I  am  not  a  Prohibitionist;  I  am  a  constitutionalist." 

He  made  friends,  but  he  made  friends  of  the  folks  that  were  on  the  side 
of  righteousness.  He  made  enemies  and  was  rather  proud  of  it.  But  the  one 
regret  of  his  life  was  that  sometimes  he  was  misunderstood  by  those  who 
should  have  been  his  friends,  and  it  has  seemed  to  me  in  this  great  conven- 
tion of  world  concern  that  we  might  stand  above  the  grave  of  John  G.  Wool- 
ley  and  clasp  hands  and  have  no  more  differences  amongst  the  friends  of 
Prohibition  in  the  United  States  of  America  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada. 
He  stood  as  loyally  as  any  of  us  ever  did  for  the  Prohibition  Party  and 
for  the  Anti-Saloon  League  and  for  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  and  all  the  other  organizations  of  temperance.  If  by  any  influence  of 
his  we  can  stand  above  the  grave  of  John  G.  Woolley  this  afternoon  and 
clasp  hands,  forget  our  differences,  unite  in  that  new  American  expeditionary 
force,  the  new  Allied  Army  of  Occupation,  the  World  League  Against  Al- 
coholism, John  G.  Woolley  will  have  done  what  he  would  have  been  prouder 
to  do  than  any  other  thing  he  ever  did,  and  he  will  have  done  more  good  for 
the  cause  of  Prohibition  by  his  death  than  he  did  by  his  illustrious  and  gifted 
and  glorious  life.  May  God  bless  his  memory  and  multiply  his  influence. 
May  God  silence  his  enemies  and  give  victory  to  the  cause  for  which  he 
died  on  the  firing  line  when  he  was  attacking  John  Barleycorn  for  the  last 
time  in  a  world  campaign. 

157 


MONDAY  MORNING  SESSION 

THE  PRESSURE  OF  WINE  GROWING  COUNTRIES 
AGAINST  PROHIBITION 

By  PBOF.  KOBEBT  HERCOD,  PH.  D.,  Lausanne,  Switzerland 

The  subject  I  have  to  introduce  to  you  today  constitutes  one  of  the  sad- 
dest chapters  in  the  history  of  the  Prohibition  movement.  I  must  give  you 
first  the  facts, — all  the  facts. 

A  great  part  of  the  south  of  Europe  and  in  some  places  also  the  center 
of  Europe,  is  occupied  with  great  vineyards.  You  can  travel  for  a  whole 
day  on  a  fast  train  in  the  south  of  France  and  you  will  see  only  vineyards, 
vineyards,  vineyards.  Thirty  years  ago  the  area  devoted  to  wine  was  not 
so  big.  The  wine  growing  countries  in  Europe  were  practically  the  only  wine 
market  for  the  whole  world.  The  Prohibition  movement  was  then  in  its  in- 
fancy. 

Now,  the  situation  has  changed.  Vineyards  have  been  planted  in  other 
continents  and  the  temperance  movement  has  grown  and  in  this  way  the  old 
markets  have  been  closed  for  the  wine  merchants  of  Europe. 

What  would  they  do  if  they  were  wise?  They  ought  to  substitute  for 
the  vineyards,  the  agricultural  markets.  They  ought  to  prepare  for  the  Pro- 
hibition countries,  for  the  temperance  people,  good  non-alcoholic  grape  juice, 
but  they  do  not  want  to  do  it  because  the  wine  merchants  in  all  Europe  are 
very  powerful  people,  they  are  very  influential  in  the  political  world,  many 
of  them  are  members  of  Parliament,  some  of  them  become  ministers  and  even 
sometimes  President.  They  have  thousands  and  thousands  of  friends  for  fol- 
lowers, the  retailer,  the  innkeeper,  the  people  who  have  a  great  influence  at 
election  time.  So  that  they  get  their  governments  to  back  them,  and  instead 
of  following  this  wise  policy  they  ask  their  governments  to  force  wine  upon 
unwilling  people.  First  they  asked  their  government  if  possible  to  force  the 
wine  upon  people  during  the  war.  The  wine  merchants  in  France  obtained, 
for  some  time  at  least,  an  order  from  Government  authority  for  the  soldiers 
to  receive  one  liter  of  wine  each  day.  It  was  perhaps  very  bad  for  them,  very 
bad  for  national  defense,  but  it  was  good  for  the  pockets  of  the  wine  growers. 

But  this  is  not  enough.  These  people  in  France,  Italy  and  Spain,  may  be 
very  thirsty,  but  they  can  not  drink  all  the  wine  which  is  produced  in  their  own 
country.  Some  of  it  must  be  sold  to  foreign  countries  and  here  begins  the 
sad  history  which  I  must  tell  you. 

I  speak  only  of  two  countries.  I  have  nothing  against  them,  but  I  must 
state  here  the  truth.  I  speak  here  of  France  and  of  Spain.  I  hesitate  to  say 
it,  but  I  must  say  that  France  was  responsible  for  the  non-ratification  of  the 
first  Finnish  Prohibition  law.  I  must  gratefully  acknowledge  that  France  did 
not  object  to  the  second  law  and  that  Finland  had  nothing  to  fear  from 
France  this  time.  But,  something  which  is  not  agreeable  to  our  taste  is  the 
treaty  which  France  has  signed  with  Esthonia,  according  to  which  Esthonia 
must  grant  great  reduction  of  duties  on  French  wine.  However,  as  Esthonia 
has  not  Prohibition  and  is  not  a  Prohibition  country  there  is  nothing  very 
objectionable  to  that.  More  objectionable  is  the  provision  of  the  Versailles 

158 


Treaty,  according  to  which,  if  I  understand  it  correctly,  Germany  is  pledged 
to  accept  almost  duty  free  French  wines.  That  is  very  objectionable;  also 
that  Austria  has  been  prevented  from  prohibiting  the  import  of  foreign  wines, 
because  of  the  position  of  the  great  wine  growing  countries.  And  now, 
what  is  worse,  the  dealings  of  France  with  Norway. 

In  Norway,  for  the  last  six  years,  distilled  spirits  and  strong  wines  have 
been  prohibited,  but  last  year  Norway  was  pledged  and  was  obliged  to  sign 
a  treaty  according  to  which  the  Government  will  import  for  medical  purposes 
from  France,  a  certain  amount  of  strong  drinks. 

Of  course,  the  light  wines  are  now  sold  there,  but,  further,  some  strong 
wines  must  be  imported,  and,  what  is  worse,  it  is  said  in  the  treaty  that  as 
long  as  it  is  in  vigor,  the  Norwegian  Government  is  obliged  and  has  pledged 
itself  not  to  tolerate  any  change  of  the  actual  liquor  legislation. 

If  you  will  allow  me. to  translate  this  into  plain  English  it  means  that 
Norway,  as  long  as  the  treaty  is  in  force,  is  prohibited  from  making  any 
progress  as  to  her  liquor  legislation.  Norway  can  not  have  full  Prohibition. 
It  would  be  an  infraction  of  the  treaty. 

Now,  for  the  dealings  with  Spain  and  other  nations.  It  seems  the 
economic  situation  of  Spain  is  now  in  as  bad  a  situation  as  that  of  any  other 
European  country,  but  it  seems  also  that  the  Spanish  Government,  consider- 
ing that  the  wine  trade  is  a  most  important  trade  in  Spain,  have  decided  that 
the  wines  of  other  countries  do  not  need  protection  and  that  the  other  trades 
and  exports  of  Spain  do  not  need  to  be  protected  the  same  as  the  wine  trade. 

So,  Spain,  which  can  not  say  anything  to  the  United  States  because  of 
Prohibition,  Spain  began  to  attack  small  Iceland — a  country  with  about 
100,000  inhabitants,  which  has  had,  for  seven  years,  total  Prohibition.  This 
Prohibition  policy  in  Iceland  gave  the  best  results.  Suddenly,  in  June  of  the 
List  year  came  an  ultimatum  of  the  Spanish  Government  to  Iceland.  Iceland 
bad  to  suspend,  to  suppress  her  Prohibition  law,  otherwise  Spain  would 
practically  close  her  markets  to  the  Icelandic  fish.  Fish  is  almost  the  only 
export  of  this  poor  little  island.  The  closing  of  the  Spanish  market  would 
have  been  the  economic  ruin  of  Iceland.  Iceland  asked  for  time.  Iceland 
is  a  parliamentary  country  and  the  Government  can  not  abrogate  by  itself  a 
law  which  has  been  adopted  by  parliament.  Spain  was  willing  to  wait  for  a 
few  months  more  until  the  parliament  of  Iceland  could  meet  in  March  of  this 
year.  In  the  meanwhile,  negotiations  were  pending,  but  Iceland  was  obliged 
to  suspend  for  one  year  her  Prohibition  law  and  to  introduce  again  Spanish 
wines  into  the  country. 

Then,  comes  Spain  and  Norway.  Norway,  after  a  long  struggle,  was 
slowly  realizing  the  good  effects  of  Prohibition,  but  owing  to  the  threats  of 
the  Spanish  Government  to  demand  certain  things  from  Norway,  the  Gov- 
ernment has  been  compelled  to  grant  the  introduction  of  a  very  large  amount 
ot  strong  wines,  so  that  now,  with  the  nominal  Prohibition  of  strong  wines  in 
Norway,  the  Government  is  obliged  to  introduce  into  the  country  more  wine 
than  it  ever  had  before,  even  when  Norway  had  no  Prohibition. 

What  will  the  people  of  Norway  do  with  this  wine?  Will  they  throw  it 
into  the  sea?  I  do  not  believe  so.  It  is  very  likely  that  this  wine  will  be 
drunk  and  drunkenness  will  again  prevail  in  Norway.  And  now  Portugal,  a 

159 


small  wine  growing  country,  is  asking  the  same  concession  from  Norway, 
and  poor  Norway  will  perhaps  be  obliged  to  grant  the  importation  of  wine 
from  Portugal.  Do  you  not  feel  that  such  facts  are  deeply  immoral?  I  do 
not  speak  here  as  only  a  temperance  man,  I  speak  as  a  democratic  citizen, 
and  I  find  it  unbearable  that  big  states  like  Spain,  Portugal  and  Italy  may 
attack  Norway  and  Iceland  in  this  way  and  that  Iceland  and  Norway  should 
be  obliged  to  submit  to  this  oppression  by  these  larger  countries. 

What  shall  we  do?  Of  course,  we  can  let  things  alone  and  see.  But 
then  we  must  face  the  fact,  the  hard  fact,  that  Prohibition  will  be  absolutely 
impossible  in  the  smaller  states  of  Europe  for  50  years  at  least.  Even  if  80 
or  90  or  95  per  cent  of  the  population  wants  Prohibition,  it  will  be  impossible 
for  these  states  to  have  it  because  of  the  pressure  from  outside,  so  we  can 
not  wait  and  see,  we  must  work.  We  can  protest.  We  tried  to  do  it  last  year. 
The  Spanish  Government  received  from  England,  and  from  Switzerland,  from 
Poland,  Norway,  Denmark  and  Sweden  a  letter  of  protest,  but  these  protests 
do  not  do  any  good.  The  Spanish  Government  is  proud,  and  I  was  told  re- 
sented these  interferences  from  foreigners. 

These  protests  were  of  no  avail.  Iceland  was  obliged  to  bow  down  to  the 
demands  of  Spain. 

We  could  also,  as  has  been  proposed,  boycott  the  Spanish  wares  and  thus 
bring  upon  the  Spanish  Government  such  pressure  that  it  would  be  obliged  to 
follow  another  policy.  I  have  some  objections  to  a  boycott.  First,  I  have  a 
moral  objection.  I  do  not  believe  a  boycott  to  be  quite  right,  because  it  will 
strike  innocent  people.  The  boycott  is  usually  put  into  force  by  strong  peoples, 
and  it  affects  the  innocent  people.  There  are  some  countries  that  have  al- 
ready boycotted  Spanish  wines,  and  they  will  be  obliged  to  boycott  other 
Spanish  merchandise,  things  which  are  produced  for  people  who  absolutely 
need  them.  If  they  are  successful  it  will  result  in  absolutely  innocent  people 
being  deprived  of  the  things  they  need  and  will  just  stir  up  another  political 
machine  and  bad  government. 

I  also  have  some  practical  objections  to  the  boycott.  If  a  boycott  is  to 
be  put  in  force  it  must  be  well  organized.  It  must  be  so  strong  that  it  will 
paralyze  the  Spanish  trade.  There  are  twenty  million  people  who  use  the 
Spanish  wares  and  it  will  be  hard  to  get  them  all  to  boycott  anything,  and  I 
am  doubtful  if  it  is  possible  to  bring  these  twenty  million  people  to  do  it. 

What  seems  to  me  to  be  the  best  way,  the  most  ideal  way,  would  be  to 
appeal  to  the  Spanish,  also  to  the  French  public  opinion  and  show  them  how 
deeply  harmful  the  politics  of  their  government  is  and  how  unhappy  it  makes 
the  homes  of  the  drunkard.  We  must  appeal  to  public  opinion  in  France  even 
more  than  in  Spain.  I  tried  last  year  to  get  into  touch  with  the  leading 
Spanish  people,  the  working  people  and  the  Catholic  church,  and  it  was  im- 
possible to  organize  a  movement  of  protest.  We  sent  to  the  King  of  Spain 
an  address  signed  by  leading  people  in  Europe  and  America  and  we  sent  it 
also  to  all  the  leading  Prohibition  people  in  Spain,  but  even  though  we  also 
sent  it  to  the  newspapers  none  of  them  would  dare  to  publish  it. 

There  remains  a  last  means,  and  I  believe  the  only  means,  to  save  Iceland 
and  the  small  Prohibition  states  in  Europe.  First,  on  behalf  of  the  smaller 
states  of  Europe,  to  invoke  the  diplomatic  intervention  of  the  United  States  of 

160 


America.  If  the  United  States  Government  is  speaking,  it  speaks  with 
authority.  It  is  quite  curious  that  nobody  in  France  and  nobody  in  Spain 
thought  of  protesting  against  American  Prohibition.  When  the  President  of 
the  United  States  declared  that  it  was  not  right  for  foreign  vessels  to  enter 
the  Harbor  of  New  Work  with  v/ines,  nobody  protested  the  rule.  It  seemed 
that  when  the  United  States  is  speaking,  the  other  people,  France  and  Spain, 
the  big  ones  in  Europe  must  heed,  and  if  the  United  States  would  speak,  I 
am  sure  that  Iceland  would  be  saved. 

But,  of  course,  it  must  not  be  done  only  in  one  special  case,  but  for  al- 
ways, and  I  believe  that  the  only  way  for  Prohibition  in  Europe  to  be  spread 
and  to  be  protected  in  the  countries  where  it  has  been  established,  is  by  the 
diplomatic  intervention  of  the  United  States  Government.  The  Government 
could  send  a  commission  to  the  foreign  lands  and  form  a  joint  commission, 
to  study  the  laws  relating  to  Prohibition  in  all  the  countries,  and  this  Gov- 
ernment and  all  these  other  governments  could  then  sign  an  international 
agreement,  a  Prohibition  convention  just  as  we  have  an  international  opium 
convention,  according  to  which  it  would  be  declared  that  these  states  do  not 
recognize  the  right  of  wine  growing  countries  to  retaliate  on  nations  which, 
from  moral  and  logical  motives,  have  prohibited  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors 
or  alcoholic  drinks  in  their  own  land.  And  if  that  is  done,  I  am  sure  that 
the  -federation  of  the  Prohibition  states  with  the  United  States  at  the  head 
will  prevail. 

In  this  connection  it  will  also  be  possible  to  do  something  to  prevent  the 
smuggling  of  liquor. 

I  appeal  to  the  great  Prohibition  country  of  the  United  States,  I  appeal 
to  the  great  Prohibition  countries  of  North  America,  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  to  the  great  American  Prohibitionists  who  are  so  powerful,  who  are 
powerful  enough  to  induce  their  government  to  act  as  we1  want  it  to  act,  to 
go  to  their  government  and  demand  that  it  act  on  behalf  of  humanity  and 
on  behalf  of  these  small  states  of  Europe  that  are  now  oppressed  by  France, 
Spain  and  the  other  countries  of  the  continent. 

You  are  at  the  post  of  honor  and  duty.  Small  nations  can  not  compete 
with  you.  You  people  in  America,  on  you  depends  the  future.  The  whole 
Prohibition  movement  in  Europe  is  dependent  on  you  and  what  you  do  in 
this  matter.  We  appeal  to  you  and  we  hope  you  will  hear  our  appeal. 


HOW  AND  WHY  AMERICANS  WILL  STAND  FIRM 

By  EDWIN  C.  DINWIDDIE,  D.  D. 
National  Chief  Templar,  I.  O.  G.  T.;  Superintendent  National  Temperance  Bureau, 

United  States  of  America 

It  was  decided  before  the  date  of  the  last  election  in  the  United  States 
that  I  should  speak  on  this  subject.  Now  that  the  election  is  over  and  the 
results  are  known,  I  have  no  disposition  to  alter  the  form  of  the  statement  my 
subject  contains. 

I  do  not  want  to  give  a  wrong  impression,  however,  when  I  say  that.  I 
do  not  suggest  there  is  no  danger  to  the  Prohibition  movement  in  America. 

161 


There  is  always  danger  of  and  in  a  counter-attack  by  an  army  in  the  field 
which  is  well-provisioned  and  well-supplied  with  the  munitions  of  war,  when 
it  is  numerically  strong  and  is  possessed  with  the  conviction  that  it  is  making 
its  last  stand  with  victory  and  spoils  and  prolonged  success  assured  if  it  wins, 
and  absolute  defeat  and  final  surrender  inevitable  if  it  fails,  especially  when 
the  fighting  is  in  the  open,  with  no  chance  to  "dig  in"  and  wear  the  attacking 
party  out. 

During  my  twenty-three  years  of  legislative  service  in  behalf  of  the  Pro- 
hibition reform  in  Washington,  I  have  accustomed  myself  to  look  at  con- 
ditions as  they  are — not  as  we  might  wish  them  to  be — and  to  shape  each  dis- 
tinct campaign  to  meet  those  conditions.  It  is  dangerous  in  the  extreme  for 
a  commander  in  the  field  not  to  know  the  size,  strength,  equipment,  condition 
and  morale  of  the  opposing  forces,  as  well  as  his  own,  and  he  must  also  know 
the  character  of  the  terrain  he  has  to  hold  against  the  enemy's  assault. 

In  the  briefest  possible  language  I  might  say  that  America  will  stand  firm 
by  pursuing  the  same  common-sense,  reasonable  methods  in  enforcement  and 
legislative  work  hereafter  that  were  successfully  employed  to  secure  Pro- 
hibition. In  my  judgment  all  of  them  are  needful,  and  will  be  helpful  in 
getting  the  best  results  in  the  shortest  time,  and  some  of  them  are  vitally 
necessary  to  conserve  our  great  victory. 

The  enemy  will  magnify  the  failures  and  defects  of  Prohibition  suf- 
ficiently wherever  they  can  be  found.  Our  forces  should  become  familiar 
with  and  dwell  in  larger  measure  upon  its  benefits,  accomplished  even  under 
the  handicaps  of  the  age  of  the  national  law,  of  natural  reaction  which  we  had 
the  right  to  expect,  of  law  enforcement  in  many  sections  of  the  country,  of 
the  rankest  corruption  and  malfeasance  on  the  part  of  many  officials  sworn 
to  enforce  it. 

The  national  experience  since  early  1920  is  a  repetition  on  a  large  scale  of 
what  Maine,  Kansas  and  North  Dakota  endured  for  many  years,  but  the 
benefits  of  Prohibition  in  those  states  exceed  its  failures,  and  political  parties 
that  had  fulminated  against  its  continuance  finally  joined  in  the  demand  for 
its  enforcement  and  today  Prohibition  in  those  commonwealths  is  admittedly 
a  beneficent  and  permanent  policy. 

It  will  help  us  to  stand  firm  not  to  expect  the  impossible,  and  one  hundred 
percent  enforcement  of  a  Prohibition  liquor  law  is  less  to  be  expected  than 
in  the  case  of  any  others,  owing  to  the  ease  with  which  ordinary  infractions 
may  be  practised. 

The  law  fixes  the  standard  of  conduct;  reaches  the  public  violations;  re- 
moves the  open  temptation  to  drink;  makes  it  easier  to  do  right  and  more  dif- 
ficult to  do  wrong;  above  all  it  reverses  the  policy  of  the  government  toward 
this  great  evil,  and  absolutely  withdraws  governmental  protection  from  the 
traffic  and  places  it  under  a  legal  ban. 

Beyond  all  this  it  is  hazardous  for  law  to  attempt  to  go.  Therein  lies  the 
field  for  public  and  private  education.  The  home,  the  church,  the  schools — 
both  Sunday  and  week-day — the  movies,  the  benevolent  and  fraternal  societies, 
the  temperance  unions  and  orders,  these  and  all  other  similar  agencies  must  be 
used  in  inculcating  the  principles  and  practice  of  total  abstinence  and  Pro- 

162 


hibition  in  the  present  and  succeeding  generations  if  we  are  to  retain  the  law 
and  get  the  best  results  from  its  enactment. 

We  ourselves  must  realize  the  limitations  of  mere  laws,  and  we  must 
hereafter  do  more  wise,  intensive  and  universal  fundamental  educational  work 
than  ever  before.  There  must  be  a  revival  of  personal  temperance — of  in- 
dividual total  abstinence  from  beverage  intoxicants — both  for  the  benefit  to 
the  abstainer  and  also  on  the  Pauline  principle  of  help  to  our  neighbor,  which 
is  in  sad  need  of  revival  today. 

Let  us  not  make  the  mistake  of  ignoring  the  ultimate  dominance  of  public 
sentiment  in  America.  We  dare  not  imagine  that  we  can  pass — ^certainly 
safely  or  wisely  pass — any  law,  if  it  be  immature  or  premature,  simply  by 
putting  our  brand  upon  it  and  forcing  or  "bulling"  it  through — to  use  the 
vernacular — the  legislative  body. 

The  18th  Amendment  denounces  the  manufacture,  sale,  transportation, 
exportation  and  importation  of  intoxicating  liquors  only  for  beverage  pur- 
poses, and  in  our  long  campaign  for  it  we  advocated  only  such  Prohibitions; 
and  we  shall  do  a  real  service  for  the  reform  if  we  keep  faith  with  the  Con- 
gress, the  general  public  and  the  makers  and  users  of  alcoholic  liquors  for 
perfectly  legitimate  purposes.  Such  a  course  is  consonant  with  good  morals 
as  well  as  good  strategy. 

The  evils  of  private  distillation  and  brewing  are  comparatively  inconse- 
quential, and  if  the  situation  is  wisely  dealt  with  will,  in  time,  lose  their  at- 
tractiveness and  fascination,  and  bye  and  bye  die  a  natural  death  with  the 
prosecution  of  such  a  vigorous  educational  campaign  as  I  am  now  urging. 

Undoubtedly  the  most  serious  menace  to  continued  Prohibition  success  is 
in  the  venality  and  corruption  which  have  been  known  to  exist  among  many  high 
officials  charged  with  law  enforcement — below,  however,  I  am  glad  to  say, 
the  rank  of  Federal  Prohibition  Commissioner.  I  feel  sure  that  both  the 
friends  and  enemies  of  our  cause  have  always  had  the  utmost  confidence  in 
the  loyalty  and  integrity  of  the  two  officers  who  have  held  that  post  since  the 
advent  of  national  Prohibition.  But  that  there  has  been  gross  malfeasance  and 
outright  venality  and  graft,  as  well  as  downright  incompetency  in  many  cases, 
is  no  longer  an  open  question  with  those  competent  to  secure  and  appraise 
the  facts. 

Another  consideration  in  the  matter  of  America's  standing  firm  is  that 
the  Prohibition  forces  are  in  possession  of  the  field.  The  manufacture,  sale, 
transportation,  etc.,  of  intoxicating  liquors  for  beverage  purposes  is  now 
prohibited  by  law.  Instead  of  operating  under  the  authority  and  protection 
of  the  law,  as  under  the  old  regime,  every  person  who  makes  or  vends  or 
distributes  such  liquor  today  is  a  law-breaker,  and  is  constantly  exposed  to 
the  risk  of  apprehension  and  punishment  wherever  administrative  officers  and 
courts  are  functioning  as  they  ought.  In  the  very  nature  of  the  case  there 
cannot  be  the  same  effective  organization  and  appeal  that  there  was  when 
the  saloons  were  running  openly  with  the  sanction  of  the  law,  and  brewers, 
distillers  and  saloon-keepers  publicly  cooperated  to  continue  the  traffic.  With 
rare  exceptions,  the  traffic  has  been  driven  from  its  quasi-respectable  locations 
to  the  cellars  and  attics  and  back-alleys  of  our  cities,  and  is  in  the  hands  of 

163 


disreputable  purveyors  who  are  and  should  be  recognized  as  veritable  pariahs 
in  society. 

The  Prohibitionists  will  find  it  much  easier  and  more  agreeable  to  be  "in- 
side looking  out"  than  "outside  looking  in"  in  this  contest. 

Nevertheless  I  propose  to  differentiate  between  certain  retrograde  steps 
that  might  be  taken — in  fact  that  are  avowedly  urged  by  militant  pro-liquor 
organizations  as  the  first  steps  in  their  program — and  the  actual  repeal  of  the 
Prohibition  Amendment  itself  or  the  National  Prohibition  law  to  enforce  it. 

The  Prohibition  Amendment  Resolution  was  submitted  by  the  Congress 
in  1917  by  a  vote  of  65  to  20  in  the  Senate  and  282  to  128  in  the  House,  and 
in  record-breaking  time  was  ratified  by  the  legislatures  of  45  states  by  over- 
whelming majorities.  During  the  past  year  New  Jersey  has  ratified  the 
amendment,  leaving  only  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island  off  the  ratifying  list, 
two  states  out  of  our  forty-eight  in  the  federal  union.  To  repeal  the  amend- 
ment would  require  the  liquor  forces  to  command  a  two-thirds  vote  in  both 
Houses  of  Congress,  and  carry  both  branches  of  the  legislatures  of  36  states.  Had 
they  been  able  to  hold  just  one  branch  of  the  legislatures  in  13  states,  they 
would  have  prevented  the  adoption  of  the  18th  Amendment,  whereas  we  were 
compelled  to  carry  both  branches  in  thirty-six  (36)  states,  or  seventy-two  (72) 
altogether.  We  actually  carried  the  ratification  resolution  through  ninety-two 
(92)  branches  of  the  legislatures  of  forty-six  states.  The  vote  in  these  state 
legislatures  is  also  significant;  the  percentage  varies  of  course  in  the  different 
states,  but  for  the  whole  country  the  figures  are  interesting.  The  total  vote  in 
the  Senates  of  the  forty-six  ratifying  states  was  1,300  for  the  amendment  to 
217  against;  in  the  Houses  of  Representatives  3,772  for  to  958  against.  In  other 
words,  the  amendment  was  adopted  by  practically  an  86%  Senate  and  an 
80%  House  vote  in  the  legislative  bodies  in  the  states,  directly  in  touch  with 
the  people  in  the  small  political  sub-divisions  in  every  state  in  the  whole 
Union. 

It  is  also  well  to  remember  that  before  the  national  Prohibition  amend- 
ment was  carried  thirty-two  states  had  adopted  the  state-wide  prohibitory 
policy  for  themselves,  either  by  vote  of  the  electorate  or  of  the  state  legislature 
in  response  to  the  sentiment  of  the  pople.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  considerably 
over  80  per  cent  of  the  territorial  area  of  the  United  States  was  tinder  prohibi- 
tory legislation  before  national  Prohibition  came,  and  over  sixty-five  percent 
of  our  population  was  living  in  such  area. 

The  liquor  program  simply  cannot  be  carried  out  if  the  temperance  forces 
are  alert,  and  though  there  had  been  no  doubt  before,  this  convention  has 
demonstrated  beyond  question  that  our  people  are  not  "asleep  at  the  switch." 
The  liquor  forces  have  made  claims  of  great  gains  in  Congress  as  a  result  of 
the  late  elections,  but  their  claims  will  be  shown  to  be  as  wide  the  truth  as 
they  have  uniformly  been  during  our  campaign  for  the  law.  We  shall  have 
practically  two  to  one  in  the  House  and  over  three  to  one  in  the  Senate  on 
any  proposition  for  repeal  or  serious  modification  of  the  law.  Of  course  I 
predicate  my  prophecy  and  base  my  figures  on  the  unremitting  work  and  ap- 
plication of  horse-sense  on  the  part  of  our  own  people,  but  the  liquor  forces 
will  not  muster  more  than  112  votes  ordinarily  in  the  House  of  Representa- 

164 


tives  and  not  to  exceed  132 — giving  them  every  doubtful  member — to  our  323, 
or,  at  the  worst,  303,  counting  a  full  House;  and  in  the  Senate  not  over  21  to 
our  66  with  9  who  I  should  say,  for  various  reasons,  cannot  be  definitely 
classed  at  this  time  upon  the  question  of  liberalizing  the  enforcement  act. 
Instead  of  the  liquor  forces  having  the  required  two-thirds  vote  to  repeal, 
we  shall,  by  careful  work,  have  a  two-thirds  vote  to  retain  the  Amendment, 
and  with  the  Amendment  intact  we  have  the  overwhelming  advantage  of  ap- 
pealing to  patriotism,  to  common  honesty,  to  sworn  duty  on  the  part  of  the 
Congress  to  provide  for  its  proper  enforcement.  The  outlawed  liquor  crowd 
now  have  the  laboring  oar  in  this  contest,  and  we  propose  to  see  to  it  that  they 
row  up  stream  and  against  the  tide. 

What  I  have  just  said  refers  to  the  repeal  of  the  Amendment.  Should 
the  liquor  forces  later  secure  a  majority  of  both  Houses  of  Congress  they 
could,  of  course,  interfere  with  successful  enforcement  by  reducing  penalties 
for  violations,  emasculating  essential  provisions  in  the  Enforcement  Act,  re- 
fusing necessary  appropriations  for  administration,  etcetera,  but  as  before 
stated,  with  the  Amendment  in  the  Organic  -Law  of  the  nation,  many  Senators 
and  Representatives  who  have  not  been  personally  favorable  to  the  National 
Prohibitory  policy,  will  nevertheless  refuse  to  be  parties  to  nullification  and 
the  overthrow  of  the  people's  will  expressed  in  due  form  of  Constitutional 
Law.  And  because  the  temperance  forces  were  matching  and  combatting 
every  move  by  the  enemy,  the  pro-liquor  people  in  the  late  election  in  the 
United  States  made  no  gains  of  any  consequence  in  any  State  that  were  not 
offset  by  corresponding  "dry"  gains  elsewhere. 

Another  way  to  remain  firm  is  to  make  local  and  state  sentiment  count 
for  enforcement  and  not  allow  the  whole  job  to  be  "wished  on"  the  National 
Government. 

None  of  us  who  had  any  considerable  part  in  the  adoption  of  Federal 
Prohibition  ever  anticipated  a  situation  in  which  all  the  work  of  enforcement 
would  be  consigned  to  officers  of  the  national  government.  The  municipalities 
and  counties  and  states  have  their  duties  and  responsibilities  in  this  matter. 
They  had  them  under  the  liquor  regime,  and  they  have  no  moral  or  political 
light  to  shirk  them  now.  There  is  too  much  complacency  in  the  too  frequent 
adoption  in  many  states  of  the  cowardly  and  unpatriotic  policy  of  "letting 
George  do  it" — meaning  by  that  the  leaving  of  the  entire  job  in  the  hands  of 
the  Federal  officers.  In  the  very  nature  of  the  case  the  national  government 
cannot  do  the  whole  work  and  ought  not  to  be  expected  to  do  it.  The  extent 
of  territory  to  be  covered — both  land  and  sea  areas — is  entirely  too  great  to 
admit  of  it,  and  it  is  utterly  out  of  the  question  because  of  the  requirement 
of  both  men  and  money  which  such  a  course  would  entail.  The  Federal  Gov- 
ernment, except  in  rare  instances,  in  states  where  hostile  sentiment  is  in 
temporary  control,  should  look  after  enforcement  connected  with  manufac- 
ture, transportation,  importation  and  exportation — matters  with  which  the 
nation  itself  has  been  connected  all  through  the  years,  and  in  connection  with 
some  to  the  exclusion  of  the  states — and  let  the  local  authorities  in  the  smaller 
subdivisions  handle  infractions  of  the  law  against  sales  and  the  petty  viola- 
tions which  ought  not  to  require  the  attention  of  the  national  enforcement 

165 


officers.  To  this  end  there  must  be  a  toning-up  of  public  opinion — the  de- 
velopment of  a  strong,  assertive  and  really  dominant  public  sentiment  that 
will  demand  and  will  not  rest  until  it  has  secured  universal  obedience  to  law. 

America  will  stand  firm  because,  by  and  large — the  whole  country  over — 
Prohibition  has  made  for  the  moral  and  material  betterment  of  our  people, 
and,  given  a  reasonable  time,  with  proper  enforcement,  will  work  a  veritable 
transformation  among  us  which  will  tell  far  more  favorably  upon  the  next  and 
succeeding  generation  than  upon  our  own. 

America  will  remain  firm  also  for  the  reason  that  the  beer  and  wine  pro- 
posal cannot  be  accepted  by  our  people  because  all  concede  that  the  old  saloon 
cannot  come  back — and  ought  not  to  come  back — (even  the  Association  Op- 
posed to  the  Prohibition  Amendment  says  that)  and  to  dispense  these  bever- 
ages in  the  only  ways  so  far  suggested  by  any  beer  and  wine  advocates  would 
be  to  convert  groceries  or  soft  drink  parlors  into  virtual  saloons,  or  else  plant 
the  traffic  with  the  sanction  of  the  law  in  the  homes  of  the  country — (right 
under  the  eyes  of  the  children  of  all  ages  with  all  that  that  would  mean — a 
scheme  abhorrent  to  the  conscience  and  judgment  of  the  American  people  and 
prohibited  in  many  of  our  states  long  before  National  Prohibition  came. 

No  encouragement  is  afforded  the  brewers  of  our  country  in  their  cam- 
paign for  the  return  of  beer,  even  were  the  courts  not  almost  certain  to  rule 
against  them,  in  the  experience  and  vote  of  many  of  our  states.  In  the  states 
of  Washington,  Oregon,  Colorado,  Michigan  and,  within  the  present  month, 
Ohio,  the  brewers  brought  on  a  vote  to  reinstate  beers  and  wines,  after  Pro- 
hibition had  been  in  force  from  one  year  to  two  or  three,  and  in  every  instance 
the  people  by  increased  majorities  defeated  the  attempt.  Ohio  is  the  latest 
example  and  the  figures  are  significant.  Adopting  Prohibition  by  26,000  ma- 
jority in  1918,  she  has  repudiated  wine  and  beer  at  the  late  election  in  an  open 
state-wide  campaign  by  a  majority  of  nearly  190,000  votes. 

Finally  we  shall  stand  firm  in  America  because  this  fight  was  won  with 
the  help  and  under  the  guidance  of  Almighty  God,  against  tremendous  odds, 
which  betimes  seemed  to  make  success  well-night  impossible,  and  we  are  con- 
fident that  our  Great  Leader  will  not  desert  us  in  this  renewed  conflict  which 
the  enemy  is  forcing  upon  us  if  we  ourselves  remain  loyal  and  fight  valiantly 
in  this  holy  cause. 


THE  CARLISLE  EXPERIMENT  IN  STATE  PURCHASE 
AND   LIQUOR   NATIONALIZATION 

By  KEV.  WILSON  STTJAET,  M.  A.,  B.  So.,  London,  England 

I  wish  I  had  a  larger  map  of  my  own  country,  Great  Britain,  than  the 
one  on  the  screen,  because  if  I  had  one  which  showed  the  Solway  Firth, 
dividing,  on  the  western  side,  the  North  of  England  from  the  South  of  Scot- 
land, I  could  indicate  why  the  Carlisle  district  loomed  so  large  in  the  war- 
work  of  England,  and  how  this  liquor  nationalization  experiment  was  under- 
taken by  the  Liquor  Control  Board  largely  because  of  the  advocacy  of  Lloyd 
George,  who  was  a  thorough  believer  in  the  State  Purchase  scheme. 

This  nationalization  plan  was  instituted  on  this  great  war-factory  site 

166 


around  the  Solway  Firth,  centering  in  Carlisle  and  Gretna.  It  was  discovered 
that  if  you  set  out  to  buy  up  the  liquor  traffic  in  any  area  you  cannot  stop 
there  because  of  the  tied-house  system.  The  public-houses  of  one  place  are 
supplied  by  breweries  of  another  town.  It  was  proved  that  many  saloons 
in  Carlisle  were  supplied  by  the  Maryport  Brewery.  Hence  the  Control  Board 
had  to  buy  up  all  the  liquor  property  of  Maryport.  The  center,  so  far  as 
popular  interest  is  concerned,  of  this  area,  brought  under  the  Carlisle  Liquor 
Experiment,  was  the  little  township  of  Gretna  Green,  on  the  border  of  Scot- 
land, famous  in  history  as  a  center  of  romance  because  of  the  runaway 
marriages  which  took  place  there.  During  the  war  it  became  famous  by 
reason  of  the  runaway  marriage  between  the  government  and  that  liquor 
traffic  which  we  believe  has  always  been  a  curse  in  our  national  history — 
for  the  Control  Board  bought  the  breweries  and  public  houses,  rehabilitated 
the  traffic,  sold  liquor  by  civil  servants,  and  took  the  profits  of  the  trade  for 
national  purposes. 

Who,  as  a  result  of  the  experiment,  are  advocating  the  nationalization  of 
the  liquor  traffic  in  Great  Britain  today? 

In  the  first  place  there  are  the  Socialists,  who  believe  in  the  nationaliza- 
tion of  pretty  well  everything,  including  the  liquor  traffic,  and  who  would 
like  to  see  the  state  ownership  of  the  only  business  which  the  government 
managed  to  get  a  profit  out  of  during  the  war. 

The  second  class  are  people  who,  like  Lord  and  Lady  Astor,  have  sup- 
ported this  scheme  as  a  method  of  temperance  reform  by  way  of  the  improved 
public  house  and  disinterested  management  under  government  proprietorship. 
Although  we  greatly  admire  Lady  Astor's  pluck  and  keenness  in  fighting 
the  liquor  traffic  since  she  entered  the  House  of  Commons,  yet  we  feel  she 
has  done  much  harm  in  her  advocacy  of  the  nationalization  scheme.  At  the 
present  time  there  is  before  the  country  this  public  purchase  and  ownership 
scheme  in  a  bill  to  be  introduced  by  her  into  the  House  of  Commons. 

And  there  are  many  people  who  are  advocating  the  nationalization  of  the 
liquor  traffic  in  Britain  who  do  not  believe,  as  we  believe,  that  the  essential 
dangers  of  the  traffic  are  not  in  the  people  who  sell  the  drink  or  the  conditions 
of  its  sale,  but  in  the  alcohol  itself,  and  that  wherever  the  sale,  whoever  con- 
ducts the  sale,  and  under  whatever  conditions,  you  can  never  conduct  the 
trade  so  as  to  eliminate  the  essential  evil,  which  lies  in  the  inherent  properties 
of  the  alcohol,  creating  a  craving  which  causes  people  to  become  addicts  to  a 
pernicious  habit,  and,  as  a  narcotic,  diminishing  self-control.  They  do  not 
see  that  even  if  you  improve  the  conditions  of  sale  in  some  respects  you  give 
greater  opportunities  for  deadly  damage  in  rehabilitating  the  public  house 
and  attracting  young  people  as  new  consumers  of  alcohol  by  introducing 
billiards  and  other  games  into  the  reconstructed  public  house  and  luring  by 
music,  cafe  associations  and  costly  equipment  those  who  would  never  frequent 
the  low  public  house  which  has  been  allowed  to  form  itself  into  the  natural 
habitat  of  the  alcohol  which  always  degrades  the  place  of  its  sale. 

If  we,  for  instance,  had  in  the  center  of  this  hall  a  bad  drain,  would  it 
be  wise  to  say  that  since  the  smell  is  very  objectionable  "we  will  cover  it  up 
with  silk  and  dose  it  with  scent,  and  try  to  eliminate  the  annoyance  from  our 

167 


minds"  and  leave  it  there  as  an  all-the-more-dangerous  center  of  microbic 
infection,  just  because  people  are  not  warned  by  the  usual  symptoms  of  a 
bad  drain.  That  is  precisely  what  has  been  done  in  the  case  of  these  recon- 
structed alcohol  shops  in  Carlisle,  which  are  run  by  the  government,  baited 
by  all  sorts  of  lures  attractive  to  young  people,  advocated  by  lords  and  ladies 
and  bishops  and  ministers  of  Nonconformist  churches  and  public  men,  as 
the  solution  of  the  drink  question  by  trying  to  make  the  traffic  in  alcohol 
respectable. 

Then  there  are  people,  who  in  referring  to  the  effect  of  the  Balfour  Act 
of  1904,  with  its  arrangement  for  compensation  out  of  the  funds  of  the  traffic 
itself,  would  have  us  forget  that  Mr.  Balfour  himself  said  that  there  was 
nothing  in  his  bill  to  prevent  a  time-limit  being  instituted  in  the  future  at  the 
expiration  of  which  all  claims  to  any  compensation  whatever  should  cease; 
for  they  wish  us  to  believe  that  state  purchase  and  nationalization  are  fairer 
and  more  statesmanlike  ways  of  dealing  with  the  traffic  than  trying  to  abolish 
it  altogether  by  the  popular  vote. 

Then  there  are  members  of  the  Labor  Party,  who  find  it  more  popular 
to  advocate  that  the  workmen  are  entitled  to  their  drink,  and  they  appeal  to 
them  as  Socialists  and  say  "Let  us  buy  up  all  the  public  houses  for  you  and 
let  the  government  directly  own,  supply  and  run  them,  and  take  the  profits 
for  public  purposes,  and  we  will  see  that  your  public  houses  are  really  your 
clubs  where  you  can  sit  and  have  your  beer  and  enjoy  your  games." 

You  perhaps  do  not  realize  over  here  that  the  last  election  has  made  the 
Labor  Party  the  second  largest  in  the  House  of  Commons,  and  I  wish  you 
could  understand  that  we  in  England  shall  be  in  grave  danger  in  this  matter 
unless  the  Labor  Party  comes  to  see  what  Mr.  Philip  Snowden,  that  strong 
Labor  man,  did  see  when  he  came  out  of  the  Control  Board  because,  although 
he  had  been  among  the  first  to  associate  himself  with  the  Carlisle  scheme  he 
was  speedily  disillusioned  when  he  witnessed  the  perils  of  it  in  actual  work- 
ing, resulting  from  the  increased  lures  and  the  notorious  evils  of  the  traffic 
still  cursing  the  community  and  now  officially  associated  with  a  department 
of  government  which  had  made  itself  responsible.  Mrs.  Snowden  has  well 
said  to  the  workers  of  England,  "If  you  want  to  nationalize,  nationalize  a 
'going'  concern,  and  not  a  concern  that  is  'going.'  " 

I  dare  say  you  have  read  reports  of  the  Carlisle  experiment,  of  the  public 
money  made  out  of  it  and  the  success  which  the  officials  and  others  concerned 
in  backing  the  scheme  claim  for  it.  I  dare  say  you  have  read  reports  of  a  min- 
ister of  my  own  church  on  "The  Control  of  the  Drink  Traffic"  by  this  scheme, 
and  of  the  claim  that  drunkenness  was  decreased  by  this  state  ownership  at 
Carlisle  during  the  war.  My  experience  in  many  personal  investigations  is 
that  the  state-owned  public  houses  at  Carlisle  are  an  abomination  and  an 
increased  danger  to  young  people.  A  great  deal  of  theoretical  approval  of 
the  scheme  and  many  false  claims  have  been  officially  issued  because,  having 
been  undertaken  by  the  government,  the  officials  concerned  must  try  to  make 
out  a  case  for  its  success. 

Of  course  drunkenness  was  decreased  all  over  the  country  by  the  war 
restrictions  on  alcohol.  But  what  were  the  three  great  causes  of  the  decrease 

168 


in  drunkenness  in  the  Carlisle  area  soon  after  this  experiment  was  started — a 
decrease  which  had  begun  at  a  date  prior  to  the  initiation  of  the  experiment 
and  which  its  promoters  wish  to  claim  for  a  state-run  traffic? 

In  the  first  place  the  decrease  was  due  to  the  exodus  of  the  navvies  who 
had  flocked  to  Gretna  for  the  making  of  excavations,  roads,  railways,  and 
drainage,  which  was  the  first  stage  in  constructing  the  great  munition  factories. 
Navvies  are  notoriously  a  hard  drinking  class.  It  was  then  the  exodus  of  this 
rough  drinking  element  which  left  the  population  more  sober;  and  though  this 
began  just  prior  to  the  state  purchase  of  the  public  houses  of  the  district  and 
the  beginning  of  sobriety  also  antedated  the  experiment,  it  was  a  fortunate  co- 
incidence for  the  Carlisle  experiment  that  mainly  the  two  movements  syn- 
chronized— the  exodus  of  the  rough  navvies  and  the  change  of  ownership  of  the 
public  houses  which  was  supposed  to  cure  the  shocking  drunkenness  associated 
with  them.  Drinking  diminished  because  the  navvies  had  given  place  to  the 
construction  workers  and  munition  girls.  The  influx  of  navvies  created  the 
problem;  the  exodus  solved  it. 

The  second  cause  was  the  stopping  of  the  sale  of  spirits  at  a  certain  date, 
on  Saturday  nights,  when  it  had  been  found  that  in  spite  of  state  manage- 
ment drunkenness  was  still  shocking.  You  have  been  told  that  it  was  due  to 
what  is  called  "disinterested  management" — civil  servants  dispensing  govern- 
ment beer  across  government  bars  to  British  subjects  sitting  on  chairs  em- 
bossed with  the  monogram  of  King  George — that  was  to  be  the  magic  cure, 
the  spell  against  the  evils  of  alcoholism!  The  Chief  Constable  of  Carlisle 
stated  when  the  city  was  under  disinterested  management  but  prior  to  the 
Saturday  prohibition  of  spirits,  that  as  regards  drunkenness,  "Carlisle  was  in 
a  shocking  condition."  Then  there  came  "spiritless"  Saturdays,  because  the 
magic  spell  did  not  work — and  immediately  the  Chief  Constable  was  able  to 
testify  that  what  disinterested  sale  of  spirits  had  failed  to  do  prohibition  of 
spirits  had  done  immediately — had  eliminated  drunkenness.  It  has  been  falsely 
stated  that  this  prohibition  of  spirits  on  Saturday  nights  was  dependent  upon 
State  Purchase.  As  a  matter  of  fact  this  same  prohibition  was  operated  in 
parts  of  the  country  where  there  was  no  state  ownership.  We  were  at  war. 
We  had  the  right  to  impose  any  conditions  upon  trade  and  people  essential  for 
winning  the  war.  "Spiritless"  Saturdays  could  have  been  imposed  upon  the 
Traffic  at  Carlisle  without  any  State  Purchase  just  as  easily  as  at  other  points, 
and  the  same  effects  would  have  followed. 

The  third  cause  of  the  decrease  in  drunkenness  in  Carlisle  was  the  diminu- 
tion of  the  liquor  supply  all  over  the  country  and  the  high  price  arising  owing 
to  this  curtailment.  The  writers  of  inspired  reports  have  said  that  this  did 
not  affect  things  at  Carlisle;  but  I  could  read  you  extracts  from  the  local 
papers  of  the  period  in  which  it  was  complained  that  because  of  the  shortage 
and  high  prices  the  people  were  to  a  large  extent  under  enforced  abstinence. 
And  there  is  on  record  the  official  apology  of  the  Government  manager  of  the 
traffic  that  the  dearness  could  not  be  helped  as  it  was  the  same  all  over  the 
country. 

We  say  that  these  were  the  vital  things  which  contributed  to  the  decrease 
of  drunkenness  in  Carlisle,  though  it  still  remained  very  great.  If  you  have 

169 


kept  pace  with  the  history  of  the  experiment  for  which  all  the  relative  im- 
provement has  been  officially  claimed  by  people  who  had  to  defend  the  credit 
of  the  scheme,  you  know  that  drunkenness,  when  at  the  close  of  the  war  it 
was  at  its  lowest,  was  in  1919  after  all  this  expenditure  of  public  money,  all 
this  disinterested  management,  rebuilding  of  houses,  focusing  of  public  atten- 
tion upon  the  issue  and  the  strenuous  attempts  to  trade  in  alcohol  without  suf- 
fering from  the  effects  of  that  trade,  drunkenness  at  Carlisle  under  state  owner- 
ship and  management  was  greater  per  thousand  of  the  population  than  in  two- 
thirds  of  the  boroughs  of  England. 

What  did  I  find  in  the  Carlisle  area  which  I  visited  again  just  before 
I  left  the  country  to  come  here?  Having  entirely  failed  in  spite  of  their  much 
advertised  program,  to  turn  the  ordinary  drinking  house  into  a  cafe  or  eating 
house,  they  purchased  buildings  which  had  no  license,  which  were  either 
already  cafes  or  which  they  converted  into  cafes  and  then  they  introduced 
liquor.  For  instance,  having  failed  to  turn  the  drinking  houses  into  cafes  when 
the  Control  Board  bought  up  the  Traffic  at  Maryport  they  did  not  attempt 
to  convert  one  of  the  all  too  numerous  great  drinking  houses  into  an  eating 
house;  they  first  tried  to  buy  the  largest  temperance  hotel  in  the  town  that 
they  might  introduce  liquor  into  it  and  boast  of  the  amount  of  food,  etc., 
supplied  under  the  new  regime.  They  stopped  because  they  found  that  in  the 
"deed"  controlling  the  property  there  was  a  clause  saying  "This  site  must  never 
be  used  for  the  sale  of  liquor."  But  they  bought  a  Coffee  Tavern  which 
had  been  established  for  many  years  as  a  counter  attraction  to  the  drink 
trade,  and  today  they  are  selling  liquor  in  it,  and  so  they  are  able  to  boast  of 
how  much  food  they  sell  in  a  licensed  house!  And  the  temperance  woman 
who  had  managed  the  house  refused  to  be  employed  by  the  State  department 
to  sell  beer  to  the  young  people  she  had  encouraged  to  congregate  there  instead 
of  at  the  public  house.  And  at  the  Gretna  Tavern  at  Carlisle,  which  used  to 
be  the  Post  Office,  having  established  a  fine  cafe  the  Control  Board  introduced 
liquor  and  it  is  now  advertised  as  a  "show"  place,  where  you  can  take  your 
wife  and  children,  and  you  can  see  sometimes,  as  it  was  seen  at  my  last  visit, 
something  which  could  not  be  seen  in  any  public  house  in  Britain,  not  Gov- 
ernment owned,  little  children  taken  in  by  their  parents  and  given  sips  of 
father's  or  mother's  beer. 

In  addition  to  the  evils  wrought  through  drinkers  being  created  by  young 
people  being  lured  to  public  houses  enlarged  and  reconstructed  and  ex- 
travagantly equipped  at  great  cost,  there  are  the  same  disgusting  scenes 
every  Saturday  night  right  outside  these  Government  liquor  shops,  of  drunken 
brawls  of  men  and  women  and  special  police  told  off  to  keep  order  at  these 
places  at  closing  time.  Heaven  save  England  from  a  nationalized  traffic! 


THE  NEW  MOVEMENT  FOR  PROHIBITION  IN  INDIA 

By  MB.  TARTNT  PBASAD  SINHA,  Benares,  India 

The  speaker  who  has  preceded  me  was  more  or  less  saying  the  same 
things  that  I  must  say  in  regard  to  government  control  of  the  liquor  traffic. 
India  has  the  wine  mononoly.  If  you  want  to  see  anywhere  the  worst  effect 
of  the  state  monopoly  of  drinking  you  have  to  go  to  India  to  see  it.  It  is 

170 


the  government  which  has  been  requesting  growers  and  distillers  in  the 
country  to  continue  their  work  and  it  is  the  government  which  legalized  the 
work  of  these  brewers  and  distillers.  It  is  the  government  which  is  engaged 
in  still  worse  traffic  and  that  is  the  cultivation,  manufacture  and  trade  in 
opium. 

The  man  who  is  engaged  either  in  brewing  or  distillery  work  or  the  man 
who  is  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  opium  or  manufacturing  or  sale  of  opium, 
is  a  government  servant,  he  gets  his  salary  paid  from  the  revenue  of  the 
people  and  when  he  retires  from  business  he  gets  a  pension  from  the  state. 

Under  that  system  the  government  naturally  has  the  fullest  control  of 
the  traffic  in  opium  and  of  the  traffic  in  drink. 

Under  this  governmental  system  the  government  sells  the  right  for  the 
retailer  to  sell  by  public  auction  the  right  to  sell  opium  and  liquor  and  it  is 
surprising  to  note  the  enormous  price  that  has  been  paid  for  these  rights  in 
the  past. 

Under  this  system  the  traffic  has  grown  rapidly  during  the  last  70  years. 
Not  only  the  revenue  from  the  traffic  but  the  amount  of  gallons  of  liquors 
consumed  has  doubled  each  three  years,  during  the  last  35  years. 

The  worst  of  it  all  comes  when  all  our  temperance  activities  are  regarded 
as  activities  directed  against  the  state.  We  in  India  are  particularly  con- 
cerned about  our  sentiments  for  we  are  a  total  abstinent  nation.  We  have 
had  total  abstinence  taught  us  through  our  religion,  and  we  regard  it  as  our 
duty,  and  we  regard  it  also  as  a  natural  part  and  share  of  our  national  life. 
There  are  millions  of  people  in  India  today  who  would  not  drink  any  liquor 
or  intoxicating  drinks,  and  there  are  also  now  many  million  people  who  are 
receding  from  the  old  traditions  and  becoming  victims  of  the  liquors  and 
of  the  drugs  which  under  the  state  law  are  being  sold  everywhere.  The 
sentiment  of  the  people  is  strongly  for  temperance.  They  look  on  it  from  a 
race  standpoint  as  one  of  the  very  fundamental  things,  and  it  is  distressing  to 
observe  the  way  in  which  the  government  is  allowing  the  sale  of  liquor  and 
opium. 

Many  of  you  Christian  friends  have  spent  your  wealth  and  manhood 
and  womanhood  to  teach  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ,  to  convey  a  definite 
method  of  truth  and  light.  I  bring -this  appeal  that  you  recognize  that  the 
activity  of  the  drink  and  opium  traffic  in  my  country  is  absolutely  nullifying 
the  effects  of  your  good  work.  My  people  find  it  extremely  difficult  to 
distinguish  between  one  activity  of  yours  which  teaches  them  the  religion  of 
Jesus  Christ,  and  the  other  activity  which  is  monopolizing  the  entire  sale 
of  liquor  and  opium  and  forcing  it  down  the  throats  of  my  people.  You 
should  realize,  friends,  that  the  missionaries  have  enormous  fields  of  work 
and  some  of  them  have  actually  succeeded  in  making  their  efforts  fruitful  in 
spite  of  the  liquor  traffic.  But  there  is  another  class  of  missionary  who  comes 
to  India.  There  are  some  churches,  which  are  not  quite  dry,  particularly  the 
European  churches,  particularly  those  recognized  by  people  more  or  less  as 
the  State  Church.  Many  of  these  people  are  not  only  not  dry  in  their  senti- 
ments, but  many  of  them  quote  chapter  and  verse  from  the  Holy  Scripture  to 
support  their  statements.  I  know  when  Pussyfoot  Johnson  was  in  India  I  in- 

171 


vited  one  of  the  bishops  to  come  and  preside  at  a  meeting  at  which  Pussyfoot 
Johnson  was  to  speak.  This  bishop  not  only  refused  to  come,  but  sent  a-letter 
to  the  press  giving  his  reasons  why  he  refused.  His  reasons  were  two.  Par- 
ticularly was  the  first  reason  interesting  because  he  said,  "Prohibition  is  anti- 
British"  and  he  could  not  preside  as  an  Englishman  at  a  meeting  where  anti- 
British  topics  were  discussed;  and,  second,  the  idea  was  anti-Christian  and  as  a 
Christian  he  could  not  take  part  in  it.  You  can  imagine  just  what  sentiment 
among  the  people  that  message  creates.  It  is  not  my  mission  to  try  to  change 
the  religious  sentiment  of  any  one,  but  I  want  to  make  it  impossible  for  them 
to  drink  in  my  country.  If  you  could  stop  them  from  drinking  my  people 
would  not  be  confused  in  their  minds  between  the  people  who  come  to  them 
and  preach  the  Gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  and  the  people  who  come  and  give 
them  drink.  If  you  could  only  stop  the  sale  of  drink  your  great  movement 
would  progress  in  India  with  leaps  and  bounds. 

The  particular  aspect  I  am  to  speak  to  you  about  is  the  struggle  of  the 
temperance  activity  in  connection  with  the  traffic  and  sale  of  liquor. 

I  have  showed  you  how,  under  the  municipal  system,  this  traffic  is  in- 
creasing. 

I  particularly  want  to  speak  about  opium  for  a  few  moments,  because 
opium  is  a  great  danger  to  India.  I  have  here  the  report  issued  by  the  Gov- 
ernment of  India.  There  was  a  commission  appointed  by  your  President, 
Mr.  Roosevelt,  which  resulted  in  the  curtailment  of  the  consumption  of  opium 
in  China.  But  the  consumption  and  the  production  of  opium  in  India  did  not 
decrease.  What  happened  was  that  the  people  in  China  who  found  them- 
selves without  a  market  went  elsewhere  last  year  and  found  other  markets 
where  they  could  have  the  right  to  sell  opium  when  this  right  was  denied  them 
in  China. 

I  want  you  to  realize  that  your  country,  with  the  prosperity  that  has 
come  to  her,  with  the  easy  access  there  is  for  the  smuggling  of  opium,  is  one 
of  the  greatest  opium  eating  countries  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  I  want  you 
to  realize  that  this  is  the  product  of  a  monopoly  controlled  by  the  government 
of  India.  Only  four-tenths  of  the  entire  one  thousand  tons  of  opium  needed 
for  the  medical  consumption  in  the  United  States  was  used  for  that  purpose. 
The  rest  is  sold,  some  to  Chinese  officials,  some  to  other  governments  of 
Asia,  and  the  remainder  is  smuggled  into  your*  country.  The  report  issued 
ir  1918  from  the  foreign  office  shows  that  the  consumption  of  opium  in  1918 
in  Europe  was  one  grain  per  person,  in  Italy,  two  grains  per  person,  in  Ger- 
many nearly  three  grains  per  person,  and  in  England  three  grains  per  person, 
as  well  as  the  same  in  France,  while  in  1918  the  consumption  of  opium  in  the 
United  States  of  America,  according  to  the  official  report  issued  by  the 
Treasury  Department  of  your  Government,  was  36  grains  per  capita.  Your 
government  has  declared  that  the  consumption  of  opium  in  your  country  is 
the  highest  opium  consumption  in  the  world.  Only  27  grains  per  capita  were 
used  in  India  compared  with  the  36  grains  used  in  the  United  States. 

Prohibition  has  not  affected  the  amount  of  opium  consumed,  for  better  or 
for  worse.  It  has  remained  about  normal  during  the  last  year. 

In  the  question  of  the  traffic  in  liquor,  we  have  under  the  new  system  the 

172 


national  Prohibition  agents  in  control  of  the  situation.     It  has  become  one  of 
the  localized  activities  of  the  government. 

I  want  you  all  to  realize  that  our  struggle  is  not  diminishing,  in  fact,  it  is 
growing  worse  and  worse  each  day,  and  we  are  looking  to  you  to  help  us  in 
our  efforts;  but,  as  I  pointed  out  before,  until  the  people  who  come  to  my 
country  confine  themselves  to  the  preaching  of  the  Gospel  of  Jesus  Christ, 
the  natives  of  my  land  will  not  be  able  to  differentiate  between  the  two  things 
that  your  different  people  are  doing.  We  realize  however,  that  by  suffering 
and  by  struggling  and  with  the  help  of  God  we  will  win  our  fight  and  we  hope 
that  with  your  help  prohibition  of  opium  as  well  as  prohibition  of  intoxicating 
liquors  will  spread  all  over  the  land  of  India. 


ROLL  CALL  OF  COUNTRIES— JAPAN 
Miss  UTA  HAYASHI 
W.  C.  T.  U.  of  Japan 

We  have  brought  warm  greetings  to  you.  Righteousness  is  the  honor  of 
a  nation;  but  sin  is  a  reproach  to  any  people.  I  have  crossed  the  Pacific  loaded 
with  the  sin  of  our  people.  There  are  over  40,000  Japanese  living  in  legalized 
vice,  bonded.  There  are  over  60,000  geisha  girls,  legal  prostitutes.  There  are 
60,000  semi-geisha  girls.  There  are  30,000  other  Japanese  girls,  victims  of 
the  immorality  of  man.  While  I  crossed  the  ocean  I  read  that  book  written 
by  an  Englishman,  the  book  called  "Kimono,"  and  my  heart  was  heavier  when 
I  landed  in  San  Francisco. 

Then  I  went  to  Evanston  and  there  I  met  an  American  young  man,  named 
Greenly,  and  I  listened  to  his  speech  as  he  pictured  Japan  in  its  dark  char- 
acter. My  heart  was  almost  crushed  with  the  burden  and  yet  I  could  not 
see  a  way  out  of  it.  It  was  my  pleasure  to  attend  the  Philadelphia  conven- 
tion and  there  a  strange  thing  happened.  I  heard  the  liquor  question  spoken 
about  in  many  phases  and  I  listened  with  amazement  to  our  honored  Agnes 
Slack.  I  listened  to  a  lady  from  Cuba  who  had  travelled  and  who  spoke 
about  the  American  travelers  and  she  pleaded  with  her  traveling  friends 
to  stop  the  drinking  on  the  boats.  I  was  astonished  and  for  the  first  time 
in  my  life  a  strange  feeling  of  comradeship  crept  into  my  heart  and  it  came 
to  me  that  the  heart  of  every  good  man  and  woman  is  loaded  with  a  bur- 
den of  sin,  the  burden  of  sin  of  their  people.  I  am,  for  the  very  first  time 
in  my  life,  in  a  position  to  realize  that  the  Japanese  are  not  a  particular  people, 
that  they  are  almost  a  Christian  people,  and  that  the  Japanese  are  clasping 
hands  with  almost  all  the  Christian  people  in  Great  Britain  and  in  the 
United  States  in  a  feeling  of  sympathy  and  comradeship,  for  the  good  work 
we  are  doing. 

I,  as  a  Japanese  woman,  come  to  you  from  millions  of  good  Japanese 
women  on  the  face  of  the  world,  because  there  are  good  Japanese  women  on 
the  face  of  the  world,  and  you  shall  never  find  a  truer  hearted  wife  than  a 
Japanese  wife,  a  more  devoted  mother  than  a  Japanese  mother,  and  yet  this 
great  infamy  is  with  us  all. 

There  are  two  reasons.  We  Japanese  women  do  not  see  the  reason  why 

173 


we  should  demand  an  equal  standard  of  morality  for  both  man  and  woman. 
That  is,  the  most  of  our  Japanese  women  cannot  understand  that,  but  we 
have  women  in  Japan  who  know  that  this  must  be,  and  for  a  great  many  years 
the  Japanese  woman,  the  real  Japanese  woman,  has  demanded  an  equal 
standard  for  the  man  and  for  the  woman  in  our  country  and  with  your  help 
we  are  going  to  have  it. 

These  ladies  have  been  fighting  the  geisha  system  for  many  years,  and 
for  six  years  I  myself  have  been  helping  to  distribute  these  little  pieces  of 
paper  throughout  Japan  for  the  purpose  of  taking  subscriptions  and  getting 
the  public  sentiment  aroused  little  by  little  and  of  educating  our  people.  I  got 
180,000  men  and  women  to  give  me  their  support. 

But,  alas,  the  ways  of  Europe.  They  cannot  see  how  to  lead  our  people. 
I  came  here  loaded  with  sin  and  knowing  not  which  way  to  look,  and  we 
came  to  Philadelphia,  to  the  convention  there,  and  listened  day  after  day,  I 
began  to  see  that  we  were  almost  becoming  a  part  of  you  and  that  our  ways 
in  Japan  were  not  different  from  your  ways  in  Europe.  Let  us  educate  the 
people  in  Japan  just  as  you  want  to  educate  the  people  in  your  own  country. 
So  we  four  delegates  from  Japan  sat  together  day  after  day  at  the  meeting  in 
Philadelphia  and  considered  together  and  we  formed  an  alliance  for  a  new 
movement  of  an  educational  campaign  to  establish  a  national  Prohibition 
movement  in  Japan  and  we  are  going  to  do  that  with  the  help  of  your  friends 
in  Philadelphia  and  with  the  help  of  all  our  friends  in  the  United  States.  I 
know  this  is  the  culmination  and  the  clim.ax  of  all  the  purposes  I  have  in  my 
mind.  I  know  if  we  can  reach  the  children  and  the  women  in  Japan  that  we 
will  reach  the  great  mother  heart  and  the  great  father  heart  and  they  will  be 
kindled  with  a  love  for  Prohibition  and  purity  and  peace  and  we  will  create 
a  new  Japan,  so  that  you  will  see  some  day  before  very  long  a  new  country  in 
Japan  with  new  people  and  a  new  life  everywhere  and  we  will  love  our  neigh- 
bors as  everybody  does. 


EGYPT 

By  Miss  BAIRD 

Egypt,  as  you  know,  is  a  Mohammedan  country.  Ten  millions  of  the  twelve 
million  people  there  are  Mohammedans,  and  until  very  recently  these  people 
were  not  drunkards,  but  at  the  present  time  they  have  become  educated  to 
the  terrible  habit  that  they  did  not  know  anything  about  until  after  the  white 
man  brought  the  drink  to  the  Mohammedan  brothers.  And  they  are  learning 
the  habit  of  drinking  very  rapidly.  It  is  a  very  terrible  thing,  for  after  having 
one  drink  they  can  not  leave  it  alone.  This  is  true  among  the  Mohammedans 
more  than  anywhere  else.  Who  is  to  blame  for  this,  friends?  It  is  entirely  a 
blame  that  rests  on  the  European  nations,  and  as  an  illustration  of  this  I 
can  cite  to  you  a  city  of  45,000  people  in  which  in  a  very  few  years  past, 
10,000  Christians  have  become  extremely  rich.  Nine  out  of  every  ten  have  a 
drinking  shop.  I  do  not  know  of  a  single  liquor  shop  owned  or  controlled  by 
my  Egyptian  brethren.  What  is  being  done?  Well,  our  missionaries  stand 
as  teetotalers.  Our  people  were  educated  from  their  youth  to  be  teetotalers. 
They  have  been  taught  never  to  touch  intoxicating  liquors.  But  now  with 

174 


the  coming  of  Europeans  into  my  land  there  is  a  constant  flow  of  drink  and 
the  people  in  Egypt  are  fast  becoming  drunkards,  all  through  the  activities  of 
your  European  representatives. 

But  we  are  doing  a  good  work  in  our  temperance  program.  We  have 
lecturers  who  go  to  the  people  and  preach  to  them  and  tell  them  of  the  ter- 
rible effect  of  alcohol.  We  have  classes  in  hygiene  to  teach  them  the  effects 
of  alcohol  on  the  brain  and  on  the  body. 

We  have  endeavored  to  start  a  Prohibition  movement  in  Egypt,  but  we 
are  told  that  the  time  is  not  yet  ripe. 

What  a  terrible  mistake,  friends,  that  a  great  people  such  as  Europe,  or 
any  one  of  the  nations  of  Europe,  should  answer  to  a  Mohammedan  people 
when  they  demand  help  in  the  Prohibition  movement,  that  "the  time  is  not 
yet  ripe."  Let  me  give  you  a  verse  from  the  Scripture  which  is  particularly 
appropriate  in  this  connection.  "Thou  shalt  love  thy  God  with  all  thy  heart, 
with  all  thy  will,  with  all  thy  strength,  with  all  thy  mind,  and  thy  neighbor 
as  thyself."  Who  is  thy  neighbor?  Our  Egyptian  brothers  are  our  neighbors, 
yea  they  are  our  brothers.  Woe  to  him  that  putteth  a  bottle  to  his  brother's 
lips. 


DENMARK 

By  Miss  DAGMAR  PRIOR 
President  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  of  Denmark 

I  feel  it  a  great  honor  and  privilege  to  be  here  before  you.  The  National 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  in  Denmark  wanted  me  to  come  across 
the  sea  to  learn  and  to  see  the  splendid  work  you  are  doing  here.  The  Na- 
tional Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  of  Denmark  stands  ready  to 
cooperate  effectively  with  any  nation  in  the  world  for  the  spread  of  Pro- 
hibition, and  I  am  glad  to  say  that  in  1930  Denmark  will  be  a  dry  country. 


BULGARIA 

By  REV.  D.  N.  FURNAJIEFF 

Madam  Chairman  and  members  of  the  Conference:  Bulgaria  has  to 
salute  you  this  morning  in  the  name  of  the  organizations,  three  in  number; 
one  the  organization  of  our  National  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 
which  has  empowered  me  to  be  present  here  this  morning.  That  organization 
has  done  a  splendid  work  and  it  has  organized  in  every  Protestant  Church  a 
temperance  movement;  and  a  number  of  Protestants  in  Bulgaria  have  made 
effective  a  plan  whereby  any  member  of  the  Protestant  Church  in  Bulgaria 
in  order  to  become  a  member  of  the  Church  must  give  up  drink,  and  he  can- 
not smoke.  I  salute  you  in  the  name  of  our  band  of  young  men  and  gym- 
nasium students  and  pre-gymnasium  students.  We  have  a  large  organization 
in  our  universities  that  is  working  for  Prohibition  throughout  the  country. 
We  students  had  a  parade  not  long  ago  and  our  student  friends  carried  a 
banner  on  which  was  written,  "Tremble,  ye  tyrants,  for  we  shall  grow." 

Then  I  also  want  to  congratulate  you  here  in  the  name  of  the  women  of 
my  country,  for  we  have  a  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  there.  My 

175 


wife  is  the  vice-president  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  in 
Bulgaria  and  she  has  charged  me  to  pass  on  to  you  the  salutations  of  the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  and  in  fidelity  to  our  marriage  vows 
I  do  so  now. 


MONDAY  AFTERNOON   SESSION 

THE  RESULT  OF  THE  FIRST  NATIONAL  CONTEST  WITH 
THE  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC  IN  SCOTLAND 

By  MRS.  GEORGE  C.  MILNE,  Aberdeen,  Scotland 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen:  Our  Chairman  has  told  you  that  I 
come  from  Scotland.  Perhaps  you  would  know  it  in  a  little  while  although 
he  hadn't  told  you.  I  think  that  the  customs  officer  when  we  were  crossing 
the  line  suspected  that  I  was  from  Scotland,  because  he  asked  if  I  was  pos- 
sessed of  any  liquor  and  I  assured  him  that  I  was  bone  dry  territory  and 
invited  him  to  have  due  regard  to  my  best  hats,  which  he  did. 

I  am  the  bearer  of  greetings  to  this  convention  from  over  sixty  thousand 
White  Ribboners  in  Scotland,  so  there  is  hope  for  Scotland  yet.  I  shouldn't 
like  you  for  a  moment  to  suppose  that  we  have  not  been  campaigning  in  the 
British  Isles,  because  we  have.  Sometimes  it  has  not  been  in  the  right  way. 
I  think  in  the  last  two  hundred  years  we  put  four  hundred  acts  of  Parliament 
on  the  statute  books,  all  to  deal  with  this  question;  and  we  were  trying 
thereby  to  do  the  impossible,  to  say  that  black  was  white,  that  wrong  was 
right.  We  have  absolutely  failed,  but  there  has  been  agitation. 

We  have  some  good  things  in  Scotland.  For  over  sixty  years  we  have 
had  Sunday  closing  in  Scotland.  Many  people  have  given  a  bad  report  of  our 
land,  and  have  said  there  is  more  drinking  and  more  drunkenness  in  Scotland 
on  Sunday  than  there  is  on  any  other  day  of  the  week.  I  have  lived  in  a 
working  class  district  for  twenty-five  years.  I  have  been  out  and  in  among 
the  people  all  the  time  and  I  have  yet  to  see  the  first  drunken  man  or  the 
first  drunken  woman  on  the  Lord's  Day.  I  am  not  going  to  say  that  there  is 
not  drunkenness.  That  would  be  a  strong  assertion,  but  I  am  going  to  say 
'that  the  law  is  as  well  carried  out  as  any  law  in  the  British  statute  books. 
And  I  have  never  heard  one  candidate  for  any  office  make  the  slightest  sug- 
gestion that  we  should  go  back  to  liquor  on  Sunday.  The  Lord's  Day  is 
absolutely  safe  in  Bonnie  Scotland. 

Then  we  had  put  upon  our  statute  books  in  1913  an  act  called  the  Tem- 
perance Scotland  Act.  That  act  was  asked  for  by  the  temperance  reformers 
of  Scotland.  We  did  not  ask  for  local  option,  but  for  local  veto,  which  is  a 
very  different  thing.  We  asked  that  the  people  might  get  leave  to  vote  on 
whether  they  wished  licenses  or  not,  but  we  had  to  take  what  we  could  get. 
The  Act  as  finally  passed  was  an  agreed  measure  and  contained  three  reso- 
lutions, one  "no  change,"  meaning  that  the  magistrates  would  go  on  licens- 
ing just  as  they  had  done  before;  the  second  was  "limitation,"  reduction  of 
the  number  of  licenses  by  twenty-five  per  cent,  and  the  third  was  "no  license." 
That  was  put  on  the  statute  books  in  1913,  but  alas,  in  1914  the  great  world 
war  brolce  out  and  there  was  no  thought  in  Britain  of  anything  except  the 

176 


winning  of  that  great  war.  Toward  the  end  of  the  war  just  as  everything 
began  to  settle  down,  in  1920,  we  had  our  first  vote.  We  had  no  proper  or- 
ganiza.tion.  We  had  no  real  time  for  education.  .The  bulk  of  the  people  did 
not  know  what  the  act  meant.  They  thought  it  was  a  curtailment  of  their 
liberty  and  that  it  allowed  the  rich  man  the  privilege  of  retaining  his  beer  in 
his  cellar  while  the  poor  man's  cellar  was  locked,  and  so  on.  "The  liberty  of 
the  subject"  and  the  revenue  of  Britain  after  the  great  war,  were  the  watch- 
words and  they  ran  like  wildfire  all  over  the  land.  And  when  we  came  to 
have  our  vote  we  had  a  sorrowful  eye  opener. 

Your  good  chairman  who  presides  this  afternoon  and  others  of  the  Amer- 
ican leaders  came  and  gave  us  consolation.  They  said  to  us,  "You  have 
done  the  best  that  was  ever  done  in  the  world  on  a  first  vote,"  and  so  we 
took  courage.  All  that  we  were  able  to  do  was  to  make  a  beginning.  The 
vote  gave  us  forty-one  dry  townships  with  thirty-five  more  places  where 
limitation  carried.  That  amounted  to  thirty-nine  per  cent  of  the  vote. 
Thirty-nine  per  cent  of  all  those  voting,  voted  dry,  voted  "No  license."  So 
when  we  got  time  to  come  to  ourselves  we  came  to  think  that  thirty-nine 
per  cent  of  all  the  vote  was  not  a  bad  showing  on  the  first  occasion.  We 
were  handicapped,  as  I  said,  by  the  war.  We  were  handicapped  by  an  act 
for  which  we  never  asked  and  which  was  very  difficult  of  application.  We 
not  only  had  to  have  55  per  cent  of  all  who  voted  favorable  to  "no  license" 
but  these  had  to  be  no  fewer  than  thirty-five  per  cent  on  the  roll,  and  you 
can  see  what  handicap  that  was.  At  the  end  of  the  war  our  rolls  were  any- 
thing but  in  good  condition.  There  were  babies  on  the  roll.  There  were  chil- 
dren of  five  or  eight.  The  authorities  really  ought  to  have  allowed  the  babies 
to  vote,  but  they  didn't,  and  it  all  told  against  the  "no  license"  element. 
Then  there  were  on  the  roll  the  names  of  people  who  had  been  dead  for 
years;  so  we  had  to  contend  with  a  very  imperfect  roll;  and  when  you  think 
of  it,  tha,t  the  requirement  was  55  per  cent  of  the  vote,  and  this  number  was 
required  to  be  not  less  than  thirty-five  per  cent  of  all  J:he  names,  including 
those  who  were  dead  and  those  that  never  were  alive,  and  all  the  babies  and 
the  little  children  that  weren't  allowed  to  vote,  I  think  after  all  it  wasn't 
such  a  bad  affair  as  we  had  first  thought  it  to  be. 

In  584  areas  that  polled,  508  voted  "no  change";  35  areas  voted  for  limi- 
tation; and  41  areas  voted  "no  license."  In  ten  of  these  areas  which  voted 
"no  license"  litigation  was  brought,  on  trifling  points — mere  technicalities, 
such  as  the  claim  that  the  polling  day  was  market  day,  or  something  like  that, 
and  we  lost  these  ten  areas;  so  that  in  the  end  we  gained  31  areas  for  "no 
license."  I  have  my  own  views  as  to  the  growth  of  Prohibition  in  the  United 
States.  Some  people  may  not  agree  with  me,  but  I  see  it  as  a  wonderful 
process  of  evolution,  a  wonderful  growth,  which  began  with  the  women,  and 
extended  to  the  church,  and  then  to  the  business  men.  Now,  people  told 
us  over  on  our  side  that  it  was  the  business  men  who  did  the  whole  job. 
I  never  believed  it.  Business  men  couldn't  do  a  thing  like  that  if  they  hadn'4- 
had  something  back  of  them.  They  had  the  homes  of  the  United  States  back 
of  them  and  the  church  of  the  living  God  back  of  them,  and  then  the  busi- 
ness men  came  on  as  a  great  industrial  an^  financial  proposition. 

177 


In  Scotland,  I  think,  we  only  got  to  the  women  this  last  campaign.  Now, 
there  is  a  story  of  an  old  lady  who  was  speaking  about  a  minister  and  she  said 
"There  is  nobody  sound  in  the  congregation  but  the  minister  and  myself," 
then  she  added,  "I  am  not  very  sure  about  him."  The  women  did  valiantly, 
I  will  say  that,  but  I  am  not  very  sure  that  they  did  their  best.  I  believe 
that  the  men  wouldn't  let  them.  The  beer  drinkers  and  the  whisky  drinkers 
wouldn't  let  their  wives  take  a  great  and  noble  stand  for  righteousness  and 
for  God  and  for  their  own  little  children;  and  men  walked  out  with  their 
wives  to  the  voting  booths  on  that  memorable  voting  day  who  never  walked 
out  with  their  wives,  I  suppose,  since  they  were  married.  We  still  have  a  bi.? 
fight  in  front  of  us.  The  Church  did  its  part  in  a  way.  Officially,  it  was 
splendid.  Practically,  a  good  deal  of  it  was  nowhere.  The  general  assem- 
blies of  our  great  Presbyterian  Churches  passed  resolutions  but  as  somebody 
said,  the  Apostles  never  passed  any  resolutions  but  they  did  something  that 
was  far  better.  The  churches  passed  resolutions,  but  over  the  country  much 
was  left  to  be  desired  in  regard  to  the  Christian  churches  in  Scotland.  I  am 
not  blaming  them.  It  is  not  easy  to  stand  against  the  liquor  traffic  in  a 
country  such  as  Scotland  is,  with  so  many  liquor  sellers  and  so  many  who 
have  liquor  stocks  and  all  the  great  distilling  and  brewing  companies.  It  is 
not  easy  for  the  Christian  ministry  when  they  have  in  their  front  pews  men 
who  are  subsidizing  the  churches  and  use  liquor  and  make  and  sell  liquor 
and  profit  by  liquor.  I  am  not  blaming  them.  It  is  no  easy  task.  Our  busi- 
ness men  were  not  alive  to  their  own  interests.  If  business  people  knew 
that  righteousness  is  profitable,  far  more  profitable  than  iniquity  any  time, 
even  in  the  matter  of  business,  they  would  have  rushed  into  the  fray  and  taken 
the  battle  to  the  gate.  But  they  didn't  have  the  vision. 

What  Scotland  wants  to  win  her  victory  is  just  the  process  which  won  it 
in  the  United  States.  It  is  education  today  and  education  tomorrow  and  for 
the  next  few  years,  and  then  I  have  great  hopes  that  this  beautiful  land 
which  has  fought  for  civil  and  for  religious  liberty,  which  has  reared  sons 
that  have  been  an  honor  to  the  whole  world,  which  has  sent  her  best  to  the 
great  fields  of  all  the  world,  may  yet  be  free  from  the  black  stain  of  the  liquor 
traffic.  We  hope  that  the  next  polling  day  will  mark  a  great  victory  for 
Scotland  and  we  ask  you  to  pray  for  it.  We  do  not  see  the  victory,  but  we 
see  the  King  and  we  trust  Him.  We  believe  that  the  King  of  Righteousness 
will  work  out  this  victory  for  us. 


THE  RESULTS  OF  PROHIBITION  THROUGH 

AUSTRALIAN  EYES 

By  REV.  GIFFOED  GORDON,  Melbourne,  Australia 
Financial  Director  of  the  Victorian  Anti-Liquor  League 

I  came  to  America,  although  a  minister  and  a  Prohibition  worker,  de- 
termined to  maintain  a  perfectly  op.en  mind  on  this  question.  I  came  not  to 
be  influenced  at  all  by  what  Anti-Saloon  Leaguers  or  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Unionists  had  to  say  on  this  question.  I  visited  those  organi- 
zations to  pay  them  by  respects,  for  I  honored  them  for  what  they  had  ac- 

178 


complished,  but  for  nothing  further,  and  all  my  investigations  I  have  made 
completely  outside  of  any  such  organizations. 

I  have  been  busy  interviewing  judges  of  juvenile  and  criminal  courts; 
mayors  of  cities  and  chiefs  of  police,  bank  managers  and  heads  of  inebriate 
homes  and  jails  and  penitentiaries,  and  it  is  from  all  these  sources  that  I 
have  gathered  my  data.  I  began  the  work  in  New  York  City.  I  thought 
it  was  a  pretty  good  place  to  begin.  I  have  a  brother  who  has  lived  there 
five  years  and  who  knows  the  city  pretty  well  and  I  sought  his  cooperation. 
I  told  him  just  exactly  what  I  had  come  to  do;  that  I  was  going  to  keep  an 
open  mind  and  two  eyes  wide  open  on  this  question,  and  record  both  sides. 
I  did  fully  expect  to  see  a  number  of  open,  flagrant  violations  of  the  Volstead 
law  in  that  great  city,  for  the  simple  reason  that  there  is  a  tremendous  for- 
eign population  in  New  York  City.  There  are  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
people,  brought  up  on  wine  and  beer  as  we  have  been  brought  up  on  tea  or 
coffee,  who  have  no  love,  or  regard,  or  respect,  for  the  Volstead  Act.  I  ex- 
pected therefore  to  see  quite  a  number  of  violations.  Then  again  I  happened 
to  strike  New  York  City  on  one  of  the  hottest  days  the  city  ever  experienced; 
and  you  know  people  in  summer  time  have  to  drink  to  keep  themselves  cool. 
So  I  expected  to  see  a  number  of  drunken  men,  especially  after  what  Ameri- 
cans, even  Prohibitionists,  had  said  to  me  on  the  boat  and  at  Vancouver. 

We  searched  New  York  nearly  eighteen  days  in  that  hot  summer,  travel- 
ling every  day  in  subways,  elevated  trains,  surface  cars,  motor  busses,  all 
always  crowded  with  people.  We  mingled  with  great  masses  of  people  down 
in  the  business  section  of  Fifth  Avenue  at  the  noon-day  hour.  We  travelled 
over  the  poorer  foreign  sections  of  that  city  and  saw  those  horrible,  low- 
down  saloons,  but  after  searching  that  city  that  way  for  eighteen  days  I  can 
call  the  Almighty  to  my  witness  when  I  say  that  we  never  came  across  a 
solitary  man  under  the  influence  of  liquor;  neither  did  we  smell  one  alcoholic 
breath. 

I  felt  that  possibly  I  ought  to  come  back  to  New  York  in  the  winter, 
because,  you  know,  in  the  winter  time  people  have  to  drink  to  keep  them- 
selves warm.  So  I  came  back  and  spent  twenty-four  days  there  last  winter. 
Then  I  was  back  there  this  last  summer  for  another  twelve  days.  I  lived 
in  New  York  fifty-eight  days  altogether  and  up  until  then  I  hadn't  seen  a 
solitary  drunken  person.  Not  until  the  fifty-ninth  day,  when  Mr.  Corradini 
of  the  New  York  Anti-Saloon  League  took  me  down  into  the  Bowery  did  I 
see  one  solitary  drunken  person  and  then  in  what  we  call  the  slums,  the 
dregs  of  the  city,  I  did  see  three. 

Now,  I  think  that  that  is  nothing  short  of  miraculous.  I  was  in  New 
York  City  for  a  week  thirteen  years  ago  and  I  remember  the  great  number 
of  drunken  men  that  I  met  then  when  I  wasn't  looking  for  them.  You 
couldn't  be  inside  Melbourne,  Australia,  for  fifty-eight  minutes  without  see- 
ing drunken  men.  What  makes  the  difference,  my  friends?  What  makes  the 
difference?  To  ask  the  question  is  simply  to  answer  it.  I  am  no*  trying  to 
imply  at  all  that  there  are  no  drunken  people  in  New  York  City.  I  am  sim- 
ply saying  that  I  lived  there  fifty-eight  days  without  seeing  one.  That  is  all 
I  am  saying;  and  I  want  to  say  that,  friends,  because  I  think  it  is  something 

179 


worth  while.  I  know  there  are  drunken  people  there,  because  I  have  studied 
police  records,  but  I  know,  too,  that  there  are  not  nearly  so  many  drunken 
people  in  New  York  City  as  there  used  to  be,  when  there  were  over  nine 
thousand  open  saloons  in  that  city.  According  to  the  figures  that  Commis- 
sioner Enright  supplied  me,  in  1915  there  were  22,635  arrests  for  drunkenness 
and  last  year  there  were  8,169  or  a  decrease  of  14,466.  Furthermore,  please 
don't  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  under  the  old  saloon  system  a  man  was  not 
arrested  for  being  drunk.  He  had  to  be  a  danger  to  himself  or  a  nuisance 
to  society  before  he  was  arrested,  but  under  this  new  system  he  is  arrested 
for  the  least  sign  of  intoxication,  and  that  makes  a  difference  which  speaks 
all  the  more  favorably  for  the  present  regime. 

We  have  heard  much  by  cable  in  Australia  from  this  country  about  all 
the  people  being  poisoned  to  death  by  drinking  bad  alcohol.  Even  the  wets 
are  concerned  about  it.  They  think  it  is  such  a  shame  that  good  people  should 
stand  for  that  sort  of  thing  and  they  are  saying,  "Why  not  let  them  have 
good  liquors  as  they  used  to  have  and  that  would  eliminate  this  present 
trouble?"  But  I  went  through  the  Health  Department  in  New  York,  these 
were  the  figures  supplied  me,  that  in  1916,  the  days  of  the  good  alcohol,  they 
had  687  deaths  from  alcoholism  and  last  year  they  had  119.  It  doesn't  look 
to  me  as  if  things  are  worse.  I  wrote  to  Dr.  Bowen,  the  medical  director 
of  the  Philadelphia  Hospital,  which  is  in  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  the 
United  States.  In  1918  he  had  twenty-three  hundred  and  twenty-six  alcoholic 
patients,  and  last  year,  1922,  702  patients.  Let  me  call  your  attention  to  a 
more  astounding  fact  than  either  of  these.  What  has  become  of  all  the  alco- 
holic institutions  that  used  to  be  in  existence  in  the  United  States?  I  think 
that  San  Francisco  is  the  wettest  city  in  the  United  States,  as  far  as  my  ob- 
servations go,  and  I  visited  Dr.  Wallace  there,  who  is  the  head  of  one  of  the 
Neil  Institutes.  I  am  going  to  repeat  Dr.  Wallace's  own  words,  not  mine. 
These  are  his  words  and  they  were  substantiated  by  Dr.  Neil  himself,  whom 
I  interviewed  in  Los  Angeles. 

He  said,  "Mr.  Gordon,  there  were  68  Neil  Institutes  in  the  United  States 
twelve  years  prior  to  Prohibition  and  we  have  treated  125,000  alcoholic  pa- 
tients. And  with  two  years  of  Prohibition  we  were  out  of  business." 

If  things  are  worse  under  the  Prohibition  system,  if  Prohibition  is  not 
proving  effective,  how  can  you  account  for  a  fact  like  that?  Dr.  Neil  himself 
said  to  me,  "Mr.  Gordon,  they  say  Prohibition  doesn't  prohibit.  Well,  there 
is  no  use  talking  to  the  Neil  brothers  that  way,  because  it  has  taken  our 
business  from  us."  He  added,  "We  are  not  sorry  it  has  come.  We  hailed 
its  coming  with  delight,  because  we  had  seen  the  heartache  and  misery  of 
this  curse  for  so  long."  I  stopped  off  at  Dwight,  Illinois,  one  day  to  see  the 
Keeley  Institute  and  I  walked  out  and  asked  a  man,  "Sir,  could  you  direct 
me  to  the  Keeley  Institute?"  He  pointed  to  an  immense  building  just  across 
the  street,  a  very  beautiful  building,  and  said,  "That  used  to  be  the  Keeley 
Institute,  but  now  it  is  leased  to  the  United  States  Government  for  five  years 
and  is  a  hospital  for  disabled  soldiers."  I  said  to  him,  "Well,  are  the  Keeley 
people  operating  here  now?"  "Oh,  yes,"  he  said,  and  he  directed  me  and  I 
went  and  stood  before  a  brick  cottage,  where  they  had  thirty  patients.  I  in- 

180 


terviewed  Dr.  Outen,  the  head  of  the  Keeley  Institute  there,  and  he  told  me 
there  used  to  be  fifty  Keeley  Institutes  and  now  there  are  but  twelve,  but  he 
doesn't  give  Prohibition  any  credit  at  all  for  the  elimination  of  any  one  of 
those  alcoholic  institutions.  He  said  they  were  beginning  to  decline  before 
the  national  amendment  went  into  effect. 

Now,  that  was  the  greatest  alcoholic  institution  in  the  world,  and  they 
are  now  operating  in  a  little  brick  building.  If  Prohibition  is  not  proving 
effective,  in  spite  of  all  the  infractions  of  the  law,  how  can  you  account  for 
these  facts? 

When  I  was  in  Des  Moines,  I  was  taken  by  our  good  friend  Holsaple, 
Superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League,  down  to  Knoxville,  Iowa,  and  we 
stood  before  the  old  inebriate  home  there  consisting  of  five  immense  build- 
ings; but  it  is  no  longer  an  inebriate  home.  After  Prohibition  came'  the  pa- 
tients became  fewer  and  fewer  until  it  became  altogether  too  'expensive  to 
keep  them  there,  so  they  were  taken  out  and  that  institution  closed  up  and  pur- 
chased by  the  Government  and  it  is  now  a  permanent  home  for  disabled  sol- 
diers. If  Prohibition  didn't  close  that  inebriate  home,  will  you  tell  me  what 
did? 

I  stopped  off  at  Peoria,  Illinois.  I  went  because  it  used  to  be  the  greatest 
whisky  manufacturing  center  in  the  world.  I  looked  for  the  old  House  of 
Correction  and  couldn't  find  it  because  it  is  no  longer  there.  I  did  find  the 
old  superintendent.  For  thirty-five  years  he  was  superintendent  of  that  House 
of  Correction.  He  told  me  that  the  year  prior  to  Prohibition,  he  had  sixteen 
hundred  prisoners  in  that  house  of  correction  and  yet  within  three  years  after 
Prohibition  that  house  has  been  closed  up,  sold  by  the  state  of  Illinois,  has 
since  been  demolished,  and  on  its  site  there  is  being  built  an  immense  steel 
grandstand  for  baseball  use. 

When  I  was  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  I  went  down  to  look  at  the  old  work- 
house and  couldn't  get  into  the  building  because  it  was  padlocked  and  closed 
and  not  a  soul  inside  of  it.  And  yet  they  used  to  have  between  five  and  six 
hundred  people  in  that  workhouse.  The  workhouse  at  Zanesville  is  also 
closed  up.  The  one  at  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  is  also  closed  up  and  padlocked; 
and  when  I  was  in  Springfield,  Ohio,  the  other  day  I  went  down  to  look  over 
the  city  prison  and  as  I  walked  up  towards  it  I  was  very  much  impressed  as 
I  read  in  big  white  letters  over  the  doorway,  "Day  Nursery."  It  used  to  be 
a  city  prison.  It  is  now  a  day  nursery.  When  I  was  down  in  Dallas,  Texas, 
I  went  to  find  the  old  jail  there  and  couldn't  find  it  because  it  is  not  there. 
It  has  been  closed  and-  demolished  and  on  the  site  has  been  built  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  railway  stations  I  have  ever  seen  in  all  of  this  country.  Now, 
if  Prohibition  is  not  effective,  my  friends,  in  spite  of  all  the  infractions  of  the 
law,  what  is  closing  up  these  institutions? 

When  I  was  down  in  Birmingham,  Alabama,  I  went  through  a  jail  there 
that  had  cost  that  state  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  to  build,  which  was 
practically  new.  I  think  it  was  used  for  about  three  years,  until  Alabama 
voted  dry  and  it  has  never  been  in  use  since  as  a  jail.  It  stood  empty  for  a 
long  time,  then  was  used  as  a  junk  house  and  finally  given  over  as  a  court 
and  school  for  delinquent  children.  I  interviewed  the  judge  and  he  gave  me 

181 


a  very  interesting  story  as  to  the  effect  of  Prohibition.  When  Alabama  was 
wet,  it  was  found  necessary  to  build  a  new  jail  to  house  the  prisoners.  They 
put  a  hundred  thousand  dollars  into  the  proposition.  The  first  thing  that 
happened  to  that  jail  when  Prohibition  came  was  that  it  was  emptied  and 
closed.  If  Prohibition  didn't  close  it,  what  did?  That  is  what  I  want  to 
know. 

I  went  through  the  jail  in  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  warden  that 
took  me  over  said,  "Mr.  Gordon,  we  have  840  cells  in  this  jail.  We  often  had 
as  many  as  940  prisoners  before  Prohibition;  had  a  double  bank  in  our  cell 
accommodations."  The  day  I  went  over  it  there  were  315  empty  cells. 
Under  the  wet  system  they  had  an  average  of  88  women  in  that  jail;  now  the 
average  is  25.  In  1916  they  had  3,950  commitments  for  drunkenness  in  that 
jail.  Last  year  they  had  942.  Before  Prohibition  they  were  seriously  con- 
sidering the*  building  of  a  new  jail.  The  papers  were  full  of  it,  and  the 
people  were  perturbed  about  it,  because  they  knew  it  meant  increased  taxa- 
tion; but  they  are  not  talking  that  way  any  longer  and  they  have  no  fears  of 
increased  taxation  for  the  building  of  a  new  jail,  because  their  old  jail  is 
more  than  adequate  for  their  supply  of  prisoners. 

In  Birmingham,  Alabama,  I  visited  Mr.  Batten  who  is  the  President  of 
the  Bessemer  Coal  &  Iron  Company  there;  and  when  he  knew  who  I  was  and 
what  I  wanted  he  frowned  and  said,  "Mr.  Gordon,  Prohibition  inconvenienced 
me  very  much  indeed.  I  am  a  man  that  always  had  my  liquor,  took  it  in 
moderation,  and  always  enjoyed  it;  but  when  Prohibition  came  and  I  couldn't 
get  it  without  violating  the  law  and  thus  becoming  a  criminal  it  inconven- 
ienced me  very  much  indeed. 

"But  the  second  thing  I  am  going  to  say  to  you  today  is  this,  that  if 
Prohibition  was  in  danger  of  going,  and  it  took  a  hundred  votes  to  keep  it  I 
would  give  every  last  vote  to  keep  it."  He  said,  "Do  you  want  to  know  the 
reason  why?  Because  of  the  transformation  it  has  made  in  the  homes  of 
our  miners.  In  the  wet  days  when  the  saloons  were  all  around  here  their 
homes  were  scant  of  furniture  and  the  children  were  scantily  clad;  the  wives 
and  mothers  were  poor,  discouraged  women,  but  now  they  have  nice  new 
furniture  in  their  homes  and  many  of  them  have  Sonoras  and  Victrolas,  and 
they  can  listen  to  the  most  beautiful  music  in  the  world.  The  children  are 
very  well  clad  and  fed  and  go  to  school  every  day  in  the  week,  and  the 
fathers,  instead  of  spending  their  money  in  a  dirty,  dark  saloon,  have  saved 
the  money  and  put  it  into  an  automobile  and  take  the  family  out  in  the  au- 
tomobile for  the  fresh  air.  For  their  sake  I  don't  want  to  see  the  return  of 
liquor."  He  wrote  me  a  testimonial  which  is  one  of  the  best  and  strongest 
I  ever  received.  The  last  sentence  of  it  reads: 

"You  can  say  to  the  world  that  America  will  never  again  stand  for  the 
open  saloon." 

What  he  said  to  me,  my  friends,  all  the  presidents  of  all  the  great  steel, 
iron,  coke,  oil  and  other  companies  to  whom  I  have  appealed,  wrote  and  said 
practically  the  same  thing. 

Therein,  my  friends,  is  the  greatest  appeal.  The  greatest  appeal  that 
Prohibition  makes  to  me  is  the  appeal  of  the  little  child.  We  know  what 

182 


medical  science  had  to  say  years  ago  about  the  appalling  effects  of  alcoholism 
on  the  little  child.  Medical  science  told  us  of  the  great  percentage  of  children 
that  were  not  born  alive;  they  were  poisoned  to  death  because  of  alcoholized 
parents.  Medical  science  told  of  the  great  percentage  of  children  born  with 
feeble  minds  and  now,  my  friends,  since  you  have  removed  the  open  saloon, 
you  have  removed  that  awful  injustice.  Don't  you  think  you  are  going  to 
see  the  beneficial  results  in  the  future?  I  was  greatly  impressed  one  day  as 
I  stood  upon  the  streets  of  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  and  saw  there  march  past, 
twenty  thousand  Kansas  City  boys  on  Rotarian  Day.  The  thought  that 
filled  me  was  that  here  are  twenty  thousand  Kansas  City  boys  who  will  never, 
never  know  the  sensation  of  an  open  saloon.  There  are  millions  of  such  boys 
in  the  United  States.  Don't  you  think  that  is  going  to  make  a  splendid 
citizenship? 

Was  it  not  through  the  open  door  of  the  open  saloon  that  the  American 
boy  took  his  first  step  to  perdition  and  was  lost  to  his  home  and  to  his  church 
and  to  his  state  and  to  the  nation  and  to  the  world?  Of  course  it  was.  Now, 
you  have  closed  that  door  and  in  closing  it  you  are  going  to  save  the  boy 
for  his  home  and  for  the  church  and  for  the  state  and  for  the  nation  and  for 
the  world.  Therein,  my  friends,  in  the  future,  you  are  going  to  see  the  great- 
est benefits  of  this  great  humanitarian  reform.  When  I  think  of  the  appalling 
effects  of  alcoholism  upon  poor  little  innocent  children  who  can  not  stand  in 
defense  of  their  personal  liberty,  when  I  think  what  alcohol  did  for  the 
American  boy  and  what  the  saloon  did  for  the  American  home,  and  when  I 
think  of  the  magnitude  of  this  reform,  my  friends,  I  am  going  to  say  this 
as  a  British  subject,  I  believe  that  the  greatest  humanitarian  piece  of  legisla- 
tion that  has  ever  been  put  across  in  the  history  of  Government  was  put 
across  by  the  Government  of  the  United  States  of  America  when  it  wrote 
the  Eighteenth  Amendment  into  its  Constitution. 

Here  I  make  my  final  appeal  to  Americans,  which  includes  the  Cana- 
dians, "Hold  fast  to  that  which  thou  hast.  Let  no  man  or  set  of  men  ever 
rob  you  of  your  Prohibition  clause,  for  we  are  depending  upon  you,  and 
so  is  the  world."  

MISSIONARY    APPEAL    OF    THE    WORLD    MOVEMENT 
AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

By  PROFESSOR  HENRY  BEACH  CARRE,  PH.D. 

Professor  in  Vander'bilt  University,  Nashville,  Tennessee,  United  States 
Friends,  the  first  question  before  us  is  the  right  of  missionary  activity 
in  this  enterprise.  There  is  one  group  of  people  who  say  that  the  temperance 
and  Prohibition  questions  are  personal,  individual,  nationalistic,  and  that  one 
nation  has  no  right  to  interfere  with  the  affairs  of  another  nation  in  the  set- 
tlement of  this  problem,  that  the  liquor  question  enters  into  personal  habits, 
individual  tastes,  preferences,  as  well  as  the  most  intimate  relationships  of 
life,  things  sacred  to  the  home,  to  the  social  circle,  and  even  to  religion,  and 
that  therefore  there  can  be  no  place  for  missionary  activities. 

When  I  was  in  the  British  Isles  shortly  after  Mr.  "Pussyfoot"  Johnson 
arrived  there,  the  British  prepared  a  poster  which  expresses  the  thought 

183 


which  I  am  now  indicating  to  you.  It  was  a  composite  picture  of  Uncle 
Sam  and  "Pussyfoot"  Johnson,  if  you  can  imagine  such  a  thing.  "Pussyfoot" 
Johnson,  plus  Uncle  Sam,  was  standing  on  the  territory  of  the  United  States. 
He  looked  out  across  the  Atlantic  and  he  had  a  nose  that  was  long  enough 
to  reach  across  the  Atlantic  and  to  enter  into  a  window  in  a  building  on  the 
other  side  which  represented  Great  Britain,  and  that  nose  had  written  across 
it  "Prohibition"  and  the  motto  was  "He  shall  not  pro-boss-us."  I  take  my 
stand  with  the  other  group  who  believe  that  this  question  is  one  for  mission- 
ary activity.  However,  we  must  understand  that  this  missionary  activity  must 
be  carried  on  within  certain  limits.  Let  us  see  for  a  moment  what  some  of 
these  limits  are. 

In  the  first  place,  let  me  say  that  I  speak  more  directly  to  the  citizens 
of  my  own  country,  the  citizens  of  the  United  States,  because  I  think  I  can 
speak  more  freely  to  them  than  I  can  to  the  others.  If  the  people  of  Canada 
desire  to  echo  what  I  have  to  say  and  to  put  their  o.  k.  on  it  I  shall  not 
object,  but  I  speak  first  of  all  for  the  citizens  of  the  United  States.  I  think 
one  of  the  reasons  why  we  may  carry  on  missionary  activity  is  that  we  have  a 
right  as  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  enforce  our  own  laws  within  our  own 
country.  But  some  of  you  will  say,  "What  has  that  to  do  with  missions? 
That  is  a  home  affair.  Where  do  missions  enter  into  that  enterprise?"  Let 
me  tell  you,  upon  the  basis  of  the  testimony  of  nearly  every  person  from 
other  countries  that  I  have  ever  heard  speak  on  this  subject,  that  the  greatest 
piece  of  missionary  work  which  the  United  States  of  America  can  perform  is 
first  of  all  to  make  Prohibition  a  pronounced  and  unqualified  success  beneath 
the  Stars  and  Stripes.  If  the  gospel  which  we  profess  is  not  a  gospel  for  the 
home  land,  certainly  we  are  not  prepared  to  make  it  a  subject  of  evangeliza- 
tion and  carry  it  to  other  lands. 

In  the  second  place,  I  claim  that  as  citizens  of  the  United  States  we  have 
a  right  to  publish  the  results  of  Prohibition  here  in  America  and  I  believe  that 
that  is  the  next  greatest  missionary  activity  which  the  people  of  the  United  States 
can  carry  on.  The  insatiable  demand  of  Europe  today  is  for  the  plain,  simple 
facts  regarding  Prohibition  in  the  United  States  of  America  and  Canada. 
Therefore,  our  greatest  performance,  next  to  the  making  of  the  law  successful 
in  our  own  country,  is  to  tell  the  world  the  plain,  unvarnished  tale  of  American 
Prohibition.  By  that  I  mean  the  truth,  the  whole  truth  and  nothing  but  the 
truth.  I  mean  all  the  smuggling,  and  all  of  the  rum  running  and  everything 
else.  Let  them  have  it  all.  I  think  I  hear  some  say,  "Let  us  soft  pedal  this 
question  of  violation  of  the  law."  No,  I  say,  let  them  have  it  all.  For  this 
reason,  the  sooner  they  take  the  measure  of  their  enemy  the  better.  The 
sooner  they  know  that  they  are  dealing  with  anarchists  the  better.  We  found 
it  out  long  ago.  I  live  in  a  state  that  passed  a  perfectly  complete  state-wide 
Prohibition  law  in  1909,  and  yet  we  had  the  law  violated  by  our  sister  states. 
We  had  the  sovereign  right  of  one  state  trodden  under  foot  by  the  citizens  of 
another.  That  indicated  to  us  the  character  and  the  measure  of  the  enemy  that 
we  were  fighting  and  we  said  to  the  other  states  that  were  dry,  "There  can  be 
no  armistice  with  thieves  and  criminals.  They  must  be  extirpated."  Nation- 
wide Prohibition  was  the  result.  And  when  the  people  of  other  countries 

184 


realize  that  the  liquor  interests  are  essentially  anarchistic  and  law  violating, 
they  will  see  that  there  is  no  compromise  to  be  made  with  them  and  nothing 
else  is  possible  but  war  to  the  death. 

In  the  third  place,  I  hold  that  we  have  a  right  to  protect  ourselves  against 
the  violation  of  our  laws  by  the  citizens  of  other  countries.  Whether  those 
laws  are  violated  by  men  who  fly  the  flags  of  their  country,  ride  in  automo- 
biles that  are  licensed  by  their  countries,  sail  in  ships  that  are  registered  in 
their  countries,  or  fly  in  airplanes  that  carry  the  colors  of  their  country,  we 
have  a  right  to  protect  ourselves.  If  we  must  insist  on  the  observance  of  our 
laws  by  our  own  citizens,  we  have  the  right  to  insist  that  the  citizens  of  other 
countries  shall  obey  our  sacred  laws. 

I  believe  in  the  fourth  place  that  as  a  missionary  enterprise  we  have  a 
right  to  protest  against  the  use  of  the  economic  boycott  by  other  countries 
against  Prohibition  countries.  That  subject  was  well  elucidated  this  morn- 
ing by  Dr.  Hercod  and  I  pass  it  without  further  comment. 

The  fifth  and  last  sphere  that  I  will  mention  as  one  in  which  I  believe 
we  are  at  liberty  to  carry  on  missionary  work  is  the  right  to  contribute  of 
our  money,  of  our  literature,  and  of  our  men  when  the  countries  beyond 
our  borders  ask  for  our  contributions.  I  believe  you  will  all  agree  that 
that  kind  of  missionary  work  ought  to  be  permissible,  in  the  comity  of  na- 
tions and  within  the  limits  of  international  law.  We  may  depend  upon  it 
that  the  governments  of  the  respective  countries  will  see  to  it  that  their  citi- 
zens do  not  ask  for  something  which  they  are  not  entitled  to  have,  and  when 
that  is  done  we  as  law-abiding  citizens  must  keep  within  the  limits  and  the 
bounds  set  by  these  respective  countries. 

Now,  if  you  agree  with  me  that  within  these  limits  we  may  proceed  with 
missionary  work,  I  wish  to  say  that  there  is  a  strong  missionary  appeal  in  this 
great  world  enterprise.  First  of  all,  because  it  is  a  church  enterprise.  I  am 
speaking,  mind  you,  from  the  standpoint  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
I  do  not  say  what  it  may  be  in  other  countries,  but  I  wish  to  say  that  so  far 
as  this  great  reform  is  concerned,  it  is  primarily  a  church  undertaking,  a 
Christian  enterprise.  It  has  been,  in  this  country,  the  proclamation  of  the 
gospel.  The  live  coal  that  touched  the  lips  of  the  heralds  of  this  gospel  was 
taken  from  the  altar  in  the  Temple  of  Jehovah.  The  passion  that  burns  in  the 
hearts  of  the  rank  and  file  who  carry  on  this  great  war  was  kindled  by  praying 
mothers.  So  I  say  that  it  is  a  great  Christian  enterprise. 

We  have  not  failed  to  consider  the  scientific  aspect  of  this  question. 
From  1785  when  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  published  his  "Inquiry  Into  the  Effects 
of  Ardent  Spirits  Upon  the  Human  Mind  and  Body,"  down  to  the  last  exhibit 
that  was  prepared  by  Miss  Cora  Frances  Stoddard  of  the  Scientific  Temper- 
ance Federation,  this  question  has  had  its  scientific  aspect.  It  has  also  had 
its  political  aspects.  From  the  days  of  the  Whisky  Rebellion  in  1791  to  the 
days  of  the  beer  and  wine  rebellion  on  November  7,  1922,  this  question  in 
America  has  run  the  complete  political  gamut.  It  has  had  its  scientific  aspect, 
it  has  had  its  political  aspect;  but  I  want  to  bring  home  to  you  this  afternoon 
the  fact  that  the  standard  bearers  in  this  great  crusade  have  been  the  circuit 
rider  and  the  pastor  of  the  little  church  on  Main  Street! 

185 


This  enterprise  makes  a  missionary  appeal  to  you  and  to  me  because  it  is 
a  world-wide  movement.  The  alcoholic  question  is  one  that  knows  no  geo- 
graphical boundaries.  It  blasts  the  black  man  as  well  as  the  white.  It  blights 
the  yellow  man  as  well  as  the  red.  Its  wreckage  is  found  strewn  across  the 
planet  from  the  ice  fields  of  the  Eskimo  to  the  jungle  of  the  Hottentot. 
Wherever  human  kind  is  found  there  the  devastation  and  the  ruin  of  this 
curse  are  found.  Its  vice  and  poverty  and  degradation  and  bestiality  flourish 
just  as  well  beneath  the  Northern  Lights  as  they  do  in  the  land  of  the  South- 
ern Cross.  It  is  because  the  Prohibition  movement  is  a  world  movement 
that  it  appeals  to  the  churches  of  Christendom. 

If  I  were  a  painter  and  were  to  paint  a  picture  of  Europe  today  I  would 
not  paint  St.  Peter's  or  the  Coliseum.  I  would  not  place  upon  the  canvas  the 
Notre  Dame  or  the  Madeleine,  there  would  not  appear  in  the  picture  St.  Paul's 
or  Westminster.  These  monuments  of  art  do  not  represent  the  Europe  of 
today.  They  tell  us  of  the  Europe  of  yesterday.  The  Europe  of  today  would 
be  represented  by  a  tempestuous  sea  and  above  that  sea  there  would  be  a 
myriad  of  human  hands.  There  would  be  the  tiny  hands  of  childhood;  there 
would  be  the  bleeding  hands  of  womanhood;  there  would  be  the  horny  hands 
of  toil;  there  would  be  the  wringing  hands  of  despair;  there  would  be  the 
writhing  hands  of  agony;  there  would  be  the  pale  hands  of  disease;  there 
would  be  the  white  hands  of  death.  All  those  hands  would  be  reaching 
toward  America  appealing  for  help.  What  answer  does  America  give  to  those 
hands?  Some  say  "America  first."  Others  say  "Protect  us  from  those 
hands."  American  philanthropists  say,  "Let  us  place  money  in  those  hands." 
The  Christian  churches  say,  "Let  us  put  the  gospel  within  reach  of  those 
hands."  Have  we  as  temperance  workers,  any  special  answer  to  give  to  them? 
Undoubtedly  we  have,  and  it  is  found  in  the  words  of  Peter  as  he  went  up  to 
the  temple  and  found  a  man  extending  his  hands  for  alms.  He  said,  "Silver 
and  gold  have  I  none,  but  such  as  I  have  give  I  thee;  in  the  name  of  Jesus 
Christ,  walk/' 

The  response  of  the  temperance  forces  of  America  to  the  people  of  Europe 
is  "Rise,  in  your  own  strength,  and  walk."  But,  says  someone,  can  we  per- 
form a  miracle  as  Peter  did?  Let  us  see.  The  present  indebtedness  of  the 
world  is  said  to  be  approximately  three  hundred  and  fifty  billions  of  dollars. 
The  liquor  bill  of  the  world  is  twenty  billions  of  dollars  per  year.  By  doubling 
that  amount  we  get  the  indirect  as  well  as  the  direct  cost  of  liquor,  and  that 
makes  forty  billion  dollars  a  year  as  the  amount  the  world  is  spending  for 
liquor.  Apply  that  sum  upon  the  debts  of  the  countries  of  the  world,  and 
the  world's  indebtedness  would  be  wiped  out  in  less  than  twelve  years,  with 
interest  included. 

The  message  of  the  American  temperance  hosts  to  the  war-stricken  peo- 
ples of  the  world  is:  "Rise  in  your  own  strength  and  walk."  Yes,  we  will 
give  them  money,  but  we  will  give  it  to  them  in  order  that  they  may  rise  in 
their  own  strength  and  go  forth  as  whole  men  and  women.  The  great  appeal 
that  comes  to  the  people  of  the  United  States,  my  friends,  first  of  all,  is  to 
send  money  to  these  countries.  We  might  just  as  well  get  right  off  the  high 
plane  of  theory  and  get  down  to  the  facts.  There  is  not  a  temperance  expert 

186 


on  this  platform  or  in  this  audience,  in  my  opinion,  who  will  deny  that  the 
first  and  last  requisite  to  winning  this  fight  is  to  get  the  facts  across  to  the 
people.  This  is  a  great  missionary  appeal  to  us  as  Americans,  because  we 
have  the  wherewithal  to  do  it.  We  are  prepared  to  finance  this  great  enter- 
prise and  the  demand  and  the  call  come  to  us  to  go  forth  with  our  millions 
and  do  it. 

I  hear  somebody  say,  "But  what  about  this  big  fight  we  have  here  at 
home?"  I  ought  not  to  have  to  say  to  you  that  the  foreign  mission  cause  has 
been  the  salvation  of  the  church  in  the  nineteenth  and  twentieth  centuries.  In 
proportion  as  we  put  forth  our  efforts  for  others  we  are  strong  at  home.  If 
we  as  a  temperance  army  begin  to  feel  that  our  task  is  nearly  over,  we  have 
reached  the  point  where  we  are  ready  to  fold  our  colors  and  to  go  into  camp. 
It  was  neither  the  terrors  of  the  Pyrenees  nor  the  rigors  of  the  Alps  that 
destroyed  the  army  of  Hannibal.  When  his  soldiers  came  down  from  the 
slopes  of  the  Alps,  footsore  and  worn,  they  descended  into  the  plains  of 
northern  Italy  to  sweep  the  Roman  legions  before  them.  What  ruined  the 
army  of  Hannibal  was  the  inactivity,  the  leisure  and  the  self-indulgence  which 
ensued  during  the  winter  following,  within  the  walls  of  Capua. 

Let  the  temperance  hosts  of  America  advance  to  the  attack  along  the 
whole  world  front,  and  they  will  in  consequence  be  the  better  prepared  to 
defend  their  lines  at  home. 


ADDRESS 

By  THE  REV.  FATHER  LANCELOT  MINEHAN 
Rector  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Church,  Toronto,  Ontario 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  thank  you  very  much  for  your 
kindly  reception  and  I  want  to  tell  you  in  the  first  place  of  a  little  remark 
I  made  yesterday.  My  congregation  and  myself  are  endeavoring!  to  complete 
our  church.  We  are  trying  to  get  the  roof  covered  in  before  the  real  broken 
weather  of  winter  comes  on  us,  because  the  roof  of  our  basement  church  is  not 
perfect.  During  the  process  of  building  it  has  become  more  or  less  broken; 
and  I  remarked  that  we  were  all  unanimous  in  wanting  a  dry  church,  and  I 
hoped  that  we  would  soon  have  a  dry  world.  Because  I  think  it  is  good  for 
the  church  to  be  dry,  also  for  the  world  to  be  dry,  and  it  is  a  great  thing  for 
the  church  to  do  its  best  to  make  the  world  dry. 

I  determined  that  my  address  to  you  would  be  very  short,  because  I 
knew  that  you  would  be  surfeited  with  information,  statistical  and  otherwise, 
with  regard  to  the  good  effects  of  Prohibition.  I  knew  that  you  would  be 
led  behind  prison  bars  and  made  familiar  with  conditions  there;  but  there  is 
one  particular  sphere  in  which  I  think  I  have  special  knowledge  and  I  would 
like  to  tell  you  a  little  about  that. 

It  is  my  knowledge  of  that  particular  sphere  which  after  a  very  long 
effort  has  made  me  a  Prohibitionist.  Ever  since  my  boyhood  I  was  a  total 
abstainer  because  I  believed  I  had  quite  enough  spirit  to  manage  without 
getting  any  artificial  stuff.  Belonging,  I  believe,  to  the  most  individualistic 
race  in  the  world,  I  was  opposed  to  interference  with  individual  liberty;  and 

187 


all  the  time  I  tried  to  see  if  we  could  fight  the  drink  evil  without  going  to  the 
extreme  of  Prohibition.  I  wanted  the  open  bar  closed.  I  sought  to  try 
everything  rather  than  go  to  this  extreme  because  I  hoped  I  could  possibly 
maintain  human  liberty  and  human  dignity  without  absolutely  driving  alcohol 
out  of  existence.  I  trusted  that  we  could  have  moderation,  with  safety.  I 
found  we  could  not.  I  found  that  alcohol  in  any  stage,  no  matter  how  tem- 
perately we  take  it,  was  a  danger  and  a  snare.  I  have  never  seen  a  company 
in  which  the  social  glass  circulated  round  once  without  noticing  that  self- 
control  was  perceptibly  less.  Therefore  after  years  of  compulsion,  iFI  might 
use  the  word,  I  was  forced  to  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  only  way  in 
which  we  can  make  men  protect  their  dignity,  keep  their  minds  clear  and  their 
mouths  clean,  is  by  driving  out  the  vice,  outlawing  the  social  glass  altogether. 
That  is  my  reason  for  being  a  Prohibitionist,  although,  as  I  said,  my  natural 
tendencies  and  conditions  were  against  what  you  might  call  rightful  interfer- 
ence with  personal  liberty. 

The  next  question  that  comes  to  me  is,  since  you  have  become  a  Pro- 
hibitionist and  since  we  have  a  large  measure  of  Prohibition  here  in  Canada, 
are  you  confirmed  in  your  conversion  to  Prohibition?  Do  you  believe  that 
Prohibition  has  made  good?  You  know  the  evils  of  bootlegging  that  have 
been  brought  up.  You  have  read  a  good  deal  about  the  demoralization  of  the 
country,  the  increase  of  the  drug-taking  habit,  and  so  on.  All  these  things 
have  been  blazoned.  Have  they  caused  you  in  any  way  to  waver  in  your  alle- 
giance to  Prohibition?  Should  Prohibition  be  modified?  Has  it  been  a  dis- 
appointment? I  say,  not  at  all.  I  do  not  expect  to  reform  the  world  in  a 
day.  I  did  not  think  for  the  moment  that  age-long  evils  could  be  eliminated 
in  three  years  or  in  a  decade.  We  haven't  eliminated  them  after  centuries. 
But  considering  all  that  Prohibition  has  faced,  considering,  of  course,  that  we 
haven't  Prohibition  for  all  Canada,  taking  all  these  matters  into  consideration, 
we  have  done  exceedingly  well.  And  now,  let  me  call  witnesses.  First  of  all, 
let  me  give  my  individual  experience. 

As  I  have  told  you,  not  only  do  I  go  to  prisons,  but  I  visit  asylums,  and 
I  go  into  homes.  I  have  to  go  right  into  the  recesses  of  the  human  heart. 
Whenever  I  find  there  anything  particularly  black,  my  question  always  is, 
"Do  you  take  intoxicating  liquor?"  And  I  can  tell  you  that  in  almost  every 
case  the  answer  is,  "Yes."  I  have  observed  this  all  my  life  and  almost  never 
found  foulness,  gross  unchastity,  all  those  vile,  dirty  things  except  in  intimate 
association  with  alcohol.  I  do  not  come  across  a  case  of  that  kind  very  often 
now.  In  my  work  of  probing  human  hearts  night  after  night,  years  ago,  I 
again  and  again  came  out  sick  of  hearing  the  tales  of  woe  which  were  usually 
the  work  of  liquor.  I  am  not  talking  about  the  man  who  comes  home  in  a 
beastly  drunken  condition.  I  am  dealing  with  the  man  who  has  had  just 
enough  liquor  to  bring  the  brute  out  of  him,  to  unchain  the  brute.  He  is  often 
the  worst  of  all  types.  Well,  I  do  not  find  that  very  often  now.  I  ask  why 
and  the  answer  is,  "Ah,  Father,  it  is  very  hard  to  get  it."  My  rejoinder  is 
"Glory  to  God,  I  hope  it  will  be  much  harder."  So  much  for  my  personal 
experience. 

Now,  I  am  going  to  give  you  the  experience  of  a  gentleman  who  should 

188 


be  taken  as  an  expert  witness.  He  has  been  for  years  superintendent  of  the 
hospital  for  the  insane  in  Whitby,  not  very  far  from  Toronto,  and  his  special 
duty  is  to  examine  cases  of  mental  disorders.  These  are  his  specialty.  What 
does  he  say?  On  the  31st  of  October,  1922,  quite  a  recent  date,  he  says 
that  as  a  result  of  Prohibition  the  cases  of  mental  disorders  in  the  Whitby 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  arising  from  intoxicants,  have  practically  dwin- 
dled to  nothing.  In  fact,  he  said,  "I  have  not  met  a  case  of  that  kind  within 
the  last  three  years."  The  asylum  receives  the  finished  product  of  the  liquor 
business  and  when  the  finished  product  is  absent  then  you  may  be  sure  that 
the  machine  is  not  in  good  working  order.  Therefore,  I  say,  his  evidence  is 
exceptionally  valuable.  Then  he  gives  another  bit  of  evidence  that  is  very 
apropos.  He  states  that  cases  of  drug  habits,  morphine  and  cocaine,  the 
number  of  drug  addicts  of  morphine  and  cocaine  has  not  increased  since 
Prohibition  has  come  in.  One  of  the  arguments  against  Prohibition  is  that 
it  has  enormously  increased  the  number  of  those  who  have  taken  to  drugs, 
but  he  declares  that  the  number  of  drug  addicts,  cocaine  addicts,  morphine 
addicts,  has  not  increased  at  all  since  Prohibition  has  come  in.  I  heard  Judge 
Murphy  of  the  Juvenile  Court  in  Winnipeg  make  the  very  same  statement. 
She  has  had  wide  experience  in  the  Northwest  and  she  declares  that  the  drug- 
taking  habit  has  not  been  increased  in  any  respect  by  Prohibition.  That  is  a 
very  important  matter  for  us. 

Let  me  conclude  by  a  little  reflection.  I  remember  some  years  ago 
I  stood  upon  this  platform,  when  I  wished  to  wipe  out  the  bar  Toronto  was 
placarded  with  notices,  "Don't  kill  Toronto.  If  you  banish  the  bar  you  kill 
Toronto."  The  bar  has  been  banished  and  Toronto  has  not  been  killed. 

Very  well.  The  advocates  of  the  open  bar  were  not  good  prophets  then. 
Now,  they  say,  "Don't  introduce  Prohibition."  These  men  pleaded  for  the 
open  bar.  "We  must  have  the  open  bar.  If  not,  business  will  suffer  and  men 
will  seek  other  and  more  dangerous  modes  of  stimulation."  The  open  bar  has 
been  banished  and  not  one  of  those  men  who  championed  it  would  come  for- 
ward in  its  favor  today.  The  evils  they  talked  of  dropped  by  the  wayside. 

I  say  to  these  gentlemen,  just  take  another  step  forward.  We  wiped  out 
the  open  bar  and  the  results  have  been  so  satisfactory  that  you  will  not  want 
to  bring  it  back.  Now,  we  want  to  wipe  out  the  bottle,  the  social  glass,  the 
decanter.  Don't  be  afraid  that  we  are  going  to  spoil  the  country.  After  we 
have  wiped  out  all  these  you  will  in  a  few  years  say  what  you  are  saying  now 
about  the  open  bar.  You  declare  now  you  wouldn't  have  the  open  bar  back 
again.  In  five  or  ten  years'  time  you  will  be  shouting,  "We  will  not  have  the 
bottle  back  again."  

ROLL  CALL— AUSTRIA,  HUNGARY,  ITALY 

By  MR.  E.  L.  G.  HOHENTHAL 

Former  Most  Worthy  Patriach,  Sons  of  Temperance 

Mr.  Chairman  and  friends,  I  bring  the  greetings  of  the  National  Division, 
Sons  of  Temperance  of  North  America,  in  the  absence  of  the  Most  Worthy 
Patriarch,  Brother  Nickerson  of  Shag  Harbor,  Nova  Scotia,  who  succeeded 
me  last  fall.  The  organization  which  I  represent  is  the  oldest  on  the  North 

189 


American  Continent.  It  was  organized  in  1842.  It  has  operated  chiefly  in 
the  English-speaking  countries.  It  numbers  400,000  members  in  Great  Britain. 
Some  twenty-five  or  thirty  thousand  are  in  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  We 
are  committed  to  total  abstinence  and  Prohibition  and  that  work,  pioneer 
work,  which  the  organization  began  so  long  ago,  is  to  be  effectively  carried 
on  in  the  future. 

I  want  to  take  a  moment  or  two  of  the  time  allotted  to  me  to  bring  you 
the  greetings  from  three  countries  that  have  not  yet  been  represented,  I  think, 
at  this  convention, — Austria,  Hungary,  and  Italy.  It  was  my  privilege  to  be 
in  these  lands  this  past  summer  and  I  can  assure  you  if  monetary  conditions 
were  such  that  the  friends  could  come  from  those  lands  to  a  convention  of 
this  kind  they  would  have  come.  The  workers  in  those  countries  are  zealous- 
ly carrying  on  the  same  kind  of  propaganda  work  for  the  ultimate  Prohibi- 
tion of  the  liquor  traffic  as  we  are  in  this  continent  and  in  the  countries 
represented  here.  The  first  national  congress,  called  by  the  municipal  authori- 
ties of  Italy,  was  held  in  Naples  recently,  at  which  resolutions  were  adopted 
for  the  immediate  Prohibition  of  distilled  liquors  and  the  ultimate  Prohibition 
of  wines  and  beers.  Those  resolutions  were  indorsed  by  a  labor  convention  a 
few  days  later  in  the  city  of  Florence.  The  work  is  being  conducted  in  these 
lands  which  I  have  named,  with  earnestness  and  zeal.  We  can  help  those 
people  to  win  a  victory,  if  we  aid  them  financially.  From  a  selfish  standpoint, 
we  ought  to  do  it,  for  the  influx  of  immigration  from  those  lands  will  con- 
tinue to  be  an  irritating  problem  in  our  law  enforcement  of  Prohibition  in  the 
United  States  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada  if  we  do  not  carry  our  propaganda 
to  these  people  themselves.  What  has  been  done  in  those  three  countries  has 
also  been  initiated  in  Germany,  which  has  been  represented  by  delegates  to 
this  convention. 


SCOTLAND 

By  REV.  J.  CBOMAKTY  SMITH 

I  am  afraid  that  all  I  can  do  in  my  five  minutes,  is  to  supplement  the  very 
admirable  statement  that  was  made  by  Mrs.  Milne  this  afternoon.  But  per- 
haps you  will  allow  me  to  express  on  behalf  of  the  temperance  forces  in 
Scotland,  the  sense  of  our  enormous  indebtedness  to  the  Anti-Saloon  League 
of  the  United  States  for  the  splendid,  efficient  help  they  gave  us  in  our  cam- 
paign in  1920.  I  think  I  may  say  that  for  the  partial  success,  as  some  call 
it,  of  our  1920  campaign  we  are  enormously  indebted  to  the  assistance  we  got 
from  this  side  of  the  Atlantic.  You  may  possibly  not  know  that  we  have 
not  secured  by  legislation  in  Scotland  even  the  possibility  of  doing  what 
you  can  do  in  Canada.  All  that  we  have  secured  by  way  of  legislation  after 
twenty  years  of  hard,  hard  fighting  and  constant  knocking  at  the  doors  of 
the  House  of  Parliament  is  the  power  of  each  locality  to  determine  whether 
or  not  public  houses  shall  continue  in  the  locality.  We  secured  that  after 
twenty  years  of  fighting  and  in  1920  we  had  our  first  poll  on  that  issue. 

Some  have  expressed  the  feeling  that  in  Scotland  we  made  a  very  poor 
show  indeed  of  our  campaign  in  1920.  I  confess  for  myself  I  cannot  agree 
with  that  at  all.  Mrs.  Milne  told  you  that  in  1920  we  polled  74  per  cent  of  the 

190 


electors  on  the  rolls.  That  is  a  very  large  proportion,  is  it  not?  We  polled 
74  per  cent  of  the  number  on  the  rolls  and  whereas,  roughly  speaking,  54 
per  cent  of  those  voting  voted  for  no  change,  that  is  for  the  continuance  of 
things  as  they  are,  and  continuance  of  the  discretionary  powers  of  magistrates 
to  give  or  to  withhold  licenses,  43  per  cent  voted  for  no  license.  That  means 
that  taking  the  figures  for  all  over  Scotland,  12  per  cent  turned  from  the  one 
side  to  the  other  would  have  made  all  Scotland  dry.  I  think  when  you  look 
at  it  in  that  way  you  will  agree,  we  did  not  only  fairly  well,  but  I  say  we  did 
exceedingly  well,  for  our  first  vote.  The  vote,  remember,  was  the  first  op- 
portunity we  ever  had.  Now,  we  have  blotted  out  309  licenses,  what  you  call 
saloons.  If  you  allow  thirty  feet  frontage  for  each  licensed  place,  which  is 
certainly  a  fair  limit,  as  many  of  them  are  more  than  that,  and  if  you  put 
them  side  by  side,  the  narrow  way,  309  places  will  be  almost  two  miles  solid 
frontage.  You  can  figure  it  out  at  your  leisure.  Over  a  mile  and  three- 
quarters  solid  frontage  of  rum  shops  was  wiped  out  in  Scotch  elections  that 
year.  But  remember  this,  Mr.  Chairman,  we  are  not  able  to  secure  "no 
license"  by  a  majority  vote.  We  ought  to  have  that  power,  but  the  liquor  men 
saw  to  it  that  when  the  bill  passed  through  Parliament  it  was  handicapped  so 
in  order  to  secure  no  license  we  must  have  55  per  cent  majority  and,  mark 
you,  more  than  that,  out  of  that  55  per  cent  we  must  have  35  per  cent  of 
the  entire  electorate  voting  for  "no  license."  Therefore,  you  see  we  are 
severely  handicapped,  and  had  it  not  been  for  that  severe  handicap,  instead  of 
blotting  out  309  licenses  we  should  have  blotted  out  775.  I  feel  very  sure  that 
at  our  next  vote,  which  will  be  taken  next  year,  1923,  we  shall  do  very  much 
better,  because  we  no  longer  need  to  point  across  the  Atlantic  for  conspicuous 
examples  of  the  success  of  no  license.  We  have  them  in  Scotland  itself.  One 
of  our  towns  was  a  typical  mining  town,  where  the  police  convictions  for 
drunkenness  for  twelve  months  before  "no  license"  were  137.  For  twelve 
months  after  "no  license"  they  were  37.  In  another  small  town  the  convic- 
tions for  twelve  months  before  "no  license"  were  64;  after  "no  license," 
for  twelve  months,  they  were  4. 

So  in  1923  Scotland  will  see  for  itself  and  I  hope  it  will  speak  for  itself, 
and  we  will  get  the  12  per  cent  needed  and  make  Bonnie  Scotland  dry. 


FORMOSA 

By  MB.  MATTHEW  KAKU 

Mr.  Chairman,  warriors  of  God,  dear  friends,  whose  purpose  and  ideas 
are  so  dear  to  God  and  men,  I  bring  you  the  warmest  greetings  from  Auburn 
Seminary  and  from  Formosa.  Now,  today,  we  are  here  gathered  together 
for  one  purpose,  for  reconstructing  the  world.  We  hear  that  word  "Recon- 
struction" many  times.  Why?  Because  we  are  facing  a  ^new  age,  a  new 
world.  Besides  conquering  the  air,  the  earth  and  the  water,  a  new  universe 
has  been  discovered  in  this  progress  in  broad  international  ideas.  The  great 
interest  of  a  country,  of  a  nation,  is  judged  by  the  service  and  goodness,  not 
by  the  power  and  fighting. 

We  are  here  gathered  from  all  the  corners  of  the  world  representing  every 
nationality  of  our  earth.  This  is  a  new  age,  in  every  sense.  Now,  what  shall 

191 


we  do?  We  have  to  put  away  our  bad  notions.  Now,  you  will  ask  what  is 
that?  That  means  national  selfishness.  That  was  what  caused  the  German 
cruelty.  The  philosophers  will  say  Germany  was  influenced  by  philosophers. 
The  leaders  of  Germany  failed  in  their  philosophy  and  so  the  world  had  to 
suffer  in  every  way.  But  the  truth  is  that  before  that  cruel  Kaiser  was 
crowned  as  Kaiser  they  were  worrying  about  his  mental  condition.  Why? 
Because  he  drank.  So  our  world  suffering  came  from  our  world  enemy, 
alcohol.  Friends,  we  are  not  here  just  for  the  sake  of  gathering.  We  are 
cooperating  in  a  great  world  war.  We  are  cooperating  to  fight.  As  the 
mothers  sacrificed  their  children,  their  time,  their  lives,  our  great  movement 
needs  your  help,  your  cooperation  and  your  ideas,  which  are  founded  on  the 
ground  of  faith,  hope,  and  love  of  Christ. 


PORTO  RICO 

By  MB.  JUAN  F.  MONITAR 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  bring  to  you  greetings  and  best 
wishes  from  the  people  of  Porto  Rico.  As  you  know,  Porto  Rico  is  a  dry 
country.  We  have  been  dry  for  five  years,  since  the  year  1917,  but  now 
what  we  need  in  Porto  Rico  is  law  enforcement.  Somebody  has  said  that 
you  cannot  enforce  a  law  against  the  will  of  the  people,  so  now  in  order  to 
have  law  enforcement  in  Porto  Rico  what  we  need  is  to  educate  the  conscience 
of  the  people,  and  that  is  what  I  am  going  to  try  to  do.  I  am  a  junior  now 
in  college  and  as  soon  as  I  finish  my  college  course  I  will  go  back  to  my 
people  and  try  to  educate  their  conscience  to  have  law  enforcement  so  that 
our  country  will  not  only  be  dry  as  a  national  law,  but  be  dry  because  the 
people  wish  to  be  dry.  That  is  what  I  am  going  to  do  when  I  go  back  to 
Porto  Rico 


DISCUSSION 

By  MB.  JAMES  S.  BOBDEN 

I  was  very  much  pleased,  Mr.  Chairman,  with  Father  Minehan's  address 
this  afternoon.  There  is  a  similarity  between  Father  Minehan  and  myself.  I 
represent  St.  Vincent  de  Paul's  Roman  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Beneficial 
Society  of  Philadelphia.  I  believe  that  Father  Minehan  represents  or  is  Rector 
of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul's  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  Toronto.  Father  Mine- 
han has  said  that  he  took  the  pledge  when  a  boy.  I  am  happy  to  say  that  I 
did  the  same.  Father  Minehan  also  said  he  is  a  Prohibitionist.  I  am  proud 
in  my  own  city  of  being  styled  as  such. 

Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  I  have  been  asked  what  is  the  attitude  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Society  toward  Prohibition,  and  if  you  will  bear 
with  me  for  a  few  minutes  I  will  read  you  the  resolutions  that  were  adopted 
at  our  51st  National  Convention,  in  my  own  City  of  Philadelphia,  August  9th, 
10th  and  llth,  1922: 

I  will  eliminate  the  first  part  and  get  down  to  the  essentials: 

"Unswerving  devotion  to  the  religious  ideals  of  the  Catholic  Total 
Abstinence  Union  has  never  meant  to  its  founders  or  most  notable  leaders 

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any  lack  of  appreciation  of  service  rendered  to  the  cause  of  temperance  by 
science,  business  or  government.  In  the  first  convention  of  this  national 
union  held  in  Baltimore  in  1872  it  was  resolved, 

"  'That  this  convention  though  not  deeming  it  expedient  to  take  part  in 
any  political  or  legislative  agency  in  reference  to  prohibitory  liquor  law 
recognize,  however,  ihe  great  good  that  would  accrue  from  the  suppression 
of  the  public  drinking  place  license  and  such  legislation  as  would  restrain  the 
manufacture  of  intoxicating  liquors  within  bounds  consistent  with  public 
moralicy,  and  would  gladly  hail  such  legislation  whenever  the  proper  authori- 
ties may  grant  it.' ' 

"At  each  convention  resolutions  have  been  adopted  supporting  those  who 
were  battling  for  temperance  in  the  political  arena.  This  union  has  never 
subscribed  to  the  unchristian  assertion  that  law  can  ever  make  man  moral. 
It  scorns  the  common  perversion  of  the  truth  that  the  law  cannot  compel 
obedience.  This  Union  professes  to  believe  in  the  laws  of  God  and  in  the 
laws  of  the  Church  and  in  the  laws  of  the  Christian  nations  as  a  most 
potential  agency  for  human  progress.  Laws  are  essential  for  the  moral 
growth  of  communities,  as  they  are  to  the  moral  stability  of  individuals. 
Whatever  be  the  whole  truth  as  to  the  result  of  prohibitory  legislation  in  the 
United  States  there  is  an  abundant  evidence  of  many  evils  of  alcoholism  still 
rife  in  many  quarters.  This  union  believes  that  sincere  horror  for  such  evils 
suggests  unrelenting  war  upon  bootleggers  and  other  criminals  rather  than 
dangerous  hypothetical  conditions.  Every  duty  is  the  duty  of  this  hour, 
which  is  the  suppression  of  bootlegging  and  all  attendant  evils.  We  would 
have  this  Union  face  present  facts  with  honesty  and  courage;  making  and 
maintenance  of  law  and  order  is  not  religion,  but  civic  duty.  Catholic,  citizens 
will  not  be  wanting  in  this.  They  understand  the  danger  to  the  foundation 
of  all  government,  which  the  Bar  Association  of  the  United  States  has  so 
forcibly  pointed  out  in  the  true  common  understanding  given  to  the  law. 
They  will  not  forget  the  appeal  which  the  Chief  Executive  of  this  nation  has 
made  to  all  persons  to  uphold  the  law  of  Prohibition  because  it  is  a  part  of  the 
law  of  the  land. 

"And  in  conclusion,  above  all,  we  trust  that  none  will  put  his  hand  to  the 
plow  to  look  back,  but  all  press  on  to  the  end  for  salvation  of  their  own  and 
other  souls,  and  for  the  honor  of  the  church."  This  is  signed  by  the  officials 
of  the  society. 


DISCUSSION 

By  MR.  LABS  LAESEN-LEDET,  of  Denmark 

We  from  the  Scandinavian  countries  are  very  grateful  because  this 
question  has  been  raised,  namely,  the  attitude  of  large  wine  growing  countries 
against  small  Prohibition  countries;  but  we  should  like  that  there  had  been 
more  time  to  discuss  these  important  questions,  I  just  want  to  point  out  that 
this  question  is  the  most  -important  before  us  today.  If  the  international  tem- 
perance movement  is  not  able  to  solve  that  question  we  can  stop  any  further 
discussion  and  go  home  and  sleep.  If  the  violation  by  the  big  countries 
against  the  small  ones  is  tolerated,  if  it  is  permitted  for  the  big  countries  to 

193 


force  their  liquor  upon  the  small  peoples  against  their  will,  there  will  be  no 
more  right  for  small  nations,  and  we  will  be  obliged  to  stop  our  work  for 
Prohibition,  and  we  will  do  it  rather  today  than  tomorrow. 

I  have  been  asked  here  what  is  it  possible  for  people  to  do  to  help  the 
small  countries  in  Europe?  People  have  asked  why  we  are  not  willing  to  go 
to  the  League  of  Nations  with  our  complaints.  There  have  been  many  ap- 
plications to  the  League  of  Nations  from  temperance  organizations,  from 
church  organizations,  from  democratic  societies  and  so  on,  but  you  know  the 
League  of  Nations  is  only  a  weak  instrument  in  these  times,  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  United  States  of  America  has  not  yet  joined  the  League.  I  hope 
that  sometime  it  will  be  possible  for  the  League  of  Nations  to  take  all  those 
notables  of  Spain  by  the  ear  and  say,  "You  ought  not  to  do  that."  But  today 
the  League  of  Nations  is  too  weak  and  isn't  meant  to  act  so.  Then  people 
have  asked  why  we  don't  go  to  the  Spanish  Government  with  our  complaint. 
Dr.  Hercod  told  you  this  forenoon  that  an  address  from  several  important 
people,  influential  people  in  Europe  and  America,  had  been  sent  to  the  Spanish 
Government,  but  Dr.  Hercod  stated  also  that  there  was  no  public  opinion  in 
Spain  and  that  is  right.  A  Spaniard  wrote  me  some  months  ago  who  said 
the  same,  in  effect,  as  Dr.  Hercod  said.  The  Spaniard  wrote  me  that  ap- 
plications on  moral  grounds  can  be  sent  to  the  Spanish  Government  with 
the  same  effect  as  if  they  were  sent  to  him  individually.  They  don't  recognize 
applications  on  moral  grounds.  Therefore,  it  does  not  help  anything  to  ad- 
dress the  Spanish  Government,  and  neither  to  address  the  League  of  Nations. 
But  then  where  are  we  to  go? 

If  the  American  people  could  buy  and  eat  all  the  fish  they  are  producing 
in  Icelahd,  it  would  be  the  best  way  to  solve  the  problem.  If  Iceland  could 
act  quite  independently  of  Spain  it  would  be  the  best  solution  of  the  question 
and  therefore  I  urge  you  to  buy  Iceland's  fish.  The  Government  in  Iceland 
has  appointed  a  commission  which  has  the  task  of  finding  a  fish  market  here 
in  America  or  elsewhere  and  I  hope  we  will  be  able  in  the  near  future  to  find 
such  a  market.  In  addition,  you  can  abstain  from  buying  anything  from 
Spain.  Dr.  Hercod  said  this  morning  that  a  boycott  was  not  easy  to  make 
effective,  and  that  is  true.  I  don't  close  my  eyes  to  that,  but  as  long  as 
Spain  treats  my  little  brother  as  he  does,  I  feel  it  my  duty  not  to  buy  and 
not  to  consume  anything  from  Spain.  Very  likely  other  people  may  not  have 
that  feeling,  and  they  may  act  accordingly,  but  we  who  hold  that  feeling  may 
act  in  accord  with  our  opinion  if  we  don't  want  to  buy  anything  from  Spain. 
If  only  seven  million  people  abstain  from  buying  from  Spain  the  Spaniard  will 
soon  discover  that  he  has  got  his  nose  in  a  bad  way,  and  will  let  his  little 
brother  live  in  peace.  The  third  thing  you  can  do,  the  Government  in 
America,  and  the  great  British  Government,  can  speak  with  the  Spanish  Am- 
bassadors of  Spain  about  the  question.  If  only  the  question  is  brought  up, 
if  only  the  Government  in  Washington  or  the  Government  in  London  will 
speak  in  earnest  with  the  Government  in  Madrid  about  that  question,  I  am 
quite  sure  it  will  be  solved  in  a  few  hours. 

Therefore,  I  urge  this  World  League  and  all  the  organizations  repre- 
sented here,  to  do  what  you  can  for  stopping  this  violation  against  the  small 

194 


nations  in  Europe.  We  are  very  grateful.  I  know  the  Icelanders  and  the 
Norwegians  are  very  grateful  for  the  many  tokens  of  sympathy  they  have 
received  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  but  we  have  in  our  countries  a  proverb 
— I  don't  know  whether  you  know  it  here  or  not — saying  that  the  cat  of  the 
blacksmith  died  because  he  got  too  much  sympathy.  Of  course,  it  was  un- 
derstood that  he  did  not  get  anything  else.  As  I  said,  we  are  grateful  for  all 
the  sympathy  shown  to  the  Scandinavian  countries  in  their  struggle,  but  we 
want  something  else.  We  want  actions.  We  want  that  everyone  of  you 
shall  understand  that  this  is  the  most  important  question  before  the  Inter- 
national Temperance  Movement  at  this  moment.  We  want  them  to  under- 
stand that  it  is  impossible  for  us  to  work  for  Prohibition  if  this  violation  is 
tolerated. 

The  Spaniard  is  putting  the  long  Spanish  knife  to  the  throat  of  Iceland 
and  Norway.  This  knife  will  not  be  removed  because  you  show  us  your 
sympathy.  It  will  be  removed  if  the  whole  civilized  world,  puts  its  fist  under 
the  Spainard's  nose  and  says  to  him,  "Now,  you  have  to  treat  your  little 
brother  better." 


DISCUSSION 

By  REV.  D.  N.  FUENAJIEFF,  of  Bulgaria 

Friends  of  the  cause,  I  have  been  in  the  United  States  for  the  last  two 
months  on  a  special  mission.  I  am  pastor  of  the  Protestant  Church  in  Sofia, 
and  I  am  studying  the  situation  not  only  from  a  theological  point  of  view, 
but  also  from  the  political  point  of  view,  from  the  social  point  of  view,  and 
from  the  Prohibition  point  of  view.  While  in  Boston  a  few  days  ago  I  went 
to  a  church  on  a  Monday  evening,  as  I  saw  there  was  a  light.  I  thought 
there  might  be  some  kind  of  a  social  or  church  people's  gathering.  What  do 
you  suppose  I  saw  there?  I  saw  young  men  between  fifteen  and  eighteen, 
about  thirty  of  them,  in  military  uniforms,  drilling  in  a  military  school.  I 
said  to  myself,  "A  useless  drill."  I  wanted  to  see  something  else.  I  came 
back  to  New  York  the  next  day  and.  I  met  a  man  who  was  a  classmate  of 
mine  in  the  seminary  at  Princeton.  I  said,  "How  is  your  church?"  "Well," 
he  said, -"my  church  is  a  strong  missionary  church."  I  said,  "Do  you  believe 
in  missions?"  "Oh,"  he  said,  "if  the  church  is  not  a  missionary  church  it  is 
not  a  Christian  church."  I  said,  "What  about  Prohibition?"  He  made  no 
answer.  "Just  give  me  your  right  answer  straighforward.  Do  you  believe  in 
Prohibition?"  He  wasn't  able  to  answer. 

Friends,  I  stand  here  to  emphasize  it,  if  this  cause  is  to  progress,  if  it  is 
to  win  the  conquest  of  the  world  it  must  go  through  the  rank  and  file  of  the 
existing  churches  of  all  parts  and  denominations.  The  Christian  church 
should  be  victorious  in  this  sphere.  This  is  the  eminent  duty  of  the  church. 

There  are  in  this  world  two  tremendous  forces  engaged  in  this  struggle. 
They  are  the  forces  of  evil  and  good.  There  are  two  kings.  One  is  King 
Alcohol  and  the  other  is  the  Prince  of  Peace,  and  you  can  not  divide  the  world 
on  this  score  except  either  with  King  Alcohol  or  with  the  Prince  of  Peace. 
I  ask  the  question  this  day:  Which  side  shall  we  take?  Whom  shall  the 
church  serve?  And  for  whom  shall  we  work?  For  Christ. 

195 


DISCUSSION 

By  PASTOR  GEORGES  GALLIENNE,  of  France 

We  have  heard  today  pretty  hard  things  against  France  and  Spain.  I 
am  glad  not  to  be  a  French  political  man.  I  would  be  perfectly  ashamed  of 
myself  and  I  wouldn't  show  my  face  here,  but  as  a  Frenchman  I  am  not 
ashamed  of  my  own  country  and  in  spite  of  what  has  been  said  about  the 
drinking  habits  of  some  European  people,  if  I  were  to  be  born  again  I  would 
rather  be  born  again  in  my  own  village  amongst  the  mountains  of  France 
than  in  the  congestion  or  the  roadways  of  New  York  City. 

Now  this  is  the  trouble.  It  is  not  political.  It  is  simply  commercial; 
as  Mr.  Ledet  very  well  stated.  We  have  in  France  a  lot  of  white  wine. 
About  1869  the  French  vineyards  were  swept  by  a  disease  which  they  called 
'"the  curse"  and  it  caused  failure  for  many  people.  And  what  did  happen? 
The  growers  imported  from  California  and  Spain  the  strong  hearty  vine  that 
could  stand  the  weather  conditions  there,  so  that  all  our  French  vines  in  the 
South  of  France  come  from  American  stock.  So,  you  and  I  are  both  mixed 
in  the  business.  Then  what  must  be  done?  It  is  a  simple  matter  of  hand 
and  mouth  policy.  Mr.  Ledet  said  "buy."  "Buy  fish  from  Iceland."  I  am 
sorry  he  ended  his  speech  by  saying,  "Buy  nothing  from  Spain."  That  is 
not  the  best  way  to  do  because  poor  people  in  Spain  would  suffer,  as  well  as 
the  wealthy  wine  growers.  I  would  say,  buy  from  Spain  and  buy  from 
France.  What?  Grapes  and  grapes  and  grapes  and  more  grapes.  The  other 
day  in  New  York  City  I  saw  some  fine  grapes  and  I  said,  "Those  are  Cali- 
fornia grapes?"  "No,"  said  the  merchant  "they  are  Spanish  grapes."  "Well," 
I  said,  "go  on  selling  those  grapes."  If  every  Prohibitionist  in  America  was 
to  have  at  his  early  breakfast  Spanish  grapes  or  French  grapes,  the  whole 
problem  would  be  very  easily  solved.  But  eat  as  many  Spanish  grapes  and 
as  many  French  grapes  as  you  can. 

Then  another  thing.  The  United  States  were  a  big  market  for  French 
wine  and  there  is  still  an  opinion  that  they  are  a  big  market  for  champagne 
wine.  I  am  told  that  there  is  much,  too  much,  wine  and  champagne  ordered 
by  the  American  doctors  in  the  States.  You  also  use  a  good  deal  of  non- 
alcoholic wines  which  our  people  know  nothing  about,  and  so  I  ask  you  to 
call  upon  some  of  your  wealthy  American  friends  to  start  a  non-alcoholic 
wine-making  plant  in  the  South  of  France.  They  will  make  money  out  of  it  if 
they  will  start  it.  Then,  all  the  wine  growers  of  France,  knowing  that  they 
will  get  more  money  by  selling  non-alcoholic  wines  in  the  states,  will  start 
soon  on  that  very  line  of  business  themselves.  Instead  of  boycotting  the 
products  of  our  land,  either  Spain  or  France,  buy  grapes  and  ask  French 
people  for  non-alcoholic  wines.  That  is  a  very  simple  way  to  get  out  of  the 
difficulty. 

DISCUSSION 

By  GUSTAVE  CATJVIN, 

Secretary  General,  Ligue  PopulaAre  Antialcoolique  (of  France) 

The  French  Popular  and  Workingmen's  Leagues  are  very  grateful  to  the 
World  League  Against  Alcoholism  for  their  kind  invitation  to  their  represen- 

196 


tative.     Alcoholism  is  a  more  serious  matter  in  France  than  anywhere  else. 

We  have  been  fighting  in  France  for  thirty  years.  Unfortunately,  ours  is 
a  country  which  is  overgrown  with  vines,  and  it  has  not  been  understood 
clearly  enough  that  the  anti-alcoholic  war  should  become  more  than  a  purely 
academic  one. 

During  the  war,  hospitals  and  munition  factories  could  not  get  alcohol 
enough,  but  there  was  no  lack  of  it  in  the  public  houses. 

The  bread  supply  failed,  chiefly  because  the  grain  was  distilled  into  alcohol 
which  the  barkeepers  never  ceased  to  cry  for.  The  alcoholic  situation  at  that 
period  was  a  fearful  one.  At  the  Saint-Chamond  steel  works,  at  the  end  of  the 
year  1915,  600  men  were  being  discharged  every  month  for  drunkenness;  it 
meant  a  loss  of  three  thousand  days'  work  per  month.  At  the  Firminy  steel 
works,  it  is  stated  that  the  manager,  wishing  to  find  three  hundred  working 
men  for  one  of  his  shops,  had  to  make  his  choice  out  of  one  thousand  men. 
Out  of  this  number,  seven  hundred  were  completely  under  the  nefarious  influ- 
ence of  alcohol.  The  Prefect  of  the  Department  took  steps  to  prohibit  the 
sale  of  alcohol,  but  the  representatives  and  senators  raised  a  protest  and  Mr. 
Briand,  the  then  prime  minister,  caused  the  restrictions  to  be  withdrawn. 

Then  it  was  that  I  organized  numerous  cinema  lectures  which  I  gave 
before  business  men,  working  men,  soldiers  and  schools,  appealing  to  generals 
and  admirals  and  bishops.  After  eight  months'  propaganda,  during  which  time 
1,200  meetings  had  been  held,  Prime  Minister  Briand,  who  at  the  end  of  1915 
had  repealed  the  restrictive  measures  of  the  Loire  Department,  stated  before 
Parliament,  in  November,  1916,  that  "The  only  way  to  ensure  the  life  of  our 
country  and  its  safety,  is  completely  to  do  away  with  alcohol  drinking." 

As  soon  as  this  statement  came  out,  the  liquor  dealers  raised  a  terrific 
protest.  Barkeepers,  grocers,  and  distillers  all  rose  and  poured  a  vast  amount 
of  money  into  a  press  campaign,  and  the  result  was  that  the  prime  minister 
had  to  give  up  his  attempt;  four  months  afterwards,  he  had  to  resign. 

However,  certain  reforms  were  obtained  as  follows: 

In  March,  1915,  suppression  of  absinthe. 

In  November  of  the  same  year,  it  was  forbidden  to  open  new  saloons. 

In  June,  1916,  the  privilege  of  home  distilling  was  suspended. 

In  October,  a  bill  was  passed  regulating  the  conducting  of  saloons  and 
forbidding  the  employment  of  women  in  these  places. 

The  mayors  of  Nantes  and  St.-Nazaire,  Admiral  Rouyer,  the  governor  of 
Cherbourg  harbor,  impressed  by  the  anti-liquor  campaign,  issued  prohibitive 
orders. 

The  Treasury  statistics  for  1917  and  1918  showed  a  decrease  of  50  per  cent 
in  the  consumption  of  liquor. 

The  Vinegrowers'  Review  made  the  following  confession:  "The  adver- 
saries of  alcohol  may  well  shout  with  joy  and  triumph.  Thanks  to  their  tire- 
less propaganda,  and  to  the  formidable  pressure  of  that  very  cleverly  conducted 
propaganda,  they  have  defeated  alcohol.  .  .  .  They  possess  a  perfect  organi- 
zation and  leaders  with  masterly  brains,  talented  writers  and  speakers." 

And  Admiral  Lacaze,  the  Minister  of  Marine,  wrote:  "Alcohol  was  a  fac- 
tor of  victory  because  it  was  used  in  the  making  of  ammunition.  But  alcohol- 

197 


ism,  paralyzing  the  work  of  munition  factories,  would  have  become  a  factor  of 
defeat  had  it  not  been  for  the  vigorous  anti-liquor  campaign." 

Four  years  have  elapsed  since  the  armistice.  The  guns  are  silent,  blood 
has  ceased  to  flow  in  northeastern  France  thanks  to  the  efforts  of  the  French 
troops  and  those  of  the  gallant  American,  British  and  Canadian  soldiers. 
France  is  painfully  rising  again.  It  is  terrible  to  think  that  the  leaders  of  our 
country  contemplate  making  wealth  out  of  the  stuff  that  can  do  no  more  than 
bring  additional  ruin. 

Since  the  war  there  has  been  in  existence  at  our  Ministry  of  Foreign 
Affairs  a  "service  of  French  Propaganda  Abroad,"  the  purpose  of  which  is  to 
let  the  world  know  of  the  beauties  of  our  great  country.  At  the  present  day, 
that  propaganda  service  seems  to  consider  that  its  principal  task  is  to  boast  of 
the  alcoholic  riches  of  our  soil  and  to  fight  Prohibition. 

Our  Swedish  comrades  have  suffered  a  set-back  because  they  were  up 
against  the  anti-prohibitionists  of  their  own  country  and  those  of  Spain  and 
France,  but  it  is  sad  to  think  that  French  liquor  interests  have  helped  our 
adversaries,  especially  Mr.  Gaston  Gerard,  the  Mayor  of  Dijon,  representing 
the  vine-growing  province  of  Burgundy  was  actively  engaged  in  the  campaign 
for  alcohol. 

You  will  remember  the  shameful  National  Wine  Week  which  was  held  in 
Paris  last  March.  The  whole  French  press  is  paid  to  boost  the  liquor  cause 
and  to  spread  lies  broadcast  about  Prohibition  in  America.  I  regret  more  than 
ever  that  I  do  not  know  your  language,  for,  at  the  risk  of  being  tedious,  I 
should  have  quoted  to  you  some  of  the  most  odious  falsehoods  which  are  being 
circulated  wholesale.  One  may  read  almost  any  day  articles  with  headings 
like  the  following: 

War  on  Alcoholism!     But  be  Careful! 

Is  not  wine  the  antidote  to  spirits? 

And  these  misleading  statements  are  signed  by  well-known  medical  men,  like 
Dr.  Jacques  Bertillon.  The  truth  is  that  alcoholism  through  spirit  drinking 
is  growing  less,  because  spirits  are  expensive.  It  is  wine  that  causes  almost 
all  the  damage. 

In  one  month,  our  country  with  its  thirty-seven  million  inhabitants  con- 
sumes one  hundred  million  gallons  of  wine.  Many  of  the  French  people 
regard  wine  almost  in  the  light  of  a  cult.  At  the  old  men's  asylum  at  Alix 
(Rhone),  I  know  some  inmates  who  work  twelve  hours  a  day  growing  cab- 
bages in  order  to  earn  the  quarter  of  a  dollar  that  will  buy  a  litre  of  wine. 
As  one  can  make  more  money  out  of  wine  than  out  of  bread,  many  farmers 
plant  vines  instead  of  sowing  grain. 

What  are  the  remedies? 

The  United  States  and  Canada  have  given  their  sons  to  save  France.  We 
want  you  to  give  us  propagandists  so  that  our  country  will  be  saved  from  a 
calamity  more  terrible  than  war  itself  because  its  destructive  effects  are  not 
realized. 

Despite  everything  the  French  press  may  say  to  the  contrary,  Prohibition 
in  Canada  and  the  United  States  is  beginning  to  impress  the  French  public, 

198 


Americans  and  Canadians  have  been  seen  in  France  and  people  have  realized 
that  they  were  not  a  sick-looking  lot,  although  they  were  abstainers. 

What  we  must  do  is  to  answer  the  falsehoods  of  the  French  press.  We 
must  make  our  people  aware  of  the  results  of  American  Prohibition  through 
newspapers  and  pamphlets  and  cinema  lectures. 

France  is  the  stronghold  of  liquordom;  that  country,  so  often  laid  waste 
by  war,  is  today  the  headquarters  of  the  liquor  forces.  We  are  responsible  for 
the  check  to  the  prohibition  movement  in  Sweden,  and  if  Spain  has  dared  to 
threaten  Iceland,  it  is  because  she  felt  that  she  was  supported  by  France. 

The  more  business-like  manufacturers  are  already  trying  to  set  up  the 
manufacture  of  non-alcoholic  wines.  Mr.  Barthe,  a  vine-growing  member  of 
Parliament,  chairman  of  the  Commission  for  the  Defence  of  Drink  in  the 
House  of  Representatives,  tells  me  that  his  vine-grower  friends  are  going  to 
begin  on  a  large  scale  the  production  of  wine  without  alcohol.  We  trust  that 
they  will  meet  with  great  success  in  disposing  of  their  products  in  America. 
Help  us  to  make  them  realize  this  desired  end. 

I  was  taught  anti-alcoholism  at  school  when  I  was  ten  years  old;  I  have 
devoted  myself  to  that  cause  since  the  age  of  eighteen.  I  have  given  more 
than  one  thousand  four  hundred  lectures  and  often  I  have  despaired.  Yet  I 
have  seen  so  much  misery  around  me,  so  many'children  in  grief  through  their 
father's  drunkenness,  that  I  feel  it  would  be  a  sin  to  give  up  the  fight.  In 
1918  you  helped  to  save  our  country;  help  us  now  to  drag  it  out  of  the  clutches 
of  the  liquor  traffic. 


MONDAY    EVENING    SESSION 

HOW  THE  FIGHT  WAS  WON  IN  AMERICA 

By  REV.  PUBLEY  A.  BAKER,  D.  D. 

General  Superintendent,  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America 

Lack  of  time  compels  me  to  pass  over  the  early  history  of  this  reform 
all  too  briefly.  Prohibition  did  not  become  the  policy  of  the  United  States 
Government  as  an  accident,  not  by  any  trick  of  legerdemain,  nor  did  it  come 
by  any  cross  lot  or  short  cut  method;  it  came  by  mobilizing  the  public  con- 
science that  had  been  a  century  in  the  making.  It  was,  perhaps,  hastened  a 
half  dozen  years  by  the  World  War  in  which  the  civilized  nations  of  the 
world  early  discovered  that  they  must  first  make  war  upon  the  drink  traffic 
before  they  could  scientifically  and  successfully  make  war  against  Germany 
and  her  allies.  The  drink  traffickers  and  their  cohorts  are  fond  of  falsely 
saying  that  we  took  advantage  of  the  time  when  two  million  of  our  young 
men  were  performing  military  duty  in  France.  It  should  be  understood  that 
every  young  man  over  twenty-one  years  of  age  who  went  to  France,  had  the 
opportunity  to  vote  for  the  Congressmen  and  United  States  Senators  that 
voted  for  or  against  the  submission  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment,  and  that 
question  was  an  issue  in  most  of  their  elections.  Besides,  it  is  a  base  slander 
upon  the  memory  of  the  eighty  thousand  who  perished,  and  of  the  two  mil- 
lions who  stood  ready  to  give  the  last  measure  of  devotion  for  the  protection 
of  the  world's  civilization,  to  class  the  majority  of  them  with  men  who  would 

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vote  to  perpetuate  the  drink  traffic.  These  statements  but  cast  an  aspersion 
upon  the  good  name  of  the  flower  of  the  American  Republic. 

This  reform  in  the  United  States  was  born  above  a  century  ago  in  the 
hearts  of  men  and  women  who  placed  a  higher  value  upon  human  salvage 
than  upon  their  personal  comfort  or  individual  popularity.  It  required  a 
hundred  years  to  popularize  the  movement.  That  pathway,  a  century  long, 
is  strewn  with  relics  of  human  progress.  The  spirit  of  the  Roundheads  was 
not  confined  to  Crowell's  followers;  it  spread  out  over  England;  it  reached 
to  America,  and  it  is  the  spirit  of  the  Roundheads  which  from  the  very  be- 
ginning has  been  relentless  in  opposition  to  the  drink  traffic.  The  warfare 
against  intoxicating  liquors  in  the  United  States  began  almost  with  the  land- 
ing of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers.  Most  of  the  church  denominations  early  pro- 
nounced against  the  excessive  use  of  intoxicating  drink  by  their  members. 
Nearly  every  denomination  had  some  outstanding  characters  who  refused  to 
let  the  traffic  flourish  unchallenged — characters  like  Benjamin  Rush,  the  noted 
Philadelphia  physician;  Dr.  Lyman  Beecher,  father  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher, 
who  preached  his  six  great  sermons  nearly  a  century  ago,  which  sermons 
contain  most  of  the  moral  suasion  and  legal  enactment  comprehended  in  the 
movements  of  the  present  day;  Neal  Dow,  the  father  of  Prohibition  in  Maine; 
Dr.  Increase  Mather  of  New  -England;  Dr.  Phillip  W.  Otterbein,  founder  of 
the  United  Brethren  Church;  Rev.  James  Ackley,  an  outstanding  early  ad- 
vocate in  the  Methodist  Church,  who  forced  through  the  General  Conference 
of  that  denomination  a  resolution  that  no  Methodist  preacher  should  be  per- 
mitted to  retail  spirituous  liquors;  with  outstanding  characters  like  John  B. 
Gough,  Francis  Murphy,  Frances  E.  Willard,  Clinton  B.  Fisk,  John  G.  Wool- 
ley  and  hosts  of  others  who  can  not  be  named,  who  were  the  Roundheads  at 
war  with  rum.  It  was  no  small  task,  this  bringing  up  of  the  church  de- 
nominations to  a  real  battle  line.  Little  by  little,  resolutions  strengthened, 
advocates  multiplied  until  practically  all  evangelistic  denominations  reached 
the  standard  of  total  abstinence  from  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors. 

Organizations  of  various  character  and  influence  sprang  into  being,  many 
of  which  flourished  for  a  time  and  passed  away,  each  of  which  made  its  im- 
pression locally  or  otherwise.  Occasionally,  an  organization  like  the  Wash- 
ingtonians  would  flame  up  with  great  promise  and  later  would  die  down  or  be 
superseded  by  something  else.  The  International  Order  of  Good  Templars 
came  into  existence  in  the  early  fifties  and  developed  vitality,  by  virtue  of 
service,  that  has  projected  its  great  influence  to  the  present  time.  The  Pro- 
hibition Party  was  formed  in  1869,  and  while  never  able  to  poll  as  many  as 
two  hundred  and  seventy-five  thousand  votes,  nevertheless  was  a  mighty 
engine  of  power  in  the  field  of  agitation.  The  Woman's  Crusade  originating 
at  Hillsboro,  Ohio,  in  1873,  issued  in  the  formation  of  the  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  in  1874.  While  all  of  these  organizations  named  and 
scores  that  we  can  not  name,  did  their  work  well  and  to  a  greater  or  less  de- 
gree held  back  the  crushing  tide  of  the  drink  traffic,  the  chief  honor  for  suc- 
cessful, sustained  effort  must  be  yielded  to  the  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union.  This  organization  has  been  as  resistless  as  the  tides  of  the 
ocean,  as  militant  as  the  Battalion  of  Death,  as  persuasive  as  the  Gospel  of 

200 


Luke  and  as  persistent  as  a  woman.  It  meditated,  it  educated,  it  agitated,  it 
aggravated,  but  all  the  time  it  correlated  and  collaborated,  its  appeals  covered 
the  earth,  its  prayers  crowded  the  heavens  and  its  influence  laid  hold  upon 
God  and  the  best  of  American  manhood. 

Meanwhile,  the  governments — municipal,  state  and  national — in  a  hundred 
ways  sought  restriction  and  regulation,  neither  of  which  could  be  obtained, 
for  you  can  no  more  regulate  an  institution  as  essentially  evil  as  the  liquor 
traffic  than  you  can  regulate  the  firing  off  of  a  cannon.  Governments  said  it 
must  not  dispense  liquor  on  Sunday,  but  it  did  dispense  liquor  on  Sunday, 
they  said  it  must  not  sell  to  the  American  Indian,  but  it  did  sell  to  the 
American  Indian;  they  said  it  must  not  sell  to  drunkards,  but  it  did  sell  to 
drunkards;  that  it  must  not  sell  to  minors,  but  it  did  sell  to  minors;  that  it 
must  not  sell  during  restricted  hours,  but  it  sold  during  all  hours,  defying  the 
laws  of  both  God  and  man.  Governments  licensed  it  and  taxed  it  under  the 
guise  of  making  it  pay  for  its  own  ravages,  but  no  tax  or  license  was  ever  as- 
sessed that  paid  a  hundredth  part  of  its  ravages  when  human  life  and  human 
happiness  were  in  balance. 

All  the  sermons  preached  and  prayers  offered  and  laws  enacted  were  not 
sufficient  to  stay  the  rising  tide  of  drunkenness,  debauchery,  misery  and  death 
that  flowed  with  increasing  volume  from  this  monster  of  horrors. 

Political  corruption  was  rampant;  the  traffic  dictated  the  election  of 
public  officials  from  constables  to  Congress,  legislative  and  judicial.  Political 
parties  were  utterly  subservient  to  its  dictation,  it  rode  steel-heeled  over 
everything  that  was  sacred.  Discouragement  had  settled  over  the  populace; 
the  churches  for  the  most  part  were  smitten  with  a  deadly  apathy,  and  the 
discouraged  voices  of  its  opponents  had  become  a  vertiable  Babel.  There 
were  many  clear  voices,  but  they  were  discordant  voices.  The  firing  had 
become  so  promiscuous  that  the  bullets  found  lodgment  in  the  heart  of 
friends  about  as  frequently  as  in  the  heart  of  the  enemy,  and  it  seemed  the 
very  limit  of  the  moral  forces  had  been  reached,  while  the  traffic  flourished, 
saloons  multiplied  and  drunkenness  increased.  The  women  of  the  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union,  that  held  the  largest  hope,  could  not  vote.  They 
could  only  pray  and  weep  and  wait;  but  the  liquor  traffic  is  not  moved  by 
prayers  or  tears.  In  short,  the  reform  had  largely  become  a  valley  of  dry 
bones,  disjointed,  fleshless,  skinless  and  prostrated.  While  the  prayers  and 
tears  of  the  Christian  womanhood  did  not  stay  the  ravages  of  the  traffickers 
in  strong  drink,  they  did  move  the  heart  of  that  moderr  Ezekiel.  Doctor 
Howard  H.  Russell,  to  view  the  valley  and  to  utter  the  prophecy,  "These 
bones  shall  live."  With  a  company  of  wisely  selected  friends,  comprising  all 
denominations  and  representatives  of  various  organizations,  yonder  at  Oberlin, 
Ohio,  a  plan,  omnipartisan  and  interdenominational,  was  wrought  out,  which 
was  destined  to  breathe  the  breath  of  life  into  these  bones  though  "they  were 
very  dry,"  and  cause  them  to  stand  erect  and  to  move,  and  the  movement 
was  back  to  Jerusalem — 'back  to  the  church.  Certain  of  these  movements, 
notably  the  Washingtonians,  had  ignored  the  church  and  refused  the  co- 
operation of  the  church.  For  over  forty  years  much  of  this  reform  walked 

201 


iu  the  wilderness,  and  it  only  got  back  to  the  church,  back  home  again,  at 
Oberlin,  Ohio.  Any  great  moral  movement  that  does  not  have  the  backing 
of  the  church  is  likely  to  become  a  broken  tooth  and  a  foot  out  of  joint.  This 
latest  born  was  christened  The  Anti-Saloon  League. 

First,  it  made  its  appeal  to  the  church,  regardless  of  denomination.  The 
more  aggressive,  evangelical  denominations  caught  the  practical  spirit  of  the 
appeal  and  opened  their  doors  to  its  representatives.  Those  that  did  not 
cooperate  at  once  were  not  criticized  nor  scolded  for  their  lack  of  cooperation. 
We  systematically  set  to  work  to  win  them.  Too  much  of  the  propaganda  in 
temperance  reform  had  been  denunciation  of  those  who  did  not  at  once  agree 
with  us.  We  won  individuals  the  same  way.  Sometimes,  we  gained  access 
to  the  churches  by  capturing  the  local  board.  To  illustrate,  I  recall,  when  I 
was  Superintendent  of  the  Ohio  League,  I  called  at  a  prominent  bank  for  an 
interview  with  its  wealthy  president.  As  I  began  to  unfold  the  plans  before 
us,  he  stopped  me,  stating,  "You  are  talking  to  the  wrong  man.  I  am  not  a 
total  abstainer;  I  keep  liquor  in  my  cellar  and  on  my  sideboard."  I  replied, 
"The  League  advises  against  the  personal  use  of  liquor,  but  its  chief  concern  is 
with  the  traffic  itself.  As  an  institution,  it  is  bad,  commercially,  socially, 
politically  and  morally.  We  are  seeking  to  abolish  the  saloons  wherever 
possible,  and  where  they  can  not  be  abolished,  to  compel  them  to  obey  the 
law."  He  turned  and  tossed  me  two  fifty  dollar  bills,  saying  as  he  did  so, 
"That  looks  like  practical  and  sensible  temperance  work."  Within  a  few  years, 
that  man  was  paying  as  much  as  ten  thousand  dollars  a  year  for  the  abolition 
of  the  legalized  traffic  and  himself  headed  the  movement  to  abolish  the  traf- 
fic in  his  own  city.  Furthermore,  he  banished  liquor  from  his  own  cellar  and 
his  own  sideboard.  I  might  have  criticized  his  personal  habits  and  lost  his 
cooperation. 

Second,  the  League  was  opportune.  For  this  winning  characteristic,  we 
were  roundly  denounced  by  extreme  radicals,  who  were  our  natural  friends, 
as  being  compromisers  and  in  league  with  the  liquor  traffickers.  We  went 
steadily  forward  doing  the  thing  we  could  and  biding  our  time  until  we  could 
do  the  thing  that  ought  to  be  done.  When  we  could  not  get  municipal  local 
option,  we  took  ward  or  residential  district!  option;  when  we  could  not  get 
county  local  option,  we  accepted  municipal  local  option;  and  where  we  could 
not  get  state-wide  Prohibition,  we  accepted  any  form  of  more  local  Prohibi- 
tion we  could  secure.  While  moving  toward  National  Prohibition  we  fought 
for  state-wide  Prohibition  until  thirty-two  states  individually,  by  legislative 
action  or  constitutional  amendment,  had  moved  into  the  Prohibition  column. 
As  rapidly  as  we  could  secure  the  right  to  vote  in  any  political  unit,  we  began 
the  contest,  and  kept  it  going  vigorously  as  often  as  the  law  would  permit, 
thus  wearing  down  the  opposition  as  well  as  preventing  them  from  crossing 
the  boundaries  of  these  political  units  to  help  each  other.  We  did  not  simply 
work  at  the  job,  we  worked  to  finish  the  job.  Our  objective  was  not  the  vot- 
ing of  a  few  towns,  counties  and  states  dry;  our  objective  was  and  is  the  solu- 
tion of  the  liquor  problem,  whether  it  takes  ten  years  or  ten  decades.  To  be 
opportune  in  method  does  not  preclude  being  dogmatic  in  the  objective.  We 
mauled  it  with  every  legitimate  weapon  we  could  lay  our  hands  on;  when  de- 

202 


feated,  we  took  our  punishment,  reformed  ouf  lines  and  went  at  it  again.     We 
discredited  the  old  adage  that 

"He  who  fights   and  runs   away, 
Will  Jive  to  fight  another  day." 

With  the  League,  every  day  was  fighting  day.  If  no  political  contest  was 
on  that  could  be  turned  to  our  advantage,  we  did  trench  work,  we  agitated 
and  organized.  We  demonstrated  that  there  was  no  rest  for  the  wicked.  All 
the  while,  the  women  were  preparing  and  bringing  up  the  reserves  by  placing 
upon  the  statute  books  of  every  commonwealth  in  the  Republic,  a  law  com- 
pelling instruction  in  the  public  schools  as  to  the  evil  effects  of  alcohol  on 
the  human  system  and  the  use  of  text  books  that  are  up  to  the  Prohibition 
standard — poorly  taught  in  most  wet  centers,  I  grant  you — but  the  women 
of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  have  persisted  in  making  life  a  burden  for  teachers  who 
failed  in  their  duty.  This  brought  to  our  support  a  crop  of  voters  mentally 
and  physiologically  trained  on  this  question,  who  could  and  did  teach  their 
daddies  how  to  vote. 

Third,  we  limited  our  activities  in  candidates  and  politics  only  to  issues 
that  had  to  do  with  the  enactment  and  enforcement  of  laws  against  the 
liquor  traffic.  For  this,  we  were  denounced  as  narrow  and  wanting  in  the 
real  spirit  of  reform.  We  seldom  held  a  convention  that  one  or  more  per- 
sons were  not  there  with  resolutions  to  commit  us  to  liquor  cures,  woman 
suffrage,  against  gambling  and  horse  racing  and  other  lawless  practices.  As 
individuals,  every  man  connected  with  the  League  was  at  liberty  to  hold  and 
practice  whatever  adverse  opinions  he  entertained  concerning  these  things, 
but  as  a  league  this  one  thing  we  did.  Two  outstanding  reasons  for  it: 

First,  had  we  made  war  against  lesser  evils  and  in  favor  of  minor  in- 
cidentals, men  of  affairs  would  have  measured  our  movement  on  that  basis 
and  would  have  supported  it  accordingly.  With  one  big  issue,  the  public  ad- 
justed its  measure  of  support  on  that  basis. 

Second,  to  have  incorporated  other  issues  meant  to  incorporate  other 
opposition  than  that  which  came  from  the  liquor  traffic,  which  we  could  ill 
afford.  Furthermore,  we  recognized  that  in  the  solution  of  the  liquor  problem 
would  be  found  the  solution  of  many  other  problems,  which  has  been  proved 
strikingly  true. 

Fourth,  from  the  beginning  the  League  had  a  plan  and  adhered  strictly 
to  it.  I  doubt  if  any  great  reform  movement  ever  carried  through  thirty 
years  of  activity  so  nearly  the  uniform  plan  with  which  it  begun,  as  has  the 
Anti-Saloon  League  of  America.  The  plan  contemplated  that  no  political 
party  and  no  church  denomination  or  any  existing  organization  was  sufficient 
for  the  task  of  solving  the  liquor  problem.  The  mobilization  of  all  the  public 
sentiment  of  all  political  parties,  of  all  church  denominations  and  all  existing 
temperance  organizations  was  essential  to  the  solution  of  the  problem.  Our 
appeal  was  not  to  political  parties  as  such.  We  avoided  asking  the  political 
organizations  to  endorse  our  policies  and  program.  We  did  appeal  to  in- 
dividual candidates  for  offices  that  had  to  do  with  the  enactment  and  enforce- 
ment of  laws  touching  the  liquor  traffic,  to  endorse  our  measures.  If  a  polit- 
ical party  endorsed  our  program  and  was  defeated,  our  program  would  go 

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down  with  the  party.  If  a  candidate  who  endorsed  our  measures  was  de- 
feated, the  program  and  measure  lived  in  other  friendly  candidates.  By  refus- 
ing affiliation  with  any  party  as  such,  we  thereby  avoided  the  responsibility, 
expense  and  energy  necessary  for  the  maintenance  of  a  political  organization. 

We,  therefore,  appealed  to  the  voters  to  be  non-partisan  enough  to  vote 
for  a  temperance  candidate  on  the  opposite  ticket  rather  than  a  liquor  candi- 
date on  their  own  ticket.  For  a  time,  this  was  difficult.  Party  lines  had  been 
so  tightly  drawn,  especially  following  the  Civil  War,  that  many  Republicans 
thought  no  Democrat  could  possibly  get  to  Heaven,  and  the  Democrats  felt 
that  no  Republican  should  be  permitted  to  get  there.  Any  voter  known  to 
have  soiled  his  hands  and  sold  his  political  birthright  by  voting  for  a  candi- 
date on  the  opposing  ticket,  was  promptly  read  out  of  his  party  and,  there- 
fore, could  never  hope  for  the  honor  and  emolument  of  public  office.  This 
brutal  political  policy,  like  all  policies  of  unjustifiable  force,  was  bound  to 
react  and  give  away  under  the  steady  pounding  of  the  enemies  of  the  liquor 
traffic.  Finally,  men  became  bolder  and  more  independent  in  their  voting, 
until  political  parties  of  their  own  accord  and  for  their  own  preservation, 
began  moving  toward  the  Prohibition  issue. 

Diplomacy  was  required  in  the  handling  of  church  denominations.  While 
some  denominations  were  more  friendly  and  gave  better  cooperation  than 
others,  we  carefully  avoided  showing  any  partiality  either  in  the  selection  of 
our  field  force  or  representation  upon  our  governing  bodies.  Some  denomi- 
nations gathered  strength  by  cooperation,  others  by  absorption.  It  is  an  un- 
speakable calamity  when  any  church,  through  cowardice,  timidity  or  bad 
leadership,  will  give  away  the  opportunity  for  the  development  of  moral 
muscle  by  turning  over  the  solution  of  great  problems,  with  a  moral  aspect, 
to  a  political  party  or  to  any  outside  organization  secularly  controlled.  There 
are  such  churches,  and  God  Almighty  who  sent  His  Son  into  the  world  "to 
destroy  the  works  of  the  Devil,"  must  be  impatient  with  them. 

Organizations  in  existence  and  already  fighting  the  drink  traffic  when  the 
great  cooperative  plan  of  the  League  was  inaugurated,  who  refused  to  co- 
operate, are  dead  or  dying.  Their  good  works  could  not  save  them.  They 
persisted  in  looking  upon  the  League  simply  as  another  and  a  rival  organiza- 
tion. It  was  and  is  neither.  It  is  a  mighty  God-born  movement  in  human 
history.  They  did  not  discern  that  the  hour  had  struck  and  the  decree  had 
gone  forth  that  the  institution  of  the  saloon,  that  had  fretted  the  heart  of 
God  for  centuries,  must  die.  The  fullness  of  time  had  come;  the  waves  of  ruin 
bearing  the  wreckage  of  millions,  dashed  high*  against  the  cross  and  splashed 
their  defiance  in  the  very  face  of  the  Almighty.  The  Creator  of  His  own 
likeness  was,  through  human  agency,  taking  final  note  of  the  disfigurement  of 
His  handiwork. 

To  begin  the  erection  of  a  building  without  first  counting  the  cost  would 
be  more  foolish  than  to  launch  an  organization  without  making  provision  for 
its  upkeep.  That  little  subscription  card  is  just  as  much  a  part  of  the  divine 
ordering  of  things  as  the  calling  of  Dr.  Russell  to  the  early  leadership  in 
the  movement.  This  card  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  congregation  on  Sunday 
morning  or  evening,  once  a  year,  after  they  had  listened  to  an  earnest  appeal, 

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gave  us  a  financial  support  that  enabled  us  ,to  make  sustained  assault  upon 
the  enemies'  lines.  Hitherto,  workers  in  this  cause  had  depended  upon  prayers 
and  a  few  pennies  to  combat  the  most  gigantic  evil  that  ever  challenged  the 
civilization  of  the  world.  Through  this  financial  instrument  we  gathered  and 
assembled  the  munitions  of  war  and  built  public  sentiment  in  the  churches 
from  which  our  leadership  must  come,  at  one  drawing  of  the  bow,  which 
made  for  economy  and  speedy  action.  We  supplemented  church  contribu- 
tions by  personal  solicitation  of  funds,  from  men  and  women  of  means,  which 
greatly  augmented  the  volume  of  support  and  multiplied  the  fighting  force. 

Very  frequently  a  pastor  will  say,  "I  will  be  very  glad  to  have  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  League  in  my  pulpit  on  your  field  day  in  this  city  but  our 
board  has  adopted  a  rule  that  no  public  collection  can  be  taken."  Very  well, 
if  that  is  your  rule,  we  will  just  wait  until  your  church  get  ready  to  cooperate 
with  the  other  churches  of  the  city  and  we  will  be  glad  to  furnish  a  speaker. 
If  the  church  has  any  real  vitality  in  it,  it  will  likely  do  the  rest.  The 
passing  of  a  resolution  against  any  public  collections  is  the  most  cowardly 
thing  a  church  ever  does,  and  it  never  lives  up  to  it.  It  is  done  to  protect 
seme  timid  preacher  or  some  timid  committee  from  taking  the  responsibility 
of  deciding  what  cause  ought  or  ought  not  be  admitted.  A  great  fire,  or  a 
San  Francisco  earthquake,  comes,  and  the  resolution  becomes  a  scrap  of 
paper.  A  church  that  builds  a  wall  about  itself  and  consumes  itself  upon 
itself  misses  the  luxury  of  the  larger  life  and  service. 

Fifth,  the  League  established  a  printing  house.  This  immediately  gave 
us  anchorage  and  unification.  It  likewise  greatly  expedited  the  distribution 
of  literature.  Here  we  assembled  our  publications  and  by  careful  legal  super- 
vision saved  ourselves  from  many  distracting  and  expensive  lawsuits.  We 
have  sent  out  and  can  send  out  tons  of  fighting,  up-to-date  literature  daily. 
A  prominent  liquor  politician  was  heard  to  remark,  "We  got  along  very  well 
until  that  Anti-Saloon  League  started  that  —  -  printing  plant.  But 

now  they  can  get  more  literature  to  the  people  and  can  get  it  to  them  quicker 
than  we  can."  Realizing  that  it  was  useless  to  send  to  a  banker  or  merchant 
literature  calculated  to  influence  the  laboring  man  or  farmer,  we  published 
and  distributed  in  large  quantities  a  vocational  literature.  We  publish  litera- 
ture for  general  distribution,  for  local  distribution,  for  specific  needs,  as  well 
as  to  teach  our  active  agents  the  best  procedure. 

Sixth,  in  the  earlier  days  of  our  League  work,  when  it  was  difficult  to  gain 
the  attention  of  the  public,  we  had  to  use  some  drastic  methods.  For  example, 
we  went  into  the  stricken  and  debauched  districts  of  some  of  our  cities  and 
took  pictures  of  the  homes  and  families  of  the  drinking  class,  of  their  furni- 
ture, of  their  clothing  or  lack  of  it,  of  barefooted  children  playing  in  the  snow, 
in  one  instance  of  a  man  dying  of  delirium  tremens  and  of  the  same  man 
lying  in  his  cheap  coffin  and  of  the  potters'  field  in  which  they  buried  him. 
Over  against  this,  we  secured  the  pictures  of  the  brewers'  magnificent  man- 
sions on  the  boulevards,  and  of  their  lavish  and  costly  mausoleums  in  the 
most  beautiful  spots  in  the  cemeteries.  We  had  those  pictures  made  into 
slides  and  with  stereopticans  threw  them  upon  the  screens  in  churches  and 
public  halls  and  related  the  story  of  each  picture  as  we  had  gathered  it  at 

205 


first  hand.  Not  a  very  nerve  soothing  process,  I  grant  you,  but  we  were  at 
war  with  an  institution  that  was  drunk  with  the  blood  of  the  millions  it  had 
slain.  It  was  effective  campaigning.  It  aroused  the  complacent  Christian 
public,  who  never  ventured  into  the  purlieus  of  the  cities,  hence  were  not 
aware  that  such  conditions  existed.  It  also  aroused  the  brewers  who  sent 
their  attorneys  to  wait  upon  us  and  assure  us  if  it  was  not  stopped  forthwith 
they  would  enter  suit  against  us.  We  did  not  stop  and  they  did  not  enter 
suit,  though  we  courted  that  favor  on  every  suitable  occasion.  Was  it  justifi- 
able? We  asked  the  approval  and  blessing  of  Almighty  God  upon  it,  and 
"while  we  yet  spake  He  heard  and  answered  us." 

Finally,  while  driving  for  Prohibition  through  the  various  political  units 
in  the  States,  we  were  all  the  while  moving  toward  national  Prohibition. 
Nationally,  we  began  long  ago  by  prohibiting  the  sale  of  liquor  to  the  Ameri- 
can Indians,  to  the  Alaskans,  in  the  army  and  navy,  and  from  both  ends  of 
the  national  capitol.  The  final  step  in  that  preparation  was  the  enactment 
of  the  Interstate  Liquor  Shipment  law,  designed  to  prevent  the  shipment  of 
intoxicating  liquors  from  the  wet  territory  of  one  State  into  the  dry  territory 
cf  another  State.  This  measure  hung  in  the  Judiciary  Committee  of  Congress 
for  thirteen  years  and  developed  more  constitutional  lawyers  out  of  wet  coun- 
try barristers  than  any  bill  that  has  been  before  the  Congress,  for  a  hundred 
years.  But  one  sweet  election  day,  we  were  able  to  get  a  pry  under  five  of 
those  "unconstitutional"  gentlemen  of  the  Judiciary  Committee  and  lifted 
them  out  of  that  committee,  by  lifting  them  out  of  Congress.  That  is  rather 
a  rude  way  to  secure  the  balance  of  power,  but  it  was  wonderfully  effective. 
The  measure  then  came  out  of  the  committee  and  for  a  time  was  jockeyed 
about  on  the  floor  of  the  great  legislative  body  but  finally  passed  both  branches 
of  Congress  overwhelmingly,  and  the  President  of  the  United  States  vetoed 
it,  and  with  his  veto  message  returned  it  to  the  Senate,  and  that  body,  without 
even  waiting  for  the  reading  of  his  message,  passed  it  over  his  veto  and  sent  it 
to  the  House  where  it  received  the  same  treatment. 

This  was  a  great  piece  of  legislation  and  our  opponents  fought  it  with 
desperation.  They  knew  it  was  the  beginning  of  the  end.  The  decks  were 
cleared  and  the  fight  was  on  for  a  nation's  decree,  and  the  pounding  was 
transferred  to  the  national  capitol  with  renewed  vigor.  More  telegrams, 
letters  and  petitions  were  poured  into  Congress,  urging,  pleading,  demanding 
the  submission  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment,  than  had  been  received  by  all 
the  Congresses  for  the  submission  of  all  the  other  amendments  that  have  been 
added  to  that  document.  The  Prohibition  Amendment  was  submitted.  We 
had  seven  years  in  which  to  have  it  ratified,  the  only  time  that  a  limit  was  ever 
placed  upon  a  constitutional  amendment  by  Congress.  It  required  just  twelve 
months  and  five  days  from  the  date  of  Mississippi's  ratification,  which  was 
the  first  State  to  ratify,  to  the  date  of  Nebraska's  ratification,  which  was  the 
thirty-sixth  State,  and  which  gave  us  the  constitutional  number,  and  the 
Eigheenth  Amendment  was  a  part  of  the  fundamental  law  of  the  Republic 
and  will  so  remain  while  the  Stars  and  Stripes  shall  wave. 

Our  task,  however,  is  not  yet  finished.  With  all  the  hindrances  and 
difficulties  which  we  can  not  enumerate,  Prohibition- in  the  United  States  is 

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above  seventy  per  cent  efficient  and  daily  increasing  in  its  efficiency.  Let  me 
say  to  our  friends  from  abroad,  we  have  read  the  false  and  malicious  state- 
ments published  in  your  newspapers.  We  were  pained  and  incensed  that  the 
great  publicist  of  England,  now  dead,  whom  we  had  regarded  as  a  friend  of 
America,  should  come  to  New  York  and  spend  a  day  in  the  purlieus  and 
suffocating  wharves  of  that  great  city  and  then  manifest  his  unfriendly  atti- 
tude by  inquiring,  "When  does  Prohibition  begin  in  this  country?"  and  re- 
turn to  England  to  publish  cruel  and  unjustifiable  strictures  as  to  the  failure 
of  Prohibition  in  the  great  republic.  Millions  of  my  countrymen  feel  in  regard 
to  him,  as  was  once  said  of  a  great  American,  "He  would  have  lived  longer, 
had  he  died  sooner."  We  will  say  to  the  senders  of  these  sinister  and  false 
reports  as  to  Prohibition  in  the  United  States,  and  you  shall  say  to  the  pub- 
lishers of  the  same,  they  are  liars.  Prohibition  has  demonstrated  greater 
benefits  to  all  the  people  socially,  morally,  commercially  and  religiously,  than 
any  other  governmental  policy  in  the  same  length  of  time,  since  the  Republic 
began.  Since  the  liquor  venders  of  your  countries  gathered  in  France  and 
published  their  determination  to  furnish  money  for  the  rehabilitation  of  the 
drink  traffic  in  the  United  States,  our  hands  are  loosed  and  we  shall  lend 
support  to  your  efforts  until  Abraham  Lincoln's  prophecy  shall  be  fulfilled, 
that  the  time  will  come  when  there  shall  not  be  a  drunkard  or  a  slave  amongst 
civilized  nations  of  the  world,  and  the  victims  of  this  traffic  shall  have  had  a 
fair  chance  for  an  eternal  citizenship  in  the  coming  Kingdom.  We  shall  help 
you  and  in  the  helping  help  ourselves,  until  this  old  man  of  the  sea  shall  have 
been  buried  so  "deeply  down"  that  no  resurrection  voice  shall  ever  be  able  to 
sound  the  depth  of  his  dead  ears. 


ADDRESS 

By  MBS.  DEBORAH, KNOX  LIVINGSTON,  Boston,  Massachusetts 

Superintendent  of  the  Department  of  Christian  Citizenship  of  the  World's 

Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 

I  am  very  sure,  dear  friends,  that  your  hearts,  like  mine,  have  been  pro- 
foundly touched  by  the  beautiful  pageant  which  we  have  just  seen,  and  our 
thoughts  have  been  running  back  again  through  the  centuries  to  that  day 
when  the  Son  of  Man  came  as  a  baby  to  the  earth;  and  those  of  us  who  are 
the  mothers  of  sons  have  been  praying  that  somehow  or  other  the  lighted 
torches  of  Prohibition  of  this  great  North  American  Continent  may  light  all 
the  governments  of  the  earth  until  every  last  lad  the  world  around  shall  be 
saved  from  the  effect  of  the  legalized  liquor  trade. 

You  will  remember  that  one  day  during  the  ministry  of  Our  Lord  the  dis- 
ciples looked,  and  beheld  Him  praying,  and  when  He  had  ceased  to  pray,  one 
of  them  said  unto  Him,  "Master,  teach  us  how  to  pray."  He  said  to  them, 
"When  thou  prayest  pray  thus,  Our  Father,  Who  art  in  Heaven,  hallowed 
be  Thy  Name.  Thy  Kingdom  come  and  Thy  Will  be  done  on  earth  as  it  is 
done  among  the  angels  of  Heaven."  For  more  than  two  thousand  years  that 
has  been  the  inmost  desire  of  every  follower  of  the  Nazarene.  It  has  been 
the  stupendous  task  by  which  the  church  of  the  living  God  has  been  chal- 

207 


lenged.  It  has  been  the  one  great  ideal  which  every  Christian  civilization 
from  that  time  to  this  has  sought  to  establish  in  its  government. 

But,  as  we  look  out  over  this  great  world  of  ours  today  we  ask,  with 
the  turmoil  and  distress  and  the  sorrow  and  the  suffering  of  the  earth  beat- 
ing upon  our  souls,  why  is  it  that  that  kingdom  has  not  come?  Why  in- 
stead of  righteousness  do  we  find  unrighteousness?  Why  in  the  place  of 
love  and  joy  which  should  be  the  common  inheritance  of  every  child  born 
into  the  world,  do  we  find  sorrow  and  sighing  and  dissatisfaction  and  dis- 
honor? And  when  we  would  find  that  peace  which  was  the  Christ's  last  great 
gift  to  the  world,  we  find  misery  and  wretchedness  and  war  and  misunder- 
standing. If  we  should  ask  this  great  company  tonight  to  give  to  us  a  reason 
why  the  kingdom  is  delayed  in  its  establishment,  to  give  us  a  reason  why 
that  righteousness  does  not  exist  between  nations  and  between  man  and  man, 
why  that  joy  and  that  peace  does  not  exist  in  all  the  groups  and  classes  of 
society  the  world  round,  we  should  be  forced,  I  am  sure,  to  admit  that  there 
would  be  as  many  answers  perchance  as  there  are  persons  present  here  to- 
night, for  each  of  us  would  come  with  our  own  measure  of  truth  and  our  own 
process  of  reasoning.  Some  of  us  would  say  war  has  hindered  the  coming 
of  Christ's  kingdom,  and  it  has;  others  of  us  would  say  the  industrial  in- 
equality, as  the  poet  of  my  own  native  land  has  said,  "man's  inhumanity  to 
man,  makes  countless  thousands  mourn";  and  others  would  say  it  is  the 
great  social  crisis  that  like  a  cancer,  or  an  octupus  has  spread  itself  across  the 
body  politic  of  the  race,  that  has  hindered  the  coming  of  the  kingdom  of 
Jesus  Christ  upon  the  earth. 

All  of  these  things  would  be  agreed  to;  and  yet  during  these  days  which 
we  have  had  in  this  great  and  beautiful  city  of  Toronto  we  have  been  con- 
sidering an  evil  so  titanic,  so  pewerful,  so  far  reaching,  that  there  is  not  a 
single  spot  upon  the  face  of  the  earth  that  its  cancerous  tentacles  have  not 
found  and  gripped;  and  that  is  the  evil  of  the  legalized  liquor  trade.  We  are 
not  only  thinking  about  the  legalized  liquor  trade,  but  we  have  seen  some- 
thing behind  it  and  infinitely  more  to  be  concerned  about  at  the  moment  than 
even  the  trade  itself,  for  when  you  approach  this  great  question  of  drinking, 
whether  it  is  in  Canada  or  in  the  United  States  of  America,  or  whether  it  is 
across  the  sea  in  Europe  or  whether  it  is  in  those  uttermost  parts  of  the 
earth  beneath  the  Southern  Cross,  we  find  the  same  thing  to  be  true,  that  the 
deadly  work  of  alcoholism  knows  no  color,  respects  no  race,  can  not  be  limited 
by  creed  and  can  not  be  confined  by  tongue.  We  find  that  the  legalized 
liquor  trade  and  the  drink  habit  are  the  same  the  world  around.  Some  times 
we  question  that  statement  a  bit  but  those  of  us  who  have  been  privileged 
to  travel  over  this  whole  world,  have  come  to  see  that  the  work  of  the 
legalized  trade  in  drink  is  the  same  everywhere  and  that  alcohol  is  the  dev- 
astating, destroying  agency,  physically  and  mentally  and  spiritually  and 
socially,  of  every  race  under  the  sun. 

How  is  this  great  terrible  problem  of  ours  to  be  solved?  We  have  just 
listened  to  one  of  the  most  remarkable  documents  which  doubtless  has  ever 
been  written,  as  to  the  way  in  which  it  was  solved  in  the  United  States  of 
America,  and  I  want  to  say  very  humbly  but  very  certainly  tonight  that  the 

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same   general   principles,   though   perhaps   not  always   the   same   methods   of 
work,  will  be  the  solution  of  the  drink  problem  in  every  country  of  the  world. 

How  did  we  solve  it?  May  I  be  permitted  to  sum  it  up  in  just  a  word  or 
two?  First  of  all,  if  you  go  back  into  the  history  of  the  temperance  reform 
movement,  which  extended  very  little  more  than  a  hundred  years,  so  far  as 
actual  activities  are  concerned  in  the  United  States  of  America,  you  will  find 
that  the  one  great  idea  upon  the  part  of  the  advocates  of  this  reform  was  to 
get  the  man  away  from  the  drink.  I  do  not  know  how  it  might  work  in  some 
other  countries,  but  it  was  too  slow  a  process  for  the  Yankee,  and  he  said,  "I 
am  perfectly  willing  to  go  on  trying  to  get  the  man  away  from  the  drink  by 
pledge  signing,  by  temperance  crusades,  by  every  means  that  is  humanly  pos- 
sible, but  the  sensible  thing  is  to  first  get  the  drink  away  from  the  man,  and 
then  you  will  give  the  man  a  chance  to  get  away  from  the  drink."  There  is 
not  one  of  us  here  tonight  but  who  in  our  own  personal  experience  knows  full 
well  that  many  of  us  have  wandered  down  the  road  of  Jericho  and  have  had  to 
pick  up  those  who  have  fallen  by  the  way,  and  with  Samaritanlike  kindness 
we  have  placed  them  again  upon  the  beast  and  sent  them  upon  the  highway 
of  human  experience,  only  to  find  that  they  fell  and  fell  and  fell  again;  because 
that  was  a  very  large  tribe  of  robbers  on  the  road  to  Jericho.  So  in  that  first 
great  movement  to  get  the  man  to  give  up  the  drink  we  laid  doubtless  the 
great  foundation  upon' which  the  whole  structure  of  our  reform  is  to  be  built; 
for  even  now  in  the  United  States  of  America,  although  we  have  the  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution  of  our  Republic,  we  know  that  its  provisions  can  only 
be  safeguarded  as  we  have  a  total  abstaining  American  citizenship  to  back 
them. 

What  then  did  we  learn?  We  learned  that  if  that  process  was  too  slow 
we  must  take  up  something  else  and  we  naturally  turned  to  the  great  question 
of  alcohol  itself.  We  had  no  adequate  definition  as  to  what  alcohol  really  was. 
Edinborough  had  not  then  given  us  Caleb  W.  Saleeby.  We  had  no  man  like 
Sir  Victor  Horsely.  We  had  no  person  to  tell  us  the  truth  about  alcohol.  May 
I  say  it  was  the  women  who  persistently  and  insistently  and  consistently  de- 
manded a  definition  of  alcohol;  and  when  we  found  that  alcohol  was  a  racial 
poison,  narcotic  poison,  that  it  never  had  been  a  stimulant  and  never  could  be 
a  food,  we  went  forth  to  say,  "Perhaps  we  can't  impose  that  scientific  teaching 
upon  the  man  who  has  drunk  for  twenty  or  thirty  or  forty  or  fifty  years;  but 
we  can  go  into  the  public  schools  of  our  republic  and  demand  that  in  the  teach- 
ing of  physiology  and  hygiene  the  children  shall  be  taught  the  evil  effects  of 
alcohol  upon  the  body."  And  when  I  am  asked  to  put  my  finger  upon  the  thing 
which  made  Prohibition  a  reality  in  the  United  States  of  America,  I  nave  no 
hesitancy  in  saying  that  it  came  about  by  scientific  temperance  instruction  in 
the  public  schools  of  our  country. 

And  why?  Because  we  were  able  to  rear  in  the  United  States  of 
America  a  great  total  abstaining  citizenship  out  of  which  we  could  elect 
total  abstaining  legislators  until  we  had  enough  of  them  in  State  legisla- 
tures and  in  Congress  to  give  us  Prohibition  legislation.  But  we  came  to  see 
there  was  something  else  besides  scientific  temperance  instruction  that  was 
necessary.  Again,  we  realized  that  it  would  take,  the  rearing  of  a  generation 

209 


and  possibly  still  yet  another  generation  before  we  could  hope  for  the  enact- 
ment of  that  legislation  which  would  bring  to  us  our  desire.  What  did  we 
find?  We  found  that  even  while  we  were  looking  for  another  ally,  that  ally 
was  by  our  side.  The  great  philanthropic  agencies  of  our  republic  came  to 
see  that  you  could  not  solve  other  problems  in  the  social  life  of  the  people 
without  taking  into  consideration  the  drink  evil  and  its  relationship  to  such 
problems.  Only  a  few  years  ago  I  stood  on  the  platform  at  a  great  gathering 
when  the  editor  of  the  Survey,  which  is  perhaps  the  greatest  of  our  social 
service  papers  in  the  United  States  of  America,  preceded  me  in  the  delibera- 
tions of  that  great  Congress,  and  during  his  wonderful  address  he  made  this 
statement:  "Poverty  always  led  to  drink."  When  I  got  up  to  make  my  speech 
I  said  I  wanted  for  a  moment  to  disagree  with  my  good  friend  who  had  pre- 
ceded me.  I  said  I  was  willing  to  grant  that  at  least  occasionally  poverty 
did  lead  to  drink,  but  in  every  instance,  drink  led  to  poverty.  I  went  on  to 
say,  it  was  not  merely  the  poverty  of  purse  but  it  was  the  poverty  of  physical 
resource,  the  poverty  of  intellectual  powers,  the  poverty  of  social  work,  and 
the  poverty  of  spiritual  life.  There  has  never  been  any  evil  in  the  world 
that  has  so  attacked  the  four-fold  powers  of  man,  physically,  intellectually, 
socially  and  spiritually,  as  has  drink. 

But  these  social  workers  soon  came  to  see,  in  their  philanthropic  under- 
takings, how  this  question  was  all  tied  up  with  drink.  In  the  old  days  when 
we  used  to  make  surveys,  and  now  in  these  latter  days  when  you,  my  friends 
of  Europe  and  of  Great  Britain,  are  still  making  surveys,  we  used  to  find  that 
in  our  great  cities  anywhere  from  seventy  to  ninety-five  per  cent  of  all  the 
appeals  for  public  relief  were  due  to  drink,  and  I  could  give  you  some  per- 
centages even  higher  than  that.  You  know  in  the  old  days  they  used  to  say 
that  the  United  States  was  wealth  mad.  We  still  hear  that  sometimes,  but 
now,  socially  at  least,  we  are  being  told  that  we  are  health  mad.  I  would 
rather  be  health  mad  than  wealth  mad,  for  what  is  the  good  of  a  nation's 
wealth  if  the  nation  has  not  got  health  to  use  that  wealth?  We  spent  more 
than  any  other  country  in  the  safeguarding  of  our  own  public  health,  but 
what  did  we  find,  friends?  We  found  that  the  greater  percentage  of  all 
diseases  known  to  the  physicians  of  our  country  that  had  to  be  taken  care  of 
by  the  people  of  the  country,  could  be  directly  traced  to  drink.  Now,  the 
American,  or  at  least  the  man  from  the  United  States  of  America,  is  always 
accused  of  thinking  in  the  dollar  sign. 

I  am  not  willing  to  admit  that  the  dollar  sign  is  the  emblem  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  the  land  of  my  adoption,  but  even  if  I  was  willing  for 
the  sake  of  argument  to  grant  that  it  was  true  I  would  want  to  say  to  you 
that  when  it  becomes  the  dollar  sign  in  the  matter  of  taxes,  then  every  citizen 
has  the  right  to  know  where  his  money  goes  in  this  republic.  And  if  in  that 
consideration  the  great  philanthropic  organizations  of  the  United  States 
were  able  to  make  a  contribution  as  to  the  solution  of  the  drink  evil,  by  show- 
ing us  how  we  were  being  taxed  to  take  care  of  the  finished  product  of  the 
liquor  traffic,  then  in  the  combined  force  of  the  philanthropic  organizations 
of  our  Republic  we  had  a  mighty  ally. 

The  next  great  step  which  was  taken  in  our  country  was  the  winning  of 

210 


industry  to  the  support  of  our  cause.  First  we  gained  scientific  temperance, 
second  the  assault  of  organized  philanthropy,  and  then  the  great  movement 
on  the  part  of  the  industrial  world.  Here  came  a  platform  that  appealed  to 
both  capital  and  labor.  I  don't  know  how  it  may  be  here  in  Canada,  but 
down  in  my  country  it  is  a  little  difficult  for  us  to  get  capital  and  labor  very 
often  on  the  same  platform.  But  here  was  a  platform  they  could  agree  upon. 
Oh,  yes,  you  say,  the  capitalists  wanted  Prohibition  because  of  the  increased 
production,  because  of  the  increased  efficiency,  because  of  the  lessening  of 
waste,  because  of  the  lessening  of  accident.  But  we  heard  responses  to  the  call 
from  the  laboring  man  as  well.  Why?  Because  the  legalized  liquor  trade  was 
the  greatest  blow  to  the  workingman.  In  the  old  days  in  the  city  of  Glasgow, 
my  Scotch  friends  here  will  remember,  there  used  to  be  an  old  character  who 
preached  temperance  regularly.  You  could  always  see  him  on  a  Saturday 
night  and  almost  always  on  a  Sunday  afternoon.  On  one  occasion  when  he 
was  preaching  very  earnestly  for  total  abstinence  he  was  surrounded  by  a 
group  of  old  cronies,  who  had  been  sent  down  by  the  public  housekeepers  to 
heckle  him.  As  you  know,  all  Scotchmen  are  theologians  by  birth.  One  of 
them  said  to  him,  "Do  you  believe  in  miracles?"  "Aye,  I  believe  in  miracles." 
"Well,  noo,  do  you  believe  in  that  miracle  that  tells  you  that  the  Lord  Him- 
self made  the  water  into  wine?"  "Aye,  I  believe  in  that  miracle."  "Well, 
how  do  you  explain  it?"  "Oh,"  he  said,  "I  explain  it  this  way;  that  I  am 
quite  willing  you  should  have  all  the  wine  that  you  can  get  made  out  of 
water.  What  you  really  want  to  think  about  is  not  ancient  miracles  that 
happened  two  thousand  years  ago,  but  you  want  to  think  about  modern 
miracles,"  and  then  looking  down  into  their  faces  he  said,  "But  if  you  will 
coom  up  to  ma'  hoose  I'll  show  you  a  modern  miracle."  "Ye  will?"  they 
said.  "Aye,  I  will."  "What  will  it  be?"  "Ah,"  he  said,  "I'll  show  you  four 
quarts  of  whisky  turned  into  blankets."  Dear  friends,  it  was  this  modern 
miracle  that  gave  to  us  the  labor  vote  of  the  United  States  of  America  for 
Prohibition. 

A  few  weeks  ago  I  stood  in  a  great  company  of  students  in  the  city  of 
Johannesburg  in  South  Africa.  Hundreds  had  come  in  and  hundreds  were 
waiting  to  come  in  and  there  was  no  room.  They  were,  of  course,  students 
full  of  fun,  like  students  of  every  nation.  They  had  decorated  that  great 
assembly  hall  in  my  honor,  but  it  was  not  decorated  with  the  beautiful  flags 
which  we  behold  here  tonight.  The  famous  and  the  most  noted  beer  of 
all  South  Africa  is  called  "Castle"  beer  and  there  were  at  least  a  hundred 
Castle  beer  posters  all  around  that  assembly  hall.  On  the  platform  there  was 
an  empLy  whisky  keg,  and  on  the  table  there  was  a  whisky  bottle,  but  nothing 
in  it.  Of  course,  they  were  very  anxious  to  see  how  the  little  woman  from 
America  would  take  a  situation  of  that  kind,  and  as  I  stepped  out  after  the 
introduction  by  the  President  of  the  University  I  looked  steadfastly  all  around 
the  room  and  said,  "Your  posters  give  me  the  text  of  my  discourse,"  and  then, 
there  was  a  huge  howl  and  a  "great  yell  went  up.  I  said,  "You  know,  it  was 
because  in  the  United  States  of  America  we  decided  to  quit  building  castles 
for  brewers  and  to  begin  shingling  our  own  houses  that  we  got  Prohibition." 

Labor  and  capital  came  to  see  that  they  could  agree  upon  this  one  thing: 

211 


that  the  liquor  trade  and  the  appetite  caused  by  alcoholism  was  the  greatest 
enemy  to  both  their  interests;  and  there  we  have  the  economic  contribution  to 
the  solution  of  our  great  problem  in  the  United  States  of  America.  Scientific 
temperance  instruction,  the  cooperation  of  the  philanthropic  organizations, 
the  definite  affiliation  of  the  great  industrial  and  economic  interests,  yes,  and 
one  other  thing:  The  granting  of  the  suffrage  to  women  on  equal  terms  with 
men. 

Dr.  Landrith  said  that  he  was  mighty  glad  the  18th  amendment  was 
passed  before  the  19th  because,  he  said,  had  it  been  otherwise  we  women 
would  never  let  up  on  you  men  by  telling  you  that  we  did  it.  I  want  to  say 
right  here  and  now  that  we  did  do  it.  I  want  to  ask  you  men  from  Colorado, 
did  you  have  Prohibition  first  or  woman  suffrage?  I  want  to  ask  you  men 
from  Oregon,  did  you  have  Prohibition  first  or  woman  suffrage?  I  could  go 
en  with  the  list,  and  show  how  we  women  helped  you  do  it.  If  it  would  give 
you  any  comfort  to  think  that  you  men  did  it,  I  am  willing  to  admit  it  for 
the  sake  of  argument,  but  I  will  say  to  you,  "you  can't  keep  it  without  us." 
You  must  have  the  woman's  ballot  as  you  have  the  woman's  prayer.  You 
must  have  the  crystallization  of  those  prayers  and  tears  at  the  ballot  box,  by 
her  vote  to  keep  the  magnificent  law  of  the  18th  amendment  upon  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  of  America. 

And  my  friends  of  Canada,  they  can't  get  along  without  you  women  up 
here  either.  They  need  your  vote  and  they  have  your  vote;  and  they  need 
more  votes  than  they  have  ever  had,  until  you  can  dry  up  Quebec  and  British 
Columbia,  and  dry  up  all  the  breweries  and  the  distilleries  as  well  as  the 
saloons,  with  that  sacred  thing  we  call  the  ballot. 

.  And  then  we  have  the  church.  Dear  friends,  do  you  think  that  I  mean 
that  in  the  narrow  secular  sense?  No.  I  think  perhaps  we  might  say  that 
the  religions  of  the  earth  are  coming  to  see  the  necessity  for  abolition  of  the 
narrow  selfish  instinct.  I  know  that  sometimes  it  seems  difficult  in  the  old 
lands  to  get  the  churches  to  see  the  bigness  of  the  problem  of  the  establishing 
of  Christ's  kingdom  upon  the  earth.  I  know  that  they  fail  to  remember  that 
when  Christ  himself  would  teach  that  truth  for  all  generations.  He  taught 
it  when  the  disciples  brought  to  him  "a  coin  in  their  hands.  I  suppose  the 
matter  of  taxes  was  a  great  question  in  those  days  as  it  still  is,  and  literally 
what  those  disciples  said  was,  "Shall  we  pay  our  taxes?"  And  what  did  our 
Master  answer?  He  said  "Whose  superscription  is  upon  the  coin?"  And 
they  answered  "Caesar's."  Down  through  the  centuries  His  answer  comes: 
"Render  unto  Caesar  the  things  that  are  Caesar's,  and  unto  God  the  things 
that  are  God's."  May  I  give  a  little  translation  of  that  for  modern  use? 
"Render  to  the  Government  the  things  which  are  the  Government's,  and  unto 
the  Church  the  things  which  are  the  Church's  for  Church  and  government 
must  be  for  God  or  they  cannot  be  at  all." 

Now,  I  said  a  little  while  ago  that  what  I  thought  brought  about  the 
great  and  wonderful  victory  in  the  United  States  of  America  was  the  same 
thing  that  would  bring  it  about  in  every  country  under  the  sun.  These  great 
groups  are  manifestations  of  strength  and  power  in  every  civilized  country. 
They  came  to  light  their  torch  at  the  light  of  the  Gallilean.  And  you  have 

212 


come  from  Asia  and  from  Europe,  from  the  isles  of  the  sea;  here  the  Orient 
and  the  Occident  have  met.  We  have  come  to  light  our  torches  at  the  altar 
of  Prohibition.  What  is  our  coming  together  to  you,  dear  friends? 

A  few  years  ago  there  was  exhibited  in  New  England  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  pictures  which  I  have  ever  seen.  It  was  a  picture  of  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg.  The  picture  was  exhibited  for  three  days  in  succession  in  one  of 
our  large  art  galleries.  On  the  first  day  my  husband  and  I  were  invited  by 
an  artist  friend  to  go  down  and  look  at  it  and  we  did.  With  his  ability  he 
interpreted  to  us  the  mighty  movements  of  that  great  fight.  Something  so 
gripped  us  and  fascinated  us  that  on  the  next  day  when  my  husband  sug- 
gested that  we  go  again  I  was  glad  to  return;  and  on  the  second  day  I  noticed 
again  as  I  had  noticed  the  day  previous,  an  old  man  sitting  in  the  uniform  of 
the  blue  of  the  North  and  as  I  looked  at  him  closely  I  saw  in  his  coat  the 
bronze  button  which  means  so  much  to  the  men  of  my  Northland.  The  third 
day  we  returned  and  I  think  both  of  us  were  more  interested  in  the  old  man 
than  we  were  in  the  picture.  I  sat  and  watched  the  play  of  feelings  upon  his 
features.  I  saw  the  tears  start  in  his  eyes  and  fall  unbidden  upon  the  wooden 
floor.  My  husband  reached  forward  and  placed  his  hand  upon  the  shoulder 
of  the  old  man  and  looking  down  into  his  face  he  said,  "It's  a  great  picture, 
sir."  And  the  man  looked  at  us,  dazed  for  a  moment,  and  then  cried,  "Picture, 
a  picture,  sir!  It  was  a  fight  and  I  was  there."  Some  day  there  will  be 
painted  upon  the  canvas  of  time  the  great  fight  of  the  liquor  traffic.  That  is 
the  greatest  fight  that  has  ever  been  waged  between  the  forces  of  right  and 
the  forces  of  wrong.  Your  son  and  my  son  and  their  son's  sons  may  come 
to  gaze  upon  that  picture.  It  will  suffice  for  me  to  know  that  in  their  veins 
flows  the  blood  of  one  who  was  there  and  sought  to  bring  to  pass  the  King- 
dom of  God  among  the  kingdoms  of  the  earth. 


PROHIBITION  IN  THE  PROVINCE  OF  ONTARIO 

By  HON.  E.  C.  DRURY,  Prime  Minister  of  Ontario 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  my  task  tonight  is  to  tell  for  this 
World's  Congress  the  progress,  the  origin,  and  not  the  conclusion,  but  the 
present  state  of  temperance  legislation  in  the  Province  of  Ontario  and  in  so 
doing  while  I  may  speak  only  for  the  Province,  yet  I  think  it  is  the  most  im- 
portant province  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  a  province  comprising  not  only 
approximately  one-third  of  the  population  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  but  a 
province  that  has  been  in  more  senses  than  one,  the  heart  of  the  whole  Do- 
minion and  has  set  the  pace  of  thought  for  East  and  West. 

In  speaking  of  Prohibition  as  it  is  now  in  the  Province  of  Ontario  I  must 
ike  you  back  over  the  origin  of  the  movement  and  show  you  how  it  began, 
low  it  was  carried  on,  how  it  was  brought  to  a  successful  conclusion.  We 
ive  produced  very  few  outstanding  men  as  leaders  in  the  prohibitory  effort 
re  owe  Prohibition  here  not  to  the  efforts  of  any  organization;  Prohibition 
las  rather  been  an  outcome  of  thought  in  the  minds  and  hearts  of  those  who 
jally  set  the  pace  of  thought  in  -the  Province  of  Ontario. 

To  understand  this  I  must  take  you  back  to  our  origin,  because  Ontario 
iad  an  origin  of  which  I  think  we  may  be  proud.     Our  first  English-speaking 

213 

I 


people  came  from  the  United  States  of  America,  when  you  had  that  little 
difference;  and  now  we  think  you  were  right  in  it.  They  came  across  the 
line,  because  they  thought  that  it  was  a  better  climate  up  here  and  would 
suit  them  better  in  many  ways,  and  they  were  wonderful  people,  loyal  to  the 
United  Empire.  Then  fifteen  or  twenty  years  later  came  another  immigra- 
tion— the  last  of  the  yeomen  from  England  and  other  parts  of  the  British 
Isles,  who  left  the  British  Isles  in  the  depression  following  the  Napoleonic 
wars;  again  through  the  thirties  and  forties  there  was  another  large  immigra- 
tion from  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  the  Crofters,  and  some  who  were  not 
Crofters,  owing  to  the  encroachment  of  the  landed  proprietors.  These  people 
formed  the  thought  and  sentiment  of  the  Province  of  Ontario.  They  form 
it  still.  I  think  to  understand  how  the  temperance  feeling  has  grown  in  this 
Province  we  must  understand  something  of  those  people  who  set  the  pace 
once  for  all  in  the  Province.  They  were  men  of  high  ideals.  They  were  men 
and  women  intensely  religious.  They  were  men  and  women  who  were  de- 
termined here  to  found  a  country  where  their  children  would  enjoy  what 
was  best,  but  they  brought  with  them  the  drinking  customs  of  their  parent 
land.  Those  drinking  customs  continued.  Forty  years  ago  this  province  was 
literally  saturated  with  liquor.  I  could  take  you  to  one  typical  township  with 
which  I  am  thoroughly  familiar.  Thirty  years  ago  in  this  township  in  the  Prov- 
ince of  Ontario,  with  4,500  people,  there  were  seventeen  licensed  places  selling 
liquor  and  doing  a  good  business.  In  a  neighboring  town  of  5,000  people  there 
were  eleven  or  twelve  places  selling  liquor.  There  were  three  breweries  run- 
ning full  blast.  And  there  was  in  every  neighborhood  and  there  was  in  every 
town,  not  one  but  a  dozen  examples  of  the  effects  of  those  agencies.  There 
were  women,  bedraggled,  careworn,  in  every  town;  there  were  children,  under- 
fed or  underclothed,  in  every  schoolhouse;  there  were  paupers  in  every 
municipality,  and  the  one  answer  to  all  those  things  was  drink.  There  were 
men  who  drank  themselves  out  of  funds;  and  what  was  true  of  that  locality 
was  true  in  an  even  greater  degree  of  almost  every  neighborhood,  every  town- 
ship, every  town,  in  the  Province  of  Ontario.  But  there  was  moving  among 
the  people  a  determination  to  get  rid  of  the  thing  that  they  saw  was  working 
evil.  It  wasn't  carried  on  by  men  who  could  contribute  a  hundred  dollars  a 
month.  It  wasn't  carried  on  by  men,  many  of  whom  could  have  contributed 
one  dollar  a  month  without  feeling  it.  It  was  carried  on  by  the  rank  and  file 
of  those  people,  the  children  of  the  original  settlers  of  the  Province  of  On- 
tario, who  saw  an  evil  thing,  who  set  themselves  to  root  it  out,  and  with 
what  result?  I  will  return  again  to  my  typical  township  where  the  evidences 
of  drink  were  visible  on  every  side.  By  and  by  they  tried  a  little  Prohibition 
and  they  failed  in  it.  I  will  give  you  the  history  of  that  in  a  minute.  And  by 
and  by  there  came  a  thing  called  local  option  and  they  passed  it,  but  when 
they  passed  it  they  passed  it  as  a  matter  of  form,  to  show  they  were  on  the 
right  side  of  the  question,  because  local  sentiment  working  in  each  little  com- 
munity had  wiped  out  every  license  in  that  township  before  they  passed  local 
option.  In  that  township  today  you  could  take  a  vote  on  prohibitory  legisla- 
tion and  you  would  get  nine-tenths  of  the  people  to  vote  for  it,  the  sons  of 
men  who  went  home  on  market  day  drunk,  the  sons  of  the  men  who  sup- 

214 
I 


ported  the  17  licensed  drinking  places,  the  sons  of  the  men  who  kept  three 
breweries  busy.  And  that  is  what  took  place  up  and  down  the  side  lines  in 
the  Province  of  Ontario,  not  by  any  forceful  leader  working  but  by  the 
efforts  of  dozens  and  hundreds  of  earnest  men  and  women  who  each  did  the 
thing  that  lay  nearest  at  their  hands.  The  sentiment  was  cultivated,  and 
spread,  by  the  little  temperance  lodges,  the  Sons  of  Temperance  and  the 
Good  Templars  and  all  the  other  organizations.  It  was  spread  in  the  church 
organizations,  and  perhaps  a  little  result  came  out  of  teaching  temperance  in 
the  schools.  But  I  think  the  bigger  thing  gained  them,  bigger  than  the 
scientific  truth,  and  that  was  to  wipe  out  the  misery  that  they  saw.  The  net 
result  of  it  was  that  the  people  who  made  Ontario  became  progressively  con- 
vinced of  the  Tightness  of  doing  away  with  the  liquor  traffic;  and  at  the  present 
time  the  people  who  made  Ontario  stand  solidly  in  favor  of  keeping  it  where 
we  have  got  it.  In  nearly  every  case  if  you  will  analyze  the  vote  you  will 
find  that  the  opposition  to  prohibitory  measures  is  found  in  those  localities, 
in  those  centers,  in  the  Province  of  Ontario  peopled  most  largely  by  people 
who  are  not  of  the  stock  of  Ontario,  who  have  not  yet  got  our  viewpoint, 
who  are  in  process  of  assimilation,  and  you  will  find  that  the  strength  of  the 
Prohibition  movement  is  found  in  the  native  born  Ontarian. 

Prohibition  in  the  Province  of  Ontario  is  not  an  experiment.  The  people 
tried  it  in  small  bits,  and  the  more  they  saw  of  it  the  better  they  liked  it.  It 
was  not  a  thing  that  was  plunged  upon  us  without  trying.  We  had  many 
cases  of  temperance  legislation. 

In  1864  the  Duncan  Act  introduced  by  Christopher  Duncan  gave  local 
option  to  municipalities  in  old  Canada,  in  Ontario  and  Quebec,  upper  and 
lower  Canada.  That  was  before  confederation.  It  was  .adopted  in  10  counties 
and  12  townships  during  that  first  ten  years.  It  is  still  in  force  in  a  few 
townships.  That  law  merely  forbids  the  selling  of  liquor. 

In  1878  the  Scott  Act  applied  local  option  to  all  Canada,  but  confined  it 
to  the  counties  and  cities  and  judicial  districts.  Down  to  1883  it  had  been 
carried  in  25  counties  and  two  cities  in  Ontario.  There  were  many  difficulties 
of  enforcement,  and  well  I  remember  those  difficulties  of  enforcement,  because 
when  the  Scott  Act  was  introduced  a  deliberate  attempt  was  made  to  discredit 
it  by  breaking  it,  and  it  didn't  matter  how  much  it  cost  to  break  it,  the  or- 
ganized liquor  forces  were  determined  to  break  it  and  discredit  it  in  the  eyes 
of  the  people.  I  remember  the  almost  solid  front  of  those  who  were  opposing 
it.  I  remember  the  state  approaching  civil  war  in  some  sections  in  connection 
with  the  carrying  out  of  the  Scott  Act.  It  is  still,  however,  in  force  in  a 
few  counties,  but  in  1890  a  local  option  law  was  passed  in  the  Province  of 
Ontario  and  under  that  law  local  Prohibition  hiade  steady  progress.  Under 
this  law  up  to  1905,  187  municipalities  out  of  the  794  in  the  Province  of  On- 
tario had  gone  dry. 

In  1916  when  the  Ontario  Temperance  Act  was  passed  the  dry  munici- 
palities numbered  574  out  of  a  total  of  851  or  a  majority  of  297  municipalities 
and  that  was  under  what  was  known  here  as  the  Three-Fifths  vote.  Perhaps 
it  was  wise.  I  don't  know,  but  the  law  required,  in  order  that  the  thing  should 
be  safe,  that  three-fifths  of  the  people  should  vote  in  favor  of  no-license.  If 

215 


there  had  been  no  three-fifths  requirement,  local  Prohibition  would  have 
been  in  force  in  Ontario,  in  661  municipalities  out  of  851,  or  a  majority  of  475 
municipalities  in  that  Province.  That  proves  how  the  people  of  Ontario 
liked  Prohibition  as  they  got  a  taste  of  it.  That  shows  how,  in  spite  of  dif- 
ficulties, they  hung  to  the  principles.  It  wasn't  the  work  of  temperance 
cranks.  It  wasn't  the  work  of  men  who  believed  that  this  was  the  only  evil 
in  the  world,  and  it  is  not  the  only  evil  in  the  world.  It  was  not  the  work  of 
men  who  believed  that  eternal  salvation  was  found  in  total  abstinence,  but  it 
was  the  work  of  men  who  saw  an  evil  thing  in  front  of  them  and  went  out 
with  the  determination  to  smash  it,  not  with  any  idea  of  interfering  with  the 
liberty  of  their  fellow  citizens  but  to  save  the  women  and  to  save  the  children 
who  were  suffering  all  around  them.  It  was  the  work  of  men  who  opened 
their  eyes  to  conditions  and  made  up  their  minds  that  an  obstruction  of  that 
sort  should  not  and  must  not  obtain.  During  those  years  the  people  of  the 
Province  of  Ontario  several  times  had  a  chance  to  express  themselves  on 
total  Prohibition,  either  province-wide  or  dominion-wide.  I  don't  know  how 
it  is  in  other  countries  but  politicians — I  suppose  I  am  one  of  them  perforce — 
have  always  in  this  country  at  least  been  a  little  cautious.  They  didn't  want 
to  commit  themselves  because  it  might  cost  them  something,  so  they  shunted 
themselves  behind  plebiscites  taken  to  see  which  way  the  wind  blew,  then 
after  having  gone  to  the  plebiscite  they  didn't  do  anything  with  it,  and  trusted 
that  the  people  would  count  that  unto  them  for  righteousness. 

In  1894  we  had  a  provincial  plebiscite  on  the  question  of  Prohibition  and 
there  were  cast  in  that  plebiscite  for  Prohibition  192,000  votes  and  against 
Prohibition  140,000  votes,  giving  a  clear  majority  for  Prohibition  of  52,000. 
That  vote  was  taken  on  a  municipal  franchise  with  12,402  women  who  voted; 
and  if  we  should  give  all  the  women  to  the  Prohibition  column  we  find  that 
the  men  of  Ontario  were  in  favor  of  Prohibition  at  that  time  by  an  over- 
whelming majority. 

In  1898  there  was  a  Dominion  plebiscite  taken.  The  people  had  not  much 
faith  in  it  because  no  action  had  been  taken  following  the  plebiscite  of  1894, 
and  there  was  no  enthusiasm  among  the  temperance  people.  No  women 
voted  at  all,  but  there  was  a  majority  of  39,000,  practically  40,000  men  in  the 
Province  of  Ontario  who  voted  on  principle,  though  they  didn't  believe  they 
would  get  anything  out  of  it.  In  1902  there  was  a  provincial  referendum  on 
the  question  of  Prohibition  and  the  people  said,  "Now,  we  will  get  something." 
They  surely  thought  they  would  get  something.  There  were  no  women 
voting  at  that  time  either.  But  we  carried  it  by  a  majority  of  96,000  men  in 
the  Province  of  Ontario.  I  am  not  saying  that  by  any  means  to  belittle  the 
influence  of  the  women,  because  we  were  ready  to  give  the  women  the  vote 
long  before  they  asked  for  it.  But  we  are  able,  if  we  should  be  deprived  of 
the  valued  help  of  the  women  in  the  Province  today,  to  sustain  Prohibition 
by  the  men's  vote  alone. 

Time  went  on  and  we  had  made  three  parts  of  the  province  dry.  We 
found  ourselves  in  the  throes  of  the  war,  and  temperance  forces  believed  that 
now  is  the  opportune  time  for  the  patriotic  appeal  to  cut  out  the  thing  that 
was  causing  such  immense  wastage  of  our  national  life  and  our  national 

216 


forces;  and  they  made  a  demand  upon  the  government  for  Prohibition  as  a 
war-time  measure  and  got  it.  In  this  connection  I  wish  to  pay  a  tribute  to 
my  predecessor  in  office,  the  then  Premier  Sir  William  Hirsch.  He  had  the 
courage  to  do  what  he  knew  was  right  under  the  circumstances.  That  war- 
time measure  lasted  until  1919.  Its  effects  were  good,  and  in  1919  at  the 
provincial  election  a  referendum  was  taken  as  to  whether  people  of  the 
Province  of  Ontario  wanted  to  continue  it  and  this  time  the  women  voted.  At 
this  election  792,942  of  the  electors  of  the  Province  of  Ontario  said,  "We  want 
to  continue  the  act,"  and  369,434  said,  "We  don't  want  to  continue  it."  The 
Province  as  a  whole  was  in  favor  of  continuing  the  Act  by  more  than  two 
to  one. 

This  was  not  the  result  of  agitation.  It  was  not  a  demand  to  try  a  new 
thing,  but  it  was  the  settled,  expressed  conviction  of  a  people  who  had  tried 
prohibitory  measures,  tried  them  as  far  as  they  could  get  them  and  tried 
them  under  difficulties,  and  from  their  experience  had  come  to  a  settled  con- 
clusion which  they  now  expressed.  On  the  same  ballot  there  were  submitted 
three  other  questions.  It  was  asked:  "Are  you  in  favor  of  the  general  policy 
of  continuing  the  temperance  act,  but  for  the  sale  of  light  wines  and  beer 
through  government  agencies?"  401,000  voters  said  they  wanted  them  sold. 
401,741  said  no,  we  don't  want  them.  Another  question  was  asked:  "Are  you 
in  favor  of  local  option  for  the  sale  of  light  wines  and  beer  in  standard  hotels?" 
686,000  people  said  they  wanted  it.  755,000  people  said  no,  we  don't  want 
that.  Another  question  was  submitted,  "Are  you  in  favor  of  the  sale  of 
spirituous  and  malt  liquors  through  government  agencies?"  450,000  said 
"Yes,  we  are,"  and  696,000  said  "No,  we  don't  want  it." 

At  that  time  it  became  my  task  to  form  a  government  to  carry  on,  to 
enforce  the  law  as  we  found  it  there,  by  the  highest  sanction  that  could 
possibly  be  given.  I  have  never  made  any  secret  of  my  own  personal  con- 
victions. I  have  taken  part  in  Prohibition  campaigns  since  I  was  able  to 
take  part  in  them.  I  graduated  through  the  old  rural  temperance  society  and 
the  church  temperance  society.  I  have  taken  part  in  nearly  every  referendum 
that  I  have  mentioned,  have  done  my  best  to  influence  people  to  vote  for 
what  I  believed  was  right.  It  became  our  task  to  enforce  the  law  as  we 
found  it  on  the  statute  books,  sanctioned  by  the  highest  possible  authorities, 
the  vote  of  the  people. 

We  found  a  difficulty  in  the  way.  A. very  serious  difficulty  it  was.  It 
brings  me  to  the  question  that  my  friend  the  Chairman  has  asked.  Why  we 
can't  help  our  friends  across  the  border  a  little  more?  We  have  in  the 
Dominion  of  Canada  no  prohibitory  laws.  It  is  a  matter  that  has  been  dealt 
with  by  the  provinces.  In  our  division  of  authority  we  have  chosen  to  say 
that  trade  and  commerce  shall  belong  to  the  Dominion  field,  and  retail  sales 
to  the  provincial  field,  and  we  were  faced  by  this  fact  that  although  the 
Province  of  Ontario  said,  "We  don't  want  the  liquor  traffic  in  or  within  our 
border,"  yet  we  could  not  prevent  inter-provincial  trade  without  stepping  be- 
yond the  sphere  of  our  province.  We  could  say  to  a  man  in  Ontario,  "you 
must  not  sell,"  but  we  could  not  say  to  a  man  in  Ontario,  "you  must  not 
buy  from  a  man  in  Manitoba  or  Quebec,"  because  that  would  be  stepping 

217 


Over  the  field  and  interfering  with  inter-provincial  trade  and  commerce.  At 
the  time  the  Ontario  Temperance  Act  was  first  enacted,  or  shortly  after- 
ward, there  was  a  Dominion  war-time  order  forbidding  miter-provincial 
trade.  That  order  was  withdrawn  and  with  its  withdrawal  grew  up  various 
abuses.  Our  system  had  a  short  circuit.  The  importation  of  liquor  was  the 
short  circuit  and  for  over  a  year  the  act  was  made  unenforceable,  principally 
from  the  fact  that  any  man  might  buy  without  the  province.  The  legislature 
of  the  Province  of  Ontario  asked  that  the  matter  be  referred  to  the  people 
and  asked  that  the  vote  of  the  people  should  be  acted  upon,  and  in  April,  1921, 
we  referred  this  question  to  the  people:  "Are  you  in  favor  of  Prohibition  of 
inter-provincial  trade?"  Remember  this  goes  much  further  than  the  original 
Act.  It  strikes  the  man  who  thought  the  saloon  was  a  bad  thing  but  didn't 
think  it  was  a  bad  thing  to  keep  a  little  wine  in  his  cellar.  It  struck  the  rich 
man,  who  could  import  it  but  thought  it  was  a  good  thing  to  keep  it  away 
from  the  workman.  It  was  voting  practically  for  a  bone  dry  province,  and 
yet  when  the  people  had  a  chance  to  vote  on  it,  we  found  540,000  for  it  and 
only  373,000  against  prohibiting  the  inter-provincial  trade. 

Mr.  Chairman,  we  may  take  this  as  the  settled  conviction  of  the  people 
of  the  Province  of  Ontario,  after  years  of  education,  after  years  of  thought 
upon  the  question,  after  years  of  trial  of  various  measures,  after  five  years 
trial  of  the  prohibitory  law,  that  they  wanted  Prohibition  continued  because 
they  believed  it  was  good. 

Are  they  right?  I  believe  they  are  right.  I  believe  that  results  show 
they  are  right.  Let  us  look  at  those  results.  We  know  the  old  fashioned 
argument  against  Prohibition,  that  if  you  removed  one  vice  by  legislation  you 
encouraged  others,  that  if  you  bottled  up  human  wickedness  with  a  cork  in 
one  spot  it  would  go  on  fermenting  and  push  the  bottle  out  in  some  other 
place.  How  does  it  work  out?  Let  us  see  how  it  works  out  in  preventing 
the  very  thing  it  was  designed  to  prevent,  and  that  is  drunkenness.  In  1913, 
before  Prohibition,  there  were  8,363  commitments  to  jail  in  the  Province  of 
Ontario  for  drunkenness.  In  1914  there  were  8,848.  In  1920  there  were  4,511. 
In  1921  there  were  4,719;  and  that  doesn't  take  into  account  this  fact:  That 
before  Prohibition  it  was  not  usual  to  commit  a  man  to  jail  for  drunkenness 
unless  the  crime  was  repeated  time  and  time  again;  so  the  cases  were  much 
more  numerous  than  the  records  show.  That  proves  how  effective  it  is  as  a 
temperance  measure.  They  tell  .you  that  the  bootleg  liquor  is  killing  the 
people,  but  I  find  that  in  1913  in  this  city  of  Toronto  there  were  45  deaths  from 
alcoholism.  In  1914,  31  deaths  from  alcoholism.  In  1920,  in  spite  of  the  un- 
wholesome liquor,  which  the  opponents  of  the  measure  dwell  on,  there  were 
only  15  deaths.  In  1921  there  were  11  deaths.  Meanwhile  the  city  of  Toronto 
has  grown  by  a  good  many  thousand  people. 

Now,  what  about  other  crimes?  Here  again  the  results  are  much  more 
striking  even  than  in  the  case  of  direct  alcoholism.  In  1914  there  were  1,627 
convictions  for  assault  in  the  Province  of  Ontario.  In  1921  there  were  894; 
just  about  half.  Some  people  commit  assault  even  when  they  are  not  drunk, 
and  a  good  many  other  people  feel  like  committing  assault  when  they  don't 
commit  it,  under  certain  provocation.  For  cruelty  to  animals  there  were  1,172 

218 


„ 

» 


convictions  in  1914.  In  1921,  there  were  319;  so  you  see  even  the  brutes  may 
rejoice  when  we  took  away  this  evil  thing. 

For  abusive  language  there  were  166  convictions  in  1914;  103  in  1921. 

For  trespass,  1,982  in  1914;  805  in  1921. 

For  vagrancy,  let  us  take  1914,  a  year  when  there  was  much  more  unem- 
ployment than  there  was  in  1921,  and  you  could  expect  to  see  the  vagrancy 
greater  in  1921;  but  for  vagrancy  there  were  4,703  in  1914;  1,289  in  1921.  You 
have  cut  vagrancy  down  to  one-quarter  of  what  it  was  and  that  is  rather 
striking  when  you  consider  the  economic  conditions  and  industrial  conditions 
during  the  years  compared. 

For  disorderly  conduct  there  were  6,411  convictions  in  1914;' 1,400  in  1921, 
less  than  a  quarter. 

Now,  as  to  keeping  and  frequenting  the  disreputable  places.  I  remember 
when  it  was  said  that  there  were  other  sins  worse  than  drunkenness,  and  so 
there  are,  and  that  if  we  suppressed  the  liquor  traffic  we  would  encourage  the 
social  evil.  What  do  the  police  courts  show?  The  court  records  of  the  Prov- 
ince of  Ontario  bear  out  our  contention.  In  1914  there  were  802  convictions 
for  keeping  or  frequenting  disreputable  places;  in  1921,  only  270.  That  cuts 
it  down  two-thirds;  that  answers  that  criticism. 

For  indecent  conduct,  165  convictions  in  1914  and  55  in  1921.  For  obscene 
language  385  convictions  in  1914  and  183  in  1921,  or  a  total  of  convictions, 
for  these  offenses,  of  17,413  in  1914  and  5,413  in  1921. 

Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  in  the  face  of  those  facts  I  am  convinced  that  Pro- 
hibition is  a  success  and  has  been  a  success  in  the  Province  of  Ontario;  that 
it  is  decreasing  misery,  that  it  is  making  better  men  and  better  women,  that 
it  is  giving  a  chance  to  children  to  grow  up  to  be  better  people  because  of 
better  parents,  and  I  think  we  are  justified  therefore  in  maintaining  this 
policy. 

But  what  about  drugs?  Just  now  they  say,  shut  off  the  alcohol  and  you 
are  bound  to  introduce  the  consumption  of  drugs;  that  if  people  can't  get 
alcohol  for  a  stimulant  they  will  get  stimulants  of  some  sort  and  resort  to 
drugs,  which  are  much  worse.  Again,  how  do  figures  bear  out  this  con- 
tention? Taking  the  whole  of  Canada,  we  find  some  very  notable  things.  Last 
year  the  convictions  in  the  seven  dry  provinces  which  had  a  population  of 
5,890,000,  were  711,  or  12  convictions  per  hundred  thousand  of  population. 
This  was  in  the  dry  provinces  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  The  convictions 
in  the  two  wet  provinces,  which  had  a  population  of  2,888,000,  were  1,153  or 
more  than  the  total  in  the  seven  dry  provinces;  and  these  convictions  averaged 
40  per  hundred  thousand  of  population. 

Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  that  comparison  may  not  be  very  fair  after  all,  be- 
cause that  includes  the  Province  of  British  Columbia  which  has  an  oriental 
problem  and  along  with  it  a  drug  problem.  Perhaps  we  should  compare  the 
two  sister  provinces  of  Ontario  and  Quebec,  under  more  normal  conditions, 
lying  side  by  side,  each  peopled  by  a  great  and  worthy  and  stable  people;  be- 
cause our  French  Canadians  are  just  as  stable,  just  as  settled,  just  as  trust- 
worthy and  just  as  good  in  habits  as  we  are.  So  we  will  compare  those  two 
provinces  where  the  greatest  difference  lies  in  the  fact  that  one  is  under  Pro- 

219 


hibition  and  the  other  is  not  under  Prohibition.  The  convictions  in  Ontario 
numbered  312,  or  10.63  per  hundred  thousand  of  population.  The  convictions 
in  Quebec  were  352,  or  14.86  per  hundred  thousand  of  population.  So  that 
there  was  just  half  as  much  more  use  of  drugs  in  the  Province  of  Quebec  as  in 
the  Province  of  Ontario. 

Mr.  Chairman,  there  is  another  set  of  figures  that  is  equally  instructive. 
Where  conditions  are  right  the  children  get  a  chance  to  go  to  school  and 
are  fed  and  clothed  properly.  Please  bear  in  mind  that  before  we  had  the 
Ontario  Temperance  Act  three-quarters  of  that  province  had  already  gone 
dry  and  they  were  reaping  the  benefit  of  the  Prohibition  policy.  The  old  high 
school  which  'I  used  to  attend  35  or  40  years  ago.  had  120  students  and  the 
district  was  quite  as  populous  as  it  is  now.  There  are  now  over  400  students 
there,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  there  are  continuation  schools  all  around.  In 
the  Province  of  Ontario,  we  had  in  1916,  the  first  year  with  Prohibition  in 
effect,  632,000  school  population.  In  1920  we  had  667,000,  or  an  increase  of  5 
per  cent.  But  in  the  meantime  enrollment  had  increased  in  the  schools  by 
11  per  cent,  and  the  school  attendance  of  those  enrolled,  10  per  cent  more. 
These  figures  are  discounted  because  three  parts  of  the  province  were  dry. 
Let  us  turn  to  a  really  wet  district  and  see  how  it  was  there.  Let  us  turn 
to  the  good  city  of  Toronto  which  has  always  been  against  Prohibition, 
in  certain  districts  at  least,  and  see  how  it  worked  out  in  a  district  that  was 
dry  before  Prohibition  came. 

In  1914  there  were  470,000  children  of  school  age  in  the  city  of  Toronto. 
In  1921  there  were  522,000.  In  1914  there  were  78,000  registered.  In  1921, 
97,000  were  registered.  In  1914  there  were  only  47,000  attending,  on  the 
average.  In  1921  there  were  72,000  attending  on  an  average.  That  is  wonder- 
ful. The  percentage  of  attendance  before  Prohibition  was  60  per  cent.  After 
Prohibition  it  was  increased  to  75  per  cent.  If  we  turn  to  the  high  schools  it 
gives  us  a  better  index.  Attendance  at  the  public  school  is  more  compulsory. 
The  high  school  attendance  speaks  eloquently  of  the  well  being  of  the  child. 
We  find  that  in  1914  in  the  city  of  Toronto  there  were  7,869  pupils  attending 
the  high  schools,  and  in  1921,  19,596. 

The  gross  attendance  of  public  and  high  schools  was  118  per  thousand 
of  population,  in  1914  when  the  city  was  wet.  In  1921,  it  was  175. 

Now,  in  the  face  of  these  figures,  does  any  reasonable  person  ask  whether 
Prohibition  in  the  Province  of  Ontario  has  been  a  success?  But  there  are 
other  things.  How  are  the  people  prospering  in  a  monetary  way? 

Let  us  turn  to  Toronto.  In  1916  Prohibition  came  into  effect  in  Septem- 
ber so  it  did  not  have  much  effect  the  first  year.  In  1916  the  population  was 
460,000.  In  1921  it  was  529,000.  Let  us  compare  the  bank  clearings.  I  sup- 
pose these  speak  the  praise  of  ability  to  buy  and  sell,  the  well  being  of  the 
people  financially  more  than  anything  else.  1916  was  a  "boom"  war  year 
with  everybody  working  overtime,  and  at  top  prices,  with  commodities  being 
interchanged  at  high  prices.  1921  followed  at  the  end  of  two  years  of  de- 
pression, when  we  had  unemployment,  when  we  had  trade  depression,  when 
we  had  men  out  of  work.  The  bank  clearings  in  1916  in  the  city  of  Toronto 
were  $2,571,000,000;  in  1921,  $5.104,000,000.  The  penny  bank  deposits  in  1916 

220 


were  190,000;  in  1921,  430,000.  And  motor  cars,  of  course,  increased  beyond 
number.  Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  in  the  face  of  these  facts,  do  you  think  that  the 
people  of  Ontario  are  going  to  turn  back? 

To  my  mind,  it  is  folly  to  ask  the  question.  Do  you  think  they  are 
going  to  try  another  and  more  dubious  experiment?  The  experiment  of 
government  control?  I  don't  think  so.  Do  you  think  they  are  going  to  try 
the  experiment  of  light  beer  and  wines,  with  the  chance  to  cultivate  a  taste  in 
the  generation  that  is  coming  up?  No.  And  my  own  opinion,  my  own  settled 
conviction  in  the  matter  is  this:  That  what  we  have  has  been  won  over 
years  of  effort  and  experiment  and  trial.  What  we  have  won  has  been  won 
as  the  result  of  the  careful  thought  and  consideration  of  the  people  who  are 
the  heart  of  Ontario,  who  made  it,  who  controlled  it,  who  think  for  it;  and 
what  we  have  we  will  hold  and  what  we  haven't  got  we  will  get.  Things  are 
not  perfect  here  yet.  We  still  have  the  problem  of  keeping  the  United  States 
dry,  and  that  has  proved  not  the  least  of  our  problems.  It  has  demoralized  all 
sections  of  our  province.  Farms  have  risen  in  price  because  of  it.  If  you 
want  to  help  us  across  the  line,  just  put  up  a  little  more  energy  in  keeping 
the  stuff  out,  so  that  we  won't  have  to  put  up  quite  so  much  energy  to  keep 
it  away  from  you. 

Seriously,  we  want  your  help;  we  want  you  not  to  weaken  on  the  thing 
in  the  United  States.  We  want  to  say  we  won  it  here  after  years  of  fighting. 
We  won  it  here  after  years  of  effort.  We  won  it  as  a  result  of  our  convic- 
tion; and  the  thing  that  would  be  most  damaging  to  us  would  be  any  even 
partial  failing  of  the  larger  experiment  that  you  are  trying  across  the  line. 

There  is  no  doubt  of  the  result  here  in  Canada.  We  are  a  slow  moving 
northern  people.  We  never  do  anything  precipitously.  We  think  it  over 
very  carefully,  but  when  we  move  we  move  very  solidly  and  very  surely. 

And  if  I  am  any  judge  whatever  of  public  opinion  in  Canada,  the  move- 
ment of  Prohibition  will  not  end  with  seven  provinces,  but  before  long  the 
people  of  the  other  two  provinces  will  see  the  result  that  we  get.  We  may  have 
a  little  less  revenue  from  liquor  in  the  provincial  treasury.  We  are  not 
worrying  about  that.  We  can  get  plenty  of  revenue  from  other  sources  out 
of  the  prosperity  of  the  people;  but  these  things  are  bound  to  make  them- 
selves felt,  and  you  won't  be  troubled  for  many  years  with  a  Canada  that  is 
partly  wet,  if  you  hold  your  ground  on  the  other  side  of  the  line  as  we  are 
looking  to  you  to  hold  it.  There  never  has  been  a  measure  for  human  well  be- 
ing that  has  produced  the  results  that  the  prohibitory  law  has  produced  in  the 
Province  of  Ontario;  and  the  people  of  Ontario  stand  today  firmer  than  ever  in 
their  conviction  on  the  matter,  firmer  than  ever  in  their  determination  to  make 
a  success  of  the  thing  so  hardly  won. 


THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORM  PROGRESS  IN  SPAIN 

By  REVEREND  FRANKLIN  ALBRECIAS,  Alicante,  Spain 

Madam  President,  ladies  and  gentlemen:  When  I  think  about  the  great- 
ness of  Spain  in  the  past,  I  am  sad.  Spain  is  a  country  that  has  a  beautiful 
history.  At  the  present  moment  Spain  has  nothing  but  history;  but  I  hope 
that  Spain  is  going  to  have  in  the  near  future,  much  more  than  history.  The 

221 


idea  of  the  delegates  from  Europe  in  this  International  Convention  is  the 
same  that  you  have  in  America.  That  which  we  desire,  with  the  most  earnest 
emotions  of  our  soul,  is  the  Prohibition  of  alcohol.  It  is  true  that  in  Europe 
we  are  much  behind  America.  In  many  countries  of  Europe  it  is  very  diffi- 
cult to  work  in  favor  of  the  Prohibition  cause.  When  we  try  to  speak  of 
these  things  to  our  Governments,  we  meet  with  a  little  incredulity,  a  little 
doubt.  You  people  of  America  cannot  understand  how  a  country  can  be 
governed  with  inequality  and  immorality,  but  that  sad  condition  obtains  in 
Spain.  The  politician  of  Spain  is  the  most  disagreeable  and  invulnerable  that 
you  can  imagine.  The  Princes  and  the  Delegates  and  the  Legislators  of 
Spain  are  the  directors  of  the  companies  and  control  the  greatest  works  in 
Spain.  The  -Government  itself  controls  these  businesses  and  influences  them. 
That  is  the  reason  why  the  Government  of  Spain  has  taken  upon  itself  to 
crush  Iceland  beneath  its  political  influence,  as  we  have  heard. 

I  am  going  to  speak  just  now  of  the  propaganda  against  alcohol  in  Spain. 
This  propaganda  has  been  the  work  of  one  particular  Englishman,  Mr. 
Ecroyd.  This  gentleman  sacrificed  his  time  and  his  money  for  the  work 
against  alcohol  in  Spain.  He  gathered  together  some  of  the  best  spirits  in 
Spain  and  went  so  far  as  to  influence  the  Arch  Bishop  of  Arragon.  But 
this  Mr.  Ecroyd-  died  recently.  It  would  be  well  if  the  World  League  Against 
Alcoholism  would  write  the  biography  of  this  worthy  man  of  England. 

The  league  against  alcoholism  in  Spain  spreads  its  propaganda  through 
a  periodical  by  the  name  of  Abstinence.  We  are  unable  to  say  that  we  have 
moved  the  public  opinion  to  any  degree  in  our  favor.  Mr.  Ecroyd  had 
thought  by  appointing  the  Arch  Bishop  of  Arragon  the  whole  of  Spain  or  at 
least  the  clergy  of  Spain  would  follow  him  in  this  movement,  but  the  clergy 
of  Rome  have  not  followed  him  so  far. 

I  am  now  going  to  say  a  few  words  about  the  local  propaganda  in  favor 
of  temperance.  We  have  in  the  city  of  Alicante  one  Prohibition  movement 
of  some  importance.  In  the  schools  we  teach  anti-alcoholic  principles  to 
the  pupils.  We  have  a  school  with  more  than  500  boys  and  150  girls.  We 
have  a  Sunday  school  with  more  than  700  pupils,  which  is  the  largest  Sun- 
day school  in  Spain.  For  the  satisfaction  of  you  who  are  Methodists  I  will 
say  that  our  school  is  a  Methodist  school.  This  work  will  have  great  in- 
fluence upon  the  citizens  of  tomorrw. 

In  the  ports  of  Spain  we  see  men  from  the  North  that  are  entirely 
drunkards,  sots.  It  is  very  common  to  see  this  very  sad  spectacle,  producing 
scandals  and  murders  and  deaths  very  frequently.  It  would  please  us  very 
greatly  were  we  able  to  establish  in  every  one  of  these  ports  marine  homes, 
sc  that  these  seamen  could  have  a  pleasant  place  to  live  and  meet  with  good 
people  and  enjoy  good  surroundings.  You  people  in  America  are  now  about 
to  gain  the  victory  in  this  work  against  alcohol  by  means  of  things  which  we 
do  not  possess  in  Europe.  When  I  saw  the  women  in  this  convention  and 
heard  of  their  work  against  alcohol,  I  thought  that  whenever  the  women  in 
Europe  come  to  work  in  the  same  way  we  shall  have  made  an  immense  step 
forward. 

I  am  convinced  that  this  convention  in  Toronto  will  have  a  great  result 

222 


iii  Europe.  I  feel  that  those  delegates  of  us  from  Europe  who  have  attended 
this  convention  and  have  had  a  part  in  it  will  return  to  Europe  with  very 
great  enthusiasm. 

My  desire  is  very  great  and  exceedingly  profound  that  the  United 
States  of  America  continues  to  be  dry,  and  that  Canada  and  the  other  Gov- 
ernments of  America  shall  follow  the  same  policy,  and  that  Spain  and  the 
other  states  of  Europe  shall  see  very  soon  the  same  results. 

Two  words  more  in  relation  to  things  that  are  quite  important,  and 
then  I  close.  Yesterday  afternoon  the  young  people  who  speak  Spanish 
gathered  together  at  a  lunch.  These  young  people,  mainly  young  people 
in  colleges,  took  action  that  is  very,  very  important.  We  heartily  agreed  to- 
gether that  we  should  arrange  to  reach  all  the  Spanish-speaking  countries 
and  we  arranged  to  send  some  message,  very  hearty  and  very  enthusiastic,  to 
the  students  in  all  the  colleges  and  universities  that  use  the  Spanish  language, 
asking  that  these  young  people  in  the  universities  and  colleges  shall  join 
in  the  great  movement  in  the  Spanish-speaking  parts  of  America,  north  and 
south,  and  in  Spain,  and  I  feel  sure  that  very  many  of  these  young  men  in 
the  Spanish-speaking  colleges  and  universities  will  respond  to  this  invitation, 
and  that  very  soon  there  will  be  a  band  of  soldiers  in  the  universities  to  work 
for  this  cause. 


PRACTICAL  RESULTS  OF  THE  BRITISH  COLUMBIA 
SYSTEM  OF  DEALING  WITH  THE  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC 

By  REVEREND  A.  E.  COOKE,  D.D.,  Vancouver,  B.  C. 
President  Prohibition  Association  of  British  Columbia 

Madam  President,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  have  thirty  minutes  in  which 
to  crowd  the  facts  and  figures  that  would  require  several  hours  to  cover  the 
situation  properly,  but  I  shall  endeavor  to  give  you  as  much  as  possible  in 
that  time. 

Five  years  ago  British  Columbia  became  a  Prohibition  province.  Today 
it  is  under  a  system  of  "Government  Sale  and  Contiol"  of  liquor  for  beverage 
purposes.  Why  the  change?  I  will  point  out  four  main  factors  that  brought 
about  the  change  of  circumstances  in  that  province. 

First,  the  outrageous  use  of  the  prescription  privilege  by  a  number  of 
cur  doctors.  One  doctor  in  Vancouver  City  prescribed  in  one  month  4,100 
prescriptions  of  two  quarts  of  liquor  each.  Four  others  prescribed  over  a 
thousand  each  in  the  same  period. 

The  second  thing  was  the  importation  of  unlimited  supplies  of  liquor 
from  other  provinces  and  other  countries. 

Third,  the  absolute  failure  of  our  Government  to  enforce  the  law  after 
the  first  year. 

And,  fourth,  the  misleading  ballot  that  was  placed  before  our  people  in 
the  referendum. 

These  were  the  main  causes  of  overturn  which  led  multitudes  of  unthink- 
ing people  to  vote  for  a  change  in  the  system. 

What  are  the  results?     First,  and  foremost,  the  Government  of  British 

223 


Columbia  today  is  in  the  whisky  business,  in  spite  of  the  positive  assurance 
oi"  the  moderationists  that  such  a  thing  would  be  forever  impossible.  They 
are  involved  to  the  extent  of  64  government  liquor  stores,  three  large  gov- 
ernment warehouses  and  an  annual  turnover  estimated  at  over  $12,000,000  a 
year.  They  are  in  it  not  only  to  sell  to  everyone  for  beverage  purposes, 
everyone  over  twenty-one,  but  they  are  in  it  for  profit.  In  the  estimates  for 
this  year  and  the  next  year  in  each  case  there  are  two  and  a  half  million 
dollars  included  as  the  government  half  of  the  profits.  These  government 
stores  are  open  six  days  a  week,  even  on  the  half  holiday  when  other  stores 
are  closed,  and  in  them  civil  servants  are  acting  now  as  new  style  bartenders, 
distributing  the  products  of  the  brewers  and  distilleries  of  all  Canada  and  of 
Europe  to  our  people.  The  many  brands  of  liquor  that  are  dispensed  in 
these  stores  are  not  handed  out  in  glasses  and  half  glasses  as  they  used  to 
be  under  license,  but  in  pints,  quarts,  gallons,  cases  and  barrels.  Of  course, 
you  have  to  secure  a  permit  which  costs  five  dollars  a  year,  but  there  has 
been  absolutely  no  limit  to  the  amount  that  you  can  purchase  on  this  permit. 
One  man  got  65  barrels  of  beer  in  a  month;  another  got  96  barrels  in  the 
same  period.  A  woman  got  13  bottles  of  Scotch  whisky,  70  bottles  of  rum 
and  1962  bottles  of  beer  in  86  days.  And  here  is  one  of  these  permits  that 
actually  was  used  by  a  woman,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Magness  of  Hawkes  Avenue, 
Vancouver.  It  is  Number  28029,  duly  authorized  and  signed,  and  covers  bills 
from  June  16  to  October  31  of  last  year.  Each  sale  has  to  be  written 
down  on  the  permit.  The  sales  began  moderately  as  follows:  June  26,  one- 
half  dozen  beer;  June  17,  1  bottle  Scotch,  one-half  dozen  beer,  one  dozen 
beer,  one  bottle  Scotch,  one  dozen  beer,  and  so  on.  On  August  9  she  pur- 
chased five  dozen  beer,  two  bottles  rum;  August  10,  five  dozen  beer,  two 
bottles  Scotch;  August  11,  five  dozen  beer,  two  rum;  August  13,  five  dozen 
beer;  two  bottles  rum;  August  15,  two  bottles  rum,  five  dozen  beer; 
August  16,  five  dozen  beer,  one  bottle  Scotch,  and  so  on  down  the  list 
day  after  day;  and  here  on  September  the  17th  we  have  five  and  a  half 
dozen  beer  and  four  bottles  rum;  September  20th,  five  dozen  beer,  one 
bottle  rum;  September  21,  eight  dozen  beer,  one  bottle  rum.  Now  that 
is  what  we  call  "moderation"  in  British  Columbia.  You  can  see  the  situation. 
This  woman  was  simply  purchasing  that  liquor  to  sell  over  again  when  the 
government  stores  were  closed,  these  orders  were  delivered  by  the  brewery 
on  the  order  of  the  Government  liquor  store,  and  no  man  knows  how  much 
other  liquor  went  along  with  that  order,  upon  which  there  was  no  check 
and  for  which  there  was  no  permit. 

The  Vancouver  World,  the  Government  newspaper  in  Vancouver,  posi- 
tively states  in  an  editorial  on  June  3rd  of  this  year  that  the  sales  through  the 
liquor  stores  are  exceeding  $1,000,000  a  month.  These  sales  are  made  all 
over  the  country,  even  to  orientals,  and  government  stores  have  been  put 
into  certain  districts  where  the  people  indignantly  resented  their  coming  and 
in  spite  of  their  protest. 

Now  what  control  has  the  Government  got  over  the  liquor  that  comes 
into  our  province?  Listen.  The  press  of  Vancouver  on  August  1st  of  this 
year  published  this  statement: 

224 


"During  the  past  three  weeks  over  sixty  thousand  cases  of  liquor  have 
arrived  in  Vancouver  from  Great  Britain,  and  less  than  five  thousand  were 
consigned  to  the  Liquor  Control  Board.  For  sometime  past  Secret  Service 
men  of  the  department  have  been  gathering  information  in  this  respect  and  it 
is  stated  that  over  thirty  instances  of  liquor  being  sold  presumably  for  export 
but  in  reality  being  sent  to  addresses  in  the  city  where  it  has  been  sold, 
have  been  given  to  the  Attorney  General's  Department."  And  there  is  another 
instance,  not  long  after,  of  the  coming  of  a  consignment  of  forty  thousand 
cases  brought  by  the  Steamer  Gladiator,  of  which  only  2,700  were  for  the 
Government  store.  Concerning  this  shipment,  one  authority  said,  "the  Gov- 
ernment does  not  sell  one-half  the  liquor  consumed  in  British  Columbia." 
The  fact  is,  the  Government  of  British  Columbia  controls  neither  the 
manufacture,  importation,  transportation  nor  exportation  of  liquor.  The  dis- 
tillers and  brewers  control  all  these  and  the  only  thing  the  Government 
controls  is  the  cork  in  the  bottle  or  the  bung  in  the  barrel,  until  it  gets  out- 
side the  doors  of  the  Government  store,  just  the  very  point  where  all  the 
trouble  and  confusion  begins. 

The  Government  is  merely  acting  as  the  salesman  for  the  distillers 
and  brewers,  controlling  about  fifty  per  cent  of  the  retail  end  of  the  trade,  the 
bootleggers  controlling  the  rest.  I  have  not  time  to  show  you  how  booze 
is  getting  back  into  politics  already,  but  it  already  is  claimed  that  instead  of 
the  Government  controlling  liquor,  liquor  is  beginning  to  control  Govern- 
ment. There  is  another  fact  I  can  only  mention  in  passing,  which  is  that 
the  public  conscience  and  the  public  spirit  are  being  debauched  by  the  di- 
vision of  liquor  profits  between  the  Government  and  the  municipalities,  each 
getting  one-half.  This  simply  means  that  the  municipal  conscience  is  drugged 
because  both  council  and  taxpayer  look  for  a  share  of  the  spoils  to  lessen  their 
taxes  and  to  apply  on  this  or  that  scheme  of  public  expenditure. 

In  Vancouver  we  are  using  whisky  profits  to  run  our  General  Hospital 
and  already  the  suggestion  has  been  made  in  the  press  by  some  citizens  that 
the  rake-off  on  race-track  gambling  shall  go  to  help  erect  the  buildings  for  our 
new  university. 

I  glance  for  a  moment  at  the  effect  of  this  government  sale  of  liquor 
on  the  business  of  the  country.  I  have  already  quoted  the  statement  that 
over  $12,000,000  a  year  are  spent  for  liquor  in  the  government  stores.  That 
is  corroborated  by  the  statement  of  ex-Attorney  General  Farris  in  the  House 
within  the  last  few  weeks.  But  that  is  a  conservative  estimate.  The  Govern- 
ment press  in  Vancouver  and  Victoria  just  recently  told  us  when  the  present 
Attorney  General  came  into  power  that  an  investigation  made  by  his  depart- 
ment proves  that  the  government  stores  were  not  handling  fifty  per  cent  of 
the  liquor  sales  in  the  province.  This  was  afterwards  verified  in  certain  spe- 
cific instances.  That  simply  means  that  the  people  of  British  Columbia  are 
spending  a  total  of  over  $24,000,000  a  year  for  liquor  and  that  again  means 
that  over  $24,000,000  is  being  withdrawn  from  the  legitimate  business  of  the 
country  to  be  distributed  among  the  brewers  and  distillers  of  other  countries. 

Now,  if  you  think  that  I  am  talking  mere  visionary  humbug,  listen 
to  this,  from  a  resolution  sent  to  our  government  by  the  Grocers'  Retail 

225 


Merchants  of  Vancouver:  "Whereas  the  business  of  the  retail  grocers  is 
suffering  very  heavily  from  the  diversion  of  money  into  liquor  channels 
which  should  be  spent  legitimately  to  supply  food  and  other  necessities  and 
comforts  for  the  people,  and  whereas,  merchants  in  other  lines  are  similarly 
affected  by  the  heavy  'and  wasteful  expenditures  on  liquors;  therefore,  be  it 
resolved  that  this  section  recommend  to  the  provincial  executive  that  this 
resolution  be  circulated  among  the  various  branches  of  the  province  to  ascer- 
tain if  they  are  in  favor  of  the  Retail  Merchants'  Association  requesting  the 
government  to  take  a  plebiscite  at  an  early  date  on  the  prohibition  of  the  sale 
and  importation  of  liquor  in  this  province." 

A  commercial  traveler,  a  member  of  my  own  church,  coming  out  with 
me  two  weeks  ago,  from  Vancouver  on  the  C.  P.  R.,  said  to  me,  "Mr.  Cooke, 
there  is  so  much  drinking  in  the  hotels  and  boats  of  this  province  that  it  is 
positively  sickening,"  and  then  he  stated  most  emphatically  that  "97  out  of 
every  100  commercial  travelers  in  this  province  would  vote  for  bone  dry 
Prohibition  if  they  had  the  opportunity."  It  is  rapidly  becoming  clear  to  all 
practical  men  that  putting  the  Government  into  the  booze  business  means 
putting  the  merchants  and  manufacturers  out  of  business. 

Now  a  word  about  the  ubiquitous  bootlegger.  We  were  told  by  the 
moderationists  that  he  was  a  peculiar  product  of  Prohibition.  He  never  ap- 
peared before,  and  immediately  after  the  Government  took  over  the  sale  of 
whisky  he  would  disappear.  But  lo  and  behold,  since  the  Government  went 
into  the  booze  business,  we  have  a  score  of  bootleggers  where  we  had  one 
before. 

On  the  tenth  of  last  month  at  a  public  meeting  in  Vancouver,  the  Hon. 
H.  H.  Stevens,  Member  of  Parliament,  made  a  statement,  after  a  tour  of 
the  whole  province,  that  "never  in  the  history  of  the  country  prior  to  1920  was 
bootlegging  comparable  in  magnitude  and  results  to  what  it  is  today";  and 
most  of  those  who  know  conditions  said  an  emphatic  Amen.  Roughly  speak- 
ing we  have  three  varieties  of  bootleggers  in  British  Columbia  today:  First, 
the  individual  who  sneaks  around  with  a  bottle  on  his  hip  after  hours;  sec- 
ond, the  so-called  club;  and  third,  the  brewers'  agent  with  an  export  warehouse, 
in  which  large  quantities  of  liquor  are  held  in  bond  for  export  to  other 
countries. 

The  first  of  these  is  too  well  known  to  waste  time  talking  about,  but  the 
drinking  "club"  is  a  different  problem.  These  clubs  have  sprung  up  like  mush- 
rooms all  over  our  province,  taking  advantage  of  the  Friendly  Societies  Act  to 
evade  the  provisions  of  the  Liquor  Act.  Hundreds  of  them  exist  all  over  the 
province.  The  only  reason  for  their  existence  is  that  the  members  can  have 
their  government  liquor  sent  to  the  club  and  drink  it  in  private.  It  is  illegal  to 
sell  in  these  clubs  or  to  buy  in  them,  but,  behind  the  closed  doors,  without  any 
supervision,  they  can  do  just  as  they  like.  Anyone  can  be  a  member  of  these 
clubs  and  get  all  the  liquor  that  he  wants,  and  he  may  belong  to  as  many 
clubs  as  he  likes,  at  a  membership  fee  of  ten,  twenty-five  or  fifty  cents.  When 
the  club  runs  dry  the  Government  supplies  more  liquor  and  the  members 
drink  it  behind  closed  doors  without  any  fear  of  intervention.  Here  is  a  list 
of  290  of  these  clubs  and  other  places,  some  of  them  without  names,  in  Van- 

226 


couver  City  alone,  that  up  to  the  middle  of  last  October  were  selling  liquor 
illegally;  and  this  is  only  a  partial  list.  This  list  was  prepared  for  me  by  a 
private  detective  who  went  into  these  places  and  purchased  liquor. 

Last  December  the  hotels  of  the  city,  resenting  the  fact  that  the  clubs 
were  selling  while  they  had  no  such  privilege,  opened  up  and  sold  liquor  openly 
throughout  the  city,  until  it  became  such  a  scandal  that  the  police  were  or- 
dered to  raid  and  close  them.  Most  of  them  were  closed  for  a  few  weeks  or 
days  and  then  resumed  business.  I  have  here  two  other  lists  from  the  At- 
torney General's  Department,  one  of  one  hundred  and  forty  and  the  other 
o*  one  hundred  and  ninety  clubs,  some  of  them  quite  legitimate,  but  the  ma- 
jority of  them  using  their  privilege  for  the  sale  of  liquor  illegally.  Here  also 
in  addition  is  a  list  of  sixty-two  clubs  in  Vancouver  City,  which  is  a  partial  list 
supplied  by  secret  service  men  to  the  Attorney  General,  of  those  clubs  in  Van- 
couver selling  liquor  illegally  in  October  of  this  year. 

When  the  Government  citicized  'the  activities  of  the  police  in  Vancouver 
last  year,  saying  they  were  not  doing  their  duty  properly,  Police  Inspector 
Sutherland  head  of  the  "Dry  Squad,"  resented  it,  and  here  are  a  couple  of 
sentences  from  his  statement  to  the  press: 

"The  clubs  would  not  have  been  selling  beer  if  the  Government  had  not 
made  it  easy  for  them  to  secure  their  supply.  Their  deliveries  were  made 
by  the  Government  to  club  doors  in  many  cases.  The  hotel  bars  were  opened 
recently  and  were  supplied  with  beer  from  the  government  stores." 

But  after  the  murder  of  a  policeman  on  the  ninth  of  October,  this  year, 
an  order  went  out  from  the  Mayor  to  close  these  clubs.  The  police  got  busy 
and  the  very  next  day  a  statement  in  the  press  from  the  Chief  of  Police  said 
that  they  were  all  closed,  and  the  press  added  that  it  was  impossible  to  get  a 
drink  in  any  of  these  places,  outside  the  Government  liquor  stores.  A  friend 
of  mine  read  that  statement  at  five  o'clock  that  afternoon  and  went,  with 
another  friend,  across  the  street,  and  saw  one  hotel  with  the  doors  wide  open 
on  the  sidewalk  and  twelve  or  fifteen  men  standing  drinking  openly  in  that 
bar.  To  make  sure  that  I  knew  the  facts,  I  myself  one  evening,  two  or  three 
days  after  that,  put  on  an  old  hat  and  coat,  and  went  down  town  to  test  the 
thing.  I  went  into  one  of  these  clubs  and  I  bought  two  bottles  of  beer  with- 
out hindrance  and  without  a  question  or  card  of  membership.  I  went  to  sev- 
eral others.  I  found  four  of  them  closed,  two  open,  but  not  doing  business. 
It  was  only  half  past  seven  in  the  evening,  and  I  walked  into  another  and 
bought  two  bottles  of  beer  without  let  or  hindrance  and  without  a  question 
being  asked. 

But,  according  to  our  Attorney  General,  the  greatest  bootlegger  that  we 
have  in  British  Columbia  is  the  export  warehouse  and  brewery  agent.  They 
bring  in  car  loads,  presumably  for  export  and  then  secretly  distribute  it 
throughout  the  country.  Their  favorite  trick  is  to  ship  liquor  out  to  Mexico, 
or  China,  and  when  it  reaches  the  three-mile  limit  it  is  transferred  to  other 
vessels  and  brought  back,  smuggled  into  our  own  country  to  supply  the  boot- 
legger or  run  in  defiance  across  the  border  of  the  United  States.  An  editorial 
of  November  9th,  in  the  Vancouver  World,  the  Government  organ  of  that  city, 
is  headed  "The  Bootleggers'  Paradise."  It  goes  on  to  say  "Has  not  the  time 

227 


arrived  to  put  an  end  to  the  unenviable  position  British  Columbia  has  achieved 
as  the  headquarters  of  the  bootlegging  business?  Rum-runners,  gun  men, 
thugs  and  all  the  parasites  which  thrive  in  the  miasma  of  the  underworld  of 
the  Pacific  Coast  are  fostered  by  the  policy  now  in  force,  whereby  the  provin- 
cial authorities  become  parties  to  the  defiance  of  the  Prohibition  laws  of  Al- 
berta, Alaska,  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California.  Calculations  show  that  the 
bootleggers  in  this  Province  handle  as  much  liquor  as  the  Government  stores." 
Now,  with  such  widespread  violation  of  law,  what  kind  of  moral  and  social 
conditions  can  we  expect?  The  facts  are,  and  I  challenge  contradiction,  from 
end  to  end  of  this  Dominion  on  this  point,  the  facts  are,  there  is  an  unlimited 
quantity  of  liquor  in  the  Province  of  British  Columbia,  and  the  whole  com- 
munity is  being  debauched  to  an  extent  never  experienced  before.  At  Camp- 
bell River,  a  small  logging  town  on  the  coast,  a  Government  store  was  opened 
last  summer.  A  short  time  afterwards  on  Dominion  Day  of  this  year,  the  an- 
nual sports  were  debauched  with  liquor,  baseball  players  were  drinking  it  on 
the  diamond,  a  jockey  fell  off  his  horse  and  lay  on  the  ground  drunk  and  un- 
conscious for  several  minutes,  and  an  auto  full  of  drunken  men  and  women 
attempted  to  drive  right  on  to  the  baseball  diamond.  The  next  day,  Sunday, 
in  the  afternoon,  a  man  with  a  sack  full  of  beer  bottles  distributed  them 
amongst  the  crowd  on  the  wharf,  and  a  few  days  later  53  barrels  of  empty  beer 
bottles  were  shipped  back  to  Vancouver  City  from  the  place.  Five  weeks  later 
Magistrate  Sullivan  of  Campbell  River  was  down  at  Victoria,  asking  the  Gov- 
ernment to  build  a  new  jail  big  enough  to  hold  all  the  Indians  that  got  drunk 
at  one  time,  for  the  jail  was  full  and  there  was  no  place  to  put  them.  In  Van- 
couver City  I  sat  in  the  office  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  one  afternoon 
about  three  o'clock,  and  in  twenty  minutes  we  saw  five  drunken  men  reeling 
past  on  the  sidewalk,  one  of  them  tumbling  over  the  steps  of  the  church. 

One  of  these  clubs  I  have  spoken  about  was  raided  last  February,  just 
a  little  while  after  they  were  all  said  to  be  closed  by  the  raids  of  the  previous 
December.  In  that  club  there  was  found  not  only  a  quantity  of  beer  and 
whisky,  but  a  half-naked  drunken  girl  of  18  years  of  age;  and  that  is  not  an 
isolated  instance.  There  is  a  story  that  is  going  around  Vancouver  City, 
to  the  effect  that  a  man  from  Prince  Rupert  came  down  on  the  coast  steamer 
and  after  wandering  around  a  while  thought  he  would  like  to  have  something 
to  wet  his  whistle,  so  he  went  to  the  policeman  on  point  duty  at  two  of  our 
thoroughfares  and  said  to  him,  "Could  you  tell  me  where  I  could  get  a  drink 
in  this  city  of  yours?"  The  policeman  smiled  and  pointed  to  the  newstand 
across  the  corner  and  said,  "Go  and  ask  the  news  agent.  He  will  tell  you." 
He  went  over  to  the  news  agent  and  leaned  across  and  said,  "Could  you  tell 
me  where  I  could  get  a  drink  in  this  burg  of  yours?"  "Oh,  yes,  follow  me," 
said  he.  He  marched  off  a  few  blocks,  stopped  in  the  very  front  of  the  First 
Congregational  Church,  of  which  I  have  the  honor  to  be  the  Pastor,  and  when 
he  got  right  in  front  of  the  door  he  pointed  to  it  and  said,  "There  is  the  only 
place  in  town  you  can't  get  it." 

Now,  of  course  that  is  somewhat  of  an  exaggeration.  There  are  other 
churches  where  you  can't  get  it  in  Vancouver,  but  it  is  indicative  of  the  popu- 
lai  feeling  about  the  whole  situation  in  our  Province. 

228 


How  do  these  conditions  compare  with  those  under  Prohibition? 

There  was  one  year,  and  only  one  year,  in  British  Columbia  when  we  had 
a  proper  enforcement  of  Prohibition  law,  and  that  was  the  year  1918.  We 
have  now  had  one  full  year,  of  Government  control  and  sale  of  spirituous 
liquors,  from  June,  1921,  to  June,  1922.  In  1918,  under  Prohibition,  three  of 
our  five  jails  were  closed.  Drunkenness  was  reduced  92  per  cent,  and  the 
total  number  of  prisoners  in  all  our  provincial  jails  was  845.  In  1919  that 
was  reduced  to  686.  In  the  first  year  of  Government  control  the  total  number 
of  prisoners  in  all  our  provincial  jails  was  1,809,  an  increase  of  over  164  per 
cent.  The  number  of  convictions  for  violation  of  the  present  act,  including 
drunkenness  and  illegal  sale,  in  the  one  year  under  Government  control  was 
1,989  in  Vancouver,  City  alone.  Here  are  the  figures  from  the  police  court 
records  and  from  the  Attorney  General's  department,  and  these  figures  are 
en  the  increase.  During  July,  August  and  September  of  last  year  there  were 
219  convictions  under  the  act.  During  the  same  three  months  this  year  there 
were  629,  nearly  three  times  as  many,  and  both  of  these  periods  were  under 
Government  sale  and  control.  But  even  these  figures  do  not  show  the  actual 
consequences  of  this  system.  The  fact  is  that  the  fine  for  a  first  offense  is  $50 
and  a  great  many  of  those  who  are  convicted  of  violating  the  law  haven't 
got  the  $50.  The  jail  is  full  and  there  is  no  place  to  put  them.  The  conse- 
quence has  been  that  the  police  have  let  up  in  arrests  or  our  figures  would  be 
greater,  and  as  a  result  of  that  policy  one  of  the  amendments  that  is  reported 
as  likely  to  be  put  through  the  House  at  the  present  session  is  to  reduce  the 
fine  from  $50  to  $25,  perhaps  to  $10  or  $5,  as  it  used  to  be  under  our  license 
system. 

I  have  not  time  to  go  into  great  detail  on  this.  Let  me,  however,  tell  you 
what  happened  at  our  annual  civic  picnic  at  Vancouver.  We  have  an  annual 
civic  function,  when  all  the  civic  employees  and  the  aldermen  and  officials  go 
on  their  yearly  summer  outing.  This  year  they  went  on  June  17th,  and  they 
had  with  them  what  is  called  a  "special  permit"  for  liquor.  I  have  here  the 
Government  Control  Board's  official  report  which  tells  us  that  482  of  these 
"special  permits"  were  issued  during  the  first  nine  and  a  half  months  of  this 
year.  These  banquets  or  "special  permits"  allow  the  holders  to  drink  in  public 
although  otherwise  that  is  against  the  law.  This  civic  picnic  had  such  a  per- 
mit, and  what  happened?  There  were  two  steamer  loads  of  people.  Every 
man,  woman  and  child,  even  the  infants  in  arms,  received  four  tickets,  which 
would  give  them  free,  either  beer  or  ice  cream.  Beer  was  distributed  to  those 
who  desired  it  at  the  picnic  grounds.  They  got  it  in  pails,  in  cups,  in  glasses, 
in  milk  bottles,  in  cans  of  every  description.  Two  men  were  seen  with  a  gallon 
can  full  of  beer  trying  to  get  a  boy  of  ten  to  drink  out  of  it.  Some  men  were 
drunk  here  and  there  on  the  paths  through  the  bush,  and  others  were  engaged 
in  fistic  scraps;  and  that  was  the  picnic  of  our  civic  officials  on  June  17th  of 
this  year.  The  information  was  given  to  me  in  a  lawyer's  office  by  one  of  the 
employees  who  was  present  and  who  said  that  many  of  them  would  not  go 
again  to  such  an  affair. 

Many  of  those  who  voted  for  this  system  today  are  utterly  disgusted,  and 
I  believe,  and  many  other  agree,  that  as  a  consequence  there  are  more  bone  dry 

229 


Prohibitionists  in  British  Columbia  today  than  there  ever  were  before.  Even 
the  moderationists  have  publicly  announced  its  failure.  On  November  the 
14th  of  last  year,  just  five  months  after  this  system  came  into  force,  the  lead- 
ers of  the  Moderation  League  and  Liberty  League  appeared  before  the  execu- 
tive council  of  our  Government  and  stated  that  the  system  they  had  proclaimd 
as  the  ideal  system,  had  proved  a  failure.  They  maintained  that  "the  present 
act  encouraged  the  drinking  of  spirituous  liquors,  particularly  behind  closed 
doors,  in  hotel  bed  rooms,  and  such  places."  I  am  quoting  their  words  before 
the  Government.  "No  matter  how  strong  an  official  the  Attorney  General 
might  be,"  they  said,  "he  could  not  be  expected  to  enforce'  the  present  law. 
There  were  open  contraventions  of  it  every  day."  And  their  spokesman  de- 
clared that  the  liquor  laws  of  Quebec  were  the  best  in  the  Dominion.  What 
was  their  remedy?  They  asked  the  Government  to  break  the  seal  and  sell  by 
the  glass  over  the  bar,  because  their  precious  law  had  failed,  and  the  only  solu- 
tion they  had  for  the  present  rotten  conditions  was  more  liquor.  They  advo- 
cated the  open  sale  of  beer  by  the  glass.  In  other  words,  they  asked  the 
Government  to  betray  the  whole  people,  to  be  false  to  their  pledge  and  to  bring 
back  the  bar.  That  is  the  definite  proposal  of  the  Moderation  League.  The 
country  is  cursed  with  drunkenness  today,  and  their  only  cure  is  more  drink. 
Put  it  on  the  hotel  table,  set  it  before  our  young  men  and  women  in  the  res- 
taurant. Sixty-four  Government  stores  are  not  enough  to  hand  it  out.  Double 
the  number;  quadruple  it.  Make  every  hotel  and  restaurant  a  bar  room  again, 
and  drunkenness  will  flee  away,  the  bootlegger  will  depart  and  the  blind  pig 
no  more  be  seen  of  men,  and  we  will  be  in  that  blessed  millenium  of  which 
the  moderation  prophets  spoke  in  1920,  where  the  blind  pigs  cease  from 
troubling  and  the  bootleggers  are  at  rest.  That  was  the  moderate  proposal  of 
moderationists  after  five  months  of  Government  control,  and  that  is  their  prop- 
osition today.  They  have  been  lobbying  every  day  at  the  present  session  of 
the  Legislature  to  secure  a  plebiscite  on  beer  and  wine  because  they  think  the 
present  disgust  with  the  present  system  will  stampede  the  people  to  do  their 
bidding  once  again.  Just  one  week  ago  yesterday  the  hotel  keepers  of  Van- 
couver and  Victoria  and  British  Columbia  generally  appeared  before  the  Gov- 
ernment and  stated  that  the  drinking  in  hotel  rooms  and  private  places  had 
become  such  a  scandal  that  something  would  have  to  be  done  to  set  it  right, 
and  they  advocated  the  open  sale  of  beer  and  wine. 

I  assure  you  that  Government  control  of  liquor  in  British  Columbia  is 
already  fulfilling  the  darkest  predictions  of  those  who  fought  most  eafnestly 
against  it.  It  is  already  paralyzing  our  business,  crippling  our  industry, 
corrupting  our  politics,  increasing  unemployment,  debauchi'ng  our  people  and 
embroiling  us  with  our  neighbors  to  the  south  at  the  very  time  when  the 
whole  Empire  needs  the  greatest  friendliness  between  us  and  America.  It 
is  making  of  our  beautiful  and  glorious  province  the  last  refuge  for  the  drunken 
toper  and  for  the  very  scum  of  the  under-world  of  the  western  half  of  this 
whole  continent. 


230 


RESPONSIBILITY  OF  THE  CHURCH  IN  THE  DEVELOP- 
MENT OF  SUCCESSFUL  ORGANIZED  ACTIVITIES 
AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

By  REVEREND  E.  J.  MOORE,  PH.  D. 
Assistant  General  Superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America 

I  think  we  have  reached  the  point  in  this  struggle  where  everyone  admits 
that  no  successful  movement  can  be  hoped  from  disorganized  forces;  in  other 
words,  that  it  is  only  by  organization  that  the  results  we  seek  for  can  be 
achieved.  Admitting  that,  I  am  going  to  abbreviate  the  subject  into  a  few 
things  that  I  have  to  say  and  simply  call  attention  to  what  in  my  judgment 
is  the  responsibility  of  the  Church. 

When  the  last  battle  of  this  war  has  been  fought  and  the  final  victory 
has  been  won,  and  the  whole  history  has  been  written,  the  laurels  must  rest 
upon  the  brow  of  the  Church.  I  am  not  unmindful  of  the  help  that  has  come 
in  this  struggle  from  commercial  and  financial  interests;  nor  do  I  forget 
the  help  that  other  organizations,  and  other  individuals  have  rendered,  nor 
am  I  ignorant  of  the  help  that  has  come  in  these  later  years  from  political 
movements,  even  from  political  parties,  but  primarily  this  question  was  never 
a  question  of  dollars  and  cents.  Primarily,  it  was  never  a  question  of  social 
service.  Primarily,  it  was  never  a  political  or  a  partisan  political  question. 
Primarily,  it  was  a  question  of  right  and  wrong  and  the  Church  stood  for 
the  right  and  kept  this  question  before  our  citizens,  and  will  keep  this  ques- 
tion before  the  people  of  this  globe  until  it  is  finally  settled.  And  the  laurels 
must  rest  upon  the  brow  of  the  Church. 

No  moral  movement  has  ever  achieved  any  permanent  success  that 
did  not  have  the  support  of  the  Church.  No  movement  for  the  uplift  of  hu- 
manity, the  betterment  of  the  race,  has  ever  gotten  very  far  in  permanent 
results  unless  the  Church  was  back  of  it.  Our  attention  has  been  called  to 
organizations  in  this  struggle,-  in  the  years  that  have  passed,  which  stood 
apart  from  the  Church,  some  of  them  refusing  co-operation  with  the  Church, 
and  while  they  did  a  work  of  agitation  which  we  must  not  ignore,  yet  if  the 
victory  had  depended  upon  the  work  of  those  organizations  aside  from  the 
Church  we  would  be  as  far  from  the  final  result  to  day  as  we  were  a  century 
ago. 

The  co-operation,  the  backing,  of  the  Churches  is  essential.  Along  in  the 
middle  of  the  last  century  gigantic  strides  were  made  in  the  States  in  the 
struggle  with  this  traffic,  and  through  legislative  enactment  or  otherwise, 
State  after  State  outlawed  the  liquor  traffic.  Then  there  came  the  war  of  the 
States  and  the  liquor  business  came  back.  We  lost  that  which  we  had 
gained;  then  there  came  the  reconstruction  days  when  our  attention  was  taken 
up  entirely  with  the  question  of  how  we  should  get  back  to  normalcy  as  a  na- 
tion and  all  the  time  the  liquor  traffic  was  gaining  by  leaps  and  bounds  and 
our  citizenship  seemingly  could  not  realize  it  and  were  not  aroused.  But  a 
question  in  which  right  and  wrong  is  involved  is  never  settled  until  it  is  set- 
tled right,  and  God  Almighty  in  those  days  when  it  seemed  as  though  we  had 
forgotten  this  problem,  placed  His  hands  upon  a  new  agency.  In  a  little 

231 


room  in  the  old  Presbyterian  Church  of  Hillsboro,  Ohio,  Christian  women 
gathered  in  a  circle  of  prayer,  and  went  out  to  kneel  and  pray  in  front  of 
saloons  and  bars.  Men  scoffed  and  laughed,  and  the  papers  said  it  amounted 
to  nothing.  The  liquor  traffic  did  not  pay  much  attention  to  it  then,  but  from 
trat  little  prayer  room  in  that  Church  came  the  birth  of  the  greatest  temper- 
ance organization  this  world  has  ever  known.  Mark  my  word,  Madam  Presi- 
dent, you  will  a^gree  with  me,  the  consecrated  Christian  womanhood  not  only 
of  America,  but  of  this  whole  world,  will  keep  that  white  knot  tied  until  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  beverage  alcohol  shall  have  been  outlawed  wherever 
the  sun  shines.  The  Church  never  assumed,  and  never  was  asked  to  assume, 
responsibility  for  that  movement,  but  none  other  than  the  consecrated  Chris- 
tion  womanhood  of  the  Church  could  have  ever  brought  the  results  that  have 
been  achieved.  Tfren  their  prayers  and  their  tears  and  their  work  and  their 
agitation  roused  the  manhood  of  the  nation  and  there  came  forth  that  other 
organization,  a  federation  of  organizations  and  of  churches,  conceived  in 
the  heart  and  in  the  brain  of  a  Christian  minister,  born  in  the  old  First  Con- 
gregation Church  of  Oberlin,  Ohio,  backed  by  the  consecrated  Christian  lay- 
men of  the  churches  of  that  State,  and  the  Anti-Saloon  League  came  into  ex- 
istence. From  the  very  first,  it  was  essentially  a  church  organization.  With- 
in ten  days  from  the  time  of  the  first  organization  meeting  Dr.  Russell  went 
into  the  pulpit  of  a  Christian  church  in  Ohio  and  presented  the  plans,  the 
cause  and  the  claims  of  this  new  interdenominational  movement,  and  asked 
the  Church  to  get  behind  it.  From  that  time  to  the  present  hour  there  have 
been  few  Sundays — I  doubt  if  there  have  been  any — when  some  selected  lead- 
er of  the  Church  has  not  presented  that  cause  to  the  Christian  people  of  some 
of  the  States  of  our  Union. 

The  workers  and  churches  were  few  at  the  beginning,  but  it  has  reached 
the  point  when  not  simply  scores  nor  hundreds,  but  thousands  of  services  have 
been  held  on  one  Sunday,  where  this  cause  was  laid  upon  the  altar  of  the 
church.  Lest  some  of  you  do  not  thoroughly  understand  just  how  closely  we 
are  linked  to  the  Church,  I  want  to  call  attention  to  another  thing.  From  the 
very  start,  whenever  a  conference,  a  synod,  a  convention,  or  any  annual  meet- 
ing of  any  denomination  was  held,  representatives  of  the  League  went  before 
that  body  and  said  to  them  frankly,  "We  want  you  to  select,  officially,  rep- 
resentatives from  your  number  that  shall  go  on  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
Anti-Saloon  League  of  this  State,"  and  they  did  it.  There  is  not  a  State  Anti- 
Saloon  League  in  our  Union  today  and  there  has  never  been  one,  that  is  not 
managed  in  every  detail  by  official  representatives  of  the  denominations  of 
that  state,  elected  by  their  state  bodies.  Those  men  go  back  to  their  an- 
nual meetings  and  report  to  the  body  that  selected  them  as  to  what  has  been 
done  and  as  to  what  the  plans  are.  We  have  gone  a  little  farther  than  that. 
Those  State  bodies  representing  the  various  denominations,  select  from  their 
own  number  representatives  on  the  national  board  of  directors  of  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League  of  America  and  that  board  of  directors  has  absolute  control  of 
every  detail  of  the  work  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America  from  begin- 
ning to  end.  Not  a  single  thing  is  without  their  control.  So  far  as  I  know 
there  has  never  been  a  man  nor  a  woman  connected  with  the  Anti-Saloon 

232 


League  in  the  state  or  national  work,  in  these  years  of  its  history,  that  has 
not  been  a  member  in  good  standing  in  some  Church.  Picked  leaders  from 
the  Church  have  been  chosen  and  consecrated  to  this  work.  We  went  to  the 
Church  and  said  in  the  beginning,  You  must  not  only  furnish  the  leadership, 
not  only  assume  the  responsibility,  not  only  manage  the  affairs,  but  you  must 
get  back  of  this  movement  and  support  it.  It  was  a  hard  thing,  from  the  very 
outset,  to  get  a  hearing  in  the  churches  before  the  people,  and  with  the  multi- 
plicity of  calls  that  were  made  it  was  a  difficult  thing  often  times  to  get  be- 
fore the  people  and  then  take  the  little  card  and  ask  them  to  support  the 
movement  financially.  Pastors  and  boards  sometimes  said,  "We  can't  do  it. 
We  have  got  so  much  on  our  hands  now";  but  we  said,  "If  this  is  a  work  of 
the  Church  and  a  duty  of  the  Church,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  Church  to  support 
it,"  and  it  has  been  an  unwritten  law  all  these  years  that  has  been  violated 
only  in  exceptional  cases,  that  where  the  cause  of  the  League  was  presented 
to  a  congregation  in  the  Church,  that  congregation  should  have  the  oppor- 
tunity of  saying  whether  or  not  they  wanted  to  get  behind  it  with  their 
pocketbooks  as  well  as  with  their  prayers.  The  rule  has  been,  no  collection, 
no  speech,  and  it  has  been  this  policy  in  connection  with  the  others  that  have 
given  us  the  constituency  that  stood  back  of  us  ready  and  listening  for  the 
call  of  the  leaders  to  go  into  every  struggle  that  we  have  had  and  to  win  the 
victories  that  we  have  won. 

Now  are  the  conditions  changed?  I  will  grant  you  that  they  are.  In  the 
past  we  have  largely  selected  the  place  of  battle;  the  battlefields  have  been  of 
our  own  choice.  In  the  future,  I  mistrust,  in  the  majority  of  cases  the  enemy 
i?  going  to  select  the  battlefield.  We  have  selected  it  in  the  past  and  have 
brought  our  forces  up  to  the  line.  We  have  laid  out  the  campaign.  We  have 
been  able  to  plan  it  and  to  mobilize  our  forces  for  that  campaign.  In  the  fu- 
ture we  will  have  to  answer  the  challenge  of  the  enemy  and  meet  it  upon 
any  battlefield  that  it  selects;  and  to  do  that  we  have  to  bring  up  the  last 
reserve  corps  we  have  and  place  them  where  they  shall  do  most  efficient  serv- 
ice. Going  through  our  files  recently  I  found  the  following,  written  some 
years  ago: 

"The  saloon  problem  is  the  Church's  problem  and  the  world  expects  the 
Church  to  solve  it.  Her  failure  will  disappoint  both  friends  and  enemies.  The 
Church  is  not  only  responsible  for  results,  but  it  is  obligated  to  bring  forth  the 
best  results.  Failing  in  this,  she  is  in  danger  of  forfeiting  the  leadership  in 
moral  reform." 

That  was  a  prophecy,  not  written  recently.  It  was  written  years  ago 
when  our  movement  was  in  its  incipiency,  when  we  had  not  achieved  any 
great  results,  when  it  was  practically  a  question  simply  of  agitation  and  vp- 
hill  work  all  along.  It  was  written  in  a  little  back  room  in  a  hotel  in  Tallahas- 
see, Florida,  by  the  general  superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League.  The 
world  expects  the  Church  to  do  its  duty,  he  said,  and  true  as  it  was  then, 
it  is  just  as  true  today  that  the  world  and  our  enemies  will  be  disappointed 
if  the  Church  does  not  measure  up  to  her  opportunities.  The  enemy  is  form- 
ing. They  are  challenging  us  today  by  their  propaganda  movement  in  the 
press  of  this  and  of  other  lands.  We  criticize  the  press,  but  their  attitude  was 

233 


stated  in  an  interview  that  Dr.  Gordon  had  with  a  prominent  editor  of  one  of 
our  metropolitan  dailies,  Doctor  Gordon  said  to  him  he  had  seen  so  much  in 
the  papers  about  what  a  failure  Prohibition  was  over  here;  but  since  he  had 
gotten  here  he  had  seen  a  marvelous  change,  but  he  had  found  nothing  in 
our  papers  contradicting  the  story  of  the  failure  of  Prohibition,  and  he  asked 
why  it  was.  "Hasn't  Prohibition  accomplished  anything  here?"  And  the 
editor  smilingly  admitted  it  had;  that  things  were  in  a  good  deal  better  con- 
dition. "Well,"  he  said,  "then  why  does  not  the  press  of  America  say  so?" 
The  editor  replied,  "Our  Business  is  to  print  the  news."  He  said,  "If  we  have 
a  man  in  a  community  that  is  a  successful  business  man,  a  clean  moral  man, 
an  upright  Christian  man,  a  law-abiding,  patriotic  citizen,  doing  his  duty  in 
every  way,  a  man  against  whom  the  finger  of  scandal  has  never  been  pointed, 
we  don't  publish  that  in  our  papers.  We  may  mention  it  if  he  dies,  put  it 
into  his  obituary,  but  otherwise  we  don't.  That  is  what  is  expected;  but  you 
let  that  man  tomorrow  run  off  with  some  other  man's  wife  and  we  will  have 
his  picture  on  the  front  page  the  next  morning.  That  is  news." 

Law  violation  in  any  nation  under  any  flag  ought  to  be  the  unexpected, 
that  propaganda  today.  The  papers  are  coming  into  our  homes.  They  furnish 
for  the  every  day  consumption  of  not  only  the  father  and  mother,  but  the 
child,  half  truths,  absolute  falsehoods,  so  brazenly  stated  that  even  some  who 
otherwise  would  not  be  deceived  think  there  must  be  something  in  them. 
Somebody  has  to  meet  this  propaganda.  And  there  is  no  institution  under  the 
shining  sun  whose  business  it  is  to  meet  falsehood  by  the  dissemination  of 
truth,  except  the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ.  It  is  her  business  to  do  it.  That 
Church  makes  a  mistake  and  its  membership  makes  a  mistake  when  it  sneers 
c-r  smiles  at  or  condones  the  violation  of  law  and  the  dissemination  of  false- 
hood. The  truth  ought  to  be  preached  from  every  pulpit  in  America  and  in 
Canada  and  everywhere  else,  that  it  is  as  much  the  business  of  the  press  of 
our  land  to  stand  loyal  to  the  Constitution  and  the  laws  of  that  land  as  it  is 
for  every  individual  citizen. 

There  is  another  situation  we  must  meet.  There  is  a  minority  in  our 
land  that  are  not  in  sympathy  with  this  law,  part  of  them,  at  least,  being 
criminal  at  heart.  They  violate  it  because  they  want  to  violate  it  and  because 
of  what  they  can  get  out  of  it.  I  have  no  word  of  sympathy  for  them.  There 
is  another  class  that  are  violating  the  law  and  not  violating  it  as  crim- 
inals. I  have  heard  the  remark  made  a  good  many  times  and  applauded 
vociferously  that  if  we  have  in  our  midst  any  people  who  do  not  want 
to  obey  our  laws,  let  them  go  back  to  the  country  they  came  from.  Stop, 
just  a  minute,  before  you  applaud  that.  We  have  invited  them  for  years 
to  come  to  us.  They  have  come  by  the  thousands,  from  the  nations  of 
southern  Europe  and  elsewhere.  We  have  thrown  open  our  shop  doors  to 
them.  We  have  offered  them  every  inducement  that  we  could.  We  have  given 
them  an  ideal  that  was  beyond  possibility  of  realization.  They  have  come  to 
us  at  our  invitation;  and  when  they  stepped  off  the  boat  the  first  thing  to 
welcome  them  was,  across  the  street,  the  open  doors  of  our  licensed  and 
legalized  saloon.  It  said  to  them,  "Come  in."  On  the  sixteenth  of  January, 
two  and  a  half  years  ago,  in  one  minute  we  said  to  them,  "Stop  it  all.  We 

234 


have  changed  our  minds."  I  say  to  you  as  a  Christian  people  we  owe  it  to 
them,  that  we  go  to  them  frankly  and  take  them  by  the  hand  and  say,  "We 
were  wrong;  we  want  to  show  you  how  we  were  wrong  and  win  you  over  to 
cur  side."  The  Church  today  has  a  tremendous  problem  before  it  in  educat- 
ing these  masses  that  have  been  taught  otherwise  than  we  were  taught  and 
that  we  encouraged  when  they  came  to  us  with  their  old  practices.  We  need 
to  educate  them  in  a  Christian,  charitable  way  and  not  until  we  reach  a  point 
where  they  absolutely  rebel  should  we  say  to  them,  "Go  back."  This  is  the 
duty  of  the  Church  and  the  responsibility  that  rests  upon  it. 

After  all  this,  the  Church  will  not  have  done  her  part  when  she  shall  have 
accomplished  her  task  of  law  enforcement  in  America,  and  in  Canada.  In  fact, 
she  cannot  accomplish  law  enforcement  in  these  nations  with  a  short-sighted, 
r.  arrow  national  policy.  America  cannot  be  dry,  surrounded  by  a  wet  world. 
Self-protection  demands  that  the  Church  have  a  broader  vision  than  "America, 
first  and  last."  If  Prohibition  is  to  be  one  hundred  per  cent  successful  in 
this  or  in  any  other  part  of  this  world  of  ours  the  Church  must  take  as  its 
slogan  in  this  struggle  as  she  has  taken  it  in  every  other  movement  for  the 
propagation  of  the  Gospel  of  Christ,  "The  world  is  my  parish,"  and  go  on  to 
world-wide  victory. 


ROLL  CALL 

ENGLAND 

By  MB.  R.  A.  MUNKO,  of  Scotland 
With  Message  From  Rev.  Henry  Carter,  of  England 

Madam  Chairman,  I  have  not  come  to  speak  to  you  about  Scotland.  If  I 
began  to  speak  upon  that  inspiring  subject  you  might  have  as  much  difficulty 
in  getting  me  to  stop  as  you  had  with  the  lady  from  Japan  the  other  day. 
But  I  have  here  a  message  from  the  Rev.  Henry  Carter  who  is  a  member  of 
the  World  League  Executive  and  had  intended  to  be  present  at  the  confer- 
ence, but  has  been  unable  to  come  for  reasons  which  he  gives  in  his  letter  to 
me  which  I  shall  read. 

"I  shall  be  extremely  glad  if  you  can  find  an  opportunity  at  Toronto  to 
say  that  as  the  responsibility  for  the  direction  of  the  national  crusade  is  to  a 
large  extent  in  my  hands,  it  has  proved  impracticable,  to  my  great  regret,  for 
me  to  attend  the  convention  of  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  at 
Toronto.  We  are  right  in  the  thick  of  the  organization  for  the  crusade  ar- 
rangements for  1923,  and  I  am  speaking  at  nearly  all  the  crusade  meetings  be- 
tween now  and  Christmas." 

I  ought  to  say  that  the  Rev.  Henry  Carter  has  a  great  achievement  to  his 
credit  in  having  been  instrumental  in  bringing  the  whole  of  the  Christian 
churches  of  the  United  Kingdom  together  for  this  crusade  for  temperance  re- 
form. I  do  not  believe  there  is  any  single  question  on  which  all  the  churches 
of  the  United  Kingdom  have  come  together  unless  on  this  particular  question, 
from  the  English  Episcopal  Church  down  to  the  Salvation  Army.  Now,  I 
should  like  to  read  you  what  Mr.  Carter  has  to  say  about  the  combined  efforts 
of  the  Christian  Churches  in  Great  Britain. 

235 


"Our  national  crusade  of  the  Church  of  England  and  Wales  against  the 
drink  evil  has  begun.  It  is  planned  to  cover  all  the  large  centers  of  popula- 
tion throughout  the  country.  The  crusade  is  under  the  auspices  and  direction 
of  the  Temperance  Council  of  the  Christian  Churches  of  England  and  Wales 
and  is  an  outgrowth  of  the  campaign  conducted  by  the  Bishop  of  London  for 
the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society  in  1921  and  by  the  Wesleyan 
Methodist  Church  in  1921  to  1922.  The  crusade  is  officially  endorsed  by  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  of  Wales  and  by  forty  bishops  of  the  Church 
of  England,  by  the  annual  conference  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodists,  Primitive 
Methodists  and  United  Methodist  Churches,  the  Annual  Assembly  of  the 
Presbyterian  Churches  in  England  and  Wales,  the  Congregational  Union  and 
Baptist  Union  and  yearly  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  by  outstanding 
leaders  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  and  by  General  Evangeline  Booth  for 
the  Salvation  Army. 

"The  objects  of  the  crusade  are  three.  First,  to  present  a  modern  scien- 
tific indictment  of  alcoholic  beverages  and  all  importations.  Second,  to  rally 
noble  support  to  the  council's  immediate  legislative  program,  namely,  1,  no  sale 
of  intoxicating  liquors  to  young  persons  undef'eighteen  years  of  age;  2,  local 
option  for  England  and  Wales;  3,  no  sale  or  supply  of  intoxicating  liquors  on 
Sundays;  4,  the  supply  of  intoxicating  liquors  in  clubs  to  be  subject  to  the 
grant  of  an  annual  license  by  the  local  justices.  Also  to  promote  and  sanction 
definite  organizations  for  temperance  work  in  each  church  and  congregation." 

I  should  say  our  Crusade  handbook  entitled  "The  Church  and  the  Drink 
Evil,"  edited  by  Rev.  Henry  Carter,  has  just  been  published  together  with  much 
other  crusade  literature,  books,  folders,  leaflets,  pamphlets.  A  fighting  fund  of 
thirty  thousand  pounds  is  being  raised  and  of  this  sum  six  thousand  pounds 
was  assured  in  the  first  month  of  the  enterprise.  The  crusade  will  continue 
without  intermission  until  the  end  of  1923,  the  summer  and  autumn  meetings 
being  held  out  of  doors,  in  market  places  and  seaside  resorts  and  the  like.  The 
crusade  began  in  Wales  at  Cardiff  on  October  5,  and  in  England  at  Ports- 
mouth on  October  25.  The  largest  public  buildings  in  these  boroughs  proved 
inadequate  to  accommodate  the  crowds  which  assembled.  The  crusade  in 
London  will  open  in  January,  1923,  with  an  assembly  of  national  leaders  of 
the  churches  at  the  Mansion  House  under  the  presidency  of  the  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury. 

You  will  see,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  that  England  is  at  least  moving. 


COLOMBIA 

By  MR.  RICARDO  DUSSAN 

Ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  am  representing  here  the.  students  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Colombia.  The  Colombian  Government  has  done  some  few  things 
for  Prohibition  but  perhaps  because  it  is  a  conservative  government  it  clings 
to  the  old  traditions.  The  truths  against  alcoholism  are  taught  only  to  the 
university  students.  The  university  students  are  exceedingly  independent  in 
Colombia.  Although  most  of  the  universities  are  official  the  students  have 
taken  upon  their  hands  to  work  for  the  benefit  of  society.  No  one  is  helping 
them.  The  students  go  to  every  corner  of  the  country  to  preach  against 

236 


alcoholism  because  we  are  perfectly  aware  that  alcohol  is  the  cause  of  igno- 
rance and  poverty  and  because  we  believe  that  ignorance  and  poverty  are  as 
great  calamities  as  any  that  may  be  put  upon  any  human  society.  The  stu- 
dents of  the  universities  give  lectures  everywhere.  The  students  from  the 
school  of  medicine  go  out  and  lecture  according  to  scientific  and  eugenic 
points  of  view.  The  students  from  the  School  of  Law  go  to  preach  according 
to  the  social  point  of  view,  and  so  on.  So  far  as  financial  matters  are  con- 
cerned, they  are  not  helped  by  anyone.  It  is  only  a  spirit  of  patriotism  that 
pushes  them  forward  to  do  the  work.  I  would  be  very  glad  to  know  that  this 
convention  would  try  to  help  the  Colombian  students  so  as  to  encourage  them 
to  do  better  and  greater  work. 


INDIA 

By  ME.  J.  NIYOGI 

Brothers  and  sisters,  I  bring  a  message  of  greeting  and  a  message  of  cheer 
from  India.  India  has  come  to  feel  that  to  simply  control  an  evil  is  to  per- 
petuate that  evil.  The  liquor  traffic  is  an  evil  that  can  not  be  mended,  and 
must  be  ended.  Hence  we  have  taken  up  a  great  aggressive  movement  in 
India  during  the  last  twenty  months  and  I  am  glad,  very  glad,  to  report  that 
during  these  twenty  months  a  great  change  of  heart  has  taken  place  in  India. 
The  consumption  of  drink  has  gone  down  by  forty  per  cent  and  the  number 
of  new  victims  of  drink  has  gone  down  by  sixty-five  per  cent.  From  province 
to  province  the  shops  have  been  closed  down  because  customers  went  out. 
A  great  change  has  come  and  we  are  all  moving  toward  Prohibition.  You 
may  rest  assured  that  within  three  or  five  years  in  India  we  will  fling  high  the 
flag  of  Prohibition  and  it  will  flutter  in  the  breeze  till  victory  comes  to  our 
land. 


UNITED  STATES 

By  REV.  FATHER  J.  J.  CUEEAN,  of  Wilkes-Barre,  Pa. 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  it  is  a  great  pleasure  for  me  to  be 
with  you  on  this  occasion.  It  is  a  great  pleasure  for  me  particularly  on  the 
application  of  this  world  movement  against  alcoholism  to  meet  my  old  friends 
in  the  dry  movement.  Since  I  have  been  attending  these  conventions  in  the 
United  States  a  great  change  has  come  over  the  country  and  that  which  was 
promised  by  the  Anti-Saloon  League  leaders  has  finally  come  to  pass,  that  is, 
the  Eighteenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of 
America. 

A  great  many  people  in  the  country  pretend  to  feel  scandalized  that  this 
Prohibition  law  is  not  lived  up  to  to  the  very  letter,  whereas  there  is  no  law 
of  the  states,  no  law  of  the  nation,  and  no  law  of  God  that  is  not  violated  a 
million  times  in  a  day,  but  they  take  exception  at  this  one  law  that  is  being 
violated  not  so  much  as  many  others  on  the  statute  books.  I  will  say  that 
the  great  difHculty  I  have  noticed  in  the  enforcement  of  this  law  lies  with  the 
Government  agents,  those  men  who  have  been  appointed  to  enforce  the  law. 
If  there  should  be  any  manner  of  means  whereby  these  men  should  be  made 

237 


honest  or  that  honest  men  should  be  selected  to  enforce  the  law  of  the  coun- 
try there  would  be  less  drinking  and  less  bootlegging  throughout  the  whole 
nation. 

I  am  glad  that  there  are  so  many  representatives  here  from  almost  all 
the  nations  of  the  earth.  All  eyes  are  turned  toward  America  just  now.  They 
look  to  us  for  leadership.  They  cried  for  our  assistance  during  the  World 
War.  One  of  the  great  factors  in  winning  the  war  was  the  personnel  and 
character  of  the  American  soldiers.  It  is  very  natural,  as  I  said,  that  the 
nations  of  the  earth  should  look  to  us  all,  look  to  us  in  a  financial  sense, 
look  to  us  for  relief  of  all  kinds  for  the  starving  people  of  the  Near  East  as 
well  as  the  starving  people  of  Central  Europe.  But  above  all  things  it  is 
natural  that  these  nations  are  looking  to  us  as  leaders  in  the  dry  movement; 
and  as  we  succeed  in  the  enforcement  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment,  as  we 
succeed  in  enforcing  the  law  under  the  Constitution,  to  almost  its  very  letter, 
in  that  proportion  will  the  nations  of  the  earth  follow  us  and  in  the  same  pro- 
portion in  time  will  the  whole  world  become  dry.  I  am  glad  to  say  that  the 
Church  of  which  I  am  a  representative  is  with  the  movement  absolutely.  We 
have  a  few  individuals,  clergy  among  them,  who  are  opposed  to  it  but  I  say 
to  you  there  is  not  a  Catholic  priest  in  all  America,  not  one,  who  would  go 
back  to  the  old  saloon  conditions.  I  can  say  further,  there  is  not  a  Catholic 
woman  in  America  who  would  cast  a  vote  in  favor  of  any  alteration  or  modi- 
fication of  the  dry  conditions  now  existing.  The  only  fear,  which  was  alto- 
gether unfounded  at  all  times,  was  that  this  movement  might  have  interfered 
with  the  use  of  sacramental  wine,  but  as  I  assured  them  not  only  from  the 
pulpit  but  through  the  press  and  otherwise,  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of 
America  and  the  Prohibition  movement  in  America  had  not  the  destruction 
of  the  Church  for  its  end  but  the  destruction  of  the  saloon  and  everything 
that  went  with  it.  Therefore  I  am  proud  to  be  here  as  a  representative  of  the 
great  commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  appointed  by  our  Governor,  and  I 
trust  that  we  shall  grow  stronger,  as  Dr.  Moore  has  said.  We  must  grow 
stronger  in  our  determination,  in  the  inspiration  from  On  High,  the  inspi- 
ration accruing  from  decent,  moral,  sober  living.  We  must  go  on  and  see 
that  the  officials  of  state  and  nation  shall  enforce  the  observance  of  the  Eight- 
eenth Amendment  to  the  Constitution  as  well  as  other  articles  of  the  law 
and  Constitution  of  the  country. 


CHILE  AND  URUGUAY 

By  Miss  HARDYNIA  K.  NOEVDLLE 

We  can  not  afford  to  have  it  go  down  on  the  records  that  we  represent 
only  the  Republic  of  Argentina  because  it  has  been  our  happy  privilege  to 
travel  twice  around  the  Continent  of  South  America,  which  contains  ten  big 
republics,  and  we  found  in  all  those  republics  great  interest  in  the  temperance 
movement.  Chile  is  perhaps  the  most  alcoholic  portion  of  South  America, 
cursed  for  centuries  by  its  wine  industry.  Seven  babies  out  of  every  ten  in 
that  country  under  the  age  of  three  years,  die.  But  now  the  nation  is  greatly 
aroused.  Chile  lives  on  the  wine  growing  industry,  but  Chile  is  now  awake 
to  the  fact  that  if  she  is  to  perpetuate  her  race  she  must  destroy  that  wine 

238 


industry.  But  she  must  do  it  in  a  loving  way.  She  must  do  it  not  by  boy- 
cotting, but  by  winning  friends.  That  is  the  way  to  win  Latin-Americans. 
If  you  tell  them  they  must  do  a  thing  they  won't  do  it.  But  tell  them  the 
reasons  why  and  ask  them  to  cooperate  with  you,  and  they  will  do  it.  Dr. 
Fernando  Pena  said,  "We  can't  afford  to  destroy  the  greatest  industry  of  our 
nation  suddenly,  but  we  all  love  our  country.  We  are  determined  to  do  what 
is  right."  And  he  got  the  government  to  approve  of  a  plan  for  destroying 
the  wine  industry  in  ten  years,  decreasing  year  by  year  the  amount  produced 
and  at  the  same  time  teaching  the  people  who  possess  the  vineyards  to  trans- 
form their  industry  into  that  of  unfermented  wine,  grapes,  jams,  and  all  the 
rest.  This  plan  is  working  beautifully.  The  president  of  Chile  is  a  warm 
supporter  of  the  anti-alcohol  movement,  and  I  am  glad  to  say  that  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  which  is  the  predominating  church  of  Chile,  also  stands 
back  of  this  movement. 

This  ten-year  plan  is  working  splendidly  in  Chile  and  they  are  reducing 
the  wine  industry  and  have  sent  over  to  Italy  to  introduce  this  plan  over  there 
to  transform  altogether  the  wine  industry  into  a  harmless  industry  that  will 
save  the  nation  instead  of  destroying  it. 

Let  me  come  to  Uruguay,  the  plucky  Switzerland  of  South  America,  that 
is  foremost  in  all  the  moral  reforms  of  this  great  neglected  continent.  She 
is  looking  to  North  America.  She  is  eagerly  yearning  to  follow  your  ex- 
ample. The  President  of  the  Senate  said  to  me  a  few  weeks  ago,  "You  get 
the  good  folks  of  that  World  League  to  send  a  man  down  here  who  knows 
how  to  put  over  a  legislative  campaign  in  the  United  Stages,  who  will  help 
us  to  fill  our  papers  with  facts,  who  will  give  me  the  facts  and  I  will  fill  the 
Senate  with  facts,  and  we  will  make  Uruguay  the  first  Prohibition  nation  of 
South  America,  and  then  we  will  help  fhe  others  to  gain  Prohibition." 


GEORGIA 

By  PAUL  D.  KVARATZKHELIA 

Of  course,  my  Georgia  is  not  in  the  United  States.  It  is  in  the  East, 
between  Russia  and  Turkey,  between  the  Black  and  Caspian  Seas.  This 
small  nation  has  about  half  a  million  population,  but  in  the  twelfth  century 
was  considered  to  have  about  fifteen  or  sixteen  millions.  Of  course,  there 
are  many  causes  why  the  population  has  been  reduced,  but  our  people  who 
understand  the  movement  of  history,  people  who  pay  attention  to  the  past 
and  the  future,  explain  that  one  of  the  main  causes  of  this  reduction  of  pop- 
ulation is  the  thing  we  are  fighting.  We  are  fighting  this  curse  of  alcoholism 
now.  That  is  not  the  only  thing  that  we  are  fighting.  This  winetrade  is  not 
so  strong  that  this  temperance  fight  can  not  be  won.  I  was  myself  a  teacher 
and  we  have  a  very  deep  understanding  that  if  we  should  fight  this  in  the 
schools  we  may  succeed,  because  as  you  understand  all  men  have  habits, 
habits  which  are  very  hard  to  fight,  but  in  the  young  there  is  more  sensitive- 
ness and  an  impression  can  more  easily  be  made.  Our  main  point  is  to  get 
this  temperance  teaching  in  +he  school.  Begin  this  in  our  country,  and  what- 
ever you  take  from  this  assembly,  that  will  be  the  end  of  the  trouble. 

239 


SIBERIA 

By  MR.  SERGEY  LAVROV 

Miss  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  it  is  in  order  for  me  to  address 
you  this  morning.  I  came  only  two  months  ago  from  our  country  and  en- 
tered the  University  of  the  state  of  Michigan.  I  want  to  say  only  a  few  words. 
In  the  first  place  I  wish  to  bring  to  you  from  Siberia  the  thanks  to  the  Ameri- 
cans and  the  Canadians  for  the  great  help  we  got  from  you  in  those  terrible 
years  of  starvation. 

I  think  you  all  know  that  the  American  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  and  the 
American  Relief  Administration,  as  well  as  the  Canadian  organization  during 
this  last  two-year  period  came  to  Siberia  and  Russia  and  saved  from  starva- 
tion millions  of  our  children,  and  I  wish  to  tell  you  that  we  will  never  forget 
this  great  help. 


ROUMANIA 

By  MR.  V.  W.  JONES 

I  am  very  glad  this  morning  to  represent  Roumania.  Roumania  with  its 
population  of  about  eighteen  millions  is  located  on  the  west  of  the  Black  Sea, 
in  the  heart  of  the  Balkan  States.  I  am  sorry  to  say  this  morning  that  I 
can't  bring  a  joyful  report,  because  Roumania  is  just  as  America  was  in  1914, 
a  drinking  nation.  However,  there  are  in  Roumania  today  14,000  all  united 
together  who  do  not  drink  nor  smoke,  and  their  idea,  their  purpose  is,  to  make 
Roumania  dry.  We  can  not  bring  this  about  except  by  means  of  Christianity, 
by  educating  young  men  here  in  America,  because  we  do  not  have  institutions 
in  Roumania  today  for  education.  We  do  have  some  but  not  the  right  kind. 
We  want  at  the  bottom,  at  the  foundation,  of  our  education,  the  principle  of 
Christianity.  We  put  Christianity  first;  and  today  we  have  in  America  25 
students  who  are  planning  to  go  back  there  as  leaders  and  to  start  a  cam- 
paign to  make  Roumania  dry.  Today  Roumania  stretches  her  hand  across  the 
ocean  and  asks  America  and  Canada,  the  champions  of  the  world,  to  come 
quickly  to  her  relief. 


POLAND 

By  MR.  CHESTER  J.  STRELECKI 

This  is  one  of  the  great  moments  of  my  life,  to  be  before  an  audience 
like  this.  Just  a  short  time  ago  this  great  auditorium  was  filled  with  the 
admirers  of  Ignace  Paderewski  who  is  from  the  same  country.  The  only  dif- 
ference is  that  I  possess  none  of  his  talents,  but  I  am  from  the  same  country. 
I  am  asked  to  tell  you  of  the  situation  in  Poland.  I  feel  like  the  Hollander 
who  was  trying  to  hold  back  the  water  from  coming  through  the  dyke. 
We  have  no  dykes  to  hold  back  in  Poland,  but  we  have  the  great  evil  of  the 
liquor  traffic,  and  the  disadvantage  we  have  is  this:  That  our  people  not 
only  do  not  know  how  to  discriminate  against  the  evil  of  liquor,  but  they 
have  never  had  the  opportunity  of  having  such  education.  Poland,  as  you 
know,  was  divided  and  for  many  years  has  been  controlled  by  three  countries. 

240 


This  disadvantage  is  really  a  handicap  to  them  now,  but  I  assure  you,  my 
friends,  that  I  am  preparing  to  work  for  the  cause  of  Prohibition  and  not 
only  for  the  cause  of  Prohibition,  but  for  the  spread  of  the  Kingdom  of  God 
in  Poland. 


NEW  YORK 

By  REVEREND  JAMES  D.  CHALMERS,  D.D.,  of  New  York,  N.  Y. 

When  I  left  a  small  meeting  of  the  bishops  and  the  clergy  of  the  diocese 
of  New  York  two  or  three  days  ago,  I  went  up  to  Bishop  Manning  and  I 
said,  "I  am  going  up  to  Toronto  as  a  delegate  of  the  Church  Temperance 
Society  of  our  church  and  I  wish  you  could  come  with  me."  "Well,"  he  said, 
"I  can't  come  with  you.  You  know  that  well  enough.  But,"  he  said,  "you 
give  my  greetings  to  the  Convention  and  wish  them  God-speed."  That  is  the 
message  the  Bishop  of  New  York  gave  me. 

New  York,  you  know,  is  a  pretty  bad  place,  and  yet  it  is  not  as  bad  as 
people  think  it  is.  There  is  a  district  in  it  called  the  "Awful  District"  where 
there  are  three  breweries  and  there  were  in  my  time  when  I  lived  over  there 
at  that  church  178  saloons  in  that  35th  police  precinct.  I  have  been  in  those 
saloons  and  I  have  known  the  saloonkeepers,  and  have  asked  them  how  much 
they  made,  and  adding  up  all  thev  told  me  it  amounted  to  $3,500,000  a  year. 
It  was  a  district  in  which  the  poor  people  lived,  the  working  people.  The 
church  I  had  was  a  working  man's  chn-ch.  Now,  when  I  go  over  there  the 
saloons  are  like  angel's  visits,  few  and  far  between,  and  the  homes  in  which 
God's  people  dwell  are  decent  and  clean  and  the  children  have  a  chance  "to 
grow  up  as  good  citizens  of  the  United  States. 


YUKON  TERRITORY 

By  MRS.  ELIZABETH  MCCALLAM 
Of  the  Social  Service  Coimcil  of  Canada 

The  Yukon  Territory  away  up  in  the  north,  is  part  of  the  Dominion  of 
Canada,  and  I  come  from  one  of  the  northernmost  cities  in  Canada.  Perhaps 
all  here  do  not  know  what  the  situation  is  in  that  territory.  You  will  r.emem- 
ber  that  back  in  1895  when  the  great  gold  rush  came  to  the  Klondike  coun- 
try, saloons  were  running  wide  and  we  are  all  familiar  with  the  stories  of 
the  north  in  those  days. 

For  twenty  years  the  north  has  been  a  country  of  saloons  and  drinking, 
but  during  the  war  a  campaign  was  carried  on  in  the  interests  of  Prohibition. 
In  the  year  1919  a  plebiscite  was  taken  in  the  Yukon  Territory  and  the  bars 
were  closed.  Government  control  came  in  or  took  the  place  of  the  open  saloon. 

In  1920  the  question  was  again  submitted  to  the  people  of  the  Yukon  Ter- 
ritory and  government  conrol  done  away  with  and  we  had  Prohibition.  But 
again  last  year  another  plebiscite  was  taken  and  Prohibition  was  done  away 
with  and  we  are  back  again  to  government  control  in  the  Yukon  territory. 

Two  large  consignments  of  liquor  were  ordered  last  fall  so  that  they  would 
get  into  White  Horse,  the  center  of  the  Yukon  Territory,  before  the  rivers 
closed  up  and  it  would  be  impossible  to  bring  in  a  large  consignment.  The  first 

241 


consignment  was  ordered  from  Scotland.  It  was  feared  that  it  would  not  get 
there  in  time,  however,  because  the  United  States  forbade  the  transportation  of 
liquors  across  Alaska,  and  it  was  found  then  to  be  necessary  to  order  another 
consignment  from  a  closer  point  than  Scotland.  It  was  rushed  up  and  repre- 
sentations made  to  the  United  States  government,  asking  for  special  permis- 
sion to  be  given  for  the  consignment  to  cross  Alaska  .  That  was  given;  and 
they  have  government  control  and  sale  of  liquor  under  government  auspices  in 
the  Yukon  Territory  this  year. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  cooperation  of  the  west  of  Canada  will  be  given  to 
the  Prohibition  forces  in  Yukon  Territory  to  help  them  get  back  Prohibition 
again. 


MARYLAND 

By  REVEREND  T.  DEWITT  TUEPEAU 

I  wish  to  speak  for  the  negroes  of  the  state  of  Maryland,  and  I  think  I 
can  speak  for  the  negroes  of  the  nation  as  well  as  those  men  who  spoke  for 
the  negroes  of  the  nation  at  the  liquor  trade  gathering  in  St.  Louis  the  other 
day.  We  are  more  and  more  becoming  aware  of  the  fact  that  Prohibition  is 
our  second  emancipation.  Very  recently  we  discovered  that  since  Prohibi- 
tion has  been  in  operation  in  the  state  of  Maryland  and  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, the  negro  has  increased  his  holdings  by  more  than  7^  per  cent  and 
that  he  is  increasing  in  his  respectability  by  almost  a  hundred  per  cent. 

We  are  personally  grateful  for  this  opportunity  to  say  to  you  that  not 
all  the  negroes  in  all  the  states  are  in  league  with  the  Association  Against  the 
Prohibition  Amendment,  and  if  there  is  a  field  that  in  the  future  shall  prove 
fertile  for  the  propagation  of  Prohibition  sentiment  it  would  be  among  the 
negroes.  I  might  add  that  the  negro  is  now  becoming  more  of  an  asset  to 
such  moral  reforms  than  he  has  been  in  all  the  past,  and  the  negro  church- 
man is  truer  to  his  religion  and  to  the  purposes  of  religion  than  he  has  ever 
been  in  all  the  past. 


TUESDAY  AFTERNOON  SESSION 

THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC  AND  THE  DE- 
VELOPMENT OF  ALCOHOLISM  IN  THE  BRITISH 
ISLES,  AS  SHOWN  BY  OFFICIAL  STATISTICAL  RE- 
PORTS 

By  MB.  GEORGE  B.  WILSON,  B.A.  London,  England 
Statistical  Secretary  of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  bring  you  the  greetings  of  the 
Temperance  Society  in  the  United  Kingdom  which  was  the  first  to  take  up 
the  question  of  Prohibition  and  has  stuck  to  it  through  thick  and  thin,  through 
good  and  bad,  and  intends  to  stick  to  it  until  we  get  it.  About  ten  days  ago 
when  I  entered  Canada,  my  reception  was  rather  curious.  Without  a  mo- 
ment's warning,  I  and  220  of  my  fellow  passengers  were  turned  off  the  ship 
one  wet  Saturday  afternoon  and  transported  to  a  bleak  island  lying  in  the  St. 

242 


Lawrence  and  put  into  a  building  which  was  more  like  a  barn  than  anything 
else,  vaccinated  and  finally  after  five  days'  imprisonment  I  was  released.  I 
make  no  complaint.  I  entirely  approve  of  what  was  done. 

I  think  the  Dominion  Government  was  fully  justified  in  taking  precau- 
tions to  prevent  the  incoming  of  persons  or  things  which  might  endanger  the 
health  and  well-being  of  this  country.  I  approve  of  their  endeavor  by  vaccina- 
tion to  neutralize  any  poison  lurking  in  my  veins.  I  only  make  one  comment 
— I  wish  the  Dominion  Government  would  take  the  same  precautions  to  pre- 
vent the  intrusion  of  disease-bringing  agencies  and  imports  coming  from  the 
distilleries  of  the  old  country  as  they  took  in  my  case — and  if  these  articles 
are  to  be  let  in,  I  wish  they  would,  at  any  rate,  treat  them  as  they  treated  me 
by  putting  into  them  some  serum  which  would  neutralize  the  poison  contained 
in  those  thousands  of  spirit  bottles. 

I  am  not  responsible  for  the  subject  of  my  paper  today.  It  is  rather  mis- 
leading and  conveys  the  impression  that  things  in  the  old  country  are  getting 
worse.  That  is  by  no  means  the  case  and  I  think  I  shall  best  serve  you  by 
trying  briefly  to  sketch  the  position  at  home  with  its  lights  and  shades,  and 
then  perhaps  draw  a  moral. 

We  are  not  drinking  nearly  as  much  alcohol  as  we  did  30  years  ago — 
either  in  total  quantity  or  per  head  of  the  population.  Our  average  annual 
consumption  of  beer  in  the  decade  1891-1900  was  33^  million  standard  barrels 
— in  1921  it  was  only  24^  million,  and  taken  per  head  our  consumption  fell 
from  30.6  gallons  to  18.5  in  1921 — or  40  per  cent.,  and  beer  is  our  staple  in- 
toxicant. We  are  not  drinking  as  much  spirits.  Our  gross  consumption  has 
fallen  from  40^2  million  proof  gallons  to  18^2  millions;  and  our  per  head  con- 
sumption from  just  over  1  gallon  to  .39  gallon  in  1921,  or  65  per  cent.  Our  per 
head  consumption  of  wine  >is  small — but  it  has  fallen  from  .38  to  .24  or  37  per 
cent.  Our  drunkenness  is  not  so  great.  In  the  earlier  decade  we,  in  England 
and  Wales,  averaged  188,000  proceedings;  in  1921,  just  over  85,000,  a  drop  of 
over  50  per  cent — on  a  much  larger  population.  Our  recorded  deaths  from 
alcoholism  and  cirrhosis — a  mere  indication  of  our  total  alcoholic  mortality — 
have  fallen  from  an  average  of  6,076  in  the  decade  to  2,175  in  1921 — or  64  per 
cent  on  a  larger  population.  Our  cases  of  suffocation  of  babies  under  one 
year  old — which  used  to  exceed  1,200  per  annum — is  now  only  541  in  1921. 

These  things  have  happened  because  less  drink  has  been  consumed.  You 
have  learned,  but  our  Governments  have  not  yet  learned,  that  drink  is  the 
cause  of  all  the  evils  that  come  from  drinking — and  as  we  are  now  drinking 
only  61  million  gallons  in  1921  as  against  92  millions  in  the  decade,  we 
have  fewer  people  poisoned.  But — St.  Paul  has  warned  us  that  we  who 
compare  ourselves  with  ourselves  are  not  wise.  Last  March  I  stated  through- 
out the  British  press  that  we  were  drinking  more  than  25  times  as  much 
alcohol  per  head  as  the  United  States,  putting  together  the  legitimate  and 
illegitimate  use  of  beverage  alcohol  in  the  states.  The  Trade  commented  on 
the  statement  but  did  not  dispute  it.  That  is  the  measure  of  the  difference 
between  the  two  countries. 

For  when  I  have  said  my  best  for  my  country  our  national  drink  bill 
and  all  it  stands  for  is  appalling  in  this  year  of  grace  1922,  and  in  the  light 

243 


of  modern  science  and  sociological  knowledge.  We  spent  last  year  at  least 
403  million  pounds  on  drink  as  compared  with  170  millions  during  the  decade. 
Deducting  taxation  the  comparison  is  between  134  million  pounds  in  the 
decade,  and  212  millions  in  1921 — but  I  do  not  fancy  that  people  drink  in 
order  to  pay  taxes. 

We  spent  8  pounds,  10  shillings  per  head  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  8 
pounds  17  shillings  in  England  and  Wales — probably  one  pound  per  week  per 
drinking  family,  and  we  had  one  and  one-half  million  people  out  of  work 
receiving  government  doles.  Seventeen  hundred  seventy-three  million  dollars 
is  a  large  sum  and  15  months  of  such  expenditure  would  have  wiped  out  the 
national  debt  of  Canada. 

For  every  pound  we  spent  on  education,  we  spent  four  pounds  on  drink. 
For  every  pound  we  spent  in  making  the  child  fit  for  his  place  in  the  world,  we 
spent  over  four  pounds  in  making  the  world  less  fit  for  the  child.  Our  expendi- 
ture was  2,000  pounds  a  minute,  in  England  and  Wales,  during  the  hours  the 
drink  shops  were  open.  Our  drink  bill  would  have  paid  the  annual  rent  of 
all  property  of  every  kind  bearing  rent  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  left  a 
large  margin  for  repairs. 

We  consumed  an  enormous  quantity  of  beer.  The  figures  I  gave  you  of 
Standard  barrels  do  not  represent  the  selling  barrels  which  numbered  over 
28  millions.  Nothing  less  than  a  canal  15  yards  wide,  15  feet  deep,  50  miles 
long  would  contain  it.  And  the  empty  barrels  would  make  a  tube  long  enough 
to  go  from  London  to  New  Zealand  and  4,000  miles  on  the  way  back.  They 
would  make  a  pyramid  800  feet  high — St.  Paul's  is  365  and  the  Great  Pyramid 
480 — with  its  base  400  yards  square.  To  make  that  beer  we  destroyed  995,000 
tons  of  grain  and  95,000  tons  of  sugar.  In  the  work  of  destruction  and  of 
selling  the  products  of  destruction  to  the  public  there  were  employed  round 
about  400,000  men  and  women — not  less,  probably  more — 400,000  parasites  on 
our  national  life. 

Of  course  we  got  revenue  out  of  the  drink  bill,  191,000,000  pounds,  47 
per  cent  of  the  expenditure,  but  it  is  bad  economics  to  spend  403  millions  in 
securing  a  tax  of  191,000,000 — and  the  cost  of  collection  is  far  too  great.  Apart 
from  the  mere  cost  of  trying  to  undo  the  irreparable  mischief  that  revenue 
cost  us  in  direct  alcoholic  mortality  12,000  human  souls  at  least. 

Today  there  are  in  England  and  Wales  over  12  million  boys  and  girls 
under  16  years  of  age.  It  would  be  true  to  say  that  at  the  very  lowest  one 
million  o.f  these  children  are  being  vitally  and  morally  injured  by  drink. 
There  are  hundreds  of  thousands  of  children  in  England  today  to  whom  it 
would  be  blasphemy  to  teach  such  texts  as:  "Like  as  a  father  pitieth  his 
children  so  the  Lord  pitieth."  "As  one  whom  his  mother  comforteth  so  will 
I  comfort" — because  such  children's  conception  of  fatherhood  and  motherhood 
is  one  that  it  would  be  blasphemy  to  apply  to  the  Father  heart  and  Mother 
heart  of  God. 

What  then  is  the  outlook  in  England?  Politically,  we  have  a  govern- 
ment as  wet  as  any  our  country  has  ever  known,  under  a  Canadian-born  prime 
minister — a  teetotaler,  but  a  politician  who  has  never  cast  a  vote  for  temper- 
ance, as  we  understand  it,  in  his  life  and  has  voted  against  temperance  re- 

244 


form  consistently  through  his  Parliamentary  career.     There  is  not,  I  believe, 
a  single  cabinet  minister  and  I  do  not  know  of  one  subordinate  minister,  who 
has  ever  voted  for  temperance,  and  most  have  consistently  voted  against  it. 
The  attitude  of  the  Government  may  be  judged  from  the  facts — 

1.  That  the   Minister  of  Health  for  Scotland   is  the  paid  secretary   of 
the  Scottish   Brewers'  Association,  and 

2.  That  the  chairman  and   cnief  wire-puller  of  the   Conservative  party 
is  Sir  George  Younger,  the  great  Scottish  brewer. 

The  chief  party  in  opposition,  Labor,  is  led  by  Ramsay  Macdonald  who 
is  an  outspoken  temperance  man  as  are  Philip  Snowden  and  some  others — 
but  there  are  not  a  few  others  who  hate  temperance  reform  and  temperance 
practice,  and  the  whole  party  leans  towards  liquor  nationalization.  In  Sir 
John  Simon,  the  Independent  Liberals  have  a  leader  who  is  a  convinced  or 
declared  local  vetoist,  a  brilliant  lawyer,  and  most  of  his  colleagues  are  local 
vetoists  and  his  party  is  committed  to  that  reform.  In  the  National  Liberals 
— the  handful  who  follow  Lloyd  George — there  are  a  good  many  local  vetoists 
and  Mr.  Lloyd  George  would  probably  support  such  a  measure — at  any  rate 
for  Wales — though  he  leans  strongly  to  nationalization,  captured  by  the 
glamor  of  a  big  state  institution.  That  proposal  is,  however,  not  practical 
politics  today.  No  government  dare  propose  to  spend  anything  up  to  4,000 
million  dollars  in  buying  up  such  a  precarious  business  and  the  Conservatives 
on  principle  oppose  all  such  schemes  for  government  trading.  There  is, 
therefore,  not  much  hope  in  this  Parliament  of  a  local  veto  measure.  At  the 
same  time  I  am  satisfied  that  the  sentiment  for  local  veto  is  growing  rapidly 
in  our  country,  and  that — perhaps  sooner  than  we  think — this  power  of  self- 
protection  will  at  least  be  given  to  us. 

Personally  I  am  in  no  way  downhearted.  Since  I  took  up  this  work  I 
have  seen  a  complete  change  in  the  attitude  of  the  liquor  trade  to  temperance 
reform.  That  change  I  will  illustrate  by  a  few  typical  citations  from  their 
leading  papers: 

1890.  "If  we  were  asked  to  point  out  a  trade  distinguished  for  honor 
and  respectability,  and  the  carrying  on  of  which  has  developed  and  sustained 
the  best  qualities  of  the  English  character,  we  should  unhesitatingly  point  to 
that  of  the  brewer." — Licensed  Victuallers'  Gazette,  Dec.  12,  1890. 

1899.  "Great  Britain's  foremost  position  among  nations  is  due  to  the 
Bible  and  beer.  The  teaching  of  the  former  has  educated  the  mind  of  the 
nation  to  follow  in  righteous  paths  and  the  latter  (beer)  as  a  food  beverage 
has  built  up  the  constitutions  of  the  subjects  of  Great  Britain  in  a  way  which 
is  recorded  in  the  history  of  our  naval  and  military  achievements." — Licensed 
Victualler's  Gazette,  Aug.  14,  1899. 

1902.  "Never  was  our  premier  industry  more  flourishing;  never  was  the 
trade  such  a  power  in  the  land  as  it  is  today.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that 
the  prosperity  of  the  liquor  industry  is  inseparable  from  that  of  the  nation 
itself — the  one  advances  in  sympathy  with  the  other;  and  while  this  lasts  there 
is  no  more  prospect  of  national  decay  than  there  is  of  the  substitution  of  a 

245 


republic  for  our  time-honored  and  firmly-established  monarch." — Licensing 
World,  1902. 

Now  listen  to  more  recent  and  chastened  utterances: 

1914.  "The  feeling  is  evidently  abroad  that  public  houses  should  be  pat- 
ronized as  little  as  possible,  representing  as  they  do  to  a  large  extent  national 
and  individual  luxury  and  waste." — Brewer's  Gazette,  1914. 

"Let  every  man  study  his  own  case.  We  are  working  for  health,  for  hap- 
piness, and  for  efficiency.  Does  strong  drink  add  to  your  well-being?  If 
not,  is  it  not  better  to  omit  it?  And  this  certainly  a  large  number  of  intelli- 
gent people  are  doing." — Brewers'  Gazette. 

1916.  "In  our  trade  it  seems  to  us  particularly  necessary  never  to  forget 
that  we  are — as  a  trade  entity — the  Esau  among  the  traders.  It  so  happens 
that  we  deal  in  a  ware,  the  misuse  of  which  brings  sorrow  in  its  train;  and 
modern  conditions  have  made  the  exigencies  and  affairs  of  society  so  inde- 
pendent that  it  is  no  longer  possible  for  the  individual  to  work  out  his  own 
damnation,  in  whatsoever  way  he  chooses  to  do  it,  without  society  as  a  whole 
being  subtly  affected." — Brewers'  Gazette,  1916. 

1920.  "Restrictions,  Prohibition,  State  Control,  Pussyfoot — all  would  go 
by  the  board — if  only  there  were  no  cause." — Brewers'  Gazette,  1920. 

A  superficial  view  of  the  British  situation  may  be  deemed  discouraging. 
A  deeper  study  of  the  position  will  change  that  view.  For  scores  of  years 
the  British  liquor  trade  has  been  on  the  offensive;  today  it  is  on  the  defensive. 
It  is  mortally  afraid  of  the  progress  of  Prohibition  over  on  this  side — and  it  is 
the  unscrupulousness  of  fear  that  prompts  it  to  flood  my  country  with  lies 
as  to  the  movement  in  America. 

Your  success  means  our  success.  If  you  transform  your  70  per  cent  effi- 
ciency to  95  per  cent  you  will  be  doing  not  merely  yourselves,  but  us  a 
tremendous  service. 

The  speech  of  Ontario's  premier  last  night  comes  as  a  trumpet  call  to 
England  from  one  of  the  Empire's  most  distinguished  sons.  We  will  make  it 
ring  throughout  England.  We  wish  we  could  help  you  more  in  your  strug- 
gle for  law  enforcement.  We  sympathize  with  you  intensely — and  I  will  con- 
clude with  reading  to  you  a  few  sentences  uttered  on  October  17  last  by  the 
Rt.  Hon.  Leif  Jones  w  ho  so  deeply  regrets  his  inability  to  be  present.  They 
were  spoken  before  the  great  Annual  Conference  of  the  Alliance — were  loudly 
applauded  and  received  a  good  deal  of  notice  in  our  press.  He  said: 

"I  think  it  would  be  well  for  some  people  in  this  country  to  try  and  under- 
stand a  little  better  the  attitude  of  America  upon  this  question.  There  seems 
to  be  an  idea  over  here  that  prohibition  in  America  was  an  experiment  hastily 
made  by  the  Americans  during  a  war  panic  and  that  people  over  there  are 
seeking  an  opportunity  to  get  rid  of  the  shackles  in  which  they  have  un- 
wittingly placed  themselves.  Nothing  could  be  further  from  the  truth.  The 
Americans  are  the  last  people  in  the  world  to  have  chains  put  about  them 
which  they  do  not  want.  I  should  have  thought  their  history  would  have 
been  sufficient  to  prove  that.  They  entered  upon  this  Prohibition  policy 
deliberately,  and  whatever  people  in  this  country  may  think  of  that  policy 

246 


they  must  surely  recognize  that  for  a  great,  rich,  powerful  nation  like  the 
United  States,  deliberately  to  adopt  Prohibition  in  order  to  raise  the  standard 
of  life  among  the  people,  is  an  act  worthy  of  respect.  I  suppose  it  is  the 
greatest  attempt  at  social  reform,  and  the  raising  of  the  standard  of  life,  that 
has  ever  been  made  at  any  time  by  any  people.  Therefore,  whether  you 
think  America  wise  or  unwise  you  ought  at  least  to  sympathize  with  their 
object,  to  respect  their  motive,  and  to  see  to  it  that  at  any  rate  the  policy 
which  they  are  trying  has  a  fair  chance.  It  ill  becomes  citizens  of  this 
country,  members  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  of  the  House  of  Lords 
to  go  over  to  America  and  break  the  law  there,  and  then  come  back  to  this 
country  and  tell  us  how,  in  collusion  with  other  evil-doers  they  have  got 
round  the  law,  broken  the  law,  and  succeeded  in  obtaining  the  drink  which 
they  desire  so  much.  Nobody  asked  them  to  go  to  America.  I  do  not  mind 
their  going.  I  should  be  rather  glad  if  some  of  them  would  stay  there,  but 
at  least  while  they  are  the  guests  of  the  American  people  they  should  endeavor 
to  be  orderly  members  of  the  community. 

"I  will  go  a  little  further.  Difficulties  are  arising  between  the  American 
police  patrol  boats  and  British  traders  in  those  parts.  There  is  a  definite  con- 
spiracy on  the  part  of  the  liquor  trade  which  has  been  outlawed  in  America, 
to  try  and  break  down  the  prohibition  law,  and  I  am  sorry  to,  say  that  British 
traders  are  in  collusion  with  the  American  liquor  trade  in  that  attempt.  Now 
I  say  it  is  for  our  government  to  devise  means  which  will  prevent  the  British 
flag  being  used  as  a  cover  for  illicit  trading.  I  go  further.  I  say  it  is  gravely 
dangerous  to  the  peace  of  the  world  if  they  do  not  do  so.  These  incidents 
and  collisions  between  armed  vessels  are  not  pleasant  to  contemplate.  A  gun 
may  go  off,  a  man  may  be  killed.  He  may  be  a  Britisher  on  the  high  seas,  or 
an  American  in  the  three-mile  limit.  Whichever  it  is,  if  blood  is  shed,  it  will 
be  a  very  ugly  international  incident;  and  it  is  the  duty  of  a  far-sighted  gov- 
ernment to  prevent  the  arising  of  such  incidents.  I  do  not  say  that  Americans 
will  always  be  wise  in  their  demands.  The  Americans  are  a  people  not  un- 
conscious of  their  own  power,  they  put  forward  their  demands  sometimes  in 
a  high  tone,  and  the  Britisher  is  quick  to  resent  it.  I  do  not  say  the  American 
government  is  perfect.  Few  governments  are  perfect.  Even  our  government 
is  not  perfect.  But  they  might  at  least  have  the  wisdom  to  refer  this  interna- 
tional question  to  some  international  tribunal.  The  law  of  the  seas  should  be 
ascertained.  The  government  of  this  country  should  be  anxious  to  help  the 
American  government  in  the  enforcement  of  this  law.  It  is  not  enough  for 
them  to  wash  their  hands  and  say,  'Up  to  now  this  trade  has  been  all  right 
and  we  cannot  interfere.  We  will  avert  our  gaze  until  something  happens 
which  compels  us  to  look.'  What  do  the  Americans  want  of  us?  Let  us  see 
whether  the  American  demands  are  such  as  we  can  comply  wit;  if  they  are 
not  let  the  question  be  referred  to  some  international  tribunal  which  will  lay 
down  a  law  by  which  this  question  can  be  dealt  with  and  which  all  law-abiding 
nations  will  be  willing  to  accept." 


247 


RESPECT  FOR  LAW,  NATIONAL  AND  INTERNATIONAL 

By  WAYNE  B.  WHEELER,  LL.D. 
General  Counsel  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America 

In  these  days  of  unrest  and  disregard  for  both  divine  law  and  human  law, 
it  is  a  good  time  for  us  to  consider  the  harvest  that  may  result  therefrom  if 
this  tendency  is  not  checked. 

Law  is  of  divine  origin.  When  God  created  Heaven  and  Earth,  He 
established  law.  The  sun  rises  and  sets  and  the  seasons  come  and  go  in  ac- 
cordance with  law.  When  Adam  was  created  and  placed  in  the  Garden  of 
Eden  there  was  given  to  him  a  command.  Moses  was  given  the  Tables  of  the 
law  on  Mount  Sinai.  Man  created  in  the  image  of  God  has  but  followed  the 
divine  precedent  in  enacting  laws  for  his  government  and  guidance.  From 
that  time  to  this  hour,  individuals  and  governments  have  been  ruled  by  law. 
There  is  carved  in  stone  over  the  entrance  to  the  city  hall  at  the  seat  of 
Harvard  University  this  significant  declaration:  "God  has  given  command- 
ments unto  men:  From  these  commandments  men  have  framed  laws  by 
which  to  be  governed.  It  is  honorable  and  praiseworthy  to  faithfully  serve 
the  people  by  helping  to  administer  these  laws.  If  the  laws  are  not  enforced, 
the  people  are  not  well  governed." 

LAWS   OMNIPRESENT 

Moral  laws  of  divine  origin  are,  like  their  Creator — omnipresent.  Their 
penalties  are  sure  and  inescapable.  Human  laws  are  also  comprehensive.  They 
place  their  protecting  influence  around  us  even  before  we  make  our  entrance 
into  this  world  and  secure  to  us  our  liberty  and  happiness  during  life,  and 
even  fix  the  conditions  upon  which  our  mortal  remains  may  be  interred.  The 
law  bears  a  vital  relation  to  life  itself.  Immanuel  Kant  said,  a  long  time  ago, 
"I  find  two  things  that  are  great  and  beautiful — the  stars  in  the  blue  vault  of 
Heaven  above  and  the  law  of  duty  on  earth." 

PURPOSE  OF  GOVERNMENTS 

Governments  are  established  to  secure  liberty  under  law.  The  preamble 
to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  declares:  "We,  the  people  of  the 
United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  union,  establish  justice,  insure 
domestic  tranquility,  provide  for  the  common  defense,  promote  the  general 
welfare  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do 
ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution  for  the  United  States  of  America." 
Other  nations  have  similar  declarations  of  the  fundamental  purposes  of  their 
government.  Experience  proves  that,  in  human  society,  that  government  is 
most  stable  which  seeks  to  secure  to  the  individual  the  maximum  of  individual 
liberty  consistent  with  the  common  welfare,  and  which  applies  in  its  dealings 
with  other  nations  the  Golden  Rule.  Neither  men  nor  nations  can  escape  the 
restraining  influence  of  the  law. 

RELATION  OF  LAW  TO  HUMAN  WELFARE 

When  we  contemplate  the  importance  of  human  laws  to  human  welfare 
and  national  destiny,  we  at  once  realize  the  duty  of  citizens  to  participate 
actively  in  the  shaping  of  legislation,  the  selection  of  officers  for  law  enforce- 

248 


ment  and  the  inculcation  of  a  spirit  of  respect  for  law  upon  the  part  of  the 
body  politic. 

PENALTIES  FOB  VIOLATIONS 

History,  both  sacred  and  profane,  is  replete  with  illustrations  of  the 
penalty  for  violations  of  the  law.  We  see  today  a  torn  and  distracted  world. 
We  hear  the  cries  of  the  widow  and  orphans;  see  upon  our  streets  the  maimed 
and  broken  in  health;  read  of  cities  destroyed,  fields  devastated  and  homes 
made  desolate.  Why?  Because  nations  inspired  by  the  lust  of  power,  in  dis- 
regard not  only  of  international  law  but  of  every  principle  of  moral  law,  saw 
fit  to  seek  to  trample  underfoot  the  rights  of  others.  It  is  but  the  penalty  of 
disobedience  to  law,  but  as  is  inevitable,  when  there  is  a  violation  of  law,  the 
evil  results  fall  not  only  upon  the  guilty  but  upon  the  innocent  as  well.  Just 
as  it  is  with  nations,  so  it  is  with  the  individual  who  violates  the  law  of  his 
country.  He  brings  upon  himself  not  only  the  penalty  provided  in  the  law 
but  trouble  and  sorrow  to  his  dependents.  This  act  of  law  violation  decreases 
respect  for  law  and  lessens  to  that  extent  the  degree  of  protection  which  he 
and  every  other  citizen  has  a  right  to  expect  from  the  government. 

DUTY  OF    CITIZENS    TO    GOVERNMENT 

Because  of  the  breaking  down  of  the  morale  of  the  peoples  of  the  world  as 
a  result  of  the  world  conflict  these  is  an  imperative  need  at  this  time  for  an 
intensive  campaign  of  education  to  teach  the  duty  of  the  individual  citizen  to- 
wards his  fellow  citizen  and  his  government.  The  nations  of  the  world  need 
to  be  awakened  to  an  appreciation  that  in  their  dealings  with  each  other,  they 
should  be  governed  by  those  same  moral  principles  which  should  govern  the 
conduct  of  individuals  rather  than  by  the  promptings  of  expediency.  This  is 
essential  if  there  is  to  be  secured  to  the  world  an  era  of  peace  and  good  fellow- 
ship which  is  the  innermost  longing  of  the  people  of  all  lands.  The  people 
must  be  made  to  understand  the  purposes  which  underlie  the  formation  of 
government  and  appreciate  that  human  happiness,  in  the  civil  state,  can  only 
be  secured  by  the  processes  of  orderly  government.  All  governments  are 
maintained  by  law.  Respect  for  and  obedience  to  law  is  as  indispensable  to 
the  maintenance  of  government  as  is  breath  to  life. 

INTERNATIONAL  LAWLESSNESS 

During  the  war,  nations,  inspired  by  imperative  necessity,  arose  to  splendid 
heights  of  sacrifice  and  service  for  the  good  of  humanity.  Selfishness  was 
temporarily  suppressed  in  the  interests  of  the  common  welfare.  With  the 
sudden  cessation  of  hostilities  and  the  long  controversy  over  the  terms  of 
peace,  this  evil,  temporarily  held  in  abeyance,  has  been  unleashed  with  re- 
doubled fury.  In  almost  every  country  we  find  selfish  interests  seeking  special 
privileges  at  the  expense  of  the  many.  We  hear  of  doctrines  and  cults  almost 
unknown  before.  Some  of  these  seek  changes  in  existing  laws  by  means 
perfectly  legitimate  and  proper  but  many  of  them  openly  advocate  the  over- 
throw of  existing  governments  by  force.  Anarchistic  and  Bolshevistic  propa- 
ganda and  agitation  is  almost  world-wide.  The  activities  of  many  of  these 
doctrinaires  present  an  international  question  of  the  first  magnitude.  These 
agitators  have  their  headquarters  in  some  country  and  from  it  they  dis- 
tribute their  propaganda  by  mail  and  through  other  methods  of  communica- 

249 


tion  in  distant  countries.  Much  of  the  literature  and  material  which  is  being 
distributed,  if  it  were  distributed  by  a  citizen  in  his  own  country  or  mine 
would  subject  him  to  trial  for  treason  or  prosecution  for  conspiracy  to  over- 
throw the  government.  By  operating  at  a  distance  and  hiding  themselves  be- 
hind the  principle  that  the  criminal  laws  of  a  nation  have  no  extra  territorial 
jurisdiction,  these  agitators  continue  their  pernicious  activities  almost  un- 
hindered. These  activities  are  like  the  small  break  in  the  dike  through  which 
the  water  seeps,  until  gradually  it  undermines  the  foundation  upon  which  the 
structure  rests.  Eventually  they  seek  to  create  dissatisfaction  with  existing 
conditions  and  to  encourage  disrespect  for  law  upon  the  part  of  the  citizenship 
for  the  purpose  of  the  destruction  of  the  government  itself.  This  phase  of 
international  lawlessness  affects  every  civilized  nation. 

The  United  States,  because  of  its  remoteness  from  the  scene  of  the  late 
conflict  and  on  account  of  its  democratic  institutions,  has  probably  suffered 
less  from  this  evil  than  have  many  of  the  nations  of  Europe,  but  even  here  it 
is  fast  becoming  a  question  of  importance.  Before  the  war  such  activities  were 
almost  negligible  in  this  country.  Its  growth  here  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
many  of  the  states  of  the  Union  have  found  it  necessary  to  enact  statutes  to 
suppress  syndicalism  or  have  broadened  their  acts  relating  to  conspiracy 
against  the  government.  In  many  states'  the  dockets  of  the  courts  are  filled 
with  prosecutions  brought  under  these  provisions  of  the  law. 

COOPERATION 

The  peculiar  conditions  under  which  these  international  trouble-makers 
operate  present  a  problem  which  can  only  be  solved  effectively  by  a  spirit  of 
cooperation  for  a  concert  of  action  upon  the  part  of  the  great  powers.  Much 
could  be  accomplished  in  this  direction  by  seeking  to  arouse  in  the  various 
countries  public  sentiment  to  a  realization  of  the  necessity  for  international  co- 
operation. The  leading  nations  of  the  world  would  help  by  enacting  uniform 
legislation  to  punish  offenders  operating  within  their  confines  as  a  base  from 
which  to  violate  the  laws  of  another  country.  Precedents  for  this  course  are 
already  found  in  the  statutes  of  many  countries  which  provide  for  the  punish- 
ment of  persons  within  their  jurisdiction  who  seek  to  counterfeit  coin  of 
another  nation,  with  a  view  to  committing  a  fraud  against  the  government  of 
such  foreign  nation.  Other  illustrations  are  found  in  the  statutes  with  ref- 
erence to  neutrality.  Almost  all  nations  have  laws  designed  to  prevent  their 
citizens  or  others  within  their  confines  from  engaging  in  any  act  within  their 
territory  of  a  hostile  character  against  a  nation  with  whom  such  country  is  at 
peace. 

While  nations  of  Europe  are  more  directly  concerned  with  this  problem 
it  is  believed  that  the  people  of  the  United  States  would  willingly  support 
legislation  or  other  governmental  action  designed  to  assist  in  the  solution  of 
these  difficulties. 

MODERN    METHODS    OF  COMMUNICATION   INTENSIFY  PROBLEM 

There  are  still  other  questions  which  challenge  the  citizens  of  world  vision. 
Modern  improvements  in  methods  of  communication  and  transportation  have 
brought  the  people  of  the  world  into  a  more  intimate  and  direct  contact.  The 
aeroplane,  the  speed  boat  and  the  radio  which  have  proven  of  such  benefit  to 

250 


mankind  have  not  been  an  unmixed  blessing.  The  criminal  has  seized  upon 
them  as  instrumentalities  to  operate  from  the  territory  of  one  nation  in  an  at- 
tempt to  frustrate  the  law  of  another.  By  these  means  they  seek  to  evade  the 
customs  laws,  to  avoid  payments  of  duties,  to  evade  white  slave  laws,  the  laws 
against  immigration,  the  laws  against  the  importation  of  opium  and  other 
narcotics,  as  well  as  intoxicating  liquors,  also  as  a  means  to  disseminate 
destructive  propaganda,  spoken  of  above,  designed  to  overthrow  the  govern- 
ment itself.  Progress  in  international  transportation  and  communication  re- 
quires an  equal  advance  in  international  cooperation  to  meet  the  new  con- 
ditions. 

INTERNATIONAL   CONFERENCES 

The  need  for  international  cooperation  for  law  enforcement  constantly  in- 
creases. Much  has  been  accomplished  by  international  conferences  and  agree- 
ments to  effect  this.  Much  more  remains  to  be  done.  We  have  taken  only 
the  initial  steps  in  this  regard.  No  nation  can  afford  to  stand  aloof  in  this 
enterprise  or  refuse  to  exert  its  governmental  agencies  to  prevent  the  use  of 
its  territory  as  a  base  of  operation  for  the  violation  of  the  laws  of  another,  or 
fail  to  suppress  the  activities  of  its  own  natives  or  citizens  guilty  of  such 
practices  without  jeopardizing  its  own  interests  through  the  refusal  of  similar 
cooperation  from  others  when  its  own  laws  are  similarly  violated.  The  com- 
mon interests  of  all  suggest  a  unity  of  action  to  preserve  the  integrity  of  each. 

CONTROL  OF  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC 

The  demand  among  the  people  of  the  world  for  the  more  effective  regula- 
tion of  Prohibition  of  the  traffic  in  beverage  liquors  has  grown  steadily.  Some 
of  the  nations  have  adopted  an  absolute  Prohibition  policy,  while  others  have 
instituted  partial  Prohibition  through  prohibiting  the  importation,  manufacture 
or  sale  of  the  stronger  alcoholic  beverages. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  PROHIBITION 

The  people  of  the  United  States  two  years  ago  by  an  amendment  to  their 
Constitution  inaugurated  a  National  Prohibition  policy  against  beverage  intox- 
icants. This  was  the  culmination  of  a  struggle  of  more  than  fifty  years  upon 
the  part  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  to  solve  effectively  the  problem 
growing  out  of  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  as  a  beverage.  The  movement  had 
its  inception  in  local  communities  where  it  was  applied  under  what  are  known 
as  local  option  laws.  As  the  benefits  became  manifest  to  the  people  in  sur- 
rounding territory  the  principle  gradually  became  extended  to  other  com- 
munities and  finally  when  the  sentiment  was  ripe  was  applied  to  the  sta'te  as 
a  unit. 

At  the  time  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  became  effective  thirty-three 
states  of  the  United  States  had  adopted  the  Prohibition  policy.  Ninety-five 
per  cent  of  the  territory  was  under  Prohibition  statute  and  more  than  sixty 
per  cent  of  the  people  lived  under  such  laws. 

HOW  PROHIBITION  WAS   SECURED 

Before  an  amendment  can  t be  secured  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  it  is  necessary  that  a  resolution  be  passed  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the 
representatives  of  the  states  in  Congress.  This  resolution  when  adopted  must 


be  submitted  to  the  legislatures  of  the  several  states,  and  when  ratified  by 
three-fourths  of  the  states  the  proposed  measure  becomes  a  part  of  the 
fundamental  law.  The  resolution  proposing  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  was 
passed  by  the  Senate  August  1,  1917,  and  by  the  House  of  Representatives  on 
December  17,  1917.  By  January  16,  1919,  the  necessary  three-fourths  of  the 
states  had  ratified  the  Amendment  and  up  to  the  present  time  the  legislatures 
of  forty-six  of  the  forty-eight  states  have  ratified  it.  This  means  that  94  dif- 
ferent legislative  bodies  have  acted  favorably  upon  this  legislation.  These  facts 
are  cited  merely  to  illustrate  the  development  of  the  sentiment  in  the  United 
States  for  this  policy  of  government  and  to  show  that  to  a  peculiar  degree 
it  is  expressive  of  the  will  of  the  people.  It  was  not  put  over,  it  was  voted 
over  by  the  orderly  processes  of  government. 

ENFORCEMENT  RAISES   INTERNATIONAL    QUESTIONS 

The  enforcement  of  this  policy  has  raised  several  questions  of  inter- 
national importance.  The  first  of  these  arose  concerning  the  right  of  foreign 
nations  to  transport  liquors  through  territory  of  the  United  States  when 
destined  for  use  in  a  foreign  country.  Relying  upon  a  treaty  concluded  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  in  the  year  1871,  which  gave  to 
citizens  of  Great  Britain  the  right  to  transport  merchandise  through  the 
United  States  in  customs  bond,  certain  British  shipping  interests  contended 
that  they  had  the  right  to  ship  intoxicating  liquors  through  the  United  States 
subsequent  to  the  passage  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment.  This  contention 
was  denied  by  the  government  and  the  question  was  brought  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  for  decision.  It  was  held  by  that  court  that,  the 
people  of  the  United  States  having  expressed  their  will  through  an  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution  prohibiting  the  transportation  or  possession  of 
liquors  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States,  the  treaty  relied  upon  was 
abrogated  insofar  as  it  applied  to  liquors  intended  for  beverage  purposes. 
This  decision  in  no  way  conflicts  with  any  principle  of  international  law  or 
justice.  The  people  of  the  United  States  have  simply  said  they  have  with- 
drawn all  the  facilities  of  the  government  from  the  promotion  of  the  liquor 
traffic  in  beverage  intoxicants. 

POSSESSION  OF  LIQUOR  ON  FOREIGN  VESSELS 

The  second  issue  of  international  importance  involves  the  question  of  the 
Prohibition  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  when  applied  to  the  vessels  of  the 
United  States  upon  the  high  seas  and  to  foreign  vessels  entering  within  the 
territorial  waters  of  the  United  States.  This  controversy  grew  out  of  the  fact 
that  the  United  States  Shipping  Board,  relying  upon  the  advice  of  its  General 
Counsel,  held  that  the  prohibitions  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  did  not 
apply  to  vessels  of  the  United  States  upon  the  high  seas.  The  Attorney 
General  was  requested  for  an  interpretation  of  the  law  to  determine  first, 
whether  it  applied  to  American  vessels  on  the  high  seas,  and  second,  whether 
it  applied  to  foreign  vessels  while  within  the  territorial  waters  of  the  United 
States.  Both  questions  were  answered  in  the  affirmative.  The  Federal  Courts 
have  sustained  the  Attorney  General's  opinions.  There  is  no  international 
question  involved  insofar  as  the  vessels  of  the  United  States  upon  the  high 
seas  are  concerned,  it  being  conceded  by  all  that  the  United  States  has  the 

252 


right  to  regulate  the  operation  of  its  own  vessels  and  punish  offenses  thereon. 
The  sole  question  of  international  importance  is  the  interpretation  of  the  law 
as  it  applies  to  vessels  of  foreign  nations  entering  the  territorial  waters  of  the 
United  States. 

Certain  foreign  shipping  interests  have  indicated  an  intention  to  contest 
this  interpretation  placed  upon  the  law.  This  question  is  now  pending  in  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  Many  misleading  statements  have  been 
published  with  reference  to  the  issues  involved  in  this  controversy.  The  liquor 
interests  have  endeavored  to  make  it  appear  that  the  United  States  was  at- 
tempting to  force  the  Prohibition  policy  upon  citizens  of  other  nations.  This 
is  entirely  misleading.  The  Eighteenth  Amendment  prohibiting  the  trans- 
portation or  importation  of  intoxicating  liquors  within  or  into  the  territory  of 
the  United  States  is  legislation  of  a  police  nature.  It  is  the  indisputable  right 
of  a  nation  to  determine  the  conditions  upon  which  merchant  vessels  of 
another  nation  seeking  its  trade  shall  enter  its  port.  Every  nation  of  the 
world,  in  the  absence  of  some  specific  treaty  provision  to  the  contrary,  requires 
that  the  vessels  of  other  nations  entering  its  ports  shall  comply  with  its 
domestic  laws  while  it  remains.  Experience  has  shown  that  much  of  the  dif- 
ficulty in  the  enforcement  of  the  Prohibition  statute,  particularly  along  the 
coast,  has  grown  out  of  the  fact  that  liquor  was  being  brought  into  the  ports 
of  the  United  States  or  along  its  coast  line  by  foreign  vessels  claiming  for 
themselves  extra  territorial  privileges.  These  liquors  are  usually  listed  as  sea 
stores  in  order  to  evade  the  customs  laws  of  the  United  States.  In  the  applica- 
tion of  the  law  to  these  foreign  ships,  the  United  Sattes  does  not  violate  any 
of  her  treaty  obligations  or  run  counter  to  any  accepted  principle  of  inter- 
national law.  There  is  no  discrimination  in  favor  of  one  nation  as  against 
another,  nor  in  favor  of  the  vessels  of  this  country.  All  are  placed  on  the 
same  footing  and  given  the  same  treatment.  There  is  no  interference  with 
the  right  of  vessels  of  foreign  nations  upon  the  high  seas.  The  United  States 
attempts  to  assume  no  jurisdiction  over  them  so  long  as  they  are  outside  of 
the  territorial  waters  of  the  United  States. 

MENACE  OF    SMUGGLING 

Both  history  and  experience  reveal  the  difficulties  that  arise  in  law  en- 
forcement whenever  a  prohibition  is  laid  upon  the  traffic  in  a  commodity 
which  has  a  strong  appeal  to  human  appetite,  weakness  or  greed.  As  the 
enforcement  of  the  law  becomes  more  effective  within  the  country,  the  smug- 
gling of  such  commodity  greatly  increases.  Similar  experiences  are  to  be 
found  in  the  history  of  the  nations  in  their  efforts  to  control  the  slave  traffic 
and  the  opium  traffic.  A  like  experience  is  now  being  had  by  the  nations 
which  have  adopted  the  Prohibition  policy  with  reference  to  beverage  in- 
tcxicants. 

Since  illicit  trade  of  this  character  must  be  carried  on  from  without  the 
nation  itself,  such  legislation  naturally  raises  the  question  of  international 
obligations  and  accentuates  the  importance  of  this  issue.  One  of  the  chief 
difficulties  which  the  United  States  has  encountered  in  the  enforcement  of  its 
Prohibition  policy  is  the  smuggling  of  liquors  into  the  country.  Frequently  it 
is  discovered  that  vessels  laden  with  liquor  are  found  within  the  territorial 

253 


waters  of  the  United  States  having  two  sets  of  clearance  papers,  one  showing 
its  destination  to  a  port  without  the  United  States,  the  other,  a  port  of  the 
United  States.  When  the  United  States  customs  officers  board  such  a  vessel 
the  papers  are  produced  which  show  its  destination  to  be  other  than  a  port 
of  the  United  States.  As  soon  as  the  revenue  officers  have  been  eluded,  com- 
munication is  had  with  the  shore  and  the  liquor  on  the  vessel  is  carried  into 
some  secret  cove  from  which  it  is  illicitly  distributed  to  citizens  of  this  coun- 
try. The  issuance  of  such  fraudulent  clearance  papers  is  an  unlawful  practice 
upon  the  part  of  the  customs  officer  of  the  port  of  clearance.  Similar  practice 
obtains  with  reference  to  the  fraudulent  transfer  of  registry  of  vessels  in  order 
to  engage  in  such  illicit  trade.  Much  can  be  done  in  the  creation  of  inter- 
national respect  for  law  by  helping  to  prevent  such  illegal  and  fraudulent 
practices.  Much  benefit  could  also  be  derived  through  the  arrangement  of  a 
system  for  the  interchange  of  information  among  nations  concerning  the 
movements  of  vessels  suspected  of  improper  designs  against  the  laws  of 
another  country.  Several  of  the  provinces  of  Canada  have  given  splendid 
support  to  law  enforcement  in  the  United  States  by  this  method.  The  friends 
of  law  and  order  in  the  United  States  will  always  be  grateful  to  the  Canadian 
officials,  especially  in  Ontario,  Saskatchewan,  Alberta,  and  in  fact  all  of  the 
provinces  of  the  Dominion,  for  their  splendid  spirit  of  cooperation  in  securing 
the  enforcement  of  law  in  the  United  States.  Movements  should  be  in- 
augurated also  to  bring  about  through  diplomatic  correspondence,  conven- 
tions or  agreements  for  international  cooperation  to  suppress  smuggling  of 
all  kinds  in  commodities  prohibited  by  a  friendly  nation  within  her  recognized 
authority.  Precedents  for  the  consummation  of  such  international  conven- 
tions are  found  in  those  relating  to  the  slave  trade  and  to  the  opium  traffic 
and  piracy.  EXTENT  OF  JURISDICTION 

The  difficulties  of  the  enforcement  of  laws  against  smuggling  bring  to  the 
forefront  a  question  concerning  which  there  has  been  much  discussion  among 
writers  on  the  subject  of  international  law.  That  is,  the  extent  of  the  mar- 
ginal sea,  or  the  territorial  waters  of  a  nation.  There  is  no  unanimity  of 
agreement  among  the  nations  of  the  world  regarding  this  question.  While 
it  may  be  said  that  the  greater  number  adhere  to  the  marine  league  or  three 
nautical  miles  as  the  extent  of  the  territorial  waters,  this  has  by  no  means 
come  to  be  a  generally  accepted  principle  of  international  law.  Even  those 
nations  which  claim  the  three-mile  limit  do  not  adhere  to  it  for  all  purposes. 
A  more  extended  jurisdiction  is  claimed  by  many  of  them  for  the  enforce- 
ment of  customs  or  revenue  laws,  for  purposes  of  health  and  with  reference 
to  fishing  rights  or  for  defensive  purposes  in  time  of  war.  The  extent  of  the 
territorial  waters  was  originally  defined  to  be  the  distance  from  land  which  a 
nation  could  defend  by  its  shore  batteries.  At  the  time  this  rule  was  stated 
this  distance  was  approximately  three  miles  and  hence  the  distance  was 
stated  to  be  three  miles.  The  reason  of  the  rule  is  sound  but  the  standard 
of  measurement  has  long  since  changed  with  the  improved  weapons  of  mod- 
ern warfare.  The  Institute  of  International  Law,  comprised  of  eminent  in- 
ternational lawyers,  has  considered  this  question  at  its  various  sessions.  On 
March  31,  1894,  the  Institute  adopted  a  recommendation  that  the  territorial 

254 


sea  should  extend  six  marine  miles  from  low  water  mark  along  the  full  extent 
of  the  coast  of  a  country.  This  is  a  subject  which  peculiarly  merits  inter^ 
national  consideration.  In  the  past  the  extent  of  the  marginal  sea  has  been 
fixed  by  the  different  nations  for  various  purposes  as  their  national  policies 
have  dictated.  Some  have  claimed  a  more  extended  jurisdiction  than  others. 
In  many  cases  the  claims  have  been  disputed.  Conflicting  claims  of  this  char- 
acter will  give  rise  to  misunderstanding  and 'suspicion.  It  is  better,  of  course, 
that  this  limit  should  be  fixed  by  international  agreement,  at  a  definite  dis- 
tance, commensurate  with  modern  needs,  rather  than  to  be  left  to  each  indi- 
vidual nation.  Norway  recently  enacted  legislation  designed  to  extend  her 
jurisdiction  to  ten  miles.  There  is  considerable  agitation  for  an  extension  of 
jurisdiction  in  the  United  States  and  such  a  proposal  has  been  submitted  to 
the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  In  view  of  modern  conditions  this  question 
should  receive  prompt  consideration  from  the  foreign  departments  of  the  re- 
spective governments  with  the  view  of  fixing  a  definite,  satisfactory  standard. 
In  the  meantime,  each  nation  will  doubtless  continue  to  fix  its  own  limits. 

ECONOMIC   PRESSURE   ON   PROHIBITION    NATIONS 

A  practice  which  should  receive  the  universal  condemnation  of  all  who 
desire  to  see  a  world  imbued  with  respect  for  law  is  that  resorted  to  by 
nations  through  the  exertion  of  economic  pressure  upon  less  powerful  nations 
to  compel  them  to  submit  to  their  will  for  trade  advantages.  We  have  re- 
cently had  an  illustration  of  this  in  connection  with  the  enforcement  of  Pro- 
hibition legislation  in  Iceland.  Iceland  had  adopted  the  Prohibition  policy. 
Spain  placed  a  boycott  on  Iceland's  fish  to  compel  her  to  repeal  her  Prohibi- 
tion law.  Norway,  in  1916,  enacted  a  system  of  partial  Prohibition  limiting 
the  amount  of  alcohol  in  permitted  beverages  to  12  per  cent.  Spain  com- 
pelled Norway  to  accept  a  treaty  by  which  500,000  liters  of  Spanish  wines  are 
to  be  imported  annually.  Such  an  importation  will  be  a  distinct  violation  of 
the  Norwegian  domestic  law.  Such  a  practice  savors  of  force.  Such  conduct 
by  one  individual  towards  another  within  a  nation  would  not  be  tolerated. 
Until  such  tactics  are  abandoned  by  the  more  powerful  nations  of  the  world 
we  can  never  expect  that  era  of  good  feeling  which  is  essential  as  a  founda- 
tion for  respect  for  international  law. 

OTHER    LAW    ENFORCEMENT    DIFFICULTIES 

Nations  which  have  taken  an  advance  step  through  the  enactment  of 
Prohibition  legislation  designed  to  suppress  the  evils  flowing  from  the  use  of 
beverage  intoxicants,  have  frequently  been  confronted  with  the  difficulty  that 
neighboring  nations  not  having  such  a  policy  have  permitted  disreputable 
resorts  and  dens  of  lawlessness  to  flourish  unmolested  in  territory  adjacent 
to  the  border.  To  such  places  have  flocked  the  worst  of  the  criminal  element 
from  the  country  which  has  prohibited  their  pernicious  activities.  Such  per- 
sons have  become  denizens  of  the  border  and  brazenly  extended  an  invitation 
to  the  patronage  of  those  living  across  the  international  line. 

The  existence  of  such  places  is  not  only  a  menace  to  the  neighboring 
nation  but  also  to  the  welfare  of  the  people  of  the  nation  wherein  these  places 
exist.  Practically  the  only  control  which  the  nation  having  adopted  the  Pro- 
hibition policy  can  exercise  over  this  matter  is  in  the  regulation  of  the  issu- 

255 


ance  of  passports.  It  is  difficult  to  restrict  the  granting  of  passports  without 
interfering  with  free  intercourse  and  travel  between  countries.  The  most 
effective  and  least  objectionable  method  for  the  suppression  of  the  evil  is 
through  international  cooperation,  and  the  enactment  of  laws  by  adjoining 
nations  prohibiting  the  sale  of  such  liquors  or  the  establishment  of  such  dens 
near  the  border. 

INTERNATIONAL  ANTI-PBOHIBITION   LEAGUE 

The  daily  press  reports  that  the  wine  growers  and  the  liquor  dealers  of 
the  world  are  organizing  their  forces  through  an  international  association  to 
combat  more  effectively  the  growth  of  temperance  sentiment  throughout  the 
world.  Recently  at  a  session  of  its  representatives  held  in  Paris  the  boast 
was  made  that  they  were  raising  large  sums  of  money  to  aid  those  opposed 
to  the  Prohibition  policy  in  the  United  States.  Their  effort  to  nullify  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  by  repealing  the  necessary  legislation  to 
enforce  it  is  our  enemy's  program.  It  is  as  indefensible  as  it  is  to  violate  the 
law  itself.  No  one  would  deny  to  any  class  the  right  to  repeal  the  Eight- 
eenth Amendment  by  legitimate  methods,  but  the  world  liquor  traffic  in  its 
international  activities  can  not  justify  its  course  to  aid  those  who  are  trying 
to  nullify  the  Constituion.  Inspired  by  avarice  and  appealing  to  appetite,  it 
seeks  to  invade  the  confines  of  a  sovereign  nation  and  set  at  naught  its  funda- 
mental law.  By  so  doing  it  casts  aside  its  character  as  a  commerical  indus- 
try and  seeks  extension  of  its  trade  by  assuming  the  role  of  the  agitator  for 
the  overthrow  of  government.  It  becomes  an  international  criminal. 

When  any  group  of  men  in  the  world,  for  selfish  gain,  seeks  to  thwart 
the  will  of  the  people  of  any  nation  by  such  means  it  constitutes  a  challenge 
to  all  men  everywhere  who  believe  in  liberty  secured  by  law;  who  love  their 
homes  and  firesides;  who  cling  to  national  honor  and  ardently  hope  for  world 
respect  for  law;  to  unite  in  closer  cooperation  to  combat  the  forces  of  evil. 

LAW  AND   ORDER  ESSENTIAL   TO    CIVILIZATION 

One  of  the  most  important  questions  which  the  citizens  of  every  country 
have  to  face  is  whether  or  not  orderly  government  shall  endure.  Because  of 
the  cosmopolitan  character  of  the  citizens  of  the  United  States,  we  face  this 
issue  in  a  more  acute  form  than  many  of  your  nations.  In  the  middle  of  the 
nineteenth  century  Lord  Macaulay  predicted  that  the  civilization  of  the  United 
States  would  be  destroyed  by  lawlessness  engendered  within  our  own  institu- 
tions. Other  nations  as  well  as  the  United  States  are  facing  this  menace  to 
orderly  government. 

The  necessity  for  writing  the  fundamental  principles  of  law  and  order 
into  the  very  fabric  of  a  citizen  was  emphasized  centuries  ago  when  Jehovah, 
speaking  through  his  servant,  said:  "I  will  write  my  law  in  their  hearts 
and  put  it  into  their  inward  parts."  Law  and  its  enforcement  are  the  foun- 
dations of  government.  Without  them  every  guarantee  of  life,  liberty  and 
the  pursuit  of  happiness  is  insecure.  Without  obedience  to  law  and  enforce- 
ment of  law  every  personal  and  property  right  is  in  jeopardy.  The  only 
guarantee  that  we  have  for  the  enjoyment  of  our  homes  and  our  property  is 
law.  For  a  citizen  or  a  public  official  to  wink  at  the  violation  of  law  is  the 
very  leprosy  of  the  social  order.  It  distills  its  deadly  poison  into  the  arteries 

256 


of  jurisprudence  and  destroys  the  efforts  of  faithful  public  officials  to  safe- 
guard our  personal  and  property  rights.  It  assassinates  the  vital  processes  of 
orderly  government.  It  is  the  prolific  source  of  disease  to  the  whole  social 
order  that  jeopardizes  the  life  of  the  race. 

You  will  find  the  whole  tragic  story  in  Carlyle's  "History  of  the  French 
Revolution."  Study  anew  the  underlying  causes,  the  results,  and  the  lesson 
it  teaches  us  at  this  hour.  Briefly,  these  were  the  causes:  Rulers  whose 
duty  it  was  to  establish  good  laws  and  enforce  them  did  not  attend  to  their 
business.  Kings,  nobles,  and  princes  turned  from  public  duty  to  personal 
pleasure  and  selfish  ease,  and  often  to  open  vice.  Judgment  was  turned  back- 
ward; justice  stood  afar  off;  truth  was  fallen  in  the  streets,  with  what  result? 
The  logical  consequence  of  such  folly.  A  city  or  nation  must  reap  what  it 
sows.  The  people,  long  victims  of  misrule,  taught  that  laws  were  enforced 
only  in  accordance  with  the  selfish  desires  of  the  controlling  class,  decided 
that  they  also  could  defy  them.  Having  been  denied  the  blessing  that  came 
from  the  protecting  power  of  good  laws  well  enforced,  and  the  wholesome 
restraint  of  righteous  government,  they  finally  took  charge  by  force.  Then 
came  those  long,  dark  years  of  violence  and  anarchy  and  wholesale  murder. 
Such  an  overturning  of  institutions  and  property  had  never  been  known  in. 
the  world's  history. 

A  republic,  or  a  democracy  in  a  republic,  will  survive  only  so  long  as  the 
average  of  her  citizenship  is  intelligent,  moral,  loyal  to  her  constitution  and 
obedient  to  her  laws.  Other  republics  failed  when  selfish  and  individual  lib- 
erty took  the  place  of  self-sacrifice  for  the  public  good  and  respect  for  law. 
Laws  made  for  the  public  good  are  the  safeguards  of  a  nation.  In  their 
silent  dignity  they  give  protection  to  the  rich  and  the  poor,  the  high  and  the 
low.  They  guard  the  child  on  its  way  to  school,  out  from  under  its  mother's 
care,  from  the  speed  maniac  and  the  brute  who  would  assault  it;  they  pro- 
tect those  who  labor  with  their  hands  from  the  greed  of  selfish  employers 
who  would  coin  dollars  out  of  their  health  to  the  destruction  of  their  morals 
and  safety;  they  are  the  bulwark  against  the  character  assassin  who  would 
ruin  the  reputation  of  his  competitor  in  business;  they  walk  by  the  side  of 
every  person  from  the  cradle  to  the  grave,  safeguarding  every  material  and 
moral  right  which  he  possesses.  A  man  or  woman  who  will  accept  these 
manifold  blessings  of  orderly  government  and  then  refuse  to  do  his  or  her 
share  in  maintaining  the  law  and  aiding  in  its  enforcement  is  a  slacker  in 
civic  life  just  as  is  the  man  who  runs  away  from  duty  in  time  of  war.  In  my 
country  we  have  what  is  called  the  American's  Creed.  It  will  apply  to  your 
countries  as  well.  Its  closing  words  are: 

"I  therefore  believe  it  is  my  duty  to  my  country  to  love  it,  to  support  its 
Constitution,  to  obey  its  laws,  to  respect  its  flag,  and  to  defend  it  against  all 
enemies." 

TRUE  INTERNATIONAL  LAW 

The  surest  way  to  inculcate  respect  for  international  law  is  to  seek  the 
recognition  of  just  principles  underlying  true  international  law.  The  term 
international  law  is  too  frequently  confused  with  what  is  nothing  more  than 
international  custom.  How  often  international  conferees  deal  with  trifles, 

257 


and  merely  set  the  international  fashion,  as  it  were,  and  completely  ignore 
the  fundamentals.  Eminent  students  of  so-called  international  law  sit  around 
in  solemn  conclave  and  discuss  with  great  profundity  whether  it  is  in  accord- 
ance with  the  accepted  principles  of  international  law  to  kill  with  dum-dum 
bullets  or  whether  mustard  gas  is  permissible.  We  can  not  view  with  equa- 
nimity the  exertion  of  so-called  spheres  of  influence  by  which  defenseless 
peoples  are  exploited  for  the  benefit  of  the  more  powerful  nations.  As  citizens, 
we  frequently  look  upon  this  as  a  justifiable  national  policy  when  we  would 
regard  such  conduct  by  one  citizen  toward  another  as  reprehensible. 

There  is  a  true  international  law.  Its  purposes  are  as  real  and  fixed  as 
truth  itself.  It  is  found  in  the  great  moral  laws  of  God.  When  the  nations 
of  the  earth  shall  cease  to  measure  their  conduct  by  the  example  set  in 
former  days  by  some  selfish  monarch,  drunk  with  the  lust  for  power,  or  by 
that  of  a  people  blinded  by  thought  of  spoils  of  war,  and  shall  turn  their  faces 
toward  the  rising  sun  of  righteousness,  then,  and  not  until  then,  can  we  expect 
the  great  common  mass  of  man,  goaded  by  the  sacrifice  laid  upon  the  altar 
of  Mars,  to  have  deep-seated  respect  for  international  law. 

It  is  said  that  international  law  is  unenforceable,  because  it  carries  no 
penalties.  It  may  carry  no  penalty  you  can  enforce  in  a  court,  but  there  are 
penalties  which  are  imposed  at  the  bar  of  public  opinion.  No  nation  can  vio- 
late the  true  international  law  with  impunity  and  escape.  There  is  evidence 
of  this  upon  every  hand.  As  citizens  of  our  respective  countries  we  should 
use  all  the  influence  at  our  command  to  seek  to  have  the  foreign  policies  of 
our  nations  guided  more  by  the  immutable  principles  of  the  moral  law  and 
less  by  the  un-Christian  principles  set  by  precedents  of  the  past.  The  test 
must  be,  not  what  has  been  done,  but  what  is  right. 

ESSENTIAL  TO  WORLD  PBOGEESS 

This  may  seem  idealistic.  Such  aims  are  impossible  of  swift  accomplish- 
ment. The  growing  importance  of  international  law,  as  the  nations  of  the 
world  are  brought  into  closer  contact  by  the  inventions  of  science,  makes  this 
imperative,  if  world  respect  for  law  is  to  be  maintained.  There  can  be  no 
genuine  world  peace  until  the  nations  of  the  earth  come  to  a  realization  that 
the  surest  hope  therefor,  is  founded  on  these  principles  of  right,  justice  and 
humanity  which  centuries  of  struggle  upon  the  part  of  mankind  have  demon- 
strated to  be  essential  to  the  maintenance  of  a  civil  state  within  the  nations 
themselves.  It  behooves  us,  therefore,  as  fellow  citizens  of  the  world,  to 
endeavor  to  point  out  the  principles  of  the  true  international  law  which  is 
founded  on  justice  and  righteousness.  This  leads  to  a  new  era  of  mutual 
good  will  and  a  universal  brotherhood.  Then  may  we  expect  the  dream  of 
Tennyson  to  become  real: 

"For  I  dipt  into  the  future,  far  as  human  eye  could  see, 
Saw  the  vision  of  the  world,  and  all  the  wonder  that  would  be; 
Till  the  war  drum  throbbed  no  longer,  and  the  battle  flags  were  furl'd, 
In  the  Parliament  of  man,  the  Federation  of  the  world. 
There  the  common  sense  of  most  shall  hold  a  fretful  realm  in  awe 
And  the  kindly  earth  shall  slumber,  lapt  in  universal  law." 

258 


ADDRESS 

By  SIR  GEORGE  FOSTER,  of  Ottawa 

At  my  home  in  Ottawa  to  which  I  have  just  returned  from  a  five  months' 
tour  in  Europe  I  heard  notices  of  a  great  gathering  in  the  city  of  Toronto 
and  saw  the  headlines  which  denoted  the  purpose  of  the  gathering,  the 
first,  I  believe,  of  its  kind  and  the  forerunner  of  many,  many  more  to  be.  And 
I  could  not  help,  as  I  read  from  morning  to  morning  something  of  the  spirit 
and  utterance  of  this  great  convention — could  not  help  availing  myself  of 
the  privilege  of  old  age  to  become  somewhat  reminiscent.  Sixty-five  years 
ago,  when  a  boy  in  my  native  settlement  in  the  Province  of  New  Brunswick, 
I  was  taken  by  my  parents  one  evening  to  listen  to  a  gentleman  who  was  to 
talk  on  temperance.  That  man  was  John  B.  Gough  and  after  listening  to 
him  my  boy's  mind  made  up  its  determination  that  in  the  words  of  the  old 
pledge,  for  me  in  the  future  I  would  touch  not,  taste  not,  handle  not. 

The  work  at  that  time  was  to  save  the  drunkard  after  he  had  been  made  a 
drunkard.  I  am  credited  with  being  something  of  a  practical  man.  Anyway 
I  had  sufficient  of  that  quality  to  lead  me  to  the  conclusion  that  if  it  was  worth 
while  working  to  save  a  man  who  had  been  made  a  drunkard  it  was  quite  as 
well  worth  working  to  stop  the  process  of  manufacture  of  drunkards.  Conse- 
quently, at  that  early  age  I  became  a  total  abstainer  and  a  Prohibitionist. 

Sixty  years  is  a  long  period  in  a  man's  life.  It  is  very  short  in  the  life 
of  a  nation  and  infinitely  more  short  in  the  life  of  the  world;  but  at  this  time 
and  at  any  time  in  the  progress  of  a  great  reform  we  must,  if  we  are  wise, 
look  backward  as  well  as  forward.  Backward  to  note  the  advance  that  has 
been  made,  to  note  the  methods  by  which  it  has  been  made,  to  learn  the 
lessons  of  the  success  of  the  past.  Forward  from  the  vantage  ground  of  the 
present  with  the  eyes  alight  with  optimism,  to  apply  to  the  future  the 
lessons  learned  from  the  past  and  to  marshal  into  combat  and  continuous 
force  the  methods  by  which  we  have  gained  the  victories  of  the  past.  Let 
me  counsel  this  body  of  people  not  to  forget  the  lessons  that  have  been  taught 
in  the  past,  namely,  that  every  child  which  comes  into  the  world  begins  a  new 
generation  and  has  to  be  taught  the  multiplication  table  and  many,  many 
other  things;  and  in  these  times  of  greater  progress,  swifter  advance,  if  we 
forget  that  the  newcomers  must  be  drilled  and  educated  as  the  old  were,  we 
will  make  the  mistake  of  using  one  oar  to  push  on  the  vessel  and  forget 
to  use  the  other.  No  amount  of  law  made  and  placed  on  the  statute  book  will 
preserve  the  youth  of  the  future  unless  the  youth  are  taught  the  facts  in 
connection  with  drink  and  how  it  may  be  avoided.  There  is  today  a  little  too 
much  dependence  upon  law,  a  little  too  much  forgetting  of  the  great  work  of 
distributed  and  thoroughly  effective  moral  suasion  and  teaching.  Let  us  not 
forget  that.  ^  Hp^ 

Three  things  I  must  say — maybe  four.  I  can't  understand  the  position  of 
that  citizen  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  who  believes  in  and  lives  under  the 
protection  of  democratic  government  when  by  constitutional  methods  the 
state  has  come  to  a  conclusion  supported  by  strong  majorities  that  such  and 
such  a  law  is  necessary  to  protect  the  interests  of  its  people,  its  best  and  its 
most  precious  interests — I  can't  understand  how  a  law-abiding  citizen  under 

259 


those  circumstances  can  favor,  facilitate  and  encourage  in  any  manner  the 
violation  of  that  law  which  has  been  placed  on  the  statute  books  through 
constitutional  methods.  He  may  be  opposed  to  the  law,  and  he  has  a  perfect 
right  to  agitate  through  constitutional  methods  to  have  it  modified  or  to  have 
it  annulled.  Further,  he  can  not  go,  without  striking  at  the  very  root  and 
foundation  of  democracy  and  good  government  in  his  own  country. 

Secondly,  I  can  not  understand  how  any  well  constituted  government, 
the  government  of  Canada,  whether  the  federal  or  provincial  or  municipal, 
that  lives  by  the  side  of  a  good  neighbor  with  whom  it  is  in  relations  of 
amity  and  friendliness,  can  allow  within  its  borders  any  hiding  place,  any 
resting  spots,  any  refuges,  anywhere,  from  which  its  citizens  in  league  with 
law-breaking  citizens  across  the  border  can  help  in  the  slightest  degree  toward 
rendering  the  enforcement  of  the  laws  of  that  neighbor  null  and  void.  It  vio- 
lates the  essence  of  good  neighborliness,  the  essence  of  self-protection,  in 
the  nations  on  each  side  of  the  border.  So  I  am  entirely  in  sympathy  with 
the  statement  that  in  our  own  country  we  must  protect  the  law-abiding  and 
enforcing  people  in  the  neighboring  country  by  withholding  any  comfort  and 
any  help  toward  those  who  would  break  the  laws  in  that  neighboring  country. 

Fifty-nine  nations  represented  here?  Why,  that  is  a  league  of  nations. 
And  as  my  friend  here  was  arguing  so  strongly  that  we  should  have  the  mul- 
tiple efforts  of  all  the  nations  of  the  world  in  order  to  protect  and  help  to 
carry  out  law  enforcement  in  any  one  of  the  nations,  that  is  far  along  the 
road  towards  a  league  of  nations,  because  he  admits  that  in  order  to  be  a 
victor  it  must  have  the  support  from  outside  as  well  as  the  support  inside, 
and  so  it  must. 

How  logical  all  this  progress  of  the  temperance  work  has  been.  First, 
save  the  tempted  and  reform  the  drunkard;  but  there  are  agencies  that  work 
to  tempt  and  to  destroy.  Wipe  out  these  agencies.  That  follows  logically  and 
the  world  has  followed  the  logic  of  that  demand.  Root  them  out  in  the  mu- 
nicipality; but  that  is  not  effective  while  surrounding  municipalities  harbor 
the  evil.  Enlarge  the  unit  and  make  it  provincial.  When  that  is  not  enough, 
enlarge  it  and  make  it  national.  When  that  is  not  enough,  enlarge  it  and 
make  it  world-wide.  If  you  submit  to  the  logic  of  the  first  step  in  the  little 
unit,  you  are  bound  to  carry  that  logic  to  its  ultimate  conclusion  and  on  it  to 
base  your  demand  for  a  dry  world.  If  sixty-five  years  ago  any  man  could  have 
said  that  sixty-five  years  later  this  spectacle  with  all  the  foundation  of  infor- 
mation and  fact  which  underlies  it,  could  have  been  seen  in  Canada,  he  would 
have  been  considered  a  madman.  I  have  lived  to  see  it.  I  shall  live,  I  hope, 
to  see  a  little  more  than  that,  but  whether  I  live  to  see  it  or  not,  my  faith 
and  my  confidence  and  my  conviction  are  just  as  strong  today  as  ever  that  we 
are  on  the  right  track  and  that  we  shall  be  victorious  in  the  end. 


ENFORCING  PROHIBITION  LAW 

By  THE  HON.  W.  E.  RANEY,  K.C. 

Attorney   General   of   Ontario 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen: — Two  important  propositions  are 
involved  in  the  prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic,  as  we  have  it  in  the  forty-eight 

260 


states  of  the  American  Union  and  in  seven  of  the  nine  provinces  of  Canada. 

The  first  proposition  is  this:  This  law  along  with  all  other  laws  must 
be  obeyed. 

The  second  proposition  is  this:    The  law  can  be  changed. 

The  two  propositions  may  be  put  in  one  sentence,  thus:  The  law,  whilst 
it  is  the  law,  must  be  obeyed,  but  ii  the  people  see  fit  to  do  so  they  may 
repeal  it.  The  chief  characteristic  that  distinguishes  a  civilized  nation  from  an 
uncivilized  people  is  the  reign  of  law  in  a  civilized  country  as  against  the  reign 
of  lawlessness  in  an  uncivilized  country. 

These  fifty-five  American  states  (for  our  Canadian  provinces  are  Ameri- 
can states),  these  fifty-five  American  states  are  civilized  communities  and 
under  the  reign  of  law.  Their  laws  were  not  imposed  upon  them  from  with- 
out, but  were  enacted  by  themselves  for  their  own  good  government;  and 
the  man  who  either  by  word  or  conduct  pronounces  deliberately  that  he  will 
not  be  bound  by  the  law  of  the  state  of  which  he  is  a  member  is  an  outlaw. 
But  that  is  not  the  whole  of  this  first  proposition.  Laws  are  not  all  of  equal 
authority.  In  the  United  States  the  most  fundamental  laws  are  incorporated 
into  their  Constitution  by  vote  of  three-fourths  of  the  states  and  two-thirds  of 
the  Congress.  The  Prohibition  law  of  the  United  States  belongs  to  that 
class.  In  the  Canadian  provinces  Prohibition  has  not  only  been  adopted  by 
the  Legislatures,  but  it  has  been  sanctioned  by  the  people  themselves  by  direct 
vote,  in  Ontario  by  a  vote  of  two  to  one  with  fifty  thousand  votes  to  the 
good. 

Thus,  the  prohibitory  law  of  this  Province  is  more  fundamental  than  even 
the  Eighteenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and 
more  fundamental  than  any  of  the  laws  in  our  statute  books,  because  no  other 
law  has  had  the  sanction  of  the  direct  vote  of  the  people  of  Ontario.  The 
man,  therefore,  who  deliberately  defies  this  law  and  declares  that  it  can  not 
be  enforced  as  against  him  proclaims  himself  to  be  both  an  outlaw  and  a 
traitor, — an  outlaw,  because  being  a  member  of  a  democratic  state  he  declines 
to  be  bound  by  the  only  authority  there  is  in  the  state,  namely,  the  will  of 
the  majority;  and  a  traitor  because  he  can  do  nothing  more  inimical  to  his 
country  than  to  deny  its  sovereignty.  You  will  observe  that  I  am  speaking 
of  those  who  deliberately  defy  the  law. 

Many  disobey  it  unthinkingly;  others  who  did  not  have  the  advantage 
of  birth  in  a  country  where  law  is  respected  do  it  ignorantly.  These  like 
children  musf  be  taught  to  obey  the  law  and  respect  it.  But  the  real  anar- 
chist, the  real  barbarian,  the  real  outlaw,  the  real  traitor,  is  the  educated 
native-born,  either  British-born  or  American-born,  who  knowing  the  law  him- 
self, deliberately  breaks  it  and  counsels  and  assists  others  to  break  it. 

There  is  no  nobler  profession  than  the  profession  of  the  law.  Lawyers  are 
sworn  to  assist  in  the  administration  of  justice.  Justice  is  a  great  primary  vir- 
tue of  the  Old  Testament  and  still  is  a  primary  virtue.  Owing  to  their  training 
and  experience,  no  class  of  people  in  any  community  has  so  keen  a  sense  of 
justice,  no  class  has  so  keen  a  sense  of  the  distinctions  between  right  and  wrong 
as  the  lawyers.  But  there  was  a  Lucifer  in  Heaven,  and  there  are  reprobate 
lawyers  here  and  there;  and  when  a  lawyer  is  willing  for  a  fee  to  advise  boot- 

261 


leggers  how  to  evade  the  law,  or  how  to  prove  a  false  alibi,  or  if  he  will  him- 
self resist  and  advise  others  to  resist,  the  officers  of  the  law,  he  is  a  greater 
pestilence  to  a  city  than  smallpox  and  he  is  more  deserving  of  a  penitentiary 
sentence  than  a  housebreaker;  and  if  a  lawyer  of  this  class  brazenly,  disrepu- 
tably, and  glorying  in  his  defiance  of  law  and  order  and  even  of  the  decen- 
cies of  life,  gets  himself  elected  to  a.  legislature,  he  is  in  a  position  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  privileges  of  such  members,  to  broadcast  all  manner  of  libels  on 
officers  of  the  law  and  thereby  to  earn  large  fees  from  clients  whose  interest 
it  is  to  discredit  law  enforcement  and  break  down  the  law.  If  such  a  man, 
as  has  also  happened,  should  have  the  countenance  of  other  public  men  and 
should  have  the  countenance  of  public  journals,  otherwise  more  or  less  rep- 
utable, he  may  at  first  sight  appear  to  have  brought  discredit  upon  the  law, 
but  it  will  be  found  in  the  end  that  he  has  only  succeeded  in  bringing  dis- 
credit upon  himself  and  his  endorsers. 

I  trust  that  in  the  55  American  states  and  provinces  represented  in  this 
Congress,  there  are  not  55  lawyers  of  this  type. 

Then  there  is  another  noble  profession  that  ranks  with  the  profession  of 
law,  and  the  profession  of  the  ministry.  I  refer  to  the  profession  of  medicine. 
Here  again  the  percentage  of  honest,  honorable  men,  if  not  ninety-nine,  is 
at  all  events  well  up  in  the  nineties.  But  here  also  are  men,  a  few,  who  are 
not  above  prostituting  their  profession  and  making  merchandise  of  human 
vices  and  weaknesses.  And  if  one  of  these  doctors,  one  for  instance  whose 
prescriptions  have  run  into  barrels  of  whisky  a  month,  should  be  a  member 
of  the  legislature  and  should  be  restricted  by  the  law  officers  in  his  activities 
as  a  medical  blind-pigger,  you  may  anticipate  that  he  will  join  his  disrepu- 
table legal  friends  in  the  House  in  heaping  contumely  on  the  law  and  on  the 
officers  who  are  seeking  to  enforce  it.  I  have  not  hesitated  to  draw  the  pic- 
ture of  the  men  whom  some  of  you  will  recognize,  each  in  his  own  jurisdiction, 
because  it  is  time,  I  think,  that  men  such  as  these  were  put  in  the  class  of  out- 
laws and  anarchists  where  they  belong,  and  because  it  is  time  for  us  to  get 
this  question  of  blackguardism  in  public  life  out  into  the  open  and  deal  with 
it  without  velvet  gloves. 

Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  the  bootleggers  and  the  rum  runners  and  the  blind- 
piggers  and  the  moonshiners  and  their  friends,  a  disreputable  lawyer  or  two, 
and  a  disreputable  doctor  or  two,  in  the  different  legislatures,  are  all  lined  up 
and  ready  for  the  assault.  Not  only  are  they  lined  up  but  the  assault  is  in 
progress.  The  assault  is  not  only  on  prohibitory  law,  but  it  is  on  the  reign 
of  law. 

The  law  enforcement  departments  of  the  different  states  and  provinces 
will  be  able  to  deal  with  the  bootleggers  and  the  rum-runners  and  the  blind- 
piggers  and  the  moonshiners,  but  in  the  nature  of  things  they  must  leave  the 
assailants  of  law  and  order  in  the  legislatures  to  be  dealt  with  when  they  offer 
themselves  for  re-election  by  that  greatest  and  safest  of  all  forces  in  a  dem- 
ocratic country,  an  educated  electorate. 

Take  the  second  proposition:  The  law  may  be  changed.  This  propo- 
sition is  raised  by  the  campaign  that  is  being  put  on  by  the  Moderation 
Leaguers  and  by  the  distillers  and  brewers,  and  the  proposition  may  be  state4 

262 


in  this  form:  Shall  the  saloon  come  back?  Because,  whether  you  call  it  light 
wine  and  beer  or  government  control  or  what  you  call  it,  it  is  the  same  thing 
under  another  name. 

Shall  the  saloon  come  back?  And  shall  the  liquor  traffic  come  back  as 
a  dominating  influence  in  our  legislatures  and  governments?  That  is  the 
second  question.  Shall  the  law  be  changed?  This  is  quite  a  different  ques- 
tion, as  has  been  pointed  out  by  other  speakers,  from  the  question  of  law 
enforcement  which  I  have  been  discussing.  No  citizen  has  a  right  to  say,  "I 
will  not  obey  the  law  because  I  do  not  approve  of  it,"  but  he  has  a  right  to 
say,  "I  do  not  approve  of  the  law  and  I  will  agitate  to  have  it  changed." 
Whatever  his  motive  may  be,  whether  it  be  a  passion  for  liberty  or  whether  it 
be  "Our  trade,  our  politics,"  it  is  clearly  within  his  right  to  try  to  change  the 
law.  The  Liberty  Leaguers  and  the  liquor  trade  are  entitled  to  make  this  ques- 
tion an  issue  in  the  elections,  and  if  they  elect  their  candidates  they  will  have 
the  power  to  have  the  law  changed  and  the  saloons  brought  back  to  our  street 
corners,  and  the  liquor  trade  brought  back  into  our  politics.  This  was  an 
issue  in  the  late  elections  in  the  United  States.  It  will  be  an  issue  in  the  next 
election  in  this  Province,  and  speaking  for  myself  I  want  to  go  on  record  now 
as  being  thoroughly  convinced,  as  the  result  of  my  experience  in  the  enforce- 
ment of  this  law,  that  handicapped  as  it  is  by  the  continued  existence  of  dis- 
tilleries and  breweries  within  our  provincial  boundaries  and  by  the  proximity 
of  the  liquor  warehouses  of  the  Province  of  Quebec  and  perhaps  most  of  all 
by  the  propaganda  of  certain  public  men  against  the  law  and  its  enforcement: 
notwithstanding  these  handicaps,  I  say,  the  Ontario  Temperance  Act  has  been 
a  distinct  success  in  that  it  has  made  for  a  great  diminution  of  drunkenness 
and  crime  and  poverty,  and  it  will  be  an  even  greater  success  as  the  years  go 
on.  I  think  it  was  Dr.  Baker  who  said  last  evening  that  the  prohibitory  laws 
of  the  United  States  were  seventy  per  cent  efficient.  I  want  to  say  to  this 
convention  that  the  prohibitory  law  of  the  Province  of  Ontario  is  one  hun- 
dred per  cent  efficient. 

Now,  I  do  not  mean  by  that,  of  course,  that  there  is  no  law  violation  here. 
I  could  not  mean  that.  The  law  against  theft  is  one  hundred  per  cent  efficient 
in  this  Province.  That  does  not  mean  that  men  do  not  steal,  but  what  I  do 
mean  is  this:  There  is  no  locality,  there  is  no  quarter,  in  this  great  Prov- 
ince, stretching  from  the  Quebec  boundary  to  the  Manitoba  boundary, 
twelve  or  thirteen  hundred  miles  from  east  to  west,  six  or  seven  hun- 
dred miles  from  north  to  south,  with  three  millions  of  people,  there  is 
no  quarter  in  this  territory  where  liquor  is  openly  sold  as  a  beverage. 
That  is  what  I  mean  by  one  hundred  per  cent  efficient.  I  had  hoped  that  the 
Ontario  Temperance  Act  had  taken  the  liquor  question  out  of  the  politics  of 
this  Province  for  good  and  all,  but  it  is  back  again,  knocking  at  the  door,  and 
if  its  candidates  are  in  the  majority  at  the  np^t  Ontario  clcciiun,  seven  new 
devils  will  have  entered  into  the  chamber  that  was  swept  and  garnished  by 
the  Ontario  Temperance  Act,  and  whatever  contention  or  earnest  beliefs  there 
may  be  to  the  contrary,  our  latter  stage  will  be  worse  than  it  was  under  the 
old  licensing  system. 

Here  in  Ontario,  after  the  vote  of  1919,  the  victorious  temperance  army, 

263 


believing  that  the  fight  was  over  and  the  victory  won,  just  because  a  law 
had  been  passed,  like  Grant's  army  after  Appomattox,  retired  in  jubilation 
and  content,  every  man  and  woman  to  their  own  vine  and  fig  tree,  and  we 
were  in  the  position — we  are  in  the  position  at  this  moment — in  which  the 
Germans  caught  Great  Britain  when  the  Kaiser  crossed  the  Belgian  fron- 
tier. We  have  a  mighty  army  of  three-quarters  of  a  million  of  men  and 
women,  no  finer  potential  army  in  the  world,  but  it  is  not  mobilized  and  it  is 
not  organized.  The  Philistines  are  upon  us  and  we  must  do  what  Kitchener 
did  for  Britain.  We  must  organize. 

"Their  van  will  be  upon  us  before  the  sun  goes  down, 
And  if  they  once  do  gain  the  bridge,  what  hope  to  save  the  town?" 

There  is  no  Senate  here  in  Ontario  to  delay  hasty  action.  There  is  no 
governor's  veto.  If  a  wet  legislature  should  be  elected  in  this  Province  in 
1923  your  prohibitory  law  can  be  wiped  off  the  statute  books  within  sixty 
days  after  the  election,  and  the  election  must  be  within  a  year  of  this  time. 
With  the  ballot  or  without  it,  the  victory  of  1919  was  largely  the  victory  of 
the  women.  Now  again,  as  in  the  days  of  Deborah,  four  thousand  years  ago, 
<;The  Lord  shall  sell  Sisera  into  the  hands  of  a  woman."  There  is  no  time  to 
be  lost,  and  I  am  sure  the  women  can  be  trusted  to  go  out  from  this  conven- 
tion and  never  cease  their  agitation  and  irritation,  until  the  army  of  1919  has 
been  thoroughly  reorganized  and  remobilized. 

There  is  a  subject  about  which  I  speak  with  some  hesitation  but  I  think 
I  ought  to  speak  of  it.  There  is  a  gentleman  in  the  Ontario  legislature  who 
has  an  opinion  different  altogether  from  that  which  I  have  been  expressing. 
He  is  said  to  have  in  incubation  a  policy  on  the  liquor  question  far  superior 
to  Prohibition.  He  says  so  himself,  and  he  ought  to  know,  because  he  knows 
what  the  policy  is.  It  is,  he  says,  a  policy  that  will  please  all  shades  of  rea- 
sonable opinion,  the  Prohibitionists  as  well  as  the  distillers,  when  they  are 
told  what  it  is.  A  public  man  with  such  a  happy  policy  as  this,  I  think,  is 
entitled  to  have  his  name  known,  not  only  in  Ontario,  where  it  is  already  well 
known,  but  throughout  the  world,  for  other  countries  will  certainly  want  to 
avail  themselves  of  this  patented  article  once  it  is  on  the  market. 

Well,  the  name  of  the  gentleman  is  Mr.  Facing  Bothways  and  Mr.  Facing 
Bothways  has  a  perfect  right,  under  our  constitution,  to  submit  his  policy  to 
the  people  of  Ontario  at  the  next  election,  and  if  he  becomes  premier  of 
Ontario,  as  he  will,  if  his  policy  meets  with  the  approval  of  the  people  of 
Ontario,  his  attorney  general  will  doubtless  be  Mr.  By-Ends  who  you  will 
remember,  according  to  Bunyan,  was  a  waterman  before  he  became  a  poli- 
tician, rowing  one  way  and  looking  the  other. 

One  of  the  criticisms  made  of  the  present  attorney  general  of  Ontario 
Is  that  hie  enforcement  of  the  law  irritates  certain  people.  Mr.  Facing  Both- 
ways and  Mr.  By-Ends  will  cure  all  that  Having  given  the  temperance 
people  a  law  that  will  suit  them  they  will  give  the  distillers  and  bootleggers 
enforcement  to  suit  them,  and  so  Mr.  Facing  Bothways  and  Mr.  By-Knds 
will  have  everybody  happy  and  that  will  be  a  fulfillment  of  the  promise  of 
Mr.  Facing  Bothways  to  give  the  people  a  law  that  will  please  all  reason- 
able people. 

264 


ROLL  CALL 
SASKATCHEWAN 

By  REVEREND  HUGH  DOBSON 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  the  Province  of  Saskatchewan,  which 
is  the  middle  Province  of  the  west,  and  the  most  thickly  populated  of  the  four 
western  Provinces,  was  the  first  of  the  Provinces  of  Canada  outside  of  Prince 
Edward  Island  to  banish  the  bars.  It  tried  first  government  liquor  stores, 
of  which  I  shall  give  you  a  few  words  in  a  moment,  and  after  an  experience 
of  a  year  and  a  half  it  banished  the  liquor  stores  and  introduced  Prohibition. 

Let  me  show  you  on  these  cards  the  effects  of  Prohibition  on  the  con- 
victions for  drunkenness  in  the  Province  of  Saskatchewan.  In  1913  there  were 
54.3  convictions  per  ten  thousand  population.  That  was  the  period  under  the 
license  system  with  local  option  and  steadily  diminishing  bars.  Drunkenness 
came  down  with  the  diminishing  number  of  bars.  Then  we  put  a  little  over 
three  hundred  bars  out  of  business  and  opened  twenty-three  government 
liquor  stores  instead.  A  slight  reduction  again.  .We  put  the  government  liq- 
uor stores  out  of  business  and  again  there  was  a  reduction,  until  we  come 
down  as  low  as  6.3  convictions  per  ten  thousand  population,  the  lowest  in  the 
history  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  for  any  Province. 

Then  came  the  period  of  demobilization.  There  were  four  days  of  liquor 
without  prescription  during  the  flu  epidemic,  and  no  check-up  system  on  pre- 
scriptions. There  was  a  gradual  rise  in  drunkenness.  Then  the  Military 
Measures  Act  was  lifted  in  Canada  and  during  thirteen  months  we  had  im- 
portation over  the  boundaries.  Drunkenness  went  up  to  12.3  convictions  per 
10,000  population.  During  that  period  we  established  fifty-eight  export  houses 
that  our  friends  from  the  south  will  know  something  about.  In  addition, 
some  cellars  were  stocked  and.  the  result  was  increased  drunkenness.  We 
voted  in  prohibition  of  importation  and  drunkenness  came  down.  We  have 
now  the  lowest  rate  of  drunkenness  per  capita  of  any  province  in  the  Domin- 
ion of  Canada. 

I  want  to  contradict  the  stories  with  regard  to  bootlegging  that  have  been 
published  from  one  end  of  the  country  to  the  other.  Not  that  we  do  not 
have  the  bootlegging,  but  it  was  said  throughout  Canada  that  while  our  jails 
had  been  emptied  under  government  liquor  stores,  under  Prohibition  they 
were  so  full  that  the  prisoners'  legs  were  sticking  out  of  the  windows.  The 
actual  fact  is,  and  we  are  now  prepared  to  demonstrate  it,  over  the  signature 
of  the  minister  of  the  Crown  and  over  the  signature  of  the  deputy  minister, 
that  there  is  no  foundation  for  that  statement.  This  chart  represents  the 
convictions  for  bootlegging.  It  happens  to  be  a  question  upon  which  we  have 
records.  Convictions  under  the  license  system  numbered  9.4  per  ten  thousand 
population.  Under  the  moderation  act  or  government  control  or  government 
liquor  sales  system  we  had  the  highest  rate  of  convictions  for  illicit  liquor  sale 
in  our  history.  You  see  this  long  line?  That  is  the  record  from  the  criminal 
statistics  of  Canada  showing  the  rate  of  convictions  for  bootlegging,  15.4  per 
ten  thousand  population.  That  year  was  wholly  under  government  liquor 
stores.  The  next  year  was  partially  under  government  liquor  stores  and  par- 

265 


tially  under  Prohibition.  It  occupied  second  place  as  a  record  breaker.  These 
next  three  years  were  under  Prohibition.  The  rate  was  6.26,  6.1,  6.1  convic- 
tions per  10,000  population.  The  rate  was  lower  than  for  any  period  of  the 
old  license  system.  The  government  liquor  stores  presented  a  record  for  boot- 
legging two  and  a  half  times  as  high  as  any  of  those  years  under  Prohibition. 
We  still  had  export  houses  that  crept  in  during  the  period  that  we  let  up  on 
Prohibition  due  to  the  lifting  of  the  Military  Measures  Act.  The  result,  of 
course,  has  been  difficulty  on  the  border,  which  you  know  something  about, 
and  also  an  increase  in  bootlegging  but  never  more  than  one-half  of  what  it 
was  during  government  liquor  stores  period. 

I  have  just  a  word  to  say  about  what  the  people  did  in  relation  to  the 
moderation  system.  We  tried  it  for  a  year  when  the  people  by  vote  showed 
their  revolt  against  the  system.  It  was  introduced  by  the  government  in  good 
faith.  It  had  the  best  chance  of  success  of  any  such  law  that  has  been  placed 
on  the  statute  books  of  Canada  because  it  really  was  a  carefully  prepared 
law.  The  government  appealed  to  outstanding  men  of  high  integrity  to  take 
charge  of  these  stores  so  as  to  safeguard  against  corruption.  The  act  pro- 
vided for  a  referendum  at  the  end  of  two  years.  At  the  end  of  one  year  the 
government  without  any  pressure  from  the  temperance  organizations  amended 
the  act  of  their  own  initiative  providing  for  an  immediate  referendum  and 
publicly  advised  the  people  to  vote  out  the  government  sales  system.  We  had 
seven  daily  newspapers  in  the  province.  Every  one  of  those  daily  papers 
advised  the  people  to  vote  it  out  after  we  had  had  a  year's  trial.  The  tem- 
perance organizations  did  not  have  to  fight  that  battle.  They  did  not  have 
to  put  an  extra  man  into  the  fight  nor  an  extra  page  of  literature.  It  was 
the  cheapest  campaign,  I  think,  in  the  history  of  Canada.  Why?  Every- 
body was  in  revolt.  The  papers  carried  column  upon  column  against  the 
system,  free  of  charge.  How  did  the  people  vote?  That  was  a  most  re- 
markable referendum,  with  one  of  the  highest  majorities  against  any  liquor 
sale  system  in  Canadian  history.  I  have  the  exact  record  here.  Seven  cities 
in  the  province  each  gave  a  large  majority  against  the  moderation  or  govern- 
ment liquor  sales  system.  They  averaged  seven  dry  to  one  wet.  Saskatoon 
went  ten  to  one  dry,  and  Weyburn  thirteen  to  one.  Every  one  of  the  three 
incorporated  towns  went  against  government  liquor  stores  after  they  had  had 
a  year's  trial.  They  averaged  seven  to  one.  Several  went  twenty-two  to  one. 
Two  or  three  went  thirty-three  to  one.  One  went  one  hundrd  and  twenty- 
eight  to  one  and  another  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  to  nothing,  and  that 
after  they  had  had  a  year's  trial  of  the  government  sales  system. 

Of  three  hundred  villages  there  were  only  eigh*  in  the  whole  province 
that  did  not  give  a  majority  vote  against  the  system,  and  in  nine  hundred 
polling  centers  in  the  province  that  has  the  largest  proportion  of  non-Anglo- 
Saxon  people  of  any  province  in  Canada,  they  voted  out  the  government 
sales  system  after  a  year's  trial  by  over  four  to  one.  These  soldiers  voted  in 
separate  polls,  all  of  which  gave  majorities  against  government  liquor  sales, 
averaging  three  to  one.  I  think  that  will  convince  you  and  if  it  does  not  I 
have  a  letter  from  a  member  of  the  cabinet  of  the  government  in  power  in 
reply  to  our  letter  as  to  why  the  government  took  the  above  attitude.  H§ 

266 


says  in  essence  that  they,  the  executive  of  the  government,  were  driven  neaf 
to  nervous  breakdown  for  fear  they  would  not  get  the  system  off  their  hands 
before  they  were  completely  scandalized.  That  is  the  record  of  the  Saskatche- 
wan experiment  with  government  liquor  stores,  alias  government  control, 
alias  moderation. 


WEDNESDAY  MORNING  SESSION 
ADDRESS 

By  Miss  MARY  J.  CAMPBELL,  Lucknow,  India 
Organizing  Secretary  for  the  World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 

I  am  glad  to  be  able  to  speak  about  one  of  the  greatest  nations  in  all  the 
world.  Remember  I  am  speaking  for  three  hundred  and  twenty  million 
people  in  India  this  day. 

My  subject  this  morning  is  to  tell  you  something  of  what  is  being  done 
in  India  for  this  great  temperance  movement.  You  have  already  heard  that 
I  represent  the  White  Ribbon  work  in  India.  I  come  before  you  today  in  a 
double  capacity;  first,  as  a  missionary,  and  always  as  a  missionary  of  the 
cause.  For  twenty-seven  years  I  have  worked  in  India,  but  for  the  past  three 
and  a  half  years  I  was  given  as  a  loan  to  the  World's  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  to  go  out  all  over  India  to  help  organize  the  forces  into 
a  great  temperance  army,  and  to  take  my  side  with  those  forces  which  have 
already  been  organized  in  carrying  on  a  work  which  is  most  acceptable  to  all 
the  people  of  that  land. 

Thank  God,  we  have  no  great  liquor  trade  among  our  Indian  people  to 
fight  against.  When  I  took  this  work  up  in  India  I  found  organizations  al- 
ready at  work.  I  have  witnessed  the  work  of  the  Good  Templars  in  India 
in  large  centers,  especially  among  the  soldiers,  and  lately  among  the  stu- 
dents and  young  men  of  India.  I  can  not  say  how  many  organizations  they 
have,  but  they  have  a  great  many.  Many  years  ago  a  man  by  the  name  of 
W.  S.  King  came  to  India  and  enlisted  in  helping  to  save  this  land  from 
drink.  He  was  an  Englishman,  who  formed  many  societies.  They  are  called 
today  the  Anglo-Indian  Temperance  Association,  with  about  two  hundred 
societies  all  over  India.  I  have  worked  side  by  side  with  them  and  have 
found  them  like  brothers  to  me. 

I  want  to  say  also  that  individuals  have  done  a  marvelous  work  for 
India.  I  would  not  be  true  to  north  India  and  the  Punjab  if  I  did  nqt  tell  you 
of  a  valiant  soldier  for  temperance  in  the  Punjab,  Lalla  Fundla.  He  has 
worked  for  forty  years  to  help  save  north  India  from  drink.  He  has  done 
more  to  bring  local  option  into  being  in  Punjab  than  any  other  person.  He 
built  the  first  temperance  hall  in  all  India,  a  beautiful  hall  in  the  old  city  of 
Amritsar. 

I  have  had  the  great  privilege  of  working  down  in  Calcutta  with  one  of 
my  Indian  brothers  who  is  here,  Mr.  Niyogi,  and  I  want  to  say  in  passing 
what  a  fine  work  Mr.  Niyogi  has  done  in  Calcutta.  Largely  from  his  efforts 
and  the  efforts  of  Rev.  Herbert  Anderson,  a  mile  square  in  Calcutta  is  free 

267 


from  liquor.  But  now  I  must  speak  of  our  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union. 

In  1878  the  White  Ribbon  was  brought  into  India  by  Mrs.  Mary  Leavitt. 
I  was  not  in  India  at  that  time;  I  came  a  few  years  later,  however,  and  set  it 
up  there  in  Punjab.  That  little  woman,  with  the  help  of  missionary  sisters, 
started  work  in  several  centers,  Calcutta  and  Lucknow  and  Bombay  and 
Poona.  Ever  since  then  many  of  our  missionary  sisters,  English,  Scotch, 
American,  Canadian,  Australian  have  been  behind  this  movement,  for  they 
saw  that  the  greatest  stumbling  block  which  we  missionaries  have  is  the  drink 
traffic  and  the  drink  curse. 

About  eight  years  ago  I  was  living  away  up  there  in  the  Punjab  in  the 
town  of  Pathankot.  It  is  one  of  the  most  humbly  old  fashioned  towns  to  be 
found  in  India,  with  seven  thousand  people.  It  is  beautifully  situated  under 
the  great  Himalaya  mountains,  with  snow  all  around  us,  at  least  one-third  of 
the  way  around  the  horizon.  The  inhabitants  are  just  a  humble  people,  half 
Hindu,  half  Mohammedan,  and  a  few  Christians. 

I  started  a  school  in  that  town.  It  grew  and  grew  until  it  became  a  high 
school  with  a  hundred  beautiful  girls  in  it.  At  that  time  I  was  not  a  tem- 
perance worker;  I  was  a  temperance  advocate,  to  be  sure,  being  an  American 
with  good  Scotch  ancestry  behind  me.  I  believed  in  temperance,  but  I  was 
a  missionary  in  educational  work.  One  day  I  saw  that  I  must  do  my  part  as 
a  Christian  worker  to  help  free  my  little  town  from  the  curse  of  drink. 

Who  asked  me  to  do  this  work?  God  gave  the  command,  but  through 
whom  did  He  send  the  message?  A  Mohammedan,  a  Mohammedan  of  my 
town.  And  when  you  think  about  the  Turks,  just  remember  that  they  are  all 
Mohammedans  and  that  they  are  just  as  dear  people  as  the  rest  of  us.  I  hold 
no  brief  for  the  Turk,  but  I  want  to  say  that  if  we  Christian  people  had  not 
put  liquor  in  almost  every  part  of  the  world  the  Turk  would  not  be  what  he  is 
today.  I  want  to  say  that  the  Mohammedans  are  total  abstainers  and  hate 
this  thing  with  a  bitter  hatred.  They  have  suffered.  I  have  visited  cities  in 
India  where  fifty  per  cent  of  the  Mohammedans  have  taken  to  drink.  The 
Mohammedans  have  told  me  that.  But  up  in  my  Punjab  a  Mohammedan 
came  to  me  and  he  said,  "Please  do  something  to  save  this  town  from  drink. 
We  have  one  liquor  shop  and  it  is  ruining  many  boys  and  men."  I  said,  "I 
can't  do  it;  I  am  too  busy  in  my  school  work." 

But  God  would  not  let  me  give  that  excuse.  The  door  opened;  I  entered 
in,  and  in  three  years'  time  a  thousand  men  had  joined  this  movement  in  and 
around  Pathankot.  The  poor  men  of  Paihankot  put  their  hands  into  their 
pockets.  The  biggest  salaried  man  in  Pathankot  got  only  fifty  dollars  a 
month,  but  we  raised  enough  money  to  put  up  the  second  temperance  hall  in 
all  India. 

Then  by  and  by  the  call  came  to  me  from  this  great  sisterhood,  the  White 
Ribbon  sisterhood,  "Please  step  out  and  become  our  organizer  all  over  India 
for  a  period  of  five  years,"  and  I  said,  "No,  no."  For  a  whole  year  I  refused. 
Then  a  call  came  from  Scotland.  There  are  sixty  thousand  dear  Scottish 
comrades  wearing  the  white  ribbon  now.  They  wrote  to  me  and  said,  "We 
like  your  name,  Mary  Campbell,  and  we  would  like  to  have  you  go  as  our 

268 


representative  to  India  for  five  years  if  you  will,  and  represent  us  and  show 
the  Indian  sisters  that  we  women  of  Scotland  love  them  and  want  to  help 
them  get  free  from  drink." 

I  could  not  refuse  the  call  from  the  land  of  my  ancestors.  It  was  God's 
call  to  me,  and  so,  friends,  for  three  years  and  two  months  now  I  have  toured 
all  over  India,  every  place  Mr.  Johnson  has  ever  set  foot  on,  and  hundreds 
of  others. 

I  have  traveled  all  over  India  and,  oh,  what  have  I  found?  My  heart  is 
full;  cooperation,  cooperation  everywhere,  in  this  marvelous  work.  I  have 
visited,  worked,  in  twenty  colleges  in  India,  and  I  found  the  young  men  ripe 
for  this  movement.  Hundreds  have  signed  the  total  abstinence  pledge. 

I  have  worked  in  girls'  schools  and  organized  in  twenty-five  girls'  schools 
our  young  women's  branches  and  worked  among  the  little  children.  If  I  had 
time  I  would  do  nothing  else  but  work  among  the  children  of  India.  They 
are  shouting  out  in  India  today  as  the  American  children  used  to,  "Tremble, 
King  Alcohol,  we  shall  grow  up."  The  little  Indian  children  are  saying, 
"Tremble,  Maharajah  Toddy,  we  are  going  to  kill  you  and  cut  your  head  off 
with  a  sword  when  we  grow  up." 

Then  I  organized  among  the  men  of  India — perhaps  you  say,  "Why  did 
you  do  that?"  They  would  not  let  me  do  anything  else.  I  have  gone  into 
places  where  there  was  no  organization  for  men.  I  have  had  from  two  hun- 
dred to  four  thousand  men  in  every  audience  I  have  ever  spoken  to  in  the 
public  meetings  in  India,  and  at  the  close  I  have  said,  "Brothers,  who  will 
join  this  temperance  movement?" 

A  hundred  or  more  would  come  up  and  sign  the  pledge.  Then  they 
would  say,  "Now,  what  are  you  going  to  do  with  us?"  I  would  say,  "I  don't 
know  what  to  do  with  you;  you  are  men.  I  am  out  to  organize  the  women." 

"Are  not  we  as  good  as  women?"  they  said  to  me  many  times.  I  said, 
"Of  course  you  are."  They  said,  "Don't  we  need  it  as  much  as  the  women?" 

"Well,"  I  said,  "I  think  you  need  it  a  little  bit  more,  because  every  place 
I  go  the  dear  women  say,  'Sister,  why  do  you  organize  us?  The  men  are  the 
sinners.  They  do  the  drinking.  Go  to  them.'  " 

So  all  over  India  men  are  being  organized.  We  have  one  hundred  and 
thirty  societies.  They  wanted  to  wear  the  white  ribbon.  I  said,  "No;  we  will 
have  to  draw  the  line  there."  I  was  afraid,  you  know,  they  would  say  it  is  a 
woman's  badge,  and  so  it  is.  And  so  I  said,  "Brothers,  I  would  like  to  give 
it  to  you.  Perhaps  I  had  better  not,  but  we  will  have  another  badge  for  you, 
the  blue  ribbon,  the  old  fashioned  blue  ribbon;"  and  the  men  are  wearing  that 
these  days  all  over  India. 

Thank  God,  India  is  awake.  There  are  eight  big  provinces  in  India,  with 
twenty-three  millions  in  the  Punjab;  forty  millions  in  the  United  Provinces, 
and  millions  in  the  rest  of  India — eight  provinces  are  organized  today  under 
the  white  ribbon,  men,  women,  young  people  and  children. 

We  have  eighteen  departments.  We  had  seventeen  until  we  got  the  men 
organized,  and  we  did  not  know  how  to  manage  that,  so  we  said,  "We  will 
have  an  eighteenth  department  and  call  that  the  men's  department,  the  Blue 
Ribbon."  We  people  in  India  hope  our  eighteenth  department  will  do  for 

269 


India   what   the    Eighteenth  Amendment  is   doing  for   the   United   States   of 
America. 

Now,  just  briefly,  what  are  we  trying  to  do  in  these  departments?  I  want 
to  thank  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America  for  flooding  us  with  literature. 
We  hope  they  will  give  us  a  lot  more  literature  for  our  work  over  in  India, 
too.  We  need  it.  But,  then,  our  people  do  not  all  understand  English.  We 
are  giving  out  literature  today  in  twelve  or  thirteen  of  the  principal  languages 
of  India.  You  people  are  fortunate  at  home,  having  only  one  language  to 
work  in,  in  America  and  Canada.  There  are  so  many  languages  over  there  in 
India.  We  are  getting  out  literature  in  all  of  these. 

One  of  our  main  departments  is  the  care  of  the  little  child.  The  W.  C. 
T.  U.  started  the  work  of  child  welfare  in  all  the  world.  We  have  it  in  India 
today  as  well  as  scientific  temperance  instruction.  The  central  provinces 
made  scientific  instruction  compulsory. 

I  could  not  begin  to  tell  all  about  India.  The  country  is  full  of  interest 
and  cooperation  in'  this  magnificent  work.  In  looking  up  at  this  map  do 
you  know  what  it  says  to  me?  This  map  says  to  me  that  India  is  not  respon- 
sible for  the  liquor  traffic  in  the  world  Egypt  does  not  send  out  liquor  to 
debauch  the  world.  Arabia  does  not  send  it  out.  Friends,  your  country  and 
my  country,  Christian  countries,  have  to  bear  that  stain.  Oh,  the  pity  of  it! 
I  have  sat  here  with  the  heartache.  Let  us  for  the  sake  of  Jesus  Christ  get 
behind  this  movement  and  get  every  Christian  nation  to  stop  the  traffic  which 
is  injuring  the  wonderful  work  that  Jesus  Christ  wants  to  do  in  all  the  world. 
One  morning  a  few  years  ago  I  was  wakened  at  4  o'clock  in  the  morning 
from  a  wonderful  dream.  I  do  not  give  much  attention  to  dreams,  but  two 
or  three  have  influenced  my  life.  In  that  dream  I  saw  an  audience  some- 
thing like  you  this  morning,  an  audience  of  Christian  people  seated  in  a 
little  church,  and  behind  the  pulpit  was  a  great  screen,  and  as  I  looked  at  that 
screen  I  saw  coming  out  clearly  and  distinctly  the  features  of  a  face  until 
before  that  audience,  on  that  screen,  stood  out  a  marvelous  picture  of  beauty, 
our  Lord,  Jesus  Christ.  And  all  the  people  were  looking  toward  it.  Some- 
body said  to  me,  "It  is  the  men  and  women  and  children  in  this  audience, 
those  who  love  Jesus,  who  are  throwing  on  this  screen  the  wonderful  beauty 
of  Jesus  Christ."  While  I  looked  a  blur  came  over  the  picture  then  it  dark- 
ened and  the  beautiful  features  were  hidden.  Again  they  came  out  dimly,  and 
again  they  were  hidden,  and  I  said  in  my  dream,  "What  is  the  meaning  of 
that?"  "Somebody  down  in  that  audience  has  sinned,"  came  back  the  answer. 

Oh,  friends,  we  Christian  nations  are  supposed  to  hold  up  before  the 
world  the  wondrous  beauty  of  Jesus  Christ.  We  go  out  today  to  tell  the 
people  of  the  one  who  died  on  the  cross  to  save  us  from  sin,  and  as  we  hold 
up  the  picture,  blurs  come  over  it;  people  can  not  see  clearly;  those  wonder- 
ful features  are  distorted,  because  of  sin  in  the  Christian  nations.  Friends, 
I  believe  this  conference  is  the  time  when  we  ought  to  have  a  day  of  fasting 
rather  than  so  much  applauding,  and  get  down  on  our  knees  in  shame  and 
sorrow,  and  ask  God  to  cleanse  our  Christian  nations,  so  that  the  world  may 
see  Jesus  Christ.  The  world  loves  him;  India  loves  Jesus  Christ.  Mahatma 
Ghandi  gets  up  at  4  o'clock  in  the  morning  to  read  our  Book.  How  many  in 

270 


America  do  that,  I  wonder?  The  name  of  Jesus  Christ  was  never  so  well 
known  as  today  in  India.  Even  our  papers  today  say  nothing  against  Jesus 
Christ.  It  is  we  who  are  false;  it  is  we  Christian  people  who  put  the  stain  on 
that  wondrous  picture  of  Jesus  Christ.  May  God  forgive  us! 


WINE  AND  BEER— THEIR  USE  FROM  A  HISTORIC  AND 
SCIENTIFIC  STANDPOINT 

By  D.  H.  KRESS,  M.D.,  Washington  Sanitarium  and  Hospital,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Vice  President  American  Medical  Society  for  the  Study  of  Alcohol  and 

Other  Narcotics 

"The  thing  that  hath  been,  it  is  that  which  shall  be:  and  that  which  is 
done  is  that  which  shall  be  done;  and  there  is  no  new  thing  under  the  sun." 
Eccl.  1:9.  The  problems  we  are  meeting  and  the  battles  we  are  fighting 
today  others  have  met  and  fought  before  us.  The  evils  which  today  are  so 
apparent,  proved  the  ruin  of  nations  of  the  past.  Babylon's  downfall  was 
due  to  drink.  It  was  the  prevalent  use  of  intoxicants  which  afterward  re- 
sulted in  the  disintegration  and  downfall  of  the  Medo-Persian  Empire.  The 
same  causes  resulted  in  the  collapse  of  Greece  and  Rome.  Even  before  the 
flood  it  was  drink  that  was  responsible  for  the  immorality  and  the  sad  social 
condition  that  existed.  "Every  imagination  of  the  thoughts  of  man's  heart, 
was  only  evil  continually."  The  marriage  vow  was  lightly  regarded,  "they 
took  them  wives  of  all  which  they  chose."  Corruption  everywhere  pre- 
vailed, "the  earth  also  was  corrupt,"  "and  the  earth  was  filled  with  violence." 
That  which  inflamed  and  maddened  the  minds  of  men  before  the  flood,  is 
dethroning  reason  today,  and  is  chiefly  responsible  for  our  houses  of 
prostitution,  insane  asylums,  alms  houses,  prisons,  etc.  The  high  mortality 
rate  of  many  of  our  modern  diseases,  as  kidney  diseases,  apoplexy,  heart 
failure,  may  be  attributed  to  the  prevalent  use  of  alcoholic  beverages.  These 
diseases  are  rapidly  increasing. 

Something  had  to  be  done  to  stay  this  downward  march  to  ruin.  Hon. 
Mr.  Hobson  has  well  said:  "When  degeneracy  has  gone  much  further  it 
will  be  too  late.  At  the  present  rate  it  would  not  be  long  before  abnormals 
and  degenerates  would  swamp  our  cities  and  overrun  our  states.  Nature 
will  not  tolerate  a  race  of  degenerates  ...  In  this  generation  our 
people  must  take  their  choice.  There  is  no  alternative.  We  are  fairly  in 
the  death  grapple.  Suppose  America  should  go  down  before  the  great  de- 
stroyer, whither  will  a  frugal  and  rural  fragment  go  to  start  a  new  empire? 
History  leaves  no  hope  to  go  back  eastward.  There  is  no  longer  any  west- 
ward— we  have  reached  the  shores  of  the  last  ocean.  In  America  the  star 
of  empire  moving  westward  finishes  the  circle  of  the  world.  In  America  we 
are  making  the  last  stand  of  the  great  white  race  and  substantially  of  the 
human  race.  If  America  fails  the  world  will  be  undone  and  the  human  race 
will  be  doomed  to  go  down  from  degeneracy  to  degeneracy  till  the  Almighty 
wipes  the  accursed  thing  out." 

The  deterioration  of  civilized  nations  and  the  people  was  briefly  out- 
lined In  the  prophetic  dream  given  to  Nebuchadnezzar  king  of  Babylon  at 

271 


a  time  when  Babylon  sat  as  a  queen  among  nations  and  was  mistress  of 
the  earth.  In  a  dream  he  beheld  an  image,  the  head  of  which  was  of  the 
finest  gold,  the  breast  and  arms  were  of  silver,  the  thighs  of  brass,  the 
legs  of  iron,  and  the  feet  part  of  iron  and  part  of  clay.  .Then  he  beheld  a 
stone  cut  out  without  human  aid  which  smote  the  image  upon  the  toes,  and 
the  iron,  the  brass,  the  silver  and  the  gold  was  broken  to  pieces  and  became 
as  chaff  and  a  wind  carried  it  away,  and  the  little  stone  filled  the  whole  earth. 
Only  one  man  in  all  his  kingdom  was  able  to  interpret  the  dream.  It  was 
Daniel  the  Hebrew  captive,  a  total  abstainer,  who  when  commanded  to  eat 
at  the  king's  table  refused  the  drink  served  and  said  "let  them  give  us  pulse 
to  eat  and  water  to  drink." 

In  interpreting  this  dream,  Daniel  said  to  King  Nebuchadnezzar:  "Thou 
art  this  head  of  gold.  And  after  thee  shall  arise  another  kingdom  inferior 
to  thee."  Then  a  third  kingdom  inferior  to  the  second,  was  to  arise,  and  so 
on,  until  the  feet  and  toes  were  reached,  when  no  metal  could  be  found  in 
nature  to  symbolize  the  existing  degeneracy.  From  fine  gold  to  silver,  to 
brass,  to  iron,  to  clay,  this  portrays  the  history  of  racial  degeneracy  from  the 
time  of  Babylon  to  the  division  of  Rome  into  the  ten  kingdoms  of  Europe. 
How  literally  this  prediction  has  been  fulfilled.  On  every  hand  in  Europe, 
degeneracy  is  written.  These  nations  have  for  years  been  declining,  but  never 
so  rapidly  as  during  the  past  fifty  years. 

Before  the  World  War  broke  out,  France  was  a  dying  nation,  and  she 
recognized  it.  During  the  first  six  months  of  the  year  1914  her  death  rate 
exceeded  her  birth  rate  by  24,800.  In  other  words,  France  was  depopulat- 
ing herself  without  war  at  the  rate  of  nearly  50,000  annually.  She  was  no 
longer  able  to  fill  the  vacancies  made  by  death.  During  the  year  1916  there 
were  1,100,000  deaths  among  the  civilians  alone,  and  320,000  births.  This 
showed  a  shortage  of  780,000  during  that  one  year,  exclusive  of  those  who 
perished  on  the  field  of  battle. 

The  decline  in  the  birth  rate  is  today  as  marked  in  Great  Britain  as  in 
France. 

Germany  has  been  going  downward  at  breakneck  speed.  Fifty  years 
ago  she  had  six  times  as  many  men  and  women  who  attained  the  age  of 
one  hundred  years  as  she  had  just  before  the  war  broke  out.  Germany 
had  only  one  centenarian  to  every  700,000  of  her  people,  while  Bulgaria  had  one 
to  every  thousand.  I  was  pleased  to  hear  our  representative  from  Bulgaria 
say  that  the  Protestant  churches  refuse  to  take  into  the  church  as  members 
those  who  drink  or  smoke.  There  is  also  a  rapid  decline  in  the  birth  rate, 
and  mothers  are  no  longer  capable  of  nursing  their  infants  normally  as  in 
years  past.  Before  the  war  nearly  three-fourths  of  Germany's  infants  had 
to  be  bottle  fed.  These  are  marked  evidences  of  degeneracy.  A  German 
scientist,  some  years  ago,  in  an  effort  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  the  inability 
on  the  part  of  mothers  to  suckle  their  young,  found  that  in  nearly  every 
c?.se  these  mothers  were  the  daughters  of  men  who  drank  freely  of  beer. 
He  concluded  from  his  investigations  that  beer  drinking  was  the  chief  factor 
in  causing  this  degeneracy.  Dr.  Bellinger  attributed  degeneracy  of  the 
kidneys  which  resulted  in  premature  decay  and  death  of  her  men  also  to 
the  prevalent  use  of  beer.  He  said  it  was  difficult  to  find  in  Germany  a 

272 


man  forty  years  old  with  normal  kidneys  who  drank  beer  habitually.  Dur- 
ing the  war  Germany  made  a  partial  reform  by  adopting  weak  beer.  But 
she  has  since  gone  back  to  eight  per  cent  beer,  we  are  told.  People  became 
disgusted  with  the  weak  beer  and  refused  to  buy  it.  Breweries,  it  is  said, 
were  threatened  with  financial  disaster.  To  forestall  this,  and  to  prevent 
wholesale  unemployment,  the  government  let  down  the  bars  and  now  "full 
beer"  or  "peace  time  beer"  is  again  on  tap.  This  does  not  come  as  a  sur- 
prise— it  is  the  logical  outcome  of  the  governmental  sanction  of  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  "weak  beer."  Weak  beer  will  never  satisfy  a  German, 
or  anyone  else  who  has  been  accustomed  to  the  strong  beer.  Neither  will 
it  satisfy  very  long  the  one  who  begins  with  weak  beer,  whether  he  is  a  Ger- 
man, an  American  or  a  Canadian. 

The  New  York  Evening  Journal  several  years  ago  contained  an  ar- 
ticle by  Dr.  Parkhurst,  on  "Temperance,"  which  has  since  been  referred 
to  for  the  purpose  of  justifying  the  sale  of  beer  and  wine.  The  Doctor  un- 
fortunately said: 

"The  appetite  for  drink  somewhat  more  highly  flavored  than  any  which 
is  yielded  by  the  brook  or  cistern  is  a  natural  one  .  .  .  .  Natural  in  the 
sense  of  not  needing  to  be  acquired,  but  existing  as  a  part  of  our  physical 
constitution,  and  like  the  other  bodiry  tendencies,  inclining  toward  some 
means  of  satisfaction."  "Once  realizing  that  the  craving  is  legitimate,"  he 
claimed,  "it  is  a  rude  interference  with  personal  liberty  for  the  law  to  tell 
me  what  I  shall  or  shall  not  drink  and  how  much."  In  commenting  upon 
this,  the  Editor  said,  "Dr.  Parkhurst  is  right.  You  cannot  change  men's  ap- 
petites or  do  away  with  them.  .  .  .  Men  will  drink  if  they  want  to, 
therefore  make  it  easy  for  them  to  drink  stimulants  that  do  little  harm  or 
none.  Make  it  difficult  or  impossible  for  them  to  get  the  highly  alcoholic 
poisonous  drinks." 

The  beer  manufacturers  have  made  much  of  this  assertion  made  by  Dr. 
Parkhurst.  One  in  a  full-page  advertisement  in  the  Chicago  Examiner  says: 

"Beer  contains  so  small  a  percentage  of  alcohol  as  to  render  it  abso- 
lutely harmless  when  taken  in  moderation,  yet  it  does  contain  alcohol  suf- 
ficient to  produce  that  mild  form  of  stimulation  or  exhilaration  which  the 
human  system  craves."  The  desire  for  alcohol  is  not  a  natural  desire.  It 
is  an  abnormal  desire  found  only  in  abnormals. 

Weak  beer  creates  a  craving  for  itself,  and  later  only  the  stronger  beers 
will  satisfy.  Germany's  experience  should  serve  as  an  object  lesson  and 
warning  to  America  and  other  countries  where  the  use  of  weak  beers  are 
advocated.  Just  as  certain  as  weak  beers  are  permissible,  the  8  per  cent 
beers  will  follow.  Again  and  again  the  folly  of  permitting  the  sale  of  mild 
alcoholic  beverages  as  a  means  of  lessening  the  sale  of  the  stronger  ones,  has 
been  demonstrated. 

France  has  tried  it  and  failed.  She  began  with  wine.  The  drinking  of 
wine  was  encouraged,  but  she  ended  with  absinthe.  Henri  Schmidt  who 
introduced  a  bill  in  France  which  was  supposed  to  put  an  end  to  the  sale 
of  absinthe  said,  "We  are  not  interested  in  making  French  people  a  race 
of  teetotalers — it  would  not  be  possible,  and  we  would  not  care  to  accomplish 
it  if  it  were.  We  have  nothing  against  wine  and  light  beers.  I  drink  them, 

273 


and  so  do  other  members  of  the  Assembly  who  are  fighting  alcoholism." 
"Alcoholism,"  he  said,  "is  a  comparatively  new  word  in  the  French  language." 
So  it  is,  for  France  up  to  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  was  a  nation  of  wine 
drinkers. 

The  question  arises,  why  did  not  France  cling  to  her  wines?  Why 
did  her  people  forsake  these  and  take  to  the  use  of  stronger  alcoholic  drinks, 
and  finally  to  the  use  of  absinthe?  The  one  followed  the  other  just  as  natur- 
ally as  night  follows  day.  Mild  alcoholic  drinks  create  the  craving  and  de- 
sire for  the  stronger  ones.  France  took  to  the  use  of  whisky  and  absinthe 
for  the  same  reason  that  Germany  has  again  taken  to  the  use  of  8  per  cent 
beer.  The  time  will  come  when  even  the  8  per  cent  beer  will  not  satisfy 
the  Germans  and  they  too  will  do  as  did  the  French, — resort  to  the  use  of 
still  stronger  drinks,  drinks  that  will  be  sufficiently  strong  to  produce  the 
exhilaration  and  feeling  of  wellbeing  desired.  The  only  sane  and  safe  thing 
for  any  country  to  do  is  to  stop  the  sale  of  the  mild  alcoholic  beverages,  for 
this  alone  will  protect  against  the  cultivation  of  the  desire  for  the  stronger 
ones. 

England  may  have  forgotten  it,  but  she  too,  a  century  ago  demonstrated 
the  folly  of  permitting  the  sale  of  beer.  Some  of  the  great  men  of  England 
said,  let  us  encourage  the  use  of  beer  as  a  national  beverage  and  thus  put 
a  stop  to  the  use  of  whisky  and  brandy.  An  act  was  passed  to  that  effect. 
For  a  time  it  seemed  to  work  well.  The  people  drank  beer.  But  the  time 
came  when  beer  no  longer  satisfied  and  the  stronger  drinks  were  added. 
The  committee  appointed  for  the  lower  house  of  convocation  of  the  province 
of  Canterbury,  reporting  on  the  measure,  said,  "the  measure  introduced  in 
1830  for  the  avowed  purpose  of  repressing  intemperance  by  counteracting 
the  temptation  to  excessive  drinking  of  ardent  spirits  afforded  in  public 
houses,  has  abundantly  proved  not  only  to  have  failed  of  its  benevolent  pur- 
pose, but  to  have  served  throughout  the  country  to  multiply  and  intensify  the 
very  evils  it  was  intended  to  remove." 

Every  medical  man  of  any  experience  knows  that  all  drug  addicts  be- 
gin with  small  doses.  One  small  dose  creates  the  demand  for  a  repetition, 
and  then  the  dose  has  to  be  increased  in  order  to  obtain  the  desired  effect.  It 
is  in  this  way  drug  victims  are  created.  Drunkards  are  made  in  the  same 
way.  They  all  begin  with  light  beer  or  wine  and  end  up  with  whisky,  brandy 
or  absinthe.  The  success  of  Prohibition  therefore  lies  not  in  the  suppression 
of  whisky  and  brandy  or  in  stopping  the  sale  of  8  per  cent  beer  or  even  of 
234  per  cent  beer,  but  by  putting  a  stop  to  the  sale  of  all  alcoholic  beverages 
even  though  the  alcohol  contents  be  ever  so  small. 

Scotland  is  attempting  to  regulate  the  sale  of  alcoholic  drinks  by  pre- 
venting drinking  in  public  places.  The  Manchester  Guardian  said  "In  Scot- 
land during  the  past  century,  the  public  house  has  taken  a  disgraceful  and 
dangerous  shape."  Sometime  ago  an  act  was  passed  to  this  effect.  In 
commenting  upon  it  the  Weekly  Scotsman  says,  the  act  is  "only  an  experi- 
ment that  will  be  watched  with  interest  both  in  Scotland  and  in  England  and 
even  farther  afield."  The  Manchester  Guardian  says,  "The  Scottish  act 
is  not  so  much  an  attempt  to  abolish  the  use  of  alcohol,  as  to  humanize  the 
condition  under  which  alcohol  is  taken.  The  London  Times  said:  "There 

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has  been  a  disquieting  and  apparently  progressive  increase  in  conviction  for 
drunkenness  in  Scotland  and  something  has  to  be  done  to  check  it."  The 
London  Globe  assures  us  "the  manufacture  and  sale  of  alcoholic  liquor  are 
in  no  way  interferred  with,  and  the  Scot  is  free  to  buy  as  much  as  he  pleases 
from  the  shop,  and  to  drink  as  much  as  he  can  of  it  at  home.  It  merely  is 
designed  to  prevent  drinking  in  public  places."  Scotland  has  undertaken  an 
impossible  task. 

It  is  useless  to  attempt  to  regulate  the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors,  or  to 
permit  the  sale  of  mild  drinks.  The  only  consistent  thing  to  do  in  all  coun- 
tries, is  to  put  a  stop,  as  we  have  in  America,  to  the  sale  of  all  alcoholic 
beverages  strong  or  weak.  Wine  was  the  national  beverage  of  ancient 
Egypt.  The  Egyptians  held  that  while  in  large  quantities  wine  would  stupify 
and  chill  the  soul,  in  small  doses  it  tended  to  "clarify  the  soul  and  impart  to 
it  greater  power."  When  the  evils  resulting  from  the  use  of  the  beverages 
became  apparent,  measures  were  taken  to  prohibit  its  use  among  the  com- 
mon people.  On  one  of  the  ancient  tombs  is  found  the  prediction  that  if  wine 
and  beers  continue  to  be  used  by  all  classes,  the  nation  would  be  doomed  to 
destruction  and  would  be  deserted  by  the  gods. 

There  are  certain  substances,  the  tendencies  of  which  are  to  paralyze  the 
mind,  leaving  the  moral  nature  defenseless  before  the  temptations  to  which 
it  is  most  inclined.  Alcohol  is  one  of  these.  Each  one  inherits  from  his  an- 
cestry certain  vicious  tendencies  which,  under  suitable  conditions,  may  be 
roused  into  activity.  Someone  has  said,  "Man  is  an  omnibus  in  which 
ride  all  his  ancestors."  Under  certain  conditions  the  door  of  the  omnibus  is 
swung  back  and  one  or  more  of  them  may  step  out,  thus  bringing  disgrace 
upon  the  family.  Every  one  has  within  him  evil  hereditary  tendencies,  which 
must  be  guarded  and  governed.  Any  drink,  which  paralyzes  the  governing 
and  controlling  power  of  man,  must  be  guarded  against.  To  resort  to  any- 
thing which  produces  artificial  exhilaration  or  an  unearned  feeling  of  well 
being,  is  a  species  of  intemperance,  for  such  exhilaration  is  merely  a  mild 
form  of  intoxication.  In  the  intoxicated  man  the  restraint  is  removed  from 
the  lower  nature  and  he  does  that  which  he  would  not  think  of  doing  other- 
wise. One  glass  of  beer  contains  sufficient  alcohol  to  produce  intoxication. 
I  do  not  mean,  that  it  would  cause  a  wobble  in  the  gait,  but  it  will  cause 
a  wobble  of  the  mind.  A  man  under  the  influence  of  but  one  glass  is  no 
longer  himself.  He  has  lost  in  a  measure  his  power  of  self  control  and  is 

k therefore,  not  so  safe  a  man  in  society.  Morally  he  is  on  a  lower  plane. 
Drunkards  are  not  so  great  a  menace  to  society  as  are  these  moderate  drinkers. 
Most  of  the  crimes  of  impulse  and  most  of  the  unmoral  acts  are  committed 
by  such  and  not  by  the  man  in  the  ditch. 

Beer  is  more  harmful  than  whisky.  T.  B.  Macauley,  president  of  the 
Sun  Life  Assurance  Company  of  Canada,  some  time  ago,  in  dealing  with 
the  subject  of  "Alcohol  and  Longevity,"  said,  "by  the  combined  experience 
of  American  and  Canadian  companies  the  mortality  among  distillers  and 
their  employees  was  found  to  be  135,  and  among  brewers  and  their  em- 
ployees 170.  That  the  mortality  among  brewers  should  be  heavier  than 
among  distillers  is  a  surprise."  He  says,  "I  can  think  of  no  explanation 
except  that  so-called  strictly  moderate  beer  drinking  is  more  injurious  than 

275 


similar  spirit  drinking."  He  concluded  that  there  must  be  some  poisonous 
product  in  the  fermentation  of  beer  which  either  alone  or  in  combination 
with  alcohol  weakens  and  in  extreme  cases  destroys  the  internal  glands 
which  control  the  elimination  of  the  waste  matter  of  the  system  and  are 
its  chief  protection  against  infection.  The  beer  drinker  is  considered  a  poor 
risk  by  all  insurance  companies.  He  is  a  poor  subject  for  surgery.  While 
he  has  an  abundance  of  flesh,  it  is  always  of  inferior  quality,  lacking  in 
vital  resistance.  Beer  has  been  advertised  as  "liquid  bread."  The  claim 
is  made  that  each  quart  contains  1-10  of  a  pound  of  nutrition.  This  esti- 
mate is  too  high.  But  suppose  it  does  contain  this  amount.  It  would  take 
ten  quarts  of  beer,  costing  retail  about  $2.00,  to  secure  a  pound  of  nutrition 
that  ought  not  to  cost  more  than  7  to  10  cents.  It  is  not  a  poor  man's  food. 

Has  Prohibition  increased  the  use  of  habit-forming  drugs?  The  time 
was  when  in  China  the  use  of  alcohol  and  drunkenness  was  common.  Severe 
measures  were  employed  to  enforce  sobriety.  Vineyards  were  cut  down 
by  order  of  the  government.  But  as  drink  became  unpopular  owing  to  public 
sentiment  the  use  of  opium  stealthily  crept  in.  For  centuries  China  was 
cursed  with  the  opium  habit.  Efforts  were  made  to  regulate  its  sale  with- 
out success.  In  sheer  desperation  it  was  finally  decreed  that  the  traffic 
in  opium  must  cease.  While  she  was  engaged  in  freeing  her  people  from 
one  evil,  another  was  introduced  by  the  American  tobacco  trust  in  the  form 
of  the  cigarette.  Tobacco  missionaries  were  sent  everywhere  introducing 
the  little  white  slaver,  until  the  cigarette  evil  is  now  threatening  to  do  a 
greater  injury  than  opium  has  ever  done. 

It  is  true  that  in  some  localities,  there  has  been  reported  an  increase 
in  the  use  of  habit-forming  drugs  since  the  enforcement  of  Prohibition, 
but  it  must  be  recalled  that  Prohibition  came  in  just  at  the  close  of  the 
World  War  when  a  wave  of  lawlessness  swept  over  the  land.  Without 
Prohibition  conditions  would  undoubtedly  have  been  much  worse. 

During  the  war  the  use  of  cigarettes  was  also  encouraged  among  the 
young  rercruits.  Smoking  was  held  to  be  a  necessity  in  order  to  be  a  good 
fighter.  The  great  tobacco  trusts  spent  millions  of  dollars  in  perpetuating 
this  deception  and  Christian  and  benevolent  associations  were  influenced  to 
aid  these  trusts  in  getting  rid  of  their  wares.  It  was  the  greatest  and  most 
successful  advertising  scheme  ever  launched  upon  an  innocent  people. 

The  use  of  cigarettes  has  become  almost  universal  as  a  result.  The 
cigarette  is  a  dope  just  as  certainly  as  is  cocaine,  heroin  and  morphine  and 
the  step  from  the  cigarette  to  the  use  of  these  other  habit-forming  drugs  is 
a  short  one. 

The  only  thing  to  do  now,  since  the  use  of  cigarettes  has  become  a 
public  menace  to  America,  is  to  stop  their  sale  just  as  we  have  alcoholic 
beverages.  This  we  are  told  would  be  an  interference  with  personal  liberty. 
But  we  already  have  laws  controlling  the  sale  and  use  of  cocaine,  heroin  and 
morphine.  Fortunate  it  is  for  society  that  such  laws  exist.  While  these 
laws  do  not  entirely  control  the  traffic  in  these  drugs,  they  certainly  greatly 
minimize  their  use,  and  no  one  would  take  the  position  that  we  ought  no';  to 
have  such  laws,  and  that  they  are  an  infringement  on  the  personal  rights 
of  the  people.  The  time  was  when  smoking  by  women  was  frowned  down 

276 


upon,    but    the    habit    has    gained    tremendously    among    them    and    smoking 
by  them  in  public  places  is   no  longer   regarded  as   a   strange   thing. 

There  is  more  reason  why  a  law  against  the  use  of  cigarettes  should 
be  enacted  and  enforced,  than  against  the  use  of  heroin,  cocaine  and  mor- 
phine. The  heroin  and  cocaine  users  do  not  endanger  the  health  of  those 
in  whose  presence  they  are  as  does  the  cigarette  smoker.  The  cigarette 
smoker  contaminates  the  air  others  are  compelled  to  breathe.  Cigarette 
smoking  is  therefore,  a  public  menace  and  in  this  respect  is  more  objection- 
able than  the  use  of  heroin,  cocaine  or  morphine.  It  is  true  that  some 
good  men  and  good  women  smoke,  but  they  would  be  better  men  and  women 
if  they  did  not  smoke.  Among  women  smoking  is  chiefly  confined  to  the 
brothels  among  the  low  downs,  and  the  loose  women  among  the  high  ups. 
If  smoking  is  a  menace  and  should  be  prohibited  among  women  it  should  be 
prohibited  among  men.  The  time  is  not  far  distant  when  public  sentiment 
will  be  sufficiently  aroused  to  bring  this  to  pass.  Every  man  and  woman 
and  child  has  a  right  to  breathe  the  pure,  uncontaminated  air  of  heaven. 
No  man  or  woman  has  a  right  to  deny  this  right  to  others. 

There  is  a  division  among  medical  men  as  to  whether  alcoholic  bev- 
erages are  of  value  as  remedial  agencies.  The  Journal  of  the  American 
Medical  Asociation  sent  out  a  questionnaire  to  53,900  physicians  recently  to 
ascertain  whether  whisky,  beer  and  wine  were  regarded  as  remedies  in  dis- 
ease. In  regard  to  whisky,  15,625  said  "yes",  and  15,218  said  "no".  As  to 
beer,  22,663  said  "no",  and  only  7,934  said  "yes".  In  regard  to  wine  seven 
out  of  every  ten  declared  it  unnecessary. 

While  there  exists  a  difference  among  medical  men  in  regard  to  alcohol 
as  a  therapeutic  agent,  no  such  difference  exists  in  regard  to  the  smoking  of 
cigarettes.  Not  one  of  these  53,900  physicians  would  prescribe  cigarette  • 
smoking  to  their  patients  at  the  bed  side.  Tobacco  is  not  even  recognized 
therapeutically  in  sickness.  Its  use  cannot  be  sustained  from  any  viewpoint. 
Fully  90  per  cent  of  crime  committed  by  youths  is  found  among  cigarette 
smokers.  Crime  is  confined  almost  wholly  to  young  men  now.  Formerly 
the  average  age  of  criminals  was  forty  years — it  is  now  less  than  twenty. 
While  all  youthful  cigarette  smokers  do  not  become  criminals,  it  is  a  fact 
that  nearly  all  youthful  criminals  are  cigarette  smokers,  and  that  the  cigarette 
exerts  a  baneful  effect  on  the  undeveloped  brain  cells  of  the  youth.  It  pro- 
duces criminal  tendencies. 

The  Turks  when  forbidden  the  use  of  wine  by  the  Koran,  shortly  began 
the  use  of  "hasheesh,"  a  drug  extricted  from  Indian  hemp.  When  in  England 
the  smoking  of  tobacco  became  universal  in  the  Elizabethan  age,  so  that 
women  as  well  as  men  smoked,  and  even  children  had  their  pipes  filled  by 
parents  before  sending  them  to  school  as  a  means  of  protection  from  disease, 
efforts  were  made  to  check  its  use  because  of  the  effect  upon  the  people. 
Educational  effort  were  followed  by  legislative  efforts.  The  time  came 
when  smoking  was  actually  done  away.  Even  at  the  beginning  of  the  reign 
of  Queen  Victoria  it  was  almost  impossible  to  find  a  man  on  the  streets  of 
London  smoking  the  pipe.  But  as  public  prejudice  was  awakened  against 
smoking,  the  use  of  snuff  gradually  and  insidiously  gained  favor  with  the 
former  smoke  addicts. 

277 


In  time  the  use  of  snuff  became  general  in  England.  Great  pride  was 
manifested  by  the  ladies  in  the  exhibition  of  their  beautiful  and  artistically 
designed  golden  snuff  boxes  and  the  scented  snuff  which  they  made  use  of. 
Some  had  a  special  snuff-box  for.  each  month  in  the  yeai.  The  use  of  snuff 
became  more  common  in  England  than  even  smoking  had  been  before. 
Again  a  wave  of  reform  swept  over  the  country  and  snuff  taking  had  its 
day.  But  as  the  taking  of  snuff  went  out  the  back  door  of  old  England,  the 
cigarette,  through  the  example  of  the  soldiers  who  had  returned  from  the 
Crimean  war,  where  they  were  brought  in  contact  with  the  Spanish  soldiers 
and  other  cigarette  using  people,  came  in  the  front  door.  Again  tobacco 
smoking  and  especially  in  the  form  of  cigarettes  became  general  in  England. 

Of  all  the  creatures  that  exist,  man  alone  possesses  a  craving  for  narcotics 
and  for  drink.  Among  the  human  race  this  craving  seems  to  be  well  nigh 
universal.  Those  who  possess  sufficient  will  power  manage  to  abstain 
from  their  use,  in  spite  of  the  craving.  Those  who  are  lacking  in  mental 
equilibrium  give  way  to  it,  after  having  once  discovered  what  they  crave. 
With  such,  one  drink  may  result  in  the  complete  loss  of  self  control  and  in 
a  debauch.  Nearly  all  inebriates  belong  to  this  class.  Most  of  them  de- 
sire to  lead  sober  lives,  but  lack  the  will  power  to  do  so.  For  a  number 
of  years  I  had  an  excellent  opportunity  of  observing  these  unfortunates.  In 
urging  them  to  abandon  drink,  repeatedly  they  have  said,  "It  is  no  use,  I 
have  made  resolutions,  but  each  time  it  has  resulted  in  failure."  Repeated 
failures  lead  to  despair,  and  no  further  effort  is  made  by  them  to  overcome. 

Out  of  nearly  three  thousand  cases  of  inebriety  that  were  under  close 
medical  observation  for  a  period  of  over  six  months  in  England,  over  sixty- 
seven  per  cent  gave  clear  evidence  of  being  mental  defectives;  and  in  the 
remaining  number  there  was  ground  for  the  belief  that  some  mental  defect 
existed.  Statistics  clearly  show  that  these  mental  defectives  are  usually  the 
offspring  of  alcohol-using  parents.  The  use  of  beer  or  wine  in  so-called 
moderation,  or  the  habitual  use  of  patent  medicines  containing  alcohol  by 
the  mother  during  the  prenatal  period  is  sufficient  to  produce  in  her  off- 
spring this  unbalanced  mental  state. 

We  see  why,  to  the  wife  of  Manoah,  before  the  birth  of  her  child,  the 
instruction  was  given  "Beware,  I  pray  thee,  and  drink  not  wine  or  strong 
drink,  and  eat  not  any  unclean  thing."  What  the  mother  eats  and  drinks 
during  this  period  has  much  to  do  in  determining  the  future  of  the  child. 
Of  John  the  Baptist  it  was  said,  "He  shall  drink  neither  wine  nor  strong  drink 
and  he  shall  be  filled  with  the  Holy  Ghost  even  from  his  mother's  womb." 
This  was  no  mere  happen-so,  for  his  parents  "were  both  righteous  before 
God,  walking  in  all  of  the  commandments  and  ordinances  of  the  Lord 
blameless." 

Again  we  may  ask,  why  does  this  unnatural  craving  for  drink  exist?  It 
is  due  to  heredity,  and  to  the  use  of  unnatural  foods.  That  there  exists 
an  intimate  relation  between  the  food  and  drink  of  nations  and  of  families 
is  evident  to  any  careful  observer.  There  are  certain  foods  which  are  irri- 
tating, such  as  pepper  and  mustard,  flesh  of  animals  and  the  free  use  of 
salt.  All  of  these  tend  to  create  a  craving  for  something  that  will  deaden 
or  benumb  the  irritated  nerves  with  which  they  are  brought  in  contact. 

278 


That  something  is  found  in  narcotics.  Alcohol  having  been  in  the  past  the 
narcotic  most  easy  of  access,  was  the  one  chiefly  employed  to  satisfy  this 
craving,  or  to  afford  relief  from  the  unpleasant  symptoms.  It  will  be  ob- 
served that  in  countries  or  families  where  highly  seasoned  foods  and  flesh 
foods  are  freely  used,  alcoholic  beverages  are  as  a  rule  freely  employed. 
The  reverse  is  also  true  in  homes  where  the  members  live  upon  the  simple 
non-irritating  products  of  the  earth — no  such  craving  exists  and  alcoholism 
is  unknown.  In  the  drunkard  then,  we  merely  see  the  evil  results  of 
heredity  plus  the  habitual  use  of  irritating  foods  and  drinks.  It  is  a  sad 
fact — one  that  should  be  proclaimed  from  the  pulpit  and  the  press,  that 
many  a  good  wife  and  mother  is  unconsciously,  yet  persistently  cultivating 
in  her  husband  and  children  a  desire  for  alcohol  and  for  other  narcotics. 

Dr.  Lauder  Brunton,  some  years  ago  affirmed,  that  "Schools  of  cookery 
for  the  wives  of  working  men  will  do  more  to  abolish  drinking  habits  than 
any  number  of  teetotal  societies." 

There  is  no  doubt  that  he  is  right  and  that  Prohibition  in  order  to 
accomplish  its  ends  to  the  fullest  extent,  must  at  the  same  time  educate 
wives  and  mothers  to  prepare  wholesome,  simple,  palatable,  non-irritating 
and  non-stimulating  foods  for  the  members  of  their  families. 

It  is  not  a  mere  happen-so  that  in  the  Bible  drinking  of  wine  and  eating 
of  flesh  are  so  closely  associated.  Shortly  after  Noah  was  granted  the  per- 
mission to  eat  flesh,  (Gen.  9:3)  we  read,  "he  drank  wine  and  was  drunken." 
v:21.  This  is  significant  since  it  is  the  first  Biblical  record  we  have  of 
either  meat  eating  or  drunkenness,  and  it  certainly  is  more  than  a  mere 
coincidence  to  find  the  two  associated  in  the  same  person.  In  Prov.  23:20 
wine  drinking  and  flesh  eating  are  again  associated.  "Be  not  among  wine- 
bibers,  among  riotous  eaters  of  flesh."  Again  in  Isa.  22:12,13,  the  Lord 
called  for  repentance  on  the  part  of  a  people  who  were  "slaying  oxen, 
cilling  sheep,  eating  flesh  and  drinking  wine."  There  is  a  natural  association 
>etween  the  food  of  Daniel's  choice  and  the  drink  of  his  choice.  Water  is 
ill  the  drink  one  craves  who  lives  on  the  simple,  non-irritating  products  of 
ic  earth,  while  Babylon's  meat  makes  Babylon's  wine  an  apparent  neces- 
!ty.  Where  one  is,  the  other  is  usually  found.  The  saloon  lunch  counter 
an  example  of  this.  It  was  not  laden  with  oranges,  peaches  and  pears, 
>ut  with  highly  seasoned  foods  as  pig's  feet,  sausage,  smoked  ham,  etc., 
rith  a  liberal  supply  of  mustard  and  salt. 

Several  years  ago  there  appeared  the  following  editorial  in  one  of  the 
leading  London  papers  which  created  considerable  press  comment  at  the 
time:  "I  have  just  turned  vegetarian  and  I  have  not  the  least  intention  of 
ever  eating  flesh  again.  My  friends  are  surprised,  so  am  I.  But  whereas  they 
are  surprised  that  I  have  adopted  a  vegetarian  diet,  I  am  surprised  that  I 
have  not  done  it  years  ago.  ...  In  one  way  the  effects  of  this  diet  have 
surprised  me.  I  have  been  a  heavy  smoker  for  more  than  thirty  years.  I 
have  often  smoked  as  much  as  two  ounces  of  tobacco  in  a  day.  If  there  was 
one  thing  in  life  which  I  feared  my  will  was  too  weak  to  conquer,  it  was 
the  habit  of  smoking.  Now  I  have  been  a  vegetarian  for  eight  weeks,  and  I 
find  my  passion  for  tobacco  is  weakening.  .  .  .  Again  I  have  found  that 

279 


J  cannot  drink  wine.  Why  do  I  write  these  confessions?  Because  these 
things  have  come  upon  me  as  a  revelation." 

Staff  Captain  Hudson,  of  England,  when  matron  of  the  S.  Newington 
Inebriates  Home  for  Women  in  a  public  gathering  testified  as  follows  to  the 
inestimable  blessing  of  a  fleshless  diet  as  an  aid  in  getting  rid  on  the  part  of 
the  inmates  of  the  cravings  for  drink.  She  said,  "Lazy,  vicious,  bloated, 
gluttonous,  bad  tempered  women,  who  had  hitherto  needed  weeks  and  even 
months  of  nursing  and  watching,  to  my  astonishment  and  delight,  under 
this  new  treatment  made  rapid  recovery.  The  people  as  a  whole  are  much 
happier.  We  do  not  have  violent  outbreaks  of  temper  as  we  used  to.  They 
are  more  contented,  more  easily  pleased,  more  amenable  to  discipline.  The 
general  health  of  all  is  an  increasing  wonder  to  me." 

Similar  instances  might  be  given,  but  these  are  sufficient  to  demonstrate 
that  an  intimate  relation  exists  between  the.  food  and  drink  of  individuals 
and,  therefore,  of  nations. 

In  the  beginning  man  was  placed  in  a  garden,  surrounded  with  trees 
"pleasant  to  the  sight  and  good  for  food"  and  God  said,  "Of  every  tree-  thou 
mayest  freely  eat."  It  is  practically  impossible  to  follow  out  this  original 
and  divine  plan — that  is  eat  freely  of  fruit — and  to  cultivate  a  desire  for  al- 
coholic beverages  at  the  same  time.  While  we  recognize  that  the  grace  of 
God  alone  can  enable  the  drunkard  to  get  rid  of  this  ruinous  habit  when 
once  formed,  we  also  recognize  that  often  this  grace  is  neutralized  be- 
cause men  and  women  unconsciously  work  at  cross  purposes  with  God's 
plan  and  methods.  They  aim  to  do  in  their  own  way,  that  which  can  only 
be  done  in  God's  way,  and  for  this  reason  there  are  so  many  defeats  that 
might  be  successes. 

Women  have  as  much  right  to  vote  as  do  the  men;  duty  demands  that 
they  should  exercise  that  right.  In  finding  fault  with  conditions  as  they 
are  today  and  with  the  men  in  official  positions,  we  are  in  reality  saying 
mothers  of  the  past  have  failed  in  their  mission.  What  the  world  would  be 
in  the  future,  should  time  continue,  will  depend  chiefly  upon  the  mothers 
of  the  present.  To  make  Prohibition  safe  mothers  and  wives  must  make 
more  of  a  study  of  the  subject  of  diet,  and  feed  their  families  on  non-irritat- 
ing and  non-stimulating  foods  and  drinks;  foods  that  will  create  no  desire  for 
any  drink  stronger  than  pure  water. 


THE  SALVATION  ARMY  AND  THE  PROHIBITION 
MOVEMENT 

By  COMMISSIONER  CHARLES  SOWTON 
Chief  Officer  of  the  Salvation  Army  in   Canada 

I  am  very  glad  of  the  opportunity  of  being  here  today.  To'al  abstinence 
has  always  been  one  of  the  foundation  principles  of  membership  or,  as  we 
call  it,  soldiership  in  the  Salvation  Army.  It  was  adopted  by  the  founder 
nearly  sixty  years  ago  when  this  organization  commenced  and  when  Pro- 
hibition was  much  less  talked  about  and  if  I  may  use  the  term,  much  less 
popular  than  it  is  today.  The  Salvation  Army,  however,  has  always  been 
strong  on  Prohibition.  We  are,  as  I  think  our  friends  know,  not  a  political 

280 


organization  and  while  we  do  not  forbid  our  people  from  voting  any  way 
their  conscience  directs  them,  yet  as  an  organization  we  keep  officially  out 
of  politics  and  I  think  it  is  wise  that  we  should  do  so.  But  we  have  always 
supported  every  effort  that  has  been  put  forth  to  stop  the  drink  traffic  and 
to  hinder  and  to  make  it  more  and  more  difficult  for  people  to  obtain  it. 
We  as  Salvationists  see  far  too  much  of  the  ravages  that  drink  causes  to  have 
any  sympathy  with  it. 

Thirty-seven  years  ago  in  the  early  days  of  my  Salvation  Army  officer- 
ship  I  was  stationed  in  the  City  of  Glasgow  and  I  shall  never  forget  the 
impression  that  was  made  on  my  heart  and  mind,  the  first  Saturday  evening 
I  went  along  the  Glasgow  streets  and  saw  the  havoc  that  whisky  was  work- 
ing, more  particularly  among  the  working  classes  of  that  city.  I  determined 
then  that  by  God's  grace  all  that  I  had,  whatever  ability  I  possessed,  all 
the  strength  I  had,  should  be  used  to  rescue  men  and  women  from  the  ter- 
rible effects  of  drink,  and  to  oppose  it  in  every  possible  way.  But  while  the 
Salvation  Army  is  against  the  drink  traffic,  at  the  same  time  we  have  great 
compassion  for  its  victims.  We  deal  with  the  effects  of  drinking  and  the 
results  of  drink  in  the  individuals.  The  Salvation  Army  has  nothing  but 
feelings  of  compassion  and  sympathy  with  the  slaves  of  drink.  Oh,  the 
struggle  we  had  with  many  of  them  before  they  were  delivered  from  its 
power!  We  believe  with  all  our  hearts  in  stopping  the  supply.  I  personally, 
have  been  stationed  in  Salvation  Army  work  in  many  parts  of  the  world. 
The  Salvation  Army,  as  I  think  our  friends  know,  is  now  working  in  some 
seventy-six  different  countries  and  colonies,  and  while  I  have  not  been  in 
them  all  I  have  been  in  many  of  them.  I  have  seen  the  attempts  that  have 
been  made  in  Scandinavia,  for  instance,  the  Gothenburg  system,  and  in 
Sweden  and  in  Norway,  and  in  Denmark,  in  which  countries  I  have  worked 
for  many  years.  I  have  seen  the  attempt  that  has  been  made  to  curtail  the 
drink  traffic  and  hinder  it  from  attaining  great  proportions.  Only  recently  I 
have  seen  the  so-called  Bratt  system  at  work  in  Sweden  by  which  they  seek 
to  limit  the  amount  of  alcohol  that  is  supplied  to  the  individual  in  any  one 
month.  But  all  these  efforts  have  only  made  me  personally  a  more  ardent  Pro- 
hibitionist. But  I  feel  that  Prohibition  to  be  effective  must  be  backed  up  by 
a  strong  public  sentiment.  After  we  have  got  a  law  on  the  statute  books  and 
after  that  law  has  begun  to  be  enforced,  there  is  a  great  danger  of  the  people 
who  have  agitated  for  that  law  diminishing  their  agitation  and  thinking  that 
everything  is  well.  We  must  do  all  we  can  to  keep  up  a  constant  agitation. 
Otherwise,  the  public  conscience  soon  will  become  dormant  upon  these  ques- 
tions. Then,  too,  I  have  met  some  people  who  have  been  discouraged  because 
there  are  a  number  of  individuals  who  will  have  drink  at  all  costs. 

I  was  in  charge  of  our  work  in  Western  Canada  a  few  years  ago  when 
Prohibition  was  first  introduced  into  Manitoba.  Many  of  our  Canadian 
friends  will  remember  that  when  that  happened  it  was  still  allowable  for 
drink  to  be  imported  from  other  provinces.  I  have  seen  some  of  the  ef- 
forts that  people  made  to  get  drink  on  the  sly.  I  heard  of  a  man  who  had 
a  box  containing  whisky  and  so  forth,  labelled  "Books",  and  this  box  of 
"books"  was  addressed  to  him  at  one  of  the  small  railroad  stations,  in 
Manitoba  or  Saskatchewan,  but  he  failed  to  call  for  it  at  the  proper  time 

281 


and  after  a  few  days  he  received  a  note  from  the  station  agent  saying  that 
the  box  of  books  had  begun  to  leak.  And  many  efforts  of  that  kind,  you  will 
remember,  were  made  in  order  to  get  drink  into  Prohibition  pVovinces. 

Certainly,  let  us  make  it  as  difficult  as  possible  to  obtain  drink  and  re- 
move the  temptation  by  every  means  in  our  power,  and  while  there  always 
will  be,  at  least  we  find  it  so  in  the  Salvation  Army  work,  individuals  who 
will  have  it  at  all  costs,  and  whatever  the  consequences,  yet  let  us  make  it 
as  difficult  as  we  possibly  can  for  them  to  get  it  and  then  let  us  look  to  the 
next  generation. 

I  often  think  how  splendid  it  will  be  when  the  generation  that  is  grow- 
ing up  around  us  comes  to  power  and  comes  to  positions  of  influence  in 
this  and  other  lands  where  Prohibition  is  in  force.  How  wonderful  it  will 
be  to  have  a  race  of  men  and  women  governing  affairs  who  have  never 
known  the  taste  of  drink.  But  our  experience,  too,  is  that  evil  in  the  human 
heart  is  constantly  breaking  out  in  new  forms.  So,  while  we  rejoice  at 
all  that  Prohibition  is  doing  and  while  we  are  in  the  Prohibition  effort  with 
heart  and  soul,  yet  we  do  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  the  use  of  drugs 
is  increasing  and  is  becoming  a  great  danger  in  our  centers  of  population. 

Just  a  few  days  ago  I  visited  the  Ontario  Government  prison  farm 
and  conducted  some  meetings  there  with  the  prisoners,  and  oh,  how  my  heart 
was  touched  and  taken  hold  of  by  seeing  that  group  of  nearly  three  hundred 
prisoners  which  I  addressed.  More  than  half  the  number  were  only  young 
men,  many  of  them  not  more  than  eighteen  or  twenty  or  twenty-two  years 
of  age;  and  when  I  inquired  the  reason  I  found  that  a  large  number  of  them 
had  already  become  drug  addicts.  So  the  Salvation  Army  goes  still  further 
and  while  we  believe  in  good  laws  and  while  we  believe  in  Prohibition  and 
in  making  it  impossible,  if  we  can,  for  the  slaves  of  drink  to  satisfy  their 
craving,  yet  we  go  further  still  and  we  aim  at  the  regeneration  of  the  in- 
dividual by  the  grace  of  God. 

Our  work  is  not  done  by  abolishing  drink.  There  are  many  more  evils 
to  combat.  So  let  us  stand  shoulder  to  shoulder  against  all  that  would 
pervert  the  youth  of  the  nation  and  stick  together  to  uphold  all  that  would 
help  our  respective  countries  to  be  lands  where  God  is  honored  and  where 
the  people  prosper.  We  have  rejoiced,  as  a  people.  Our  Salvation  Army 
officers  and  workers  throughout  this  Dominion  of  Canada,  as  much  as 
anybody,  have  rejoiced  that  Prohibition  has  come  in  force  and  we  have  done 
all  we  can  to  help  it.  We  stand  fairly  and  squarely  in  favor  of  Prohibition; 
and  yet  we  feel  that  we  have  a  great  deal  of  work  to  do.  Some  people  told 
us  some  time  ago  when  Prohibition  was  introduced  that  our  work  as  an 
organization  would  be  practically  finished,  but  that  has  been  far  from  our 
experience.  There  are  still  many  other  evils  to  combat.  There  are  still 
many  other  wrongs  to  fight  against  .  So,  let  us,  all  of  us  here  today,  who  are, 
I  believe,  in  the  main,  actuated  by  Christian  motives,  banded  together  as 
Christian  men  and  women,  determine  that  not  only  the  drink  evil  but  every 
other  evil  that  is  taking  hold  of  the  youth  of  the  nation  and  is  a  menace 
to  society  must  stop.  We  shall  combat  it,  fight  against  it,  oppose  it,  do 
all  we  possibly  can  to  hinder  its  spread;  and  may  the  blessing  of  the 
Almighty  be  upon  us  and  may  we  hear  His  "Well 

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SPIRITUAL  ASPECTS   OF  THE  WORLD   MOVEMENT 
AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

By  REVEREND  HOWARD  H.  RUSSELL,  D.  D. 

Founder  and  Associate  General  Superintendent,  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America, 
and  Joint  President,  World  League  Against  Alcoholism 

Brother  Chairman,  and  fellow  soldiers  in  the  conflict: — At  the  sunrise 
prayer  meeting  last  Sunday  morning  at  the  Metropolitan  Church  more  than 
one  hundred  persons  covenanted  together  to  pray  daily  for  the  world-wide 
abolition  of  the  beverage  liquor  traffic.  It  was  agreed  then  that  we  should 
co-operate  in  what  we  called  the  World  Prayer  Bond,  to  extend  its  enrollment 
and  to  extend  the  prayers  that  shall  go  up  daily  all  over  the  earth,  and 
so  extend  the  praying  that  is  already  done  in  an  organized  way  by  the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union.  So  I  am  to  take  up  this  question 
of  prayer  as  one  of  the  outstanding  spiritual  aspects  of  this  movement. 

Our  Father  has  said,  "Ask  and  ye  shall  receive."  We  have  tested  and 
proved  this  hitherto  and  we  unite  our  hearts  now  in  this  specific  petition  for 
this  one  definite  object,  to  hasten  the  day  of  the  kingdom  of  righteousness 
upon  earth.  Let  us  pray  that  the  Father  of  all  will  speed  the  day  of  the 
abolition  of  the  world-wide  beverage  traffic  in  intoxicating  drink. 

Jesus,  our  master  of  the  helping  hand,  would  not  tarry  upon  the  moun- 
tain top  of  transfiguration  to  build  tabernacles  when  there  was  a  cry  com- 
ing up  to  him  from  the  valley.  He  hastened  down  as  you  remember,  and 
what  transpired,  when  he  came  back  amid  the  scenes  of  everyday  human 
life?  Let  us  read  it  in  the  ninth  chapter  of  Luke. 

"When  they  were  come  down  from  the  hill  much  people  met  him  and, 
behold,  a  man  of  the  company  cried  saying,  'Master,  I  beseech  Thee,  look 
upon  my  son,  for  he  is  my  only  child;  and  lo,  a  spirit  taketh  him,  and  he 
suddenly  crieth  out,  and  it  teareth  him,  that  he  foameth  again,  and  scarcely 
departeth  from  him.  And  I  besought  Thy  disciples  to  cast  it  out  and  they 
could  not';  and  Jesus  answering  said,  'Oh  faithless  and  perverse  generation, 
how  long  shall  I  be  with  you  and  suffer  you?  Bring  thy  son  hither.'  And  as 
he  was  yet  coming  the  devil  threw  him  down  and  tare  him.  Then  Jesus 
rebuked  the  unclean  spirit  and  healed  the  child  and  delivered  him  again  to  his 
father;  and  they  were  all  amazed  at  the  mighty  power  of  God." 

And  afterwards,  you  remember,  His  disciples  asked  him,  "Why  could  we 
not  cast  out  the  devil?"  And  Jesus  answered  and  said,  unto  them,  "This  kind 
cometh  not  forth  but  by  prayer  and  fasting." 

This  morning  let  us  think  a  little  while  about  whether  we  ought  to 
pray,  and  to  pray  earnestly,  and  to  pray  together,  and  to  pray  daily,  for  the 
coming  in  of  Christ's  Kingdom  by  the  blotting  out  of  this  unclean  spirit, 
the  worst  unclean  spirit,  perhaps,  the  world  has  ever  seen,  the  organized 
liquor  traffic  of  the  world.  I  have  observed  that  too  many  people  in  the 
world  do  not  see  the  horror  of  this  unclean  spirit.  Too  many  of  us  are 
apt  to  forget  the  evil  of  it  after  it  has  gone  from  our  locality.  We  forget  the 
call  to  prayer,  to  exertion,  to  extend  the  area  of  Prohibition.  We  need 
to  have  a  concrete  view  of  what  this  sin  and  shame  and  horror  is  in  the 

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world.  I  want  today  to  be  a  solemn  witness,  a  competent  witness  of  what 
this  evil  is  in  the  world. 

Let  me  give  my  testimony.  When  I  was  a  lad  I  was  face  to  face  with 
the  horror  of  the  saloon.  It  caused  the  death  of  my  dear  uncle — my  father's 
brother.  My  father,  a  clergyman,  never  touched  liquor.  My  uncle  was 
a  good  man  except  for  that  weakness  for  drink.  They  brought  him  home 
dead  one  winter  morning.  He  had  lost  his  life  in  the  darkness  and  storm 
of  the  winter  night,  having  been  frozen  to  death  on  his  way  home  from 
the  saloon.  I  never  forgot  that  tragedy.  There  at  Springfield,  Massa- 
chusetts, he  lies;  and  over  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  another  uncle  lies,  dead 
prematurely,  also  through  drink.  I  never  forgot  about  those  sorrows,  you 
may  be  sure,  and  possibly  it  was  that  early  childhood  awakening  to  the 
danger  of  drink  which  saved  my  own  life  in  the  midst  of  temptations  of 
that  Mississippi  Valley  city,  Davenport,  the  city  of  the  beer  garden  and 
the  saloons  multiplied  upon  its  streets,  when  as  a  preparatory  boy  my  com- 
rades and  I  were  tempted  by  the  saloon  and  the  beer  garden  everywhere. 
One  surviving  comrade  of  mine  and  I,  go  over,  when  we  are  together, 
sadly,  a  list  of  more  than  twenty  who  were  our  comrades  at  play  and  in 
preparatory  study,  who  now  lie  upon  the  Mississippi  Valley  hillside,  gone 
prematurely  from, our  presence  on  the  earth  through  the  appetite  and  the 
habit  of  drink.  That  I  escaped,  I  say,  was  under  God's  blessing  and  provi- 
dence. Perhaps  it  was  due  to  the  early  awakening  and  shock  that  came  to 
me  as  a  child. 

I  will  pass  over  many  other  tragedies  that  came  to  my  attention  when 
I  was  a  pastor,  at  Kansas  City,  and  later  at  Chicago,  my  last  pastorate  hav- 
ing been  at  Armour  Mission  on  the  South  Side  in  Chicago.  Scarcely  a 
week  went  by  in  those  four  years  that  I  was  not  face  to  face  with  some 
new  tragedy  coming  from  the  saloon. 

If  we  were  in  Chicago  today  I  could  take  you  to  the  spot  where  I  stood 
one  day  upon  a  drygoods  box  outside  an  undertaker's  shop  and  pleaded 
with  more  than  a  hundred  men  in  the  street  drawn  together  by  the  shock- 
ing details  of  the  saloon  tragedy,  pleaded  with  them  to  give  up  drink  and 
to  give  up  the  sale  of  drink  (because  some  of  thfe  saloonkeepers  were  there), 
and  I  took  as  my  text  the  dead  man  lying  inside  the  door  who  had  taken 
his  own  life  at  the  end  of  three  weeks'  spree,  and  his  wife  and  little  children 
at  his  side.  There  was  no  home  in  which  to  have  the  funeral.  It  was  at 
the  undertaker's  shop.  Their  home  had  gone  for  drink. 

Coming  up  a  few  streets  further,  I  could  show  you  where  in  the  Armour 
flats  built  by  Philip  Armour  for  the  Armour  tenants,  a  few  doors  from  my 
own  door,  I  was  called  one  day  on  a  sad  errand.  The  mother  met  me  at 
the  door,  and  she  could  not  speak  as  she  led  me  in  to  look  at  the  face  of 
her  boy  lying  in  the  coffin.  She  told  me  how  they  left  New  York  to  come 
to  Chicago.  He  had  a  good  place  in  a  railroad  office.  He  was  going  to  make 
?.  home  for  his  mother  in  her  old  age,  but  in  a  saloon  brawl  two  weeks  be- 
fore, he  had  been  stabbed  and  the  day  before,  he  had  died  in  the  hospital. 
He  was  the  only  son  of  his  mother  and  she  was  a  widow. 

Over  on  State  Street  once  the  mission  doctor  came  to  tell  me  of  a  very 
sad  case.  They  asked  me  to  take  charge  of  the  funeral  next  day.  He  said 

284 


the  poor  woman  might  have  lived.  She  would  have  lived  had  she  had  the 
medicine,  but  when  he  wro^e  the  prescription  and  gave  it  to  her  husband,  her 
husband  said,  "I  have  no  money."  Such  men  usually  have  no  money.  Her 
husband  took  the  money  the  doctor  gave  him  to  get  the  medicine,  turned 
into  the  nearest  State  Street  saloon  and  drank  himself  drunk  upon  that 
money.  On  the  day  of  the  funeral  there  were  seven  weeping  children,  with 
the  women  of  the  neighborhood.  Where  was  the  husband  and  father?  Dead 
drunk  on  the  floor  in  the  back  room  of  the  house.  And  so  it  went:  week 
after  week,  tragedy  after  tragedy?  until  I  was  pushed  out  to  a  place  where 
the  call  to  action  seemed  to  come  to  me.  My  Oberlin  friends  said  when 
I  was  ready  to  start  the  work  going  in  Ohio  they  would  be  ready  to  help. 
Then  I  had  the  pressure  upon  me  of  my  own  brother's  experience.  He  has 
often  said  to  me,  "Howard,  tell  the  story  about  me.  It  is  all  right.  Tell 
it,  if  it  will  help  others." 

For  fifteen  years  my  dear  brother  fought  the  battle  against  the  most 
intense  appetite  which  takes  possession  of  the  human  body,  coming  down 
from  other  generations,  the  tendency  to  drink.  He  fought  •  it  for  fifteen 
years,  sometimes  successfully  for  almost  a  year,  and  then  a  telegram  from 
his  wife  would  hurry  me  westward  to  put  my  arms  around  my  dear  brother 
to  beg  him  to  fight  again.  Finally  it  was  settled  that  I  should  go  into 
the  fight.  I  was  hesitating  for  just  a  few  days  after  the  Oberlin  friends 
had  said,  "We  will  back  you  if  you  will  lead  out  in  this  fight,"  but  while  I 
hesitated  I  came  face  to  face  once  more  with  another  tragedy.  I  was  called 
to  a  house  a  few  blocks  from  the  mission  where  there  was  a  little  boy  of 
eight  years  and  a  little  sister.  His  mother  was  lying  in  the  coffin,  dead  from 
drink.  Ten  years  before  she  had  married  this  man.  She  never  had  drunk  until 
then,  but  she  learned  to  drink  wifh  him  and  became  the  harder  drinker 
of  the  two,  and  the  coldest  night  that  winter,  went  out  thinly  clad  and 
wandered  about  the  streets.  Pneumonia  came  and  in  a  few  days  she  was 
gone.  I  asked  the  boy  if  he  knew  what  took  his  mother's  life,  and  he  said, 
"I  do;  it  was  drink."  Those  were  the  saddest  words  I  ever  heard.  I  took 
the  little  child's  hand,  when  he  promised  me  he  would  never  drink,  and  held 
it  up  to  God,  and  pledged  him  there  and  then  that  he  would  never  touch 
what  took  his  mother's  life  and  that  he  would  teach  his  little  sister  the  same 
if  she  was  spared  to  live  and  grow  up  with  him.  By  his  side  I  settled  it. 
I  said,  "I  am  going  out  to  plead  with  my  brethren  of  the  churches,  to  be- 
come co-workers  with  Almighty  God  in  this  conflict  and  to  help  put  away 
that  kind  of  tragedy  from  the  world"  and  with  God's  blessing  I  went  on 
into  the  work. 

I  had  a  lecture  at  one  time.  It  was  not  "Ten  nights  in  a  barroom,"  but 
"Ten  days  of  the  barroom."  It  was  the  narration  of  what  had  actually 
transpired  inside  of  ten  days'  time,  chiefly  in  New  York  City,  where  I  then 
was.  One  Sunday  morning  at  the  close  of  the  service  in  a  'great  Congrega- 
tional church  in  Manhattan  an  aged  officer  of  the  church  met  me  as  I  came 
down  the  aisle,  tears  running  down  his  face.  As  he  took  my  hand  he  said, 
"Mr.  Russell,  I  had  three  boys  and  they  lie,  every  one  of  them,  this  morn- 
ing in  a  drunkard's  grave.  Saloons  got  my  boys." 

That  same  week  I  went  down  to  the  Flatbush  region  in  Brooklyn  to 

285 


see  three  beautiful  children,  two  of  them  too  young  to  know  they  were 
\vorse  than  orphans.  Their  father  was  in  the  Tombs,  the  city  prison,  await- 
ing his  trial  for  the  murder  of  their  mother.  He  was  a  Brooklyn  policeman. 
Given  a  weapon  in  his  office,  he  came  home  drunk  from  the  Brooklyn 
saloons  and  shot  his  wife  to  death  in  the  dining  room  in  the  presence  of  his 
children.  And  so  the  cries  went  up  to  Almighty  God. 

There  was  a  roadhouse  a  little  way  out  in  the  outskirts  of  the  city. 
A  drunken  carousing  crowd  came  in,  nine  of  them  in  an  automobile,  at  3:00 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  they  turned  aside  into  an  abandoned  street  and 
pushed  a  fence  down  and  went  down  forty  feet  to  the  railroad  track.  Five  of 
them  were  killed  either  by  the  fall  or  by  the  express  train  that  immediately  came 
along.  That  incident  occurred  during  that  ten-day  investigation.  During  that 
time,  too,  two  awful  scenes  were  enacted  where  a  husband,  mad  with  drink, 
demanded  the  last  money,  two  dollars,  that  his  wife  had,  that  he  might  go  on 
with  his  drinking  and  when  she  forbade  him  to  drink  and  refused  the  money 
he  dashed  the  lighted  lamp  upon  her  and  burned  her  to  death;  and  where  a 
fiendish  son  -became  angry  at  his  mother,  81  years  of  age,  who  rebuked 
him  for  his  drink,  and  hurled  her  down  a  30-foot  stairway  to  death  in  the  hall 
at  the  bottom  of  the  stairway. 

These  are  some  of  the  tragedies  out  of  the  thousands  that  I  could  testify 
to,  this  morning. 

Is  there  not  a  call  to  prayer?  Long  ago  I  became  earnest  in  prayer 
against  this  curse.  Down  yonder  in  Kansas  City  during  my  pastorate  there, 
in  the  Southwest  Boulevard  they  built  a  brewery  within  two  blocks  of  my 
church  and  oh,  how  that  stirred  my  indignation  at  such  a  foe  to  the  progress 
of  religion,  especially  among  people  who  were?  many  of  them,  drinking 
people.  I  never  passed  that  brewery,  from  that  time  on,  that  I  did  not 
lift  off  my  hat  and  cry  out  to  Almighty  God  to  shut  down  the  stream  of  sin 
that  poured  forth  from  it.  Then  I  began  to  pray  as  I  passed  each  and 
every  saloon.  "God  help.  God  help."  And  they  were  frequent  enough, 
those  prayers  upon  the  streets  of  Kansas  City  and  Chicago.  "God  help." 
And  God  came  at  last  through  his  Holy  Spirit  especially  at  Chicago  to  ask 
me,  to  invite  me,  to  honor  me  with  the  invitation  to  help  in  a  measure  to 
answer  these  prayers  through  His  glorious,  grand  leadership  and  inspiration. 
And  that  brewery  has  been  shut  down.  And  those  saloons  have  been  closed, 
because  of  the  power  of  Almighty  God  working  through  the  plans  and 
faithful  co-operation  of  his  children. 

There  has  been  private  praying  that  has  been  effective;  but  the  united 
prayers  of  organizations,  Oh,  how  God  has  written  them  and  honored  them 
upon  His  books  of  remembrance. 

Down  yonder  at  Hillsboro,  Ohio,  the  day  before  the  birthday  of  our 
Saviour  in  1873 — (and  I  make  that  the  red  letter  date  of  the  beginning  of 
the  doom  of  the  liquor  traffic  in  the  United  States) — 65  women  met  in  the 
Presbyterian  Church  for  prayer,  and  then,  led  by  Mrs.  Thompson,  the 
daughter  of  the  church,  who  was  herself  the  wife  of  a  judge,  and  the  daughter 
of  an  ex-governor  of  Ohio,  they  marched  down  the  streets  of  Hillsboro  and 
prayed  at  every  one  of  the  23  places  of  sale  of  liquor  in  Hillsboro.  From 
there  the  fire  spread  to  Washington  Court  House,  to  Springfield,  and  on  east- 

286 


ward,  westward  for  a  year  and  a  half,  that  kind  of  praying  went  on  in  the  wo- 
men's crusade.  They  prayed  the  last  saloon  out  of  Hillsboro.  They  did  come 
back  again;  but  God  inspired  the  women  who  prayed  to  rise  from  their 
knees  and  to  organize  that  greatest  organization  of  women  for  moral  re- 
form that  this  world  has  ever  seen,  decking  the  world  with  the  white  ribbon 
under  the  name  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union.  They  have 
been  praying  all  these  years  since.  They  have  been  praying  at  the  noon- 
hour  so  that  as  the  sun  comes  up  in  the  East  and  goes  about  the  world,  pray- 
ers are  going  up  at  the  noon-hour  everywhere.  In  our  call  to  the  world  prayer 
bond  we  are  simply  extending  the  influence  of  the  prayers  that  have  been 
going  on  which  God  has  been  answering  in  an  organized  way  in  the  past. 
I  had  the  privilege  and  honor  of  bowing  down  with  the  fourteen  members 
of  the  executive  committee  of  the  Oberlin  Temperance  Alliance  in  the  li- 
brary when  the  sainted  Dr.  Brand,  himself  a  sufferer  through  drink  and 
the  conflict  against  the  liquor  traffic,  led  us  in  prayer  asking  God  to  give  us 
his  inspiration  and  guidance  as  we  proposed  to  go  forth  to  organize  the 
churches  of  Ohio  and  perhaps  further  on,  asking  Him  to  help  in  that  which 
from  a  human  standpoint  would  be  an  utter  impossibility.  God  heard  the 
cry  there  and  it  has  been  a  praying  movement  ever  since.  I  never  asked  a 
yoke  fellow  to  come  in  with  me  that  we  did  not  go  first  together  to  Almighty 
God  and  bow  down  to  ask  Him  if  He  would  have  it  so  and  that  is  why  such 
men  as  Baker  and  Wheeler  and  Cherrington  and  the  rest  are  still  with  us, 
because  they  came  in  upon  the  spirit  of  the  prayer  to  Almighty  God  for  His 
sanction  and  His  approval  of  their  fellowship  in  this  sacred  warfare  of  the 
Church,  engaged  against  the  liquor  traffic  of  the  country. 

Now  we  are  joining  our  hands  and  our  voices  and  our  strength  and  our 
fnnds  to  extend  this  same  work  over  the  world.  Shall  we  not  pray  again? 
Shall  we  not  pray  unitedly  to  Almighty  God?  What  have  been  the  results  of 
these  prayers  to  the  Church  itself?  Listen.  In  1920,  in  January,  full  Pro- 
hibition under  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  came  into  effect.  The  first  of 
September,  1920,  began  the  first  complete  Church  year,  after  that  time.  Often 
during  the  past  years  I  secured  the  co-operation  of  a  man  who  was  or- 
dained to  be  a  minister  and  who  hesitated  to  leave  his  regular  pastorate  and 
ministry.  I  asked  him  to  come  with  me  because  I  believed  the  time  would 
come  when  under  God's  blessing  the  saloons  would  be  wiped  out  and  we 
would  see  the  Gospel  evangelism  prosper  and  the  Holy  Ghost  revival  come. 
These  men  came  with  me.  What  was  the  result?  In  that  brief  Church 
period  from  September,  1920,  to  the  following  June,  1921,  there  were  added 
to  the  Churches  of  the  United  States,  according  to  the  figures  of  the  Federal 
Council  of  Churches,  more  than  two  million  members,  largely  upon  profes- 
sion of  faith.  Never  had  we  seen  such  a  thing.  God  had  offered  his  promises 
and  the  additions  to  the  churches  gave  testimony  that  God  was  keeping  His 
word. 

When  I  was  in  London  in  1921  there  was  a  prayer  meeting  held  at  the 
drawing  rooms  of  Sir  Alfred  Gould,  led  by  the  Bishop  of  Croyden,  and  for 
three  hours  we  prayed  to  God  to  give  guidance  to  the  work  in  Great  Britain. 
We  have  seen  the  results.  At  last  Christmas  time  I  had  letters  from  Dr. 
Meyer  and  the  Bishop  of  Croyden,  that  the  friends  of  sobriety  had  been  able 

287 


to  prevent  in  Parliament  the  extension  of  another  hour  in  the  day  for  the 
sale  of  liquor;  and  they  considered  that  the  result  of  our  prayer.  Since  that, 
as  you  have  heard  from  this  platform,  there  has  come  a  greater  union  of  the 
forces  of  the  churches  of  England  than  hitherto.  That  seems  to  be  in  answer 
to  the  prayers  of  June,  1921. 

Now  is  the  call  for  more  prayer.     This  is  the  pledge  of  our  prayer  bond: 
"I    covenant   to    pray   daily    for   world-wide    Prohibition    of   the    beverage 
liquor    traffic."      Any    time    during    the    day,    but    every    day    a    prayer    for 
world-wide  abolition  of  the  liquor  traffic. 


RESPONSE  TO  ROLL  CALL 
ENGLAND 

By  Miss  AGNES  SLACK,  Ripley,  Derbyshire,  England 
Secretary  of  the  World's  Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union 

I  have  the  pleasure  this  morning  of  speaking  regarding  the  largest  organ- 
ization of  temperance  women  in  the  world,  outside  the  United  States. 

I  am  for  the  moment  representing  the  National  British  Women's  Christian 
Temperance  Union,  an  organization  of  over  150,000  women.  Our  president  is 
the  daughter  of  the  late  Countess  of  Carlisle,  Lady  Cecilia  Roberts,  and 
briefly,  the  great  policy  of  our  association  is  "license  or  no  license".  The 
legislative  policy  of  the  British  Women's  Temperance  Association  runs  side 
by  side  precisely  with  that  of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance.  Our  legislative 
program  is  the  same. 

We  have  for  the  last  few  years  been  strenuously  fighting  other  creeds 
which  would  upset  our  local  option  policy.  There  are  people  in  our  country 
who  are  in  favor  of  the  state  taxing  the  liquor  traffic.  There  is  a  bill  now 
before  our  Parliament  in  London  which  includes  the  option  of  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  liquor  traffic  which  would  really  bring  in  the  possibility  of  any 
locality  in  England  and  Wales  working  for  the  government  to  purchase  the 
traffic.  This  is  what  we  are  contending  against.  I  was  very  glad  of  the  ex- 
periment made  by  our  government  in  one  British  city  in  Cumberland,  Carlisle. 
That  experience  has  been  disastrous  but  in  spite  of  its  disastrous  results  some 
of  our  people  would  like  to  extend  it  over  the  country.  I  went  the  other  day 
to  Carlisle  to  investigate  for  myself,  from  a  woman's  point  of  view,  what 
that  experiment  is  doing  on  behalf  of  the  government.  The  government 
bought  up  the  liquor  traffic  there.  You  will  see  in  Carlisle  breweries  owned 
by  the  British  government.  You  see  there  over  every  public  house  a  sign 
"This  saloon  is  under  the  management  of  the  state."  So  on  the  one  hand  we 
have  in  the  program  of  our  government,  words  stating  that  drink  is  bad  for 
children  and  stating  the  ill  effects  of  drink.  On  the  other  hand  we  have 
those  children  coming  out  of  the  schools  and  seeing  opposite  the  school  a 
public  house,  owned  by  the  state.  What  is  the  result  of  such  an  education 
upon  the  children  of  our  country?  On  the  one  hand  they  are  to  be  taught 
in  school  that  liquor  is  a  bad  thing.  On  the  other  hand  they  see  the  state 
selling  it.  So  if  our  government  should  ever  give  seven  hundred  million 
pounds  to  purchase  the  liquor  traffic  we  as  the  National  British  Women's 
Temperance  Association,  supported  really  by  all  the  great  national  temper- 

288 


ance  organizations  of  the  country,  would  be  forever  hampered  in  our  work 
and  interfered  with.  Once  let  the  state  acquire  the  traffic,  once  let  it  draw 
a  great  revenue  from  the  traffic,  and  the  greatest  possible  obstacle  is  put  in 
the  way  of  doing  away  with  it.  For  instance,  suppose  we  adopt  that  policy 
and  suppose  we  sent  Mr.  Lloyd  George  around  England  to  speak,  to  urge 
people  to  become  teetotalers.  Suppose  he  goes  around  and  says,  "I  want  you 
to  shut  up  that  public  house,"  the  people  would  say  "No,  Mr.  Lloyd  George, 
we  put  seven  hundred  million  pounds  in  these  public  houses,  and  we  are 
getting  a  revenue."  That  is  roughly  the  situation  that  would  be  created. 

We  are  doing  a  great  deal  with  regard  to  children.  It  was  through  the 
British  Women's  Temperance  Association,  that  the  temperance  act  was  passed, 
making  it  illegal  for  little  children  to  be  taken  in  to  the  public  houses.  We 
are  now  faced  with  the  great  difficulty  that  every  day  outside  public  houses 
you  see  great  numbers  of  little  children.  The  other  day  I  saw  some  young 
men  go  into  a  public  house,  leaving  outside  a  number  of  perambulators  with 
little  infants  in,  alone,  unprotected.  I  went  an-d  stood  by  those  perambulators 
and  was  able  to  stop  one  little  baby  from  falling  out.  It  had  dropped  its  doll 
and  was  overreaching  and  in  another  minute  that  baby  would  have  been  on  its 
head  on  the  ground.  It  would  have  been  injured  for  life.  The  brain  would 
have  been  injured  for  life,  and  nobody  would  ever  know  why.  The  other  day 
in  London  a  friend  of  mine  told  me  of  a  little  shoeblack  whose  duty  it  is,  of 
course,  to  black  boots  for  a  copper  or  so.  This  friend  went  up  to  this  little 
lad  and  he  was  smiling.  "Why,"  he  said,  "Tommy,  some  visitor  must  have 
given  you  half  a  crown.  I  have  not  seen  you  with  a  smile  like  that  before.'' 
And  Tommy  said,  "No,  sir,  nobody  has  given  me  a  half  a  crown  but  I  am  a 
happy  lad.  Me  mother's  dead.  I  am  a  happy  lad."  The  Church  is  a  great 
teacher  but  the  greatest  teacher  in  the  whole  world  is  the  mother  of  the  new 
child.  We  are  out  to  protect  the  children  in  regard  to  the  interest  of  the 
mother  and  the  little  child. 

When  I  was  in  Carlisle  I  saw  one  great  restaurant  which  had  been 
abandoned.  It  was  turned  into  a  drinking  saloon.  I  come  over  here  and  I 
see  your  drinking  saloons  turned  into  banks.  In  Carlisle  they  are  turning 
banks  into  drinking  saloons.  That  is  the  difference.  As  Conan  Doyle  said 
the  other  day  when  he  came  back  from  the  United  States,  the  difference  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  America  is  that  in  England  and  Britain  the  liquor 
is  always  seeking  the  people  and  over  here  the  people  have  to  seek  for  the 
liquor.  We  congratulate  you  that  people  can  walk  down  your  streets,  down 
Toronto  streets,  New  York  streets,  without  the  suggestion  being  given  to  the 
brain  cells,  the  eye  cells,  "Here  is  drink."  Half  the  people  who  drink,  do  it 
because  it  is  there,  and  because  there  is  a  picture  of  it  on  the  wall,  and  a 
license  over  the  house,  and  the  suggestion  gives  them  the  great  idea  to  go  in. 
If  you  go  in  London  on  the  busses  or  the  trams  you  will  find  our  associa- 
tion is  putting  transparencies  in  the  busses  and  omnibusses. 

We  are  spending  large  sums  of  money  in  getting  those  transparent 
pictures  hung  in  our  omnibusses  and  in  our  trams  as  a  little  object  lesson. 
Then  also  we  are  doing  a  great  campaign  with  temperance  posters.  We 
towns,  our  women  get  consent  from  all  the  churches  to  put  outside  the  church 
door  a  great  wooden  block  and  on  it  a  temperance  poster.  As  you  walk  the 

289 


streets  you  see  this  poster  staring  at  you;  and  that  has  been  a  great  educational 
force  in  England. 

Then,  of  course,  we  have  wonderful  literature.  We  have  refreshment 
stands  at  our  great  agricultural  shows,  at  our  great  fairs,  from  our  associa- 
tion. Two  years  and  a  half  ago  the  World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  convention  came  to  London  and  we  shook  England  on  that  occasion. 
The  Bishop  of  London  preached  for  us  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and  we  had 
a  great  service. 


ROLL  CALL 
ESTHONIA 

By  PROFESSOR  VILLEM  ERNITS 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  bring  you  greetings  from  the 
Esthonian  Temperance  League,  from  the  coasts  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  and  from 
the  Union  of  Esthonia,  Latvia  and  Lithuanian  temperance  organizations. 
Esthonia,  Latvia  and  Lithuania  are  the  newest  independent  states  in  the  world, 
situated  on  the  coasts  of  the  Baltic  Sea.  Their  origin  is  due  to  the  cultural 
maturity  of  their  people,  to  their  love  of  freedom  and  independence  and  to 
the  Russian  revolution,  which  proclaimed  the  self-determination  of  nations, 
and  to  the  victory  of  the  Allies  in  the  great  World  War,  which  made  us 
free  from  the  German  occupation  in  1918.  The  Allied  Powers  had  acknowl- 
edged our  state  de  facto  already  at  the  time  of  the  German  occupation  but 
after  the  end  of  the  German  occupation  we  had  a  long  and  a  difficult  war 
with  the  Russian  bolsheviks.  That  ended  with  peace  treaties  with  Russia 
in  1920.  In  those  treaties  Russia  acknowledged  the  full  judicial  independence 
of  our  states.  The  so-called  acknowledgment  de  jure  was  given  to  our  states 
some  time  after  that  by  all  the  greater  powers  of  the  world  and  we  were 
accepted  also  as  a  member  of  the  League  of  Nations. 

So  in  this  manner  is  the  liberty  and  independence  of  our  free  state 
secured,  and  it  will  be  secured,  in  a  military  sense,  also  by  the  League  of 
Nations  and  other  international  agreements  or  treaties,  especially  by  the 
union  of  the  Baltic  States. 

Independence  and  liberty  oblige  the  people  of  our  free  states  to  a  hard 
cultural  work.  We  must  show  that  we  are  worthy  of  our  independence  and 
liberty  and  this  thought  is  uppermost  now  in  the  minds  and  consciences 
of  our  people.  This  conscience  obliges  us  to  study  and  learn  from  the  other 
civilized  peoples  of  the  world  who  have  had  much  more  favorable  conditions 
than  we,  the  little  peoples  of  the  new  independent  states,  economically 
destroyed  by  the  wars.  I  say  "wars"  in  plural,  because  we  had  many  wars; 
with  the  Germans,  and  with  the  Russian  Bolsheviks  and  the  monarchists. 

The  history  of  the  temperance  movement  in  our  lands  is  very  interesting 
but  I  have  not  the  time  here  to  speak  about  it.  I  say  only  that  the  temper- 
ance work  before  the  war  in  the  Baltic  States  was  in  better  shape  than  any- 
where else  in  Europe  except  in  Finland. 

During  the  war  we  had  Prohibition,  with  very  good  results,  but  our 
Prohibition  was  abolished  after  the  war  as  our  new  states  were  in  great  want 

290 


of  money  and  they  could  get  money,  by  this  degrading  system,  from  the 
proprietors  of  all  the  hundreds  of  distilleries  and  breweries  in  the  Baltic 
Stages.  Some  of  these  breweries  before  the  war  worked  also  for  Russia. 
The  existence  of  these  hundreds  of  distilleries  and  breweries  was  the  historical 
curse  of  our  land,  and  it  is  hanging  over  them  yet  at  this  time. 

The  national  financial  advantage  for  our  state  and  for  some  social  groups 
and  persons  were  the  real  cause  of  abolishing  Prohibition.  But  as  a  quasi 
cause  they  gave  the  drunkenness  occasioned  by  Prohibition,  or  as  they  say, 
the  home  distilling  and  drunkenness.  The  long  wars  had  demoralized  our  peo- 
ple and  almost  fully  paralyzed  the  temperance  work.  But  after  abolishing  Pro- 
hibition the  drunkenness  did  not  get  less  but  it  increased  very  many  times 
bigger  than  during  the  period  of  Prohibition.  The  criminality,  morbidity 
and  poverty  rose  in  a  great  degree. 

In  Esthonia  only,  the  number  of  suicides  became  three  times  bigger  than 
it  was  before  the  day  of  alcohol.  The  number  of  persons  in  prison  was 
almost  twice  as  big  as  it  was  before. 

Of  course  there  is  a  great  opposition  in  the  Baltic  States  against  alcohol- 
izing our  people.  The  temperance  men  are  in  the  work  in  Esthonia,  Latvia 
and  Lithuania  to  make  our  states  dry  and  as  our  states  have  a  very  Demo- 
cratic constitution,  it  is  comparatively  easy  to  introduce  Prohibition,  if  we 
are  sure  of  having  a  majority  of  our  people  for  Prohibition.  This  move- 
ment cannot  be  far  from  victorious  in  our  state,  because  we  have  many 
prohibitionsts,  but  they  are  at  present  unorganized.  If  we  can  get  them 
properly  organized  our  states  will  go  dry,  we  are  sure. 

The  liquor  question  in  the  Baltic  States  has  great  international  im- 
portance, especially  for  Northwestern  Europe,  where  temperance  ideas  are 
more  developed  than  anywhere  else  in  Europe  and  where  these  ideas  are 
already  partly  realized,  in  Finland,  Russia  and  Norway.  They  also  expect 
Prohibition  soon  in  Sweden,  Denmark  and,  let  us  hope,  in  Esthonia,  Latvia 
and  Lithuania.  Finnish  Prohibition  is  in  constant  danger  from  the  smug- 
gling of  spirits  from  Esthonia,  which  provides  the  greatest  argument  of  the 
Finnish  nullificationists.  Indeed  drunkenness  has  increased  on  the  coasts 
of  dry  Finland.  Many  people  in  Finland  wish  for  the  failure  of  Prohibition 
which,  if  it  comes,  will  be  the  result  of  spirit  smuggling  from  Esthonia. 
Finnish  Prohibition  cannot  be  enforced  without  Prohibition  in  Esthonia,  and 
Esthonian  Prohibition  cannot  be  enforced  without  Prohibition  in  Latvia  and 
Lithuania. 

Swedish  Prohibition  depends  in  some  degree  on  the  solution  of  the 
question  in  the  Baltic  States.  The  failure  of  the  Swedish  Prohibition  vote 
on  August  27  of  this  year  was  undoubtedly  partly  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
people  were  terrified  at  the  idea  of  the  smuggling  of  spirits  from  Esthonia. 
There  was  only  some  30,000  or  2  per  cent  of  the  votes  more  against  Prohibi- 
tion than  for  it,  and  this  2  per  cent  might  easily  be  the  result  of  the  declara- 
tion of  the  Esthonian  society  of  liquor  distillers  and  the  Swedish  anti- 
Prohibition  press,  to  the  effect  that  every  month  there  goes  from  Esthonia 
about  200,000  litres  of  intoxicating  beverages.  I  do  not  believe  that  the 
figures  are  really  that  high  but  the  sole  mention  of  it  suffices  to  terrify  a 
part  of  the  Swedish  people. 

291 


Upon  the  state  of  temperance  questions  in  the  Baltic  States  depends 
also  the  Russian  Prohibition  policy,  which  is  still  in  force,  although  the 
Bolsheviks  have  made  some  exceptions  to  the  Prohibition  rule.  Russian 
Prohibition  must  be  supported  by  the  dry  Baltic  States  ana  by  the  World 
League  Against  Alcoholism,  otherwise  it  will  fall  and  such  an  era  of  drunken- 
ness will  begin  in  Russia  that  not  only  Russia  but  also  all  the  Baltic  and 
other  neighboring  states  will  suffer  under  it.  In  the  failure  of  Russian  Pro- 
hibition the  dry  movement  would  suffer  a  very  great  loss,  irreparable,  for 
many  years  to  come.  But  Russian  Prohibition  can  be  enforced  only  if  the 
Baltic  States  are  dry;  otherwise  there  will  be  the  same  amount  of  smuggling 
to  Russia  as  there  is  now. 

The  temperance  movement  in  our  states  has  always  been  under  the  in- 
fluence of  the  international  temperance  movement,  especially  under  the  in- 
fluence of  the  temperance  movement  in  America.  This  influence  came  to  us 
at  first  in  the  second  quarter  of  the  19th  Century  in  the  time  of  Robert  Baird's 
mission  in  Europe.  Robert  Baird  himself  was  not  in  Esthonia  or  Lithuania 
but  the  influence  of  the  temperance  movement  of  America  came  to  us  through 
pastors  and  the  churches.  The  Russian  governors  and  the  German  author- 
ities did  not  like  the  movement,  because  it  would  diminish  their  income,  and 
a  violent  antagonism  was  made  to  this  movement.  The  temperance  move- 
ment, not  the  sale  of  alcohol,  was  prohibited. 

Later  during  many  years,  a  very  long  period,  we  were  not  in  direct  touch 
with  American  temperance  work.  At  the  beginning  of  our  independence,  in 
1919,  we  Esthonians  were  happy  to  see  in  our  capital  city,  Tallinn,  or  as  the 
Germans  say,  Reval,  Mr.  Henry  B.  Carre,  who  spoke  to  the  members  of  the 
Esthonian  assembly  about  the  American  Prohibition.  Since  then  we  have 
been  in  connection  with  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America,  with  its  head- 
quarters in  London,  and  with  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism.  We, 
the  Esthonian  temperance  people,  have  also  brought  the  Latvian  and  Lithu- 
anian temperance  organizations  into  touch  with  the  World  League  Against 
Alcoholism. 

Now  we  are  happy  to  be  personally  acquainted  with  the  American  tem- 
perance warriors  and  to  study  American  Prohibition  and  also  the  English 
language. 

The  world's  Prohibition  and  also  Prohibition  in  our  states  depends  upon 
the  Prohibition  in  America,  and  therefore  I  conclude  with  the  wish  that  the 
Prohibition  may  stand  firm  in  America  forever. 


GERMANY 
By  DR.  REINHARDT  STRECKEB 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  allow  me  to  make  some  remarks 
about  the  situation  in  Germany.  We  are  still  in  a  transitional  stage.  This 
is  shown  by  the  fact  that  our  government  has  established  a  central  board 
to  combat  alcoholism  but  at  the  same  time  obtains  the  means  to  defray  the 
expenses  for  its  support  from  the  liquor  trade.  Of  course  we  in  Germany 
have  the  so-called  wine  policy,  which  secures  the  income  from  the  liquor  trade 
for  the  government.  Of  course  the  government  wants  on  the  one  hand  less 

292 


liquor  to  be  consumed  but  on  the  other  hand  the  government  in  its  great 
financial  needs  wants  to  make  great  profits  by  the  liquor  trade  and  advertises 
the  liquor  itself.  It  is  a  contradictory  situation  which  it  is  to  be  hoped 
will  not  last  very  long.  We  in  our  Prohibition  committee  are  also  in  great 
financial  need  but  in  spite  of  that  we  will  not  participate  in  this  governmental 
board  against  alcoholism  so  long  as  it  is  to  be  supported  by  the  money  from 
the  liquor  trade.  At  present  the  German  government  is  not  yet  dry  but  the 
assassinated  minister,  Rathenau,  was  a  man  who  understood  the  importance 
of  the  alcohol  question.  Therefore,  we  Germans  who  oppose  alcohol,  have 
doubly  regretted  his  death.  The  Republican  government  in  Germany  is  tak- 
ing an  entirely  different  position  to  what  the  people  of  the  Imperial  govern- 
ment did.  This  government  is  chosen  by  the  people  and  so  we  may  hope 
that  this  government  will  declare  itself  against  alcohol  as  soon  as  our  people 
wish  it.  The  Prohibition  movement  among  our  people  is  strong  and  hope- 
ful. This  morning  I  received  a  letter  from  a  German  city  telling  about  a 
trial  vote  which  has  lately  been  taken.  In  one  city  they  voted  90  per  cent 
in  favor  of  Prohibition.  In  another  city  they  voted  91  per  cent  for  Prohibi- 
tion. 

The  preamble  to  our  new  constitution  says:  "To  foster  social  progress" 
and  Prohibition  is  a  social  progress  of  vital  importance;  therefore  Germany 
is  obliged  by  this  new  constitution  to  take  the  alcohol  question  and  the  Prohibi- 
tion question  in  hands. 


THE  QUEBEC  SYSTEM  OF  DEALING  WITH  THE 
LIQUOR  TRAFFIC 

By  R.  L.  WEKRY 

Secretary  Anti-Liquor  League  of  the  Province  of  Quebec 

From  the  Province  of  Quebec,  the  wettest  province  on  the  North  American 
Continent,  I  bring  you  the  greetings  of  the  most  stubborn  optimists  in  the 
Dominion.  Like  Noah  of  old  we  have  sent  out  our  dove  and  she  has  found 
sufficient  dry  land  to  remain  away;  but  the  wine  and  beer  waves  still  prevent 
the  ark  of  Prohibition  from  resting — on  the  top  of  Mount  Royal.  We  shall 
have  to  float  for  a  few  days  yet  but  every  day  that  passes  makes  the  number 
less. 

The  Province  of  Quebec  is  the  enigma  of  the  students  of  temperance  and 
of  politics.  Few  people  are  able  to  fathom  the  mystery  of  our  mentality  and 
our  temperance  sentiment.  A  careful  analysis  will  be  necessary  in  order  to 
arrive  at  a  correct  conclusion.  When  I  quote  3>ou  a  government  report  to 
show  that  in  the  year  1921  we  had  1,083  municipalities  without  license  as 
against  only  232  with  licenses  you  will  see  the  reason  for  our  optimism.  This 
means  not  only  that  90  per  cent  of  our  territory  is  dry  but  it  also  means  that 
two-thirds  of  our  population  is  dry  by  choice  and  by  voice — thanks  to  the 
temperance  sentiment  inculcated  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  the  con- 
gregation and  in  the  home  and  also  to  the  strong  Prohibition  sentiment  of 
the  Protestant  portion  of  the  population. 

"Then,"  you  ask,  "Why,  with  such  a  majority  opposed  to  the  drink  traffic, 
do  you  still  tolerate  the  booze?"  My  answer  can  best  be  expressed  by  quot- 

293 


ing  the  title  of  a  serial  story  which  I  saw  a  few  days  ago.  We  are  being 
"Bamboozled  by  Booze". 

Your  committee  set  as  the  subject  for  my  address,  "The  Quebec  Sys- 
tem of  Dealing  With  the  Liquor  Traffic."  It  should  have  been,  "The  Liquor 
Traffic's  System  of  Dealing  with  Quebec,"  for  as  you  can  plainly  see  by  the 
dry  and  wet  statistics  above  quoted  it  is  a  clear  case  of  "The  Tail  Wagging 
the  Dog."  This  may  go  on  for  a  short  time  but  the  tail  is  a  tail  neverthe- 
less and  it  will  be  a  sadder  and  wiser  tail  when  once  the  dog  begins  to  as- 
sert itself  which  it  shows  signs  of  doing.  That  appendage  must  be  cut  off. 

Three  years  ago  the  Province  of  Quebec  had  in  Sir  Lomer  Gouin,  a 
Premier  who  was  a  real  mind  reader.  He  knew  the  strength  of  the  tem- 
perance sentiment  among  the  people  and  he  respected  the  principles  and 
teachings  of  his  church.  Bound  by  moral  obligations  and  the  fact  that  his 
supporters  in  the  legislature  were  principally  from  dry  constituencies  he 
brought  in  a  Prohibition  bill  which  was  approved  at  the  session  of  1919  and 
assented  to  on  March  17  of  that  year.  Owing  to  pressure  from  the  liquor 
interests — not  from  the  electors— a  clause  was  inserted  in  the  act  providing 
for  the  taking  of  a  referendum  with  the  object  of  securing  the  approval  of 
the  electorate  to  the  continuance  of  licenses  only  for  light  wines  and  beer. 
The  voting  took  place  on  a  very  stormy  day  early  in  April  when  the 
country  roads  were  broken  up.  Few  people  cared  to  venture  out;  some  ab- 
solutely could  not  get  to  the  polls.  Most  of  the  temperance  people  decided 
to  let  the  vote  go  by  default.  A  hurried  organization  heroically  put  on  an 
educational  campaign  as  a  matter  of  principle,  but  was  not  surprised  at  the 
result.  Only  48,413  temperance  people  voted.  The  liquor  party,  counting 
scores  of  stuffed  ballots  secured  178,112  votes  which  was  a  small  proportion 
of  the  total  electorate  but,  as  a  result,  beer  and  wine  licenses  were  granted. 
This  was  the  moment  when  the  hands  of  the  clock  of  moral  progress  were 
turned  back  200,000  hours. 

Everybody  acquainted  with  the  history  of  temperance  knew  that  a 
Prohibition  law  which  allowed  wine  and  beer  to  be  sold  under  license,  as 
beverages  while  hard  liquor  could  be  had  easily  for  "medicinal",  "industrial" 
and  similar  purposes  could  not  be  enforced.  The  liquor  forces  and  their 
minions  in  the  legislature,  made  every  effort  to  discredit  the  law  and  make 
it  a  dead  letter  with  the  result  that  within  two  years  it  was  repealed  and  the 
Quebec  Liquor  Law — with  the  accent  on  the  "Liquor"  was  enacted. 

Only  a  few  years  ago  Sir  Lomer  Gouin,  then  Premier,  declared,  "My 
Government  is  partisan  to  temperance."  When  Sir  Lomer  saw  that  the 
liquor  element  in  the  legislature  were  getting  the  upper  hand  he  had  no 
choice  but  to  resign,  which  he  did;  but  there  was  a  well-earned  promotion 
for  him  to  the  Federal  ranks.  Canada's  gain  was  Quebec's  irreparable  loss. 

Honorable  L.  A.  Taschereau  succeeded  to  the  Premiership.  An  inter- 
esting point  that  the  temperance  people  would  like  to  have  explained  is  why 
the  members  of  the  Legislature  who  represent  dry  constituencies  and  who 
supported  Sir  Lomer  in  his  dry  legislation,  today,  without  any  new  mandate, 
are  supporting  the  "hard"  liquor  law  which  was  put  in  force  without  any  ex- 
pression in  its  favor  on  the  part  of  the  electorate. 

The  Quebec  (Taschereau)  liquor  law  has  been  repeatedly  denounced  as 

294 


the  most  unmoral,  unpatriotic,  unethical,  un-Christian,  undemocratic  "temper- 
ance" law  that  'ever  (dis)  graced  the  statutes  of  a  civilized  country.  More- 
over, it  is  devoid  of  the  first  elements  of  economics.  It  is  unmoral  because 
it  approves  of  a  traffic  which  demoralizes  its  victims  and  takes  no  account 
or  consideration  of  humanitarian  principles  or  interests.  Crime  and  suffer- 
ing may  increase  while  the  government  shuts  its  eyes  to  the  growing  menace. 
It  is  un-Christian  because  it  promotes  a  traffic  which  is  fundamentally  op- 
posed to  the  Christian  church  by  its  doctrines,  practices  and  general  interests, 
and  has  been  proclaimed  in  all  ages  to  be  the  agency  of  the  devil.  It  is  un- 
democratic because  it  is  forced  upon  people  and  communities  that  by  voice 
and  vote  have  declared  themselves  opposed  to  its  existence;  and  still  more 
because  in  the  large  cities  and  towns  the  legal  right  and  methods  of  opposition 
to  the  establishment  of  liquor  shops  have  been  taken  away  from  the  citizens. 
It  is  uneconomic  because  it  takes  money  from  the  people  without  giving 
them  true  value  in  return;  because  it  pauperizes  its  patrons  in  order  to 
make  the  liquor  magnates  richer;  because  it  takes  from  the  ignorant,  un- 
suspecting or  thirst-controlled  public  more  than  thirty  millions  of  dollars 
in  order  to  get  four  millions  for  the  public  treasury. 

Take  the  actual  figures  reported  by  the  government  to  the  House  now 
in  session:  the  net  revenue  for  the  year  ended  April  30,  last  was  $4,000,- 
974.50.  Sales  of  wines  and  hard  liquor  handled  by  the  Liquor  Commission 
which  is  acting  for  the  government  amounted  to  $15,212,801.21.  Sales  of 
beer  by  brewers  on  which  the  government  receives  5  per  cent  profit 
amounted  to  $15,684,670.63.  Thus  of  $30,897,000  invested  in  liquor  by  the 
people  the  government  only  got  $4,000,000  to  put  into  the  public  services, 
as  they  boast,  to  help  education  and  charity  and  to  build  good  roads.  Where 
did  the  other  $26,896,497.00  go  to?  We  know  that  95  per  cent  of  $15,- 
684,670  went  to  the  brewers  and  it  can  be  reasonably  estimated  that  at  least 
80  per  cent  of  the  other  $15,000,000  went  to  the  distillers  of  Canada,  Scotland 
and  England  or  the  wine  manufacturers  of  France,  Spain  or  Italy — capital 
taken  from  legitimate  industry;  from  our  merchants,  our  homes  and  our  chil- 
dren. Where  is  the  economy?  Where  is  the  evidence  of  prosperity  in  such 
a  transaction?  Truly  we  are  being  "BAMBOOZLED  BY  BOOZE." 

Again  we  might  well  ask:  Where  did  the  money  come  from?  Principally 
from  those  who  could  least  afford  it.  It  is  easy  to  be  generous  with  other 
people's  money  and  there  is  no  easier  method  of  extracting  money  from  people 
than  to  "Bamboozle  Them  with  Booze." 

Suppose  that  the  people  who  wasted  these  thirty  millions  in  alcoholic  bev- 
erages had  saved  their  money — think  what  they  could  do  with  it!  They  could 
make  the  government  a  present  of  $4,000,000  or  $8,000,000  or  $10,000,000  a 
year  and  have  the  balance  to  spend  on  their  families  and  homes.  The  liquor 
dealers  and  manufacturers  would  find  better  employment  and  there  would  be 
fewer  paupers  and  criminals. 

Montreal  has  just  had  a  drive  to  raise  $350,000  for  the  Federated  Chari- 
ties of  the  city.  What  is  the' big  factor  that  accounts  for  this?  It  is  the  fact 
that  her  liquor  bill  runs  up  to  between  ten  and  fifteen  million  dollars  per 
annum.  Half  of  the  liquor  sold  in  Quebec  Province  is  dispensed  in  Mont- 

295 


real.  Grocery  stores  carry  heavy  credit  accounts;  shoe  stores  fail;  butcher 
shops  claim  business  is  slow;  clothing  establishments  cry  "hard  times";  cart- 
age companies  have  little  to  do;  but  all  the  breweries  have  doubled  their  ca- 
pacity since  the  Taschereau  law  came  into  force  and  most  of  the  saloons  have 
done  the  same.  Slums!  Poverty!  Charity!  Yes — largely  because  the  gov- 
ernment and  their  allies,  the  brewers,  have  taken  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars 
out  of  our  slums  and  put  nothing  back.  They  have  taken  millions  out  of  our 
workingmen's  pockets  and  given  nothing  back  but  empty  dinner  pails,  empty 
coal  bins,  empty  homes. 

In  the  years  1914-20  inclusive,  10,103  men  and  1,765  women  were  sent  to 
gaol  for  drunkenness  in  Montreal — "Bamboozled  by  Booze."  In  1914  the 
Black  Maria  made  12,000  trips  to  the  gaol;  the  time  lost  by  the  prisoners 
incarcerated  that  year  amounted  to  274,969  days  which  at  $3.50  per  day  rep- 
resents a  wage  loss  of  approximately  $1,000,000 — "Bamboozled  by  Booze." 

A  very  careful  calculation  has  been  made  of  Montreal's  drink  bill  for  the 
300  years  of  its  existence  and  this  has  been  compared  with  the  property  valu- 
ation roll  of  the  city  with  the  resulting  estimate  that  the  money  spent  for 
drink  during  the  period  of  the  city's  existence  would  rebuild  every  house, 
factory,  church,  school  and  other  building;  in  other  words  a  new  city  of  Mont- 
real without  a  slum  dwelling  or  an  indigent  person  could  be  built  with  the 
money  that  has  been  squandered  in  alcoholic  beverages — "Bamboozled  by 
Booze." 

There  is  not  a  fallacy  in  connection  with  the  liquor  traffic  that  our  legis- 
lators have  not  accepted.  The  existing  system  of  government  control  has 
been  tried  in  England,  the  United  States  and  other  lands  and  abandoned  as  a 
failure.  The  effort  to  make  people  sober  or  temperate  by  giving  them  wine 
and  beer  has  been  proved  a  failure  everywhere  that  it  has  been  tried.  We 
are  100  years  late  with  this  experiment!  It  is  doomed  to  worse  than  failure. 
There  is  not  a  lie  that  we  have  not  believed;  there  is  not  a  deception  we  have 
not  practiced;  there  is  not  a  law  we  have  not  defied  and  broken;  not  a  his- 
torical fact  or  lesson  that  we  have  not  disregarded.  We  have  been  thoroughly 
"Bamboozled  by  Booze." 

The  Province  of  Quebec,  according  to  the  census  of  1921  had  a  population 
of  2,361,199.  The  urban  population  was  1,323,071;  the  rural  population  was 
1,038,128;  the  city  of  Montreal  and  suburbs  677,435;  and  Quebec  City  95,193. 

The  liquor  traffic  in  certain  of  the  larger  cities  during  the  months  of  May, 
June,  July,  August,  September  and  October  of  1922  was  reported  in  the 
Quebec  Legislature  a  few  days  ago  as  follows: 

BOTTLES  OF     GALLONS  OF 
CITY  POPULATION       LIQUOR          WINE 

Valleyfield    9,215  102,636  23,081 

St.   Johns    , 7,734  36,541  15,337 

Sherbrooke   23,515  102,587  28,698 

Three  Rivers 22,367  38,524  15,022 

St.  Jerome   5,491  8,113  3,614 

Berthier  2,193  7,730  4,752 

Sorel   8,174  9,727  3,547 

Joliette 9,113  12,753  3,586 

296 


The  value  of  the  liquor  sold  in  Valleyfield  in  that  period  was  $426,410;  in 
St.  Johns  $139,359;  in  Three  Rivers  $129,391.  In  Valleyfield  the  sales  averaged 
78  bottles  per  hour  for  every  hour  the  stores  were  open.  A  second  store 
was  demanded  recently  because  one  could  not  attend  to  the  customers  fast 
enough.  Two  conclusions  may  be  arrived  at  from  the  above  figures.  Either 
the  people  in  these  cities  are  inordinate  drunkards  or  the  liquor  stores  play 
into  the  hands  of  bootleggers.  Intelligent  people  will  hardly  make  a  wrong 
guess. 

Arthur  Sauve,  leader  of  the  opposition  in  the  Quebec  House,  recently  de- 
clared that  $2,000,000  worth  of  booze  was  sold  in  December  in  this  Prov- 
ince and  that  one  store  on  Windsor  street,  Montreal,  takes  in  $5,000  a  day. 
A  report,  apparently  well  founded,  says  that  one  store  in  Montreal  made  sales 
amounting  to  $13,000  on  a  recent  Saturday  morning.  The  Commissioners 
recently  announced  with  gusto  that  they  had  just  established  special  wine 
stores  for  the  accommodation  of  lady  patrons;  also  that  from  now  on  their 
regular  stores  would  be  in  a  position  to  sell  vodka  and  Chinese  liquors  to  meet 
the  demands  of  foreigners. 

The  ravages  of  the  traffic  and  of  certain  diseases  that  go  with  it  should  be 
well-known  to  the  Premier  and  his  colleagues  since  a  dispatch  from  govern- 
ment medical  officers  dated  Quebec,  September  13,  1921,  said:  "For  eight 
months  it  is  shown  that  there  were  6,547  analyses  (for  suspected  diseases)  at 
the  Provincial  Laboratory;  3,135  patients  were  admitted  to  the  dispensary  and 
29,690  treatments  given.  There  were  4,150  cases  of  venereal  diseases  reported. 
Of  the  total  number  of  cases  25  per  cent  were  contracted  while  the  victims 
were  under  the  influence  of  alcohol." 

The  number  of  cases  of  delirium  tremens  that  are  occurring,  many  of  them 
in  some  of  Montreal's  leading  hostelries — and  many  of  the  patients  American 
visitors — is  becoming  positively  alarming  and  repulsive  to  our  physicians. 

A  few  days  ago  an  official  medical  report  regarding  Montreal's  school 
children  showed  that  there  are  6,123  cases  of  malnutrition  among  the  pupils 
of  our  primary  schools.  Still  millions  are  spent  for  drink  and  there  is  no 
outcry  on  the  part  of  our  legislators  against  the  twentieth  century  anachron- 
ism and  inconsistency  of  starving  childhood  while  good  grains  and  fruits  are 
being  destroyed  to  make  alcoholic  poisons  for  the  adults. 

Not  only  is  public  drinking  on  the  increase  in  our  large  centers  of  popula- 
tion, but  drinking  in  the  home  is  increasing  at  an  alarming  rate,  according  to 
investigations  made  by  pastors  of  churches  and  social  workers  in  the  residen- 
tial districts. 

When  all  is  said  against  the  traffic,  and  the  law  that  encourages  and 
facilitates  it,  we  should  emphasize  the  fact  that  the  heart  of  Quebec  is  sound 
on  the  temperance  question.  The  great  majority  of  the  people  hate  and 
detest  the  traffic.  They  may  not  like  the  word  "Prohibition"  but  they  heartily 
approve  of  "Temperance"  in  its  true  sense. 

History  shows  that  the  first  temperance  meeting  in  Canada  was  held  at 
Sillery,  near  Quebec,  in  1647  by  the  Jesuit  Fathers  and  that  shortly  afterwards 
stringent  Prohibition  laws  were  passed  at  the  instance  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic missionaries  and  government  officials.  From  that  day  to  this  the  Roman 

297 


Catholic  church  has  fought  the  traffic,  principally  by  moral  suasion  but  some- 
times also  with  the  aid  of  local  option  laws.  It  is  widely  felt  in  temperance 
circles  that  intensive  educational  propaganda  is  the  great  need  of  Quebec 
Province  at  present.  At  the  same  time  better  legislation  is  urgently  demanded. 


WEDNESDAY  AFTERNOON  SESSION 
THE  ALLIED  CITIZENS  OF  AMERICA 

By  WILLIAM  H.  ANDERSON 
Superintendent  Anti-Saloon  League  of  New  York 

It  has  not  become  well  understood  that  this  work  of  ours  is  not  a  parlor 
game  for  points;  no  child's  breakfast  job.  It  will  take  a  good  while  longer  to 
settle  this  than  it  took  to  settle  some  other  things. 

Somebody,  I  don't  know  whether  he  was  a  wag  or  philosopher,  said  the 
world  war  is  now  over  except  for  those  who  married  to  escape  the  draft. 
This  contest  is  not  over,  it  has  just  fairly  started.  There  are  some  things 
that  it  is  hard  to  get  recognition  for,  because  of  standards  of  news  values.  If 
a  dog  bites  a  man,  that  is  not  news,  unless  the  man  is  prominent,  but  if  any 
kind  of  a  man  bites  a  dog,  that  is  big  news.  A  divorce  scandal  in  high  life 
gets  the  front  page,  but  the  story  of  a  million  happy  homes  is  not  news. 

The  activities  of  the  Association  Against  the  Prohibition  Amendment, 
backed  by  some  of  the  idle  rich  who  are  confronted  with  the  fact  that  their 
cellars  are  running  low  and  who  want  to  evade  the  embarrassment  of  being 
found  outside  the  law  by  repealing  the  law — those  activities  are  news  down  in 
the  United  States,  but  the  fact  that  a  quarter  of  a  million  of  the  men  and 
women  citizens  of  the  state  of  New  York  have  associated  themselves  together 
under  the  name  of  Allied  Citizens  of  America,  Incorporated,  to  uphold  Ameri- 
can ideals  and  the  United  States  Constitution  is  not  considered  very  good 
news  by  most  of  the  newspapers  and  therefore,  a  work  of  this  kind  has  to  be 
carried  on  against  considerable  obstacles. 

The  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America  has  a  system  of  organization  that 
gives  a  certain  flexibility  which  has  been  one  of  the  most  important  secrets 
of  the  power  it  has  exerted.  As  its  name  would  imply,  it  is  a  league  of  organi- 
zations which  was  sufficient  to  bring  about  the  enactment  of  the  Prohibition 
law  in  the  United  States;  but  the  enforcement  of  the  law  is  a  different  kind  of 
a  proposition.  It  is  something  that  must  be  worked  at  constantly;  it  is  a 
local  problem,  because  the  officials  who  enforce  the  Prohibition  law  are  mainly 
local  officials.  It  was  necessary  that  the  missing  link  in  the  plan  of  organiza- 
tion be  supplied  that  thereby  something  would  be  established,  some  vital 
contact  with  the  individual  citizens.  The  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America 
has  the  program  that  committed  the  leagues  of  the  country  to  the  enforcement 
proposition.  It  committed  the  organization  to  an  organization  of  citizens, 
individually,  in  the  very  smallest  units  throughout  the  state. 

We  find  difficulties  in  connection  with  the  enforcement  proposition.  The 
enactment  of  Prohibition  started  from  the  ground  up;  it  came  from  the  grass 
roots,  from  the  little  villages  and  townships  that,  under  exceptionally  good 
leadership,  started  in  and  cleaned  themselves  up  and  their  example  was  con- 

298 


tagious,  and  other  localities  did  the  same  thing  until  communities  were  almost 
entirely  dry.  Then,  the  liquor  people  refused  to  obey  these  local  laws,  the 
people  organized  themselves  into  county  units.  There  were  many  states  that 
had  most  of  the  counties  dry.  The  liquor  men  would  not  obey  these  laws,  and 
so  state  laws  were  enacted  that  turned  most  of  the  states  dry. 

Now,  the  enactment  of  Prohibition  started  from  the  small  unit  and  worked 
out  and  up  progressively  as  a  result  of  experience.  It  went  from  the  village 
and  township  to  the  national  Capitol  at  Washington.  When  we  got  national 
Prohibition  we  tried  to  enforce  it  from  the  top  down  and  it  won't  work  that 
way.  The  sentiment  was  not  made  for  the  enactment  of  Prohibition  from  the 
top  down.  The  law  must  be  enacted  in  exactly  the  same  way  that  the  reform 
geenrally  was  brought  about,  and  the  enforcement  of  that  law  must  be 
brought  about  in  the  same  way.  What  I  mean  to  say  is  this:  that  Prohibition 
as  I  say  came  from  the  ground  up,  and  it  must  be  enforced  from  the  ground 
up.  In  other  words,  enforcement  must  follow  exactly  the  same  road  that  the 
movement  for  the  enactment  of  Prohibition  followed,  and  that  explains  the 
necessity  for  an  organization  on  a  local  basis. 

The  Allied  Citizens  of  America  is  simply  the  New  York  effort  to  accom- 
plish this  thing.  The  Allied  Citizens  of  America  is  not  put  out  by  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League  of  New  York,  is  not  going  to  interfere  with  or  compete  with 
any  other  system  of  organization,  for  all  organizations  will  function,  but  the 
Allied  Citizens  of  America  are  planning  only  to  function  in  their  particular 
localities  in  the  interest  of  law  enforcement. 

The  Allied  Citizens  of  America  has  a  program  and  is  part  of  a  program. 
Our  purpose  is  to  get  this  thing  going  in  New  York,  as  I  presume  it  must  in 
any  state,  on  whatever  kind  of  a  platform  or  organization  is  adapted  to  the 
individual  or  peculiar  needs  of  the  state  in  question.  Then  every  man  who 
violates  the  liquor  law  will  have  exactly  the  same  experience  as  a  tramp  is 
reported  to  have  had,  who  went  to  the  back  door  of  a  house.  When  the  lady 
opened  the  door  she  saw  one  of  the  most  masterful  persons,  so  far  as  physique 
was  concerned,  that  she  had  ever  seen  in  her  life. 

"What  is  the  matter  with  you,  y<5u  great  big  husky  man.  A  man  like  you 
ought  to  be  working  instead  of  begging  at  the  back  door  for  a  meal,"  she  said. 

He  said,  "Lady,  it  is  no  use.  No  matter  where  I  go,  no  matter  what  I  do, 
my  unlucky  number  turns  up." 

She  said,  "What  is  your  unlucky  number?"  And  he  said  "Thirteen — 
twelve  jurymen  and  a  judge."  Now,  our  purpose  is  to  keep  such  men  on  the 
run,  and  see  that  every  man  who  violates  the  Prohibition  law  must  suffer  from 
his  experience. 

That  program  is  three-fold.  The  first  element  is  community  enrollment 
for  law  and  order,  and  the  Allied  Citizens  of  America  aims  in  New  York  state 
to  accomplish  the  local  enrollment  in  communities  all  through  the  state.  The 
idea  is  to  compel  every  citizen,  man  or  woman,  to  look  himself  or  herself 
squarely  in  the  face  on  this  question.  The  idea  is  to  bring  these  people  to 
the  point  where  they  are  personally  taken  into  civic  affairs  and  made  to  as- 
sume their  civic  responsibility  with  respect  to  the  enforcement  of  the  law. 
The  idea  is  to  keep  this  thing  going,  actually,  in  every  community,  every  day, 

299 


and  to  see  that  the  liquor  law  is  enforced  by  the  local  citizens.  For  that  pur- 
pose there  are  workers  in  every  part  of  the  state  seeking  the  enrollment  of 
citizens.  It  costs  nothing  to  join.  We  believe  the  main  thing,  the  great  need, 
is  for  a  patriotic  enrollment.  We  do  not  want  an  organization  of  a  financial 
character  at  all  and  we  do  not  want  to  raise  any  question  at  all  of  a  finan- 
cial character.  Nobody  can  squabble  about  who  is  going  to  get  the  money 
that  comes  in  for  dues,  because  there  are  none.  It  is  only  a  question  with  the 
individual,  a  question  of  what  he  stands  for  and  where  he  stands,  and  what  his 
attitude  is  toward  the  law.  Ultimately  it  will  bring  a  cleavage  down  on  every 
community  and  separate  those  people  who  are  for  law  enforcement  from 
those  people  who  do  not  care  whether  the  law  is  enforced  or  not.  It  will 
separate  the  respectable  persons  and  make  every  man  stand  out  where  he 
should  stand  and  let  everybody  know  what  his  position  is  in  the  community 
with  respect  to  the  law. 

We  find  in  New  York  City  that  something  of  this  kind  is  essential;  because 
it  interests  the  men  and  women  by  not  having  any  dues,  and  no  initiation  fee; 
it  does  not  compete  with  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  in  any 
way,  nor  does  it  compete  with  any  of  the  other  general  organizations  that 
are  actively  engaged  in  Prohibition  work  in  the  state  of  New  York.  The 
Allied  Citizens  of  America  is  an  organization  intended  merely  for  the  enforce- 
ment of  law  and  for  the  functioning  of  individuals  who  are  actually  desirous  of 
seeing  the  laws  that  are  on  the  statute  books  enforced.  It  gets  right  down  to 
the  individual. 

The  program  of  the  Allied  Citizens  of  America  as  it  appears  in  the  certifi- 
cate of  incorporation  in  New  York  state,  is  very  clear.  Its  platform  is  the 
program  of  law  enforcement;  the  program  that  we  have  worked  out  as  an 
essential  for  every  community  in  behalf  of  the  enforcement  of  the  law. 

Some  people  say  that  Prohibition  was  put  over  on  us  from  Washington 
and  Albany,  and  that  the  people  are  not  in  favor  of  it.  Our  proposition  is 
to  make  it  possible  for  the  people  of  each  legal  governmental  unit  to  put  them- 
selves 'officially,  either  directly  behind  the  enforcement  of  the  state  and  the 
federal  laws  on  this  question,  or  directly  "opposed  to  them. 

In  New  York  City  we  have  not  sufficient  authority  under  the  law  to 
enact  an  ordinance,  therefore  we  are  trying  to  secure  enabling  legislation. 
We  have  three  simple  little  bills  that  are  practically  alike,  except  as  to  the 
unit  name,  authorizing  the  proper  boards  of  cities,  villages  or  towns,  to  enact 
an  ordinance  in  aid  of  the  enforcement  of  the  law  of  the  state  and  of  the 
nation.  There  can  be  no  valid  argument  against  it.  If  the  law  is  law,  any 
community,  now  a  legal  unit,  ought  to  have  the  right  to  put  itself  firmly  and 
efficiently  behind  that  law. 

This  plan  is  not  something  that  some  smart  individual  invented.  The  idea 
is  to  get  the  facts,  and  get  them  to  the  people  represented  in  the  various  dis- 
tricts of  the  country.  It  is  the  result  of  accumulated  wisdom  of  the  American 
nation  for  50  years.  It  is  fool  proof,  100  per  cent  pure.  It  is  fundamentally 
a  majority  ruling.  We  may  not  get  our  work  accomplished  quite  as  fast  as 
some  folks  would  like.  I  don't  know  if  you  in  Canada  have  heard  the  story, 
but  there  was  on  one  occasion  a  certain  chief  of  police  who  was  very  anxious 

300 


to  capture  a  fugitive  from  justice  and  who  prepared  six  different  photographs 
of  the  individual  he  wanted  to  have  arrested,  six  photographs  showing  that 
individual  in  different  positions,  his  profile,  his  full  face  and  so  forth.  He 
sent  these  pictures  broadcast  and  two  or  three  days  later  he  received  a  tele- 
gram from  a  sheriff  in  one  of  the  western  cities  saying  that  the  sheriff  had 
five  of  the  culprits  under  arrest  and  expected  to  place  the  other  man  under 
arrest  early  the  next  morning. 

We  do  not  expect  to  get  it  done  quite  as  quickly  as  that,  but  we  do  expect 
to  get  it  going,  slowly  at  first,  until  the  Prohibition  law  is  enforced  as  well 
as  any  other  law  in  the  land,  and  we  propose  to  enforce  the  Prohibition  law 
exactly  the  same  as  we  enforce  any  other  law. 

Law  observance  is  another  thing.  The  law  must  be  observed  and  the  law 
must  be  enforced.  If  the  law  is  not  wise,  then  it  should  be  repealed,  but  while 
it  is  a  law,  it  should  be  enforced.  We  should  take  every  means  possible  to 
see  that  the  laws  on  our  statute  books  are  enforced  and  observed  just  the  same 
in  each  instance,  whether  it  be  a  traffic  law  or  a  law  dealing  with  the  sale  and 
purchase  of  intoxicating  liquor. 


PROHIBITION  AND  THE  HOME 

By  MAKGAEET  PATTERSON,  M.D. 

Police  Magistrate  of  Toronto 

Mr.  Chairman,  and  co-workers  in  the  cause  of  temperance.  I  think  I 
have  been  given  the  most  important  subject  on  the  program,  and  a  subject  on 
which  it  should  be  very  easy  to  speak,  excepting  that  it  may  lack  the  element 
of  opposition,  for  I  have  never  yet  heard  the  most  enthusiastic  advocate  of 
alcohol  claim  for  it  any  advantage  in  the  home. 

We  are  scarcely  in  a  position  today  to  state  just  what  the  results  of 
Prohibition  will  be.  One  of  the  laws  enunciated  by  our  Lord  and  Master 
many  centuries  ago  was  "What  a  man  soweth,  that  shall  he  also  reap"  and 
we  are  still  reaping  so  many  of  the  fruits  of  the  day  when  alcohol  was  widely 
sown  that  we  can  not  yet  expect  to  be  in  position  to  say  just  what  the  home 
life  will  become  under  Prohibition,  for  it  has  not  yet  become  what  we  hope  to 
see  it  in  the  future.  In  fact,  it  will  be  only  after  we  have  a  race  which  has 
grown  up  quite  free  from  the  curse  of  alcohol  that  we  can  say  just  what  the 
results  will  be. 

We  have  usually  entrusted  to  women  the  house  keeping,  and  the  home 
making.  A  few  years  ago  the  woman  who  was  a  good  housekeeper  could 
produce  and  prepare  within  the  home  most  of  the  commodities  which  were 
necessary  for  her  family.  It  did  not  make  so  very  much  difference  to  her  and 
her  family  what  the  conditions  outside  the  home  were.  The  work  in  those 
days  was  done  without  many  of  the  up-to-date  labor-saving  devices  and  equip- 
ment considered  so  necessary  today.  Times  have  changed  very  much,  and  we 
can  no  longer  do  our  housekeeping  and  home-making  within  the  four  walls  of 
our  own  home.  The  commodities  necessary  for  our  family  are  made  outside 
and  brought  into  the  home.  We  have  many  up-to-date  labor-saving  devices  in 
our  homes,  and  as  life  becomes  more  complex  it  requires  more  care  to  keep  the 
home  healthful. 

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For  a  great  many  years,  women  tried  to  do  some  outside  housekeeping, 
municipal  and  civil,  but  without  these  up-to-date  labor-saving  devices  or 
efficient  equipment  they  labored  under  a  great  disadvantage. 

But,  a  few  years  ago  we  were  given  an  instrument  to  enable  us  to  per- 
form all  outside  housekeeping,  a  single  instrument  equal  to  all  the  electrical 
appliances  of  the  home,  and  that  instrument  is  the  franchise.  And,  if  the 
women  will  only  appreciate  the  power  that  has  been  put  into  their  hands  and 
use  it  as  they  should,  for  the  betterment  of  conditions  in  the  home  and  for  the 
children  of  our  nation,  we  could  now  very  quickly  and  effectively  do  our  house- 
keeping, both  inside  and  outside  of  the  home.  But  the  franchise  itself,  just  as 
with  all  the  up-to-date  labor-saving  devices,  will  be  no  good  if  we  do  not  use 
it.  It  will  be  to  the  everlasting  disgrace  of  the  women  of  Ontario  if  they  ever 
lose  one  iota  of  what  they  have  gained  in  the  Prohibition  cause. 

We  have  long  ago  accepted  the  fact  that  to  a  very  great  extent  the  health 
of  the  nation  depends  upon  the  women,  the  sort  of  homes  that  we  have  and 
the  nourishment  that  is  given  to  our  children;  for  we  know  that  health  is  the 
foundation  on  which  the  happiness  and  welfare  of  the  people  must  ever  depend. 

It  has  recently  been  demonstrated  that  the  part  any  nation  may  play  in 
the  world's  work  is  limited  only  by  physical  endurance  which  depends  not 
only  on  a  strong  body,  but  on  a  clear  and  well-balanced  mind.  I  do  not  think 
anyone  ever  claimed  that  alcohol  produces  these  two  things.  Statistics  already 
show  that  the  health  of  the  people  has  been  greatly  improved  since  we  have 
had  Prohibition,  and  this  is  especially  true  in  regard  to  the  children. 

When  I  was  asked  to  speak  on  this  subject,  I  tried  to  get  in  touch  with 
those  who  are  in  a  position  to  know  just  what  effect  Prohibition,  for  the  short 
time  we  have  had  it,  is  already  having  on  the  home  and  what  effect  has  been 
manifested  in  the  lines  most  directly  affecting  our  homes.  One  of  the  people 
with  whom  I  made  it  my  business  to  consult,  was  the  manager  of  one  of  our 
largest  dairies,  and  I  asked  him  what  he  had  noticed.  His  reply  was  that  he 
had  observed  an  increase  of  25  per  cent  in  the  consumption  of  milk  per  capita. 
That  is  encouraging,  but  there  was  more  than  that  amount  of  money  spent  on 
alcohol,  and  swe  will  be  doing  a  real  service  to  the  nation  if  we  can  place  the 
milk  bottle  where  the  alcohol  bottle  used  to  be.  The  basis  of  child  welfare 
is  health  and  physical  development.  The  foundation  of  child  health  lies  in 
proper  feeding  and  it  is  certainly  a  public  recognition  of  the  good  effect  of 
Prohibition  when  the  fact  is  recognized  by  the  increased  use  of  milk.  Wher- 
ever dairy  products  have  been  freely  used,  nutrition  has  improved  and  the  in- 
dividual has  become  stronger,  his  mentality  has  increased  in  its  power  to 
function  properly,  and  all  in  all  the  race  has  reached  a  higher  point  of  ef- 
ficiency on  the  milk  diet  than  it  has  on  the  whisky  diet.  It  is  an  important 
thing  that  a  25  per  cent  increase  of  milk  consumption  per  capita  has  come 
during  the  years  of  Prohibition,  a  25  per  cent  increase  over  the  years  before 
we  had  Prohibition. 

Another  man  with  whom  I  consulted,  was  the  manager  of  one  of  the 
largest  department  stores  in  the  country.  I  asked  what  difference,  if  any,  he 
had  noticed  in  the  sales  since  Prohibition  came  in.  His  reply  was,  "In  the  line 
of  luxuries  very  little,  if  any,  but  a  tremendous  increase  in  the  sale  of  things 

302 


essential  to  decent  living."  He  judged  the  greatest  increase  was  in  the  sale  of 
the  ordinary  moderately  priced  bed,  springs  and  mattresses.  He  thought  that 
the  increase  in  the  sale  of  these  beds  was  most  striking.  He  said,  "We  know 
of  cases  where  previously  probably  five  children  were  sleeping  in  one  bed  or 
where  they  had  no  bed  at  all  to  sleep  in."  Next  in  importance  in  the  matter 
of  sales,  after  the  beds,  came  the  ordinary  dishes  and  cooking  utensils. 

I  consulted  the  officer  of  health,  the  superintendent  of  school  nurses,  and 
the  public  health  nurses,  and  their  replies  were  practically  the  same.  I  asked 
these  officers  with  regard  to  epidemics.  Of  course,  they  left  out  the  influenza, 
a  thing  which  we  had  never  had  before,  and  I  was  informed  that  within  the 
last  few  years  as  compared  with  the  years  prior  thereto,  the  conditions  from 
a  health  standpoint  were  very  much  improved.  The  reply  I  received  from  the 
three  sources  was  practically  the  same — the  epidemics  so  far  as  they  related 
to  children,  with  the  exception  of  the  influenza,  were  much  less  severe,  and 
practically  every  child  that  had  come  under  the  attention  of  these  physicians 
and  officials,  seemed  to  have  a  better  chance  to  recover,  due  to  the  fact  that 
they  were  better  nourished  and  had  more  resistance. 

We  have  also  noticed  a  marked  decrease  in  infant  mortality,  and  the  per- 
centage of  stillbirths  has  been  almost  cut  in  half  since  Prohibition  became 
effective,  because  the  women  are  better  nourished,  get  a  better  supply  of  whole- 
some food  and  the  necessities  of  life,  and  they  are  in  much  better  condition 
when  the  critical  time  comes.  The  children,  naturally,  when  they  come,  are 
better  nourished  and  better  able  to  fight  the  battles  of  their  existence  than 
they  were  before. 

Another  source  from  which  I  got  information,  was  the  superintendent  of 
a  large  employment  bureau,  a  woman  who  was  in  a  position  to  speak,  because 
she  had  been  associated  with  the  work  before  the  war,  throughout  the  war, 
and  was  still  in  it;  and  I  asked  how  Prohibition  had  affected  their  day  work- 
ers, what  their  general  character  was  now,  compared  with  the  days  before 
Prohibition.  She  told  me  that  they  had  an  entirely  different  class  of  day 
workers  applying,  and  that  "the  mother  of  three  or  four  children  rarely  comes 
here  looking  for  a  day's  work  in  order  to  buy  the  absolute  necessities  of  life. 
We  have  not  today  what  was  the  most  troublesome  problem  of  our  whole 
employment  bureau  before  Prohibition,  that  is,  the  worker  who  would  go  into 
employment  partially  intoxicated,  and  in  a  few  hours  be  incapacitated  for 
work.  We  would  send  girls  out  to  prominent  people  for  service,  and  before 
they  had  been  gone  an  hour  we  would  receive  telephone  messages  asking  that 
we  go  and  take  them  away."  Prohibition  has  affected  both  the  employee  and 
the  employer. 

Perhaps  the  most  important  of  all  consulted  were  the  principals  of  several 
large  schools,  and  the  teachers  of  schools  in  different  sections  of  the  city,  and 
I  asked  them  what  effect  they  had  noticed  since  Prohibition  came  in.  They 
were  almost  unanimous  in  saying,  "Why,  our  children  look  entirely  different. 
They  are  much  better  nourished,  they  are  suitably  clothed,  their  clothing 
conforms  to  the  change  of  the  seasons,  each  child  is  better  nourished,  and 
better  progress  is  being  made  in  the  schools.  The  attendance  is  more  regular 
because  it  is  very  rare,  if  ever,  that  a  child  now  has  to  stay  home  while  his 

303 


mother  goes  out  to  work  to  try  to  earn  something  to  keep  her  and  her  chil- 
dren alive."  And  one  teacher  to  whom  I  put  the  question  said,  "Do  not  ask 
me  even  to  think  back  to  those  awful  days  when  children  were  coming  here, 
barely  clad,  thin,  undernourished,  with  old  faces  and  little  bodies,  children 
robbed  of  all  happiness,  of  all  childhood.  Do  not  ask  me  even  to  think  back 
to  those  awful  days.  We  never  see  them  now." 

Inquiries  were  also  made  from  the  superintendent  of  a  very  extensive 
social  service  work.  I  asked  him  particularly  as  to  poverty.  He  said  that 
the  chief  factor  concerned  with  poverty  was  alcohol,  and  that  in  the  days 
before  Prohibition  it  was  almost  hopeless  to  think  of  poverty  ever  being 
wiped  out  from  certain  portions  of  the  city,  but  that  today  alcohol  as  a  factor 
in  the  case  is  almost  negligible  and  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  during  our  few 
Prohibition  years  "we  have  had  decidedly  to  adjust  ourselves  into  the  normal 
life,"  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  50,000  men  came  back  from  the  war  and  had  to 
be  absorbed  in  the  social  life,  and  in  spite  of  the  two  great  epidemics  of  in- 
fluenza, yet  today  we  have  less  poverty  and  after  all  a  very  much  more 
admirable  character  among  our  men  generally  than  we  used  to  have  in  the 
old  days. 

I  asked,  "What  do  you  suppose  conditions  would  have  been  during  these 
years  if  we  had  had  alcohol?"  He  said,  "I  refuse  to  conjure  up  such  a  night- 
mare as  to  imagine  those  conditions,  but  where  we  have  poverty  today  it  is 
not  the  same  poverty  that  we  used  to  have  in  the  old  days;  it  is  an  unusual 
case,  and  is  merely  caused  from  some  temporary  circumstances,  and  we  can 
readjust  that  family  and  re-establish  them  and  they  will  become  an  asset 
besides."  Now  that  experience  has  given  us  the  facts,  "Knowledge  is  power." 
We  have  an  opportunity  of  doing  good,  and  opportunity  is  a  real  obligation. 
Let  us  remember  that  "to  him  that  knoweth  to  do  good  and  doeth  it  not,  to 
him  it  is  sin."  This  is  especially  true  of  the  women.  You  have  the  vote.  The 
women  are  in  the  majority  and  if  the  women  vote  for  Prohibition  it  can  never 
be  taken  away  from  us. 


PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND 

By  REV.  R.  H.  STAVEET 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  it  affords  me  great  pleasure  to  rep- 
resent that  far-off  province  of  ours  called  the  Garden  of  the  Gulf  and  some- 
times called  the  Paradise  of  America.  I  don't  know  how  many  of  you  will 
agree  with  that,  but  we  think  there  is  no  other%  island  in  the  world  but  Prince 
Edward  Island.  We  scarcely  ever  think  of  calling  it  anything  but  "The  Is- 
land," and  therefore  you  can  see  what  place  we  give  it.  We  have  had  Prohi- 
bition in  our  province  since  shortly  after  1900.  Time  after  time  we  have  had 
elections  on  the  question  as  to  whether  or  not  we  should  keep  that  prohibitory 
law.  Every  time  we  have  carried  the  election  in  favor  of  it  by  an  over- 
whelming majority.  For  some  four  or  five  years  we  have  been  cursed  with 
several  wholesale  houses  within  our  boundaries.  In  the  near  future,  there  is 
to  be  an  election  dealing  with  this  question.  We  want  this  election  set  on 
the  earliest  date  possible,  which  would  be  along  some  time  the  latter  part  of 

304 


January.  When  that  date  is  set,  we  expect  to  carry  an  election  to  forever 
stop  the  importation  of  intoxicating  liquors  within  our  bounds.  Last  year  we 
came  up  to  Ottawa  and  asked  for  a  law  to  deal  with  this  matter.  We  suc- 
ceeded in  geting  a  law  dealing  with  the  exportation,  but  when  the  law  dealing 
with  importation  came  before  the  Senate  it  was  turned  down.  We  therefore 
are  compelled  to  bring  in  another  election  and  go  through  all  this  work  and 
expense,  because  the  Senate  at  the  last  session  turned  us  down.  Otherwise, 
we  would  simply  have  had  the  governor  and  council  request  that  this  curse  of 
importation  be  put  an  end  to.  That  is  our  situation  now. 


BULGARIA 

By  REV    DAVID  NAKOFF 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  have  the  pleasure  as  the  delegate 
from  the  Bulgarian  legation  in  Washington,  D.  C,  to  address  this  World 
League  and  this  Convention  for  Prohibition.  I  come  from  Bulgaria;  and  the 
Bulgarian  people  have  been  placed  in  a  bad  situation  within  the  last  three 
years,  but  there  is  an  old  saying  which  says  that  even  the  devil  is  not  so  bad 
as  he  is  painted  by  the  brush  of  the  painter.  Now,  our  Bulgarian  people  have 
been  struggling  under  the  burden  of  the  revolutions  but  at  the  same  time  they 
are  showing  great  activity  in  favor  of  this  movement  for  Prohibition.  We 
have  in  Bulgaria  several  societies  among  the  young  people,  boys  and  children, 
which  are  in  favor  of  Prohibition  and  which  parade  through  the  streets  in  the 
different  cities.  In  connection  with  this  I  will  tell  you  a  story. 

One  day  a  teacher  in  one  of  the  primary  schools  in  the  city  of  Sofia,  the 
capital  of  Bulgaria,  lectured  to  the  pupils  about  a  former  king  of  Bulgaria 
who,  seeing  that  his  subjects  were  drinking  very  much  and  his  state  was 
being  ruined,  ordered  all  the  vineyards  all  over  the  country  to  be  uprooted, 
and  after  it  had  been  done  his  subjects  became  sober  and  the  wealth  of  the 
state  grew  and  he  was  very  successful.  After  the  children  heard  this  story 
they  went  out  and  about  thirty  of  them  formed  a  parade,  and  raising  up  a 
banner  with  "No  wine  and  whisky"  went  to  the  palace  of  their  king.  It  was 
not  long  after  the  Balkan  war.  I  remember  it  myself.  They  went  there  and 
asked  for  an  interview  with  the  king.  The  king  had  not  been  very  favorably 
disposed  toward  Prohibition,  but  he  was  amazed  by  the  action  of  the  children 
and  let  the  children  talk  to  him.  One  of  the  children  came  to  the  front  of  the 
parade  and  addressed  the  king,  something  like  this:  "Your  Majesty,  one  of 
our  kings,  coming  to  realize  that  drunkenness  is  not  very  good  for  the  people, 
had  ordered  that  all  vineyards  be  uprooted.  Can't  you  do  anything  as  a  king 
to  prevent  our  people  from  drinking?  We  are  children  of  the  middle-class 
people  and  our  fathers  many  a  time  come  home  drunk  and  beat  down  our 
mothers  and  we  can't  suffer  this  any  more."  That  incident  was  not  noticed 
by  the  press  but  it  has  left  a  beautiful  memory,  and  it  shows  that  the  young 
generation  is  going  to  ask  devout  people  in  every  state  to  stop  the  drinking. 


305 


WEDNESDAY  EVENING  SESSION 

THE  MOVEMENT  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM  AMONG  THE 
WOMEN  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  EUROPE 

By  Miss  AGNES  SLACK,  of  Ripley,  Derbyshire,  England 
Secretary  of  the  World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 

Miss  Gordon,  friends,  I  had  intended  taking  you  on  a  little  quick  tour 
showing  you  what  the  great  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  is  doing 
all  around  the  world,  but  I  must  content  myself  with  a  very  small  part  of  the 
world.  For  instance,  giving  you  a  picture  of  what  our  women  are  doing  in 
Madagascar,  how  they  have  there  secured  the  prohibition  of  drink  to  the 
native  Malagasy  race;  showing  the  wonderful  things  we  are  doing  in  China, 
where  in  the  schools  we  have  one  of  our  organizers  educating  the  students  and 
the  teachers  to  teach  in  the  grade  schools  throughout  China.  I  could  tell  you 
about  Burma,  how  the  government  there  is  giving  a  grant  to  our  work.  In 
Ceylon  we  are  opening  temperance  taverns  which  are  replacing  drinking 
saloons  and  our  women  have  been  largely  instrumental  in  bringing  Ceylon 
close  to  Prohibition,  and  so  on  through  India,  Africa  and  the  European  coun- 
tries. I  have  one  or  two  other  things  which  I  would  like  to  pass  on  to  you. 
There  is  an  old  Book  which  says,  "Without  vision  the  people  perish,"  and  it 
seemed  to  me  the  last  few  days  that  this  great  meeting  of  the  World  League 
Against  Alcoholism  has  given  all  of  us  a  great  vision.  People  live  and  die 
without  vision,  and  the  reason  there  are  so  many  failures  in  life  is  because 
people  have  no  vision.  To  get  a  vision  you  have  to  climb.  You  have  to  get 
on  a  great  height.  Here  we  have  been  the  last  few  days  on  a  great  height 
looking  over  God's  world.  We  have  been  shown  there  is  a  movement  over 
this  great  globe  to  rid  the  world  of  its  greatest  evil.  We  have  been  shown 
that  the  world  is  shrinking;  the  modern  scientific  inventions  are  bringing  con- 
tinents and  peoples  nearer  together;  and  not  the  least  result  of  this  great 
Convention  will  be  that  we  have  learned  to  love  one  another  and  understand 
one  another  more.  In  my  opinion,  if  people  knew  each  other  better,  they 
would  love  each  other  more;  and  if  great  meetings  like  this  can  be  gathered 
together  there  will  be  no  war.  The  moment  you  work  for  one  common  pur- 
pose one  of  the  greatest  accomplishments  in  the  world  will  be  achieved. 

Professor  Gilbert  Murray  of  the  University  of  Oxford  recently  stated 
that  the  three  great  wonders  of  our  generation  are  the  conquest  of  the  air, 
the  League  of  Nations  and  Prohibition  in  the  United  States.  He  went  on  to 
say  that  in  the  future  history  of  the  world  Prohibition  in  the  United  States  is 
going  to  be  as  great  an  event  in  the  development  of  all  that  is  great  and  good 
as  either  the  conquest  of  the  air  or  the  League  of  Nations.  And  so  we  believe, 
and  I  want  to  say  to  you  American  and  Canadian  people,  keep  what  you  have 
won — lead  on! 

As  an  Englishwoman,  I  feel  that  your  responsibility  is  enormous.  If 
you  don't  go  on  advancing,  we  shall  be  blocked;  and  just  as  you  gain  and 
grow  and  advance,  so  in  Europe  and  throughout  the  world  shall  we  go  on. 
The  whole  world  today  is  fighting  the  temperance  question  on  the  results  that 
have  been  achieved  throughout  the  United  States  and  in  Canada.  We  are 

306 


making  world  history,  and  you  in  the  United  States  and  here  in  Canada  have 
gone  step  by  step.  It  has  been  no  sudden  thing.  We  know  about  your  edu- 
cation in  the  schools.  We  know  about  your  debating  societies.  We  know 
about  your  efforts  in  many,  many  directions.  I  notice  in  our  press  in  Britain 
they  never  quote  Maine,  or  Kansas,  or  a  single  place  on  God's  earth  where 
Prohibition  has  been  fully  tried.  They  quote  the  places  where  it  has  scarcely 
yet  had  a  fair  trial.  We  should  think  you  were  very  silly  people  if  you  came 
over  to  Britain  and  went  to  Nottingham  to  study  our  steel  system  or  to  Shef- 
field to  study  lace.  You  might  as  well  go  to  New  York  to  study  Prohibition 
when  it  has  been  in  force  a  little  over  two  years  as  to  come  to  Sheffield  to 
study  lace,  or  to  Nottingham  to  study  our  steel  industry. 

I  have  been  very  much  interested  in  finding  out  that  during  the  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty-five  years  since  you  left  the  old  British  flag  two  thousand  two 
hundred  amendments  to  the  Constitution  have  been  considered  in  the  United 
States  Congress,  and  only  nineteen  passed.  When  you  realize  the  difficulty 
of  getting  an  amendment  through  the  United  States  government  it  makes 
Prohibition  look  as  though  it  had  come  to  stop. 

Now  what  about  England?  The  other  day  there  was  an  examination  in 
one  of  the  schools  in  Yorkshire  and  I  saw  the  answers  to  temperance  questions 
from  some  of  the  children.  One  boy  wrote,  "It  is  not  right  for  people  who  go 
to  church,  to  touch  drink.  It  is  more  for  sinners."  And  another  little  boy 
wrote,  "A  soldier  who  takes  drink  and  gets  wounded,  he  succumbs.  A  tee- 
totaler who  gets  a  wound  goes  marching  on  and  he  doesn't  mind  anything 
about  it."  The  test  of  a  country  largely  is  in  the  education  of  the  children, 
and  I  think  it  very  helpful  when  little  children  have  got  a  horror  of  drink. 
Now,  in  England,  we  are  trying  to  stop  drink  being  sold  to  young  people  un- 
der eighteen  years  of  age.  One  hundred  and  fifteen  thousand  of  our  teachers 
signed  a  petition  to  our  government  requesting  that  a  law  should  be  passed 
to  make  it  illegal  to  sell  to  young  people  under  eighteen.  Many  countries 
have  passed  such  a  law.  Japan  has  a  law  making  it  illegal  to  sell  to  anyone 
under  twenty-one  years  of  age.  So  surely  it  can  be  done.  We  are  living  in 
a  war-tired  world.  Great  Britain  is  the  most  severely  taxed  country  in  the 
world  today,  on  account  of  the  war.  We  are  taxed  up  to  the  hilt,  but  we  go 
on  smiling  bravely  and  we  are  coming  through. 

Someone  stated  the  other  day  that  Prohibition  had  come  to  stop  in  the 
United  States.  The  editor  of  the  Manchester  Guardian  stated  on  July  3,  1922, 
that  Prohibition  is  upheld  in  the  United  States  by  a  great  social  alliance  of 
five  powers — the  church,  the  school,  the  public  health  authority,  the  large  em- 
ployer, the  woman  voter.  It  seems  impossible  to  regard  the  alliance  as  other 
than  invincible.  Prohibition  is  not  the  policy  of  the  U.  S.  A.  alone.  Canada 
in  the  main  has  accepted  it;  Australia  and  New  Zealand  will  almost  certainly 
follow.  Prohibition  must  be  regarded  as  a  special  contribution  to  social 
policy  made  by  the  majority  of  the  English-speaking  race  overseas — a  fact  of 
singular  moment!  , 

We  had  in  September  a  great  meeting  in  Glasgow,  of  the  British  Med- 
ical Association.  That  association  gave  hours  for  the  discussion  of  the  alco- 
hol question.  It  had  never  given  so  much  time  before.  There  was  practical 

307 


unanimity  that  alcohol  is  bad  as  a  medicine,  and  only  one  British  doctor  had 
a  good  word  to  say  for  alcohol.  Sir  James  Barr  said  it  produces  conviviality, 
and  he  got  well  laughed  at  for  making  that  statement. 

Our  enemies  say,  "You  want  to  take  away  our  freedom.  You  want  to 
take  away  the  drink  and  the  freedom  of  the  subject."  Mr.  Bryan  tells  about 
a  friend  of  his  who  used  to  get  drunk  before  Prohibition.  He  came  to  Mr. 
Bryan  one  day  and  told  him  how  he  had  been  drunk  the  night  before  and 
how  sorry  he  was.  He  said,  "Mr.  Bryan,  what  can  I  do?"  And  Mr.  Bryan 
said  to  him,  "My  dear  fellow,  next  time  you  have  had  enough  to  drink,  instead 
of  saying  more  whisky,  say  sarsaparilla,"  and  the  man  replied,  "But  when  I 
have  had  enough  to  drink  I  can't  say  sarsaparilla." 

It  takes  away  the  liberty  of  the  subject.  The  other  day  one  of  our  scien- 
tific men  made  an  experiment.  In  an  incubator  one  set  of  eggs  was  put  here, 
another  set  there,  and  over  one  set  of  eggs  he  wafted  alcohol  fumes.  He  didn't 
dip  the  eggs.  He  only  exposed  them  to  the  fumes.  The  first  eggs  hatched 
healthy  chickens,  but  the  other  chickens  were  diseased,  though  the  alcoholic 
fumes  had  only  been  wafted  over  the  outside  shells  of  those  eggs,  thus  show- 
ing the  enormous  power  of  alcohol  to  cripple  life. 

In  England  we  give  alcohol  to  little  Pekingese  dogs  to  keep  them  from 
growing,  to  keep  them  small,  so  they  can  lie  on  a  lady's  lap. 

In  England,  in  November,  1921,  our  women  of  the  National  British  Wo- 
men's Temperance  organization  went  into  the  licensing  courts  and  pleaded  for 
10  o'clock  closing  in  London.  We  have  England  under  10  o'clock  closing, 
but  part  of  London  is  under  11  o'clock  closing.  I  am  thankful  to  tell  you 
that  with  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance  and  the  Christian  churches  we  won 
a  great  victory  and  today  we  have  over  four  million  people  living  in  London 
under  10  o'clock  closing. 

Before  the  war  our  public  houses  were  open  17  hours  a  day;  they  are  now 
in  the  larger  part  of  our  country  open  only  eight  hours.  In  1913  our  country 
consumed  91,000,0000  gallons  of  pure  alcohol;  in  1921,  61,000,000  gallons.  So 
we  are  improving.  However,  more  money  was  spent,  because  intoxicants 
were  dearer — and  also  more  diluted. 

Doctor  Arthur  Evans,  one  of  our  best  surgeons  in  London,  said  the  other 
day,  "No  facts  have  ever  been  produced  in  the  world  against  the  temperance 
question."  That  is  true.  Our  business  men  are  watching  your  affairs  over  here. 
A  good  many  of  our  people  in  Britain  drive  Henry  Ford's  motor  cars.  We 
heard  the  other  day  that  Henry  Ford  does  not  allow  any  of  his  eighty-five 
thousand  working  people  to  drink  intoxicants.  They  are  dismissed,  if  known 
to  do  it.  Now,  Henry  Ford  may  open  works  in  England  at  Southampton, 
and  I  believe  he  will  employ  sober  men  and  so  give  a  great  object  lesson  in 
England. 

Forty-five  years  ago  one  hospital  in  London  spent  three  hundred  and 
eighty-four  pounds  on  intoxicating  drinks.  Last  year  that  hospital  spent  a  few 
shillings.  We  are  coming  on. 

We  are  watching  another  experiment  over  in  Europe,  in  Austria.  A  won- 
derful advance  has  been  made  there.  The  Austrian  army  is  a  teetotal  army. 
No  man  is  advanced  today,  in  a  military  position  in  Austria,  unless  he  is  a 

308 


teetotaler.  There  is  no  army  in  Europe  pushing  the  temperance  question  as 
the  Austrian  army  is  doing  and  I  am  hoping  they  will  show  an  example  to 
the  whole  of  Europe  which  will  be  followed.  It  is  being  watched  very  closely. 

Yes,  it  is  a  changing  world.  When  we  heard  the  results  of  the  battle  of 
Waterloo  a  hundred  years  ago,  the  news  was  brought  by  pigeons  carrying 
messages  around  their  necks.  If  there  is  a  battle  now  the  news  comes  by 
wireless  in  a  few  seconds.  In  Italy  today  in  a  thousand  schools  you  will  see 
temperance  posters  placed  there  by  the  United  States  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union.  In  Italy  today  they  are  opening  a  great  factory  to  turn 
grapes  into  non-alcoholic  grape  juice.  That  is  going  to  be  an  object  lesson 
for  all  the  wine  growing  countries  of  Europe. 

Belgium  is  coming  on.  Belgium  is  very  heavily  saddled  indeed  with  their 
drink  trade,  but  our  white  ribbon  women  there  two  months  ago  received  money 
from  the  government  of  Belgium  in  recognition  of  the  great  work  that  we  are 
doing  in  the  schools  in  the  wonderful  city  of  Brussels. 

Of  course  the  northern  part  of  Europe  is  what  we  call  the  Prohibition 
gate  of  Europe.  In  Norway,  you  can't  get  any  liquor  with  over  eighteen  per 
cent  of  alcohol;  and  Sweden  will  soon  have  Prohibition.  I  could  talk  about 
Sweden  for  a  long,  long  time,  about  the  homes  for  the  training  of  girls  and  the 
wonderful  institutions  we  have  away  up  in  Scandinavia.  Denmark  is  coming 
along,  and  we  shall  soon  have  northern  Europe  teetotal. 

Many  hundred  years  ago  Peter  the  Hermit  went  through  Europe  calling 
the  European  nations  to  join  in  the  great  holy  war,  a  great  crusade  to  rescue 
the  sepulcher  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  from  the  hands  of  the  Turk.  It  seems 
to  me  that  we  need  another  Peter  the  Hermit  today,  that  this  great  gathering 
is  voicing  the  call  of  Peter  the  Hermit.  This  great  gathering  is  calling  out 
to  the  world  a  call  for  freedom  from  wrong  and  freedom  from  the  great 
stain  of  the  liquor  traffic. 

The  other  day  in  the  streets  of  Belfast  I  saw  a  wonderful  piece  of  stat- 
uary and  I  said,,  "What  is  that  wonderful  group?"  The  reply  was,  "Those 
are  Irish  sailors  who  perished  on  the  Titanic."  You  know  that  story.  You 
know  how  the  Titanic  struck  ice,  how  her  sirens  screamed  out — with  none  to 
answer,  only  the  stars  above.  But  on  the  call  of  the  captain  the  boats  were 
quickly  swung  out,  and  quickly  filled.  In  a  scene  of  great  heroism  the  men 
helped  to  place  in  those  boats  many  unknown  women  and  children.  They 
said,  "We  will  not  save  ourselves  at  the  cost  of  the  life  of  a  single  woman  or 
child  on  this  ship." 

Human  sympathy  exists — it  is  for  us  to  call  it  forth.  We  say  here  in  this 
great  Congress  and  I  say  it  tonight  on  behalf  of  the  white  ribbon  women  of 
the  world,  we  want  the  law  of  the  sea  to  become  the  law  of  the  land. 


ADDRESS 

•  By  REV.  GIFFORD  GORDON 

Secretary  Anti-Liquor  League  of  Victoria 
My  dear  friends,  the  story  of  what  one  has  seen  is  a  portrayal  of  absolute 
ct  and  not  fiction,  and  I  can  speak  of  what  mine  own  eyes  have  seen  as  I 
have  jorneyed  up  and  down  the  great  United  States  of  America  for  the  last 

309 


sixteen  months.  I  have  made  investigations  from  all  the  reliable  sources, 
which  prove  beyond  doubt  the  effectiveness  of  Prohibition  as  the  only  real 
solution  of  the  alcoholic  problem.  Ever  since  alcohol  was  legalized  it  has 
only  produced  misery  and  poverty  and  vice  and  degradation  and  death.  The 
only  thing  that  can  solve  our  problem  or  rid  the  whole  world  of  the  misery 
and  vice  and  wretchedness  and  death  caused  by  that  awful  curse  is  what  we 
call  Prohibition. 

With  all  my  heart  I  wish  it  were  possible  to  get  the  real  facts  concerning 
this  mighty  reform  to  the  world.  If  all  the  people  could  have  been  with  me 
during  the  last  sixteen  months  nothing  further  would  be  needed.  I  get  letters 
from  people  over  home  saying,  "We  are  so  glad  that  you  are  finding  so  much 
in  favor  of  Prohibition.  You  should  just  see  our  papers  out  here."  That  is 
the  trouble  and  the  greatest  work  of  this  day,  to  my  mind,  is  to  get  the  truth 
concerning  the  effectiveness  of  this  mighty  reform  in  Canada  and  throughout 
the  United  States,  to  the  other  countries  of  the  world.  Once  we  do  that  we 
will  have  removed  the  greatest  obstacle  in  the  way  of  progress. 

I  have  been  tremendously  inspired  as  I  have  gone  over  the  United  States. 
I  came  from  Australia  where  we  have  no  Prohibition  and  where  we  read  noth- 
ing good  about  Prohibition  in  the  United  States  or  Canada,  so  far  as  our 
great  dailies  are  concerned,  and  I  was  in  the  United  States  for  twenty-four 
days  before  I  was  introduced  to  liquor.  One  night  down  in  one  of  the  south- 
ern cities  I  went  up  to  a  policeman  and  asked  him  about  Prohibition,  and  I 
smelled  liquor  on  his  breath. 

I  travelled  for  twelve  whole  months  in  the  United  States,  some  seventeen 
thousand  miles,  visiting  the  three  largest  cities  and  many  other  very  large 
cities,  and  I  met  only  nine  men  under  the  influence  of  liquor  on  the  streets 
of  American  cities.  I  travelled  on  American  railways  for  twelve  whole  months 
to  the  very  day  before  I  met  with  one  drunken  person  on  those  railways.  I 
did  meet  one  on  the  anniversary  of  my  arrival  in  the  United  States,  and  he 
was  the  only  man  under  the  influence  of  liquor  that  I  have  met  in  all  my 
train  travelling  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  thus  far. 

Do  they  say  Prohibition  is  not  effective?  My  friends,  I  know  it  is  effec- 
tive. I  am  prepared  to  admit  that  the  law  is  violated  openly  and  deliberately, 
but  when  I  think  of  what  Prohibition  has  had  to  go  up  against,  I  have  been 
amazed  that  I  have  been  able  to  find  so  much  in  its  favor.  Think  of  crooked 
judges  who  deliberately  refuse  to  convict  bootleggers  although  caught  red- 
handed  at  the  job.  Think  of  crooked  police  administrations.  I  have  met  some 
who  openly  declare  their  opposition  to  the  Volstead  law  and  admit  right  out 
they  are  not  doing  anything  to  enforce  the  law.  Think  of  the  newspaper  edi- 
tors who  use  their  valuable  columns  to  misrepresent  Prohibition.  Think  how 
it  has  been  made  a  joke  and  jest  by  vaudeville  shows.  Think  how  it  has  been 
ridiculed  in  motion  picture  shows.  Think  of  all  that  Prohibition  has  had  to 
go  up  against,  my  friends.  I  say  it  has  not  had  a  square  deal,  and  yet  in 
spite  of  that,  it  has  justified  itself  over  and  over  and  over  again. 

Who  are  the  men  who  are  asking  for  the  repeal  of  the  Volstead  law? 
Have  you  ever  thought  of  that?  Who  are  they?  They  are  the  men  who 
never  once  raised  their  finger  for  the  enforcement  of  the  law.  They  have 

310 


defied  the  law  ever  since  it  was  a  law  and  they  have  done  all  in  their  power 
to  break  down  the  law.  They  have  lied  about  it.  They  have  cursed  it.  They 
have  deliberately  misrepresented  it.  Never  once  have  they  done  a  thing 
towards  its  enforcement.  These  are  the  people  who  are  saying  that  Prohibi- 
tion doesn't  prohibit,  therefore  let's  repeal  it.  What  have  they  done  to  help  it 
prohibit?  People  today  can  talk  as  much  as  they  like  about  state  control, 
about  the  return  of  light  wines  and  beer  as  an  effective  solution  of  the  present 
Prohibition  problem.  That  is  all  punk  talk,  my  friends,  because  both  have 
been  tried  and  both  have  proved  a  failure.  There  are  two  things  that  will 
solve  the  Prohibition  problem  of  today.  The  first  is  a  strict  enforcement  of 
the  law  and  an  unswerving  loyalty  to  the  Constitution.  That  is  the  first,  and 
the  second  is  Prohibition  unto  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth,  for  no  matter 
how  good  Prohibition  enforcement  you  might  get  here,  you  will  never,  never 
have  the  Prohibition  that  you  desire  while  other  parts  of  the  world  remain 
wet.  That  is  the  reason  why  this  great  World  League  Against  Alcoholism 
was  conceived  and  that  is  the  reason  why  we  are  met  in  this  history-making 
Convention.  Tonight  we  stand  with  our  backs  toward  a  glorious  past,  but 
we  face  an  even  more  glorious  future,  because  in  looking  over  the  past  we 
see  a  saloonless  America,  but  peering  down  into  the  future  we  see  a  saloon- 
less  world. 


ADDRESS 

By  Miss  HARDYNIA  K.  NORVILLE,  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina 

Organizer  for  the  W.  C.  T.  U. 

I  come  to  you  tonight  to  bring  you  loving  greetings  from  those  whose 
hearts  beat  very  warmly  toward  you,  down  in  the  neglected  continent  of  South 
America,  the  continent  that  has  been  so  long  neglected  by  the  missionary 
forces  of  the  earth,  and  so  long  exploited  by  the  wicked  forces  of  greed. 
But  South  America  is  coming  to  be  known  now  as  the  land  of  opportunity. 
Would  that  we  might  tell  you  something  of  this  wonderfully  beautiful  conti- 
nent, but  time  forbids.  It  is  a  glorious  privilege  to  have  a  hand  in  the  fight 
in  these  new  lands  that  long  have  sought  to  reach  up  and  attain  our  highest 
ideals.  We  wish  that  we  had  time  to  tell  you  how  eager  they  are  to  learn 
what  you  people  know.  It  was  our  privilege  when  we  went  to  South  America 
eight  years  ago  to  go  with  letters  of  introduction  from  the  Secretary  of  State 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  the  Commissioner  of  Education,  and  the 
honorary  president  of  the  Pan-American  Union.  The  people  received  us 
courteously  and  said,  "Come  in.  We  are  so  happy  that  you  have  come  to 
teach  us  how  you  people  in  the  Northland  are  putting  over  this  great  moral 
reform.  Come  and  teach  us.  Our  schools  are  wide  open."  With  govern- 
me.nt  permits  we  went  into  all  of  the  schools.  The  teachers  affiliated  with  us, 
and  we  have  had  the  privilege  of  organizing  thousands  of  children  in  these 
Republics.  We  have  been  privileged  to  do  something  toward  the  organizing 
of  temperance  forces  in  Brazil,  Uruguay,  Argentina,  Chile  and  Peru.  We 
have  invitations  from  the  Governments  of  three  of  the  other  republics,  and 
we  hope  to  go  back  down  the  western  coast  and  organize  the  women  and  chil- 

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dren  in  those  republics  too.  The  beautiful  part  of  it  is,  that  when  we  say  we 
are  sent  by  the  World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  to  make  our 
appeal  to  the  child  life  of  the  nation,  and  the  mothers  of  the  nation,  the  good 
men  say,  "We  believe  in  that  way.  We  will  stand  back  of  you."  Men  of 
intellectual  ability,  of  social  position,  and  political  power,  have  affiliated  with 
us  in  our  work,  forming  what  they  call  men's  committees  to  stand  back  of 
the  women  and  the  children  in  their  fight  for  a  clean,  pure  nation.  It  is  glo- 
rious to  have  a  part  in  leading  these  new  republics  who  are  willing  to  accept 
our  methods  and  who  are  trying  to  gain  the  victory.  When  we  organized 
the  work  in  Uruguay,  we  had  some  of  the  most  distinguished  ladies  of  the 
Uruguayan  Republic,  with  the  President  of  the  Republic  standing  back  of 
us  as  the  honorary  president;  and  they  said,  "Tell  us  what  to  do.  What  do 
you  people  up  there  in  North  America  do?.  How  do  you  begin"  I  told  them 
how  the  bitter  fight  in  Maine  was  almost  lost,  when  the  liquorites  went  up 
there  with  their  orators  and  money.  Our  women  were  afraid  that  Maine 
would  lose  her  Prohibition  law.  After  praying  and  working  continually  for 
months  it  seemed  that  the  black  cloud  was  about  to  overshadow  her.  Miss 
Gordon  went  up  there  as  the  leader  of  the  children  and  said,  "No,  we  won't 
give  up.  The  children  can  do  what  the  grown  folks  can't  do."  She  sent  a 
message  to  all  the  school  teachers  and  on  the  day  of  voting  the  children  went 
to  the  polls,  with  banners  saying,  "Protect  us.  Vote  for  us."  With  their  inno- 
cent appeals  they  won  the  day,  and  that  night  when  the  votes  were  counted 
the  liquor  people  said,  "The  children  defeated  us."  When  we  told  these 
people  in  the  Uruguyan  Republic  they  were  pleased,  and  they  determined  to 
work  that  way  too.  The  director  of  music  in  the  public  schools  composed 
a  beautiful  song.  Thousands  of  children  in  all  the  schools  were  taught  to 
sing  it.  Then  the  government  gave  their  consent  for  our  march.  Ladies  who 
had  never  before  done  such  a  thing  marched  down  the  middle  of  the  street, 
behind  a  brass  band,  on  a  rainy  day  of  April,  1916,  with  a  banner,  saying, 
"War  upon  alcohol"  and  behind  them  came  ten  thousand  school  children. 
When  we  reached  the  government  house,  all  the  officials  of  the  nation  were 
there  to  meet  us,  and  the  President  of  the  Senate,  rushing  down  the  steps, 
took  the  hands  of  the  little  boy  ten  years  of  age  who  had  the  petition  in  his 
hands,  and  patting  him  upon  his  head  said,  "My  boy  if  it  lies  within  my 
power  to  grant  your  petition  it  shall  be  done."  That  President  said,  "If  the 
manhood  of  our  nation  is  not  willing  to  heed  the  petition  of  its  women  and 
children  we  are  lost."  The  petition  asked  that  the  saloons  might  be  closed  on 
Sunday,  as  the  first  step,  that  they  might  prove  that  there  would  be  fewer 
accidents,  less  disease,  less  sickness,  and  happier  homes  on  Monday.  The  law- 
was  passed  and  the  saloons  were  closed  in  answer  to  the  firsf  appeal  of  the 
children  of  South  America  for  Prohibition. 

We  need  you.  There  is  a  fearful  obligation  resting  upon  the  North 
American  Continent,  if  you  fail  to  heed  our  cry  to  come  over  and  help  us. 
Your  bootleggers  and  the  scum  of  North  America  are  fast  going  down  to  our 
shores;  and  American  bars  are  everywhere.  We  claim  that  you  owe  it  to  us 
to  help  to  protect  our  South  American  Republics,  if  the  Monroe  Doctrine  is 
to  be  more  than  a  scrap  of  paper.  We  pray  that  you  will  take  this  continent 

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upon  your  hearts,  that  you  will  help  us  in  our  endeavor  to  train  native  young 
men  and  women,  at  least  one  for  each  one  of  these  ten  republics,  that  we  may 
send  them  out  trained  to  be  leaders  for  those  people;  and  to  do  that  we  must 
rely  largely  upon  the  sympathy,  the  law,  the  love,  the  prayers  of  God's 
children. 


WORLD  PROHIBITION,  THE  SOLUTION  OF  THE 
LIQUOR  PROBLEM 

By  REV.  ROBERT  B.  S.  HAMMOND,  D.  D.,  Sydney,  Australia 
President  Australian  Alliance  Prohibition  Council 

My  friends,  we  have  come  to  the  end  of  a  great  Convention  and  are  upon 
the  threshold  of  a  most  tremendous  fight.  It  seems  to  me  that  in  these  last 
few  days  we  have  been  upon  the  mountain  top,  where  the  light  of  many  facts, 
the  inspiration  of  a  great  enthusiasm,  the  vision  of  a  wonderful  possibility, 
has  made  us  feel,  surely,  as  those  men  felt  upon  the  Mount  of  Transfiguration 
when  one  of  them  voiced  the  depth  of  their  feeling  by  the  words,  "Let  us 
build  here  three  tabernacles."  But  the  Master  said,  "Down  in  the  valley  there 
is  a  demented  boy,  there  is  a  broken  hearted  father,  there  is  a  perplexed  and 
discredited  little  band  of  people  who  are  face  to  face  with  something  they 
could  not  cure."  So  they  left  the  mountain  tops  and  went  down  to  face  the 
baffling,  incurable  things.  It  seems  to  me,  that  we  who  are  on  the  mountain 
tops  these  last  few  days  are  now  called  to  look  for  a  moment  right  down  into 
the  valley  where  indeed  there  are  still  peoples  and  nations  who  are  face  to  face 
with  the  demented  alcoholics,  with  the  perplexed  and  heartbroken  parents, 
and  the  little  faithful  bands,  the  handful  of  people,  who  are  unable  to  cure 
this  apparently  incurable  thing.  We  say,  "What  can  we  do?"  Cast  out  this 
thing.  The  Master  said,  "This  kind  cometh  not  out  but  by  prayer  and  fast- 
ing," that  is,  this  kind  cometh  not  out  but  by  religion  and  self-sacrifice.  Those 
two  things  must  go  hand  in  hand.  If  we  have  some  religion  and  will  indeed 
give  it  expression  in  self-sacrifice,  we  shall  come  down  from  the  mountain 
tops  and  join  in  battle  with  the  horrible  things  in  the  valleys  and  never  let 
up  until  our  great  object  has  been  accomplished,  a  dry  world,  which  will  bring 
with  it  the  sunshine  of  human  happiness  such  as  never  known  before  in  the 
history  of  this  globe. 

Can  we  cure  this  age-long,  incurable  thing?  There  is  one  thing  that  it  is 
not  safe  to  say  and  that  is  "Never."  They  said,  "You  will  never  fly,"  but  we 
do.  They  said,  "you  will  never  have  suffrage,"  but  we  have.  They  said, 
"Wireless  can  never  be  successful,"  but  it  is.  And  there  are  still  stupid  people 
who  say  we  will  never  have  a  dry  world,  but  we  will.  It  seems  to  me  we 
should  emphasize  more  than  anything  else  that  the  people  who  belong  to  the 
"never  never"  gang  are  discredited  because  of  their  lack  of  vision.  I  can  see 
tonight  a  whole  dry  world,  and  with  it  I  see  tears  that  are  checked  and  dried, 
I  see  chances  multiplied  for  the  boys  and  girls.  I  see  a  wonderful  opportunity 
to  a  yet  unborn  generation,  and  I  long  to  have  a  part  in  such  a  glorious  thing 
as  this.  I  long  indeed  to  have  a  share  in  the  wonders  of  the  days  to  come. 
It  is  for  you  and  me  to  come  from  the  mountain  top  of  these  last  few  days 

313 


and  go  and  commit  ourselves  to  some  service,  give  ourselves  to  some  gen- 
erosity that  will  be  a  contribution  to  the  dry  world,  so  sorely  needed  for  the 
world  happiness  today.  There  are  two  great  hindrances,  one  of  them  here 
and  one  of  them  outside.  The  first  great  hindrance  to  a  dry  world  is  that 
which  has  been  a  hindrance  to  every  reform  in  every  age,  that  is,  the  little 
person.  Amongst  law-makers  that  person  is  called  a  politician,  who,  as  Dr. 
Saleeby  says,  has  his  eye  on  the  next  election,  while  a  statesman  has  his  eye 
on  the  next  generation.  That  is  the  little  person.  In  religion  he  is  a  bigot, 
with  a  vision  of  a  very  solitary  heaven.  As  a  citizen  he  is  an  egotist,  a  fellow 
who  doesn't  need  a  latch-key  because  he  is  so  small  that  he  can  get  in  through 
a  keyhole  any  time. 

Such  a  person  among  Prohibitionists  is  like  a  famous  character  in  his- 
tory who  having  signed  a  promissory  note  said,  "Thank  the  Lord,  that  is 
finished  with  anyhow."  A  small  Prohibitionist  is  a  very  distinct  and  definite 
and  real  hindrance  to  the  progress  that  will  bring  us  a  dry  world. 

Such  men  have  a  heart  but  it  is  a  small  one.  It  only  beats  for  the  circle 
of  whom  they  are  personally  fond.  They  have  sympathy  but  it  is  only  for 
their  own  town,  city,  province,  state  or  country.  They  have  ideas  but  it  is  a 
selfish  one.  They  have  a  sense  of  duty  but  it  is  bounded  by  those  to  whom 
they  are  tied  either  by  bonds  of  relationship  or  by  close  association  day 
by  day. 

Dwarfed  men  in  our  own  movement  are  really  the  first  and  greatest  hin- 
drance to  our  progress.  You  wish  to  secure  the  fullest  benefit  of  your  own 
Prohibition  and  yet  you  deny  the  rest  of  the  world  the  sunshine  that  is  yours 
today.  That  is  narrow,  selfish,  cruel.  There  are  men  and  women  who  are 
enjoying  immense  privileges,  who  are  living  in  the  sunshine  of  wonderful 
advantages  and  are  narrow,  selfish,  cruel,  dwarfed  men  and  women;  I  would 
that  you  could  stand  on  your  tiptoes  and  look  out  and  see  the  wonders  of 
a  world  that  needs  you  and  the  possibilities  that  are  within  your  reach  and 
never  rest  until  you  grow  into  the  bigness  of  a  thing  that  is  destined  to  em- 
brace the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth. 

Another  hindrance  is  outside — the  law-breaker,  the  man  or  woman  who  is 
not  yet  civilized.  A  civilized  country  may  change  its  laws,  but  it  never 
breaks  them.  There  are  men  and  women  in  all  these  communities  who  are 
uncivilized.  They  are  the  stomach  brigade.  They  are  not  amenable  to  law 
but  they  are  susceptible  to  laughter,  and  I  would  suggest  that  we  get  busy 
upon  this  uncivilized  portion  of  our  community.  I  was  sitting  in  a  hotel  in 
Cincinnati  the  other. day.  I  had  been  talking  for  a  few  moments  about  my 
country,  on  matters  of  general  interest.  Eight  or  nine  men  were  standing 
around.  One  of  them  said,  "Have  you  got  any  Prohibition  down  there?" 
I  said,  "No,  not  yet  but  we  hope  to  get  it  soon."  "Oh,"  he  said,  "don't  you. 
Don't  you.  It  has  played  hell  with  this  country."  I  said,  "Indeed,  I  have 
been  visiting  and  investigating  your  country  for  a  considerable  time  and  it 
seems  to  me  a  very  remarkable  and  a  very  splendid  thing.  I  am  going  back 
to  propose  that  Australia  immediately  adopt  the  principle  of  Prohibition." 
"Here,"  he  said,  "I  can  go  out  from  this  place  and  get  a  drink  every  hour." 
I  said,  "Yes,  sir,  and  when  you  have  done  it  just  remember  there  is  not  a 

314 


nigger  in  this  town  who  couldn't  go  out  and  steal  a  chicken  every  night." 
There  is  not  a  fellow  who  has  nerve  enough  who  couldn't  go  out  and  steal 
an  auto  every  afternoon.  Such  a  man  puts  himself  before  the  Constitution 
and  his  country. 

The  way  to  catch  these  fellows  who  are  uncivilized,  who  are  breaking 
your  law,  who  are  bringing  disgrace  upon  your  country  and  who  are  defying 
the  most  humane  piece  of  legislation  that  ever  has  been  imposed  upon  a 
civilized  people,  is  to  drive  them  into  the  open  until  everybody  knows  who 
they  are  and  they  will  be  ashamed  of  themselves.  When  I  confronted  that 
man  I  said  to  him,  "Sir,  we  are  living  in  a  free  country  where  a  man  at  least 
has  the  right  to  select  the  company  in  which  he  should  be  seen,  and  I  do  not 
elect  to  be  seen  in  the  company  of  a  professed  law-breaker  like  you,  and  a 
disreputable  man  whose  stomach  stands  for  more  than  his  country."  I  got 
up  and  walked  away  from  him. 

That  is  the  only  kind  of  thing  that  they  really  understand.  We  must  pin 
on  them  the  badge  of  their  uncivilized  condition  until  they  too,  for  very  shame, 
shall  walk  in  the  laws  of  decency  and  have  regaid  and  respect  for  those  laws 
which  are  made  in  the  interests  of  those  least  able  to  protect  themselves  and 
with  most  call  upon  the  protection  of  the  rest  of  the  community.  It  seems  to 
me  that  the  remedy  is  that  the  men  and  women  of  today  must  have  an  am- 
bition to  be  big.  In  the  third  chapter  of  the  Book  of  Ecclesiastes  you  will 
find  this  remarkable  statement: 

"He  hath  set  the  world  in  their  hearts." 

I  want  that  this  great  convention  should  culminate  in  that  supreme  and 
wonderful  achievement,  that  it  may  be  said  of  this  convention  that  it  has  ac- 
complished one  thing — the  peoples  from  the  end  of  the  earth  came  together 
and  God  hath  set  the  world  in  their  hearts. 

My  friends,  I  wish  that  that  scripture  might  bite  into  your  soul.  "He 
hath  set  the  world  in  their  hearts."  The  need  of  today  is  men  and  women 
who  are  big  enough,  men  and  women  who  can  undertake  a  job  so  stupendous 
as  making  the  whole  world  the  playground  of  God  where  sunshine  shall  ever 
reign  in  human  hearts,  for  which  the  Divine  Redeemer  laid  down  his  life. 

The  world  is  growing  smaller.  We  have  our  motor  and  our  train  and  our 
steamboat  and  our  airplane.  We  have  our  wireless.  The  world  is  growing 
smaller  and  smaller. 

It  is  a  quick  journey  from  Canada  to  Australia  today,  much  quicker  than 
it  was  from  Toronto  to  Vancouver  fifty  years  ago.  The  world  is  growing 
smaller.  The  most  distant  places  have  become  our  neighbors,  and  in  the 
measure  in  which  we  realize  the  smallness  of  the  world  and  in  the  measure  in 
which  we  are  ambitious  indeed  to  make  it  manifest  that  the  Lord  hath  set 
the  world  in  our  hearts,  in  that  measure  we  are  going  to  supply  the  remedy 
for  the  world's  great  need  today. 

While  you  sit  in  sunshine  in  Prohibition  your  boy  may  be  carried  upon  a 
wave  of  Prohibition  prosperity  into  other  lands.  While  you  sit  in  the  sun- 
shine of  Prohibition  prosperity  your  boy  may  be  going  to  hell  in  some  other 
country  that  has  been  the  dumping  ground  for  the  very  thing  that  you  have 
grown  ashamed  of  here.  While  you  praise  God  your  discarded  breweries  are 

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debauching  other  lands — South  America,  Mexico.  A  little  while  ago  I  sat  at 
the  wharves  of  Honolulu  and  saw  them  cluttered  up  in  1919  with  tremendous 
great  cases  and  I  said  to  the  wharf  man,  "What  are  all  these?"  "Oh,"  he 
said,  "we  have  got  Prohibition.  That  is  an  American  brewery  going  to 
China."  The  shame  of  it  is  that  after  all  the  preaching  of  religion  for  two 
thousand  years,  we  should  be  so  devilish,  so  absolutely  hellish  and  damnable 
as  to  carry  that  thing  to  people  who  are  carrying  burdens  of  heathenism,  as 
the  people  of  China  are  carrying  today. 

Surely  no  self-respecting  people  is  ever  going  to  be  content  to  make  the 
other  parts  of  the  world  the  dumping  grounds  for  their  refuse.  I  know  very 
well  that  if  my  neighbor  were  to  throw  things  over  my  fence  into  my  yard, 
if  I  were  a  boy,  I  would  throw  them  back  with  a  few  things  added  to  them 
for  good  measure.  No  self-respecting  nation  can  ever  be  content  to  know  that 
the  thing  it  has  found  to  be  vile,  the  thing  it  has  found  to  be  a  contradiction  to 
the  terms  of  civilization,  the  thing  it  has  found  to  be  the  greatest  opponent 
of  the  spirit  of  ideals  and  religion,  is  being  complacently  dumped  upon  some 
other  people. 

Science  is  making  the  world  smaller.  Religion  should  be  making  men 
and  women  bigger.  It  seems  to  me  your  religion  and  mine  is  not  fulfilling 
its  purpose  if  it  is  not  making  us  bigger  than  we  are,  and  I  am  pleading 
everywhere,  all  the  time,  that  we  be  ambitious  to  be  big. 

Two  thousand  years  ago  there  lived  a  wondrous  man  somewhere  in  the 
shadows  of  a  little,  distant  land  called  Palestine.  It  was  a  little  people,  a  little 
place,  a  little  age,  but  with  the  wonder  of  His  great  soul  and  the  glory  of 
His  magnificent  vision  He  died  for  the  whole  world.  May  we  who  endeavor  to 
follow  in  His  footsteps,  see  this  great  truth,  until  the  whole  world  shall  be 
found  in  our  hearts  and  we  be  enough  like  our  Master  to  claim  the  uttermost 
parts  of  the  earth  for  His  kingdom. 

The  need  of  today  is  a  world  outlook.  The  need  of  today  is  a  world 
conscience.  Some  people  treat  their  mothers  with  conscientious  regard,  but 
act  as  if  other  women  can  look  after  themselves.  We  want  a  world  con- 
science, not  about  some  things,  but  about  all  things.  The  stagnant  pool  be- 
comes a  menace.  The  wonderful  blessing  of  Prohibition  has  come  to  you 
by  the  mercy  of  God,  and  if  you  keep  it  to  yourselves  you  are  going  to  become 
a  stagnant  pool. 

The  egotist  works  for  himself.  The  patriot  works  for  his  country;  and 
the  Christian  in  the  inspiration  of  his  Master  includes  the  whole  world  in  the 
scope  of  his  enterprise.  There  is  nothing  in  all  the  world  so  safe,  so  humane, 
and  so  Christian  as  a  world  program  of  Prohibition,  to  banish  that  which  has 
always  made  the  man  a  brute,  the  child  a  victim,  and  the  woman  a  martyr. 
I  know  no  cause  that  calls  to  me  so  loudly,  so  resistlessly  as  the  call  to  a 
dry  world  movement.  The  only  sane  thing  to  do  is  to  go  back  to  the  source 
of  these  things  and  to  dry  their  tears  in  the  beginning,  in  the  place  where 
they  are  all  manufactured.  If  we  do  this  we  will  have  done  something  the 
ramifications  of  which  reach  out  into  the  uttermost  parts  and  affect  every  kind 
of  charity,  philanthropy  and  religious  enterprise  that  the  church  has  yet  en- 

316 


gaged  in.  When  the  S.  O.  S.  call,  the  signal  of  distress  and  danger,  comes 
over  the  wireless,  the  captain  does  not  stop  to  consult  his  own  convenience 
or  question  his  passengers;  he  does  not  stop  to  count  up  the  extra  cost — he 
changes  his  course  and  goes  to  answer  the  appeal  of  the  vessel  in  distress. 

Can't  you  hear  the  call  from  little  Iceland  tonight?  Can't  you  hear  a  sigh 
from  China?  Can't  you  hear  a  curse  coming  from  Australia?  Can't  you  hear 
a  groan  coming  from  Africa?  The  air  is  full  of  the  echoed  messages;  and  we 
Christians  who  have  long  since  been  sending  wireless  messages  to  God  in  the 
form  of  prayer,  and  receiving  His  blessed  inspiration  as  messages  to  our  souls, 
surely  we  hear  that  call  tonight.  Surely  we  will  rise  up  tonight  and  pledge 
ourselves  to  see  this  thing  through.  We  started  it  in  the  town  and  then  we 
went  to  the  county.  Then  we  went  to  the  province,  and  to  the  state,  and  to 
the  nation;  and,  my  friends,  you  can  no  more  stop  there  than  a  man  who 
falls  from  the  top  of  the  King  Edward  Hotel  can  stop  on  the  way  down  at 
the  seventh  story.  You  must  see  this  thing  through.  And  if  tonight  there 
will  only  echo  in  your  soul  something  of  the  call  of  the  ends  of  the  earth,  I 
believe  there  are  men  and  women  here  who  will  rise  up  and  in  solemn  quiet 
dedicate  themselves  to  the  great  and  high  and  holy  purpose  of  a  life  well  spent 
in  making  the  whole  world  dry  for  God  and  for  humanity. 

A  great  Prohibition  force  like  the  audience  gathered  here  this  evening  is 
a  magnificent  union  of  all  who  love,  in  the  service  of  all  who  suffer.  Just  last 
June,  in  Sydney,  Australia,  on  a  dull,  dreary,  rainy  morning  in  what  we  call 
our  winter,  I  saw  an  unhappy  woman  of  twenty-six  years  of  age  in  the  police 
court.  She  was  charged  with  public  drunkenness.  She  was  well  born,  well 
educated,  and  well  favored  and  in  her  arms  she  carried  a  little  baby.  It  was 
only  five  months  old.  Its  little  hands  were  like  bird's  claws,  blue  with  cold. 
Its  little  voice  was  beating  upon  ears  too  dull  to  hear  or  understand  its  cries. 
Its  little  hands  were  beating  feebly  upon  a  breast  that  refused  to  give  it 
nourishment.  Its  little  garments  had  not  been  changed  for  days  and  it  was 
sweltering  in  all  the  cruelty  of  its  uncleanness.  When  I  saw  that  sight  and 
knew  that  back  of  it  was  a  man  in  jail  for  two  years  for  a  drink-induced 
crime  and  that  this  woman  was  out  on  the  streets  dulling  her  conscience  and 
selling  her  womanliness  to  the  most  degraded  creatures  on  God's  earth,  I 
bared  my  head  and  I  said,  "Oh,  God,  in  the  presence  of  this  horror,  in  the 
presence  of  this  devilish  thing,  I  vow  again  that  never  shall  I  cease  to  give 
myself  to  the  service  of  the  cause  that  shall  ever  .make  impossible  this  outrage 
upon  womankind  and  children."  I  ask  you  to  join  with  me  and  pledge  our- 
selves to  never  rest,  to  give  as  we  said  in  the  war,  the  last  ounce  of  our  energy, 
the  last  cent  of  our  means,  for  the  achievement  that  will  make  life  worth 
living — a  dry  world. 

O  God,  we  dare  to  ask  that  Thou  wilt  plant  in  our  hearts  the  whole  world, 
and  fill  us  with  such  Christ-like  compassion,  give  to  us  such  Christ-like 
vision,  add  to  us  such  Christ-like  courage,  that  we  may  grow  into  something 
like  Christ's  bigness,  and  do  our  utmost  to  bring  the  ends  of  the  earth  into 
the  sunshine  of  Thy  smile,  from  all  the  deep  shadows  that  have  ever  gathered 
around  the  curse  of  the  bottle. 

317 


GENERAL  CONFERENCE  DISCUSSIONS 

SATURDAY   MORNING,   NOVEMBER   25,    1922 

Ways  and  Means  of  Securing  Legislative  Action 

The  conference  was  called  to  order  at  8:00  o'clock  a.  m.,  Mrs. 
Lenna  Lowe  Yost,  Legislative  Superintendent,  National  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  of  the  United  States  of  America,  pre- 
siding. 

Discussion  opened  by  Dr.  Alfred  Herbert  Horsfall,  lecturer  for 
the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  and  Social  Political  Education  League 
of  London,  England: 

DISCUSSION 

The  Chair,  ladies  and  gentlemen:  In  all  our  discussions  and  activities 
we  should  endeavor,  so  far  as  possible,  to  act  and  to  think  considerately  of  our 
opponents  who  like  their  alcohol  and  who  think  that  we  are  wrong,  and  we 
should  give  them  credit  for  the  same  sincerity  that  we  claim  for  ourselves. 
They  believe  that  they  are  right.  We  believe  that  they  are  wrong.  I  be- 
lieve it  is  only  in  that  way  that  we  can  come  to  a  solution.  We  believe  that 
their  sincerity  is  the  result  of  ignorance. 

Now,  as  never  before,  it  is  incumbent  upon  us  to  awaken  our  peoples 
to  a  realization  that  alcohol  at  its  best  is  of  no  use  as  a  remedy. 

Therefore  we  must  approach  the  legislative  method  and  means, with  that 
idea  foremost  in  our  minds. 

The  second  point  I  want  to  emphasize  is  this:  That  the  evils  which  pro- 
hibition is  about  to  fight  have  lasted  thousands  of  years,  and  the  habits  and 
customs  of  people  for  all  this  long  period  of  time  are  not  going  to  be  eradicated 
in  one  short  year.  It  is  no  use  to  endeavor  to  force  the  people  against  their 
wills  to  do  a  thing;  you  will  never  succeed  unless  you  have  their  good  will  at 
the  back  of  it. 

The  main  thing  is  then  to  get  the  great  mass  of  people  feeling  good  will 
toward  this  movement,  and  with  such  a  mass  with  good  will  behind  their 
efforts  we  will  succeed. 

Another  fact  which  we  must  always  keep  present  in  our  minds  is  the 
prevalence  of  alcohol  in  our  human  systems.  And  bearing  this  in  mind  we 
must  remember  that  wherever  you  find  anything  rotting,  or  fermenting, 
whether  it  is  grain,  or  anything  else,  there  you  will  find  alcohol  is  being 
formed. 

It  has  been  my  privilege  during  the  last  two-  years  to  go  up  and  down 
England  to  conduct  a  local  option  campaign.  In  the  course  of  that  I  found 
in  the  country  districts  very  good  temperance  people  drinking  bee  wine.  Bee 
wine  is  a  wine  that  is  made  of  honey.  They  get  a  little  yeast  and  put  it  into 
a  honey  shell  and  cover  it  with  water  and  set  it  beside  the  kitchen  fire,  and 
it  makes  the  stuff  they  call  bee  wine.  These  good  temperance  people,  mem- 
bers of  teetotal  societies,  were  taking  this  bee  wine  and  giving  it  to  their 
children  in  perfect  ignorance  of  the  consequences. 

318 


These  are  important  facts  we  have  always  to  keeps  in  mind  and  we  must 
always  remember  that  education  is  the  keynote  of  progress. 

Even  our  great  sister  state  of  the  United  States  of  America  has  adopted 
legislation  as  a  means  of  prohibition. 

I  am  not  going  to  undertake  to  say  whether  they  have  gained  anything 
of  advantage  or  not.  There  have  been  advantages  no  doubt  and  there  have 
been  disadvantages  resulting. 

.  I  speak  of  the  disadvantages.  It  is  true  there  is  a  disadvantage  in  such 
a  place  as  New  York  and  in  such  other  places  as  Philadelphia  and  the  great 
cities  of  the  United  States.  I  am  not  disturbed  very  much  in  their  fight  be- 
cause I  find  in  Philadelphia  and  in  New  York  beer  bottles,  beer  bottling 
machines,  labels  and  everything  that  is  necessary  to  make  the  prohibited  pro- 
duct, sold  openly  in  the  street.  There  are  also  stores  in  these  great  cities 
where  one  may  buy  the  ingredients,  with  which  to  make  the  beer  that  is 
prohibited. 

The  solution  is  always  to  educate  these  people.  Dr.  Cherrington  has 
emphasized  the  existence  of  the  foreign  elements  in  the  United  States.  Sixty- 
five  per  cent  of  the  people  in  the  State  of  New  York  come  from  foreign  coun- 
tries. Your  new  immigration  law  which  limits  to  three  per  cent  the  immigra- 
tion to  the  United  States  of  foreigners  from  different  countries,  is  a  wonder- 
ful and  powerful  weapon  to  fight  for  prohibition;  and  you  will  find  if  you 
take  this  limited  percentage  of  foreigners  into  your  country  and  educate  them 
as  to  the  ideals  of  America  and  American  institutions,  and  teach  them  why 
the  use  of  alcoholic  beverages  in  any  shape  or  form  is  entirely  contrary  to 
the  laws  of  nature  and  will  result  in  the  poisoning  of  their  systems,  mentally 
and  physically,  these  people  who  come  to  your  shores  will  receive  your 
advice  and  before  very  many  years  have  passed  the  desire  for  strong  drink, 
the  desire  for  beer  and  for  light  wines  even;  the  liquors  to  which  they  have 
been  accustomed  in  their  own  countries,  will  be  entirely  wiped  out. 

The  point  I  want  to  emphasize  is  education!  Education!  Education! 
The  price  of  progress  is  education.  Sacrifices  must  be  made  in  the  interest 
of  the  great  cause  that  we  are  following. 

Rev.  P.  A.  Baker,  D.D.,  General  Superintendent,  Anti-Saloon 
League  of  America: 

Madam  President,  members  of  the  conference:  I  want  to  slay  on  our 
own  behalf  that  we  in  the  United  States  have  been  educating  and  educating 
and  agitating  and  agitating  for  more  than  50  years,  and  every  effort  we  have 
made  has  been  made  strenuously  through  the  religious  press  and  through  the 
pulpit.  These  are  two  of  the  most  important  agencies  that  we  have  for 
creating  and  maintaining  public  sentiment  on  any  great  national  issue. 

I  have  traveled  pretty  well  over  the  United  States  and  I  have  not  found 
conditions  quite  as  extreme  as  have  been  suggested. 

One  thing  I  want  to  say  is  that  the  church  has  not  gone  out  of  business, 
some  remarks  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.  We,  in  the  United  States, 
believe  that  there  is  an  admirable  field  being  adequately  covered  by  the  church 
and  by  the  great  and  small  religious  bodies  throughout  the  country.  It  is 

319 


our  firm  conviction  that  the  church  is  the  foundation  both  for  securing  and  for 
maintining  prohibition. 

I  have  just  come  from  the  southern  section  of  the  United  States.  The 
Anti-Saloon  League  organized  in  the  several  cities  of  the  South,  but  nothing 
like  the  active  organization  that  you  have  in  the  northern  states  was  at- 
tempted; but  still  prohibition  came  in  that  section.  It  came  there  before 
it  did  in  any  other  section  of  the  country  excepting,  perhaps,  Maine  and 
Kansas.  It  came,  as  we  believe,  because  the  preachers  in  the  pulpit  were 
everlastingly  hammering  on  the  abolition  of  the  liquor  traffic  and  their  in- 
sistence came  from  the  heart  and  was  manifestly  the  utterance  through  them 
of  the  word  of  God. 

So  I  believe  one  of  the  strongest  factors  in  securing  suitable  legislation, 
and  maintaining  it  after  it  is  secured,  is  the  church.  I  think  in  every  com- 
munity the  churches  ought  to  be  thoroughly  enlisted  in  the  campaign  for  the 
securing  of  this  legislation.  If  the  church  is  a  milky,  insipid,  disinterested 
body  of  individuals,  they  must  be  awakened  to  a  realization  of  their  duty, 
but  I  venture  to  say  that  there  are  few  such  churches  in  the  country.  If 
you  get  the  churches  behind  this  movement  for  prohibition  and  for  law 
enforcement  you  will  have  one  of  the  strongest  agencies  available  to  man. 

It  goes  without  saying  that  the  chief  factor  is  the  creation  of  the  proper 
sentiment  in  the  church  itself.  Every  pastor  ought  to  be  approached  and 
every  pulpit  ought  to  be  wide  open,  and  if  that  is  done  I  can  assure  you 
that  the  two  things  we  seek  will  come  hand  in  hand,  and  there  will  be  little 
doubt  of  the  power  of  the  church  to  obtain  and  secure  the  enforcement  of 
such  laws  as  are  necessary  to  maintain  prohibition  throughout  the  world. 

"Has  the  Form  Letter  Lost  Its  Value?"  by  Mrs.  Smith,  of  the 
Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union: 

We  are  all  very  much  concerned  in  getting  into  the  minds  of  the  people 
the  facts  about  this  matter.  We  find  that  in  every  movement  the  letter 
coming  to  the  legislator  has  value  as  expressing  the  opinions  of  the  people 
from  whom  the  letters  come.  Most  legislation  is  imperative  and  needs 
quick  aggressive  action. 

The  form  letter  sent  to  ministers,  speakers  and  principals  of  schools, 
to  presidents  of  men  and  women's  clubs,  and  all  such  groups  of  people, 
can  be  carried  on  quickly  at  little  expense.  Your  opinions  and  the  definite 
things  you  want  to  put  into  their  minds,  can  be  transmitted  that  way. 

It  has  been  the  experience  of  those  who  checked  up  close  on  the  form 
letter  to  a  legislator,  that  the  opinion  whether  in  a  letter  or  a  telegram,  has 
little  effect  on  him.  He  knows  the  source  from  which  it  comes  and  he  knows 
that  it  is  a  form  letter  and  a  circular  letter.  But  every  personal  letter  to  a 
representative  in  the  individual's  handwriting,  possibly  in  lead  pencil  on  straw 
paper,  a  letter  which  he  can  scarcely  read,  bears  the  message  and  is  read 
by  him  and  makes  its  impression. 

Those  of  us  who  have  had  experience  in  legislative  matters  and  with 
legislators  find  that  this  individual  message  does  bear  the  emphasis  to  his 
mind  and  produces  results.  Very  many  times  men  are  impressed  with  the 

320 


fact  that  a  measure  which  they  are  personally  interested  in  should  be  adopted 
and  if  much  pressure  is  brought  to  bear  and  this  opinion  is  substantiated  by 
letters  and  telegrams  in  large  numbers  they  will  follow  the  advice  in  those 
letters  and  telegrams.  But,  should  the  measure  in  question  be  one  which 
he  is  not  in  hearty  favor  of,  he  is  more  inclined  to  take  his  own  advice  than 
the  advice  contained  in  the  form  letter. 

I  wish,  therefore,  that  in  the  legislative  work  we  might  feel  that  one  of 
the  most  helpful  things  is  to  get  the  form  letter  not  to  the  legislators,  but 
to  the  ministers,  the  school  teachers,  the  principals,  the  club  group,  and 
people  of  that  sort,  and  impress  on  them  the  desire  for  the  legislation  that 
you  want  and  then  have  the  individual  teachers  and  pastors  and  club  members 
write  individual  and  personal  letters  to  their  legislators  on  the  question.  A 
letter  or  telegram  to  the  members  of  the  legislature  themselves  is  of  little 
value.  It  is  of  great  value  to  the  people  who  need  to  know  the  facts  con- 
cerning the  matter  that  is  before  them  for  discussion. 

"How  Can  the  Constituency  Make  Its  Influence  Felt?"  by 
Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  LL.D.,  General  Counsel,  Anti-Saloon  League 
of  America: 

The  first  means  is  before  legislators  are  nominated  and  the  second  is 
afterwards,  when  you  want  to  get  a  certain  bill  through.  We  will  take  up 
the  first  one  as  follows: 

There  are  several  conditions  which  are  precedent  and  which  must  be 
fulfilled  before  a  legislator  is  elected,  who  is  favorable  to  temperance  legis- 
lation. 

First,  it  must  be  on  an  issue  which  has  back  of  it  an  average  public 
sentiment.  In  other  words,  attempt  that  which  is  possible,  or  set  a  standard 
which  you  can  reach  within  a  reasonable  time  before  the  people  tire  of 
the  issue. 

Second,  keep  in  mind  that  the  average  man  in  public  life  would  rather 
vote  right  -than  wrong  if  he  feels  it  is  safe  for  him  to  do  so. 

Third,  educate  the  people  to  put  principle  above  party  and  factional 
ties.  In  other  words,  inculcate  the  spirit  in  the- average  voter  to  support  the 
candidate  in  his  own  party  at  the  primary  and  at  the  polls  who  is  right  on 
the  issue. 

Organization  is  the  basis  for  victory.  Without  organization  success 
is  practically  impossible.  Organized  power  is  the  greatest  power  in  the 
world.  There  are  more  decent  people  and  friends  of  sobriety  than  of  in- 
temperance and  the  liquor  traffic.  It  is  only  a  question  of  organizing  your 
forces,  being  practical,  and  standing  by  those  who  believe  in  your  principles. 

The  first  essential  in  the  campaign  is  your  candidate.  Try  to  get  a 
candidate  who  has  horse  sense  and  at  least  average  ability  to  face  other 
problems  besides  the  temperance  issue.  Have  the  appeal  to  him  to  be  a 
candidate  come  from  at  least  a  respectably  large  group  of  people  so  that 
it  will  not  look  like  the  candidate  forcing  himself  upon  the  people.  Whether 
the  issue  is  for  legislation  of  the  traffic,  local  option  or  prohibition,  have 
the  reasons  for  it  clean  cut  and  carry  them  to  the  people. 

321 


If  there  are  two  or  more  candidates  equally  friendly  and  no  opposing 
candidates,  as  a  temperance  organization  you  should  not  take  sides.  If 
you  have  two  or  three  candidates  friendly  and  one  opposed  who  has  a 
chance  to  win,  then  you  should  concentrate  your  efforts  on  the  candidate  most 
available,  stating  frankly  that  the  other  candidates  are  right  on  prohibition, 
but  that  it  is  necessary  to  concentrate  in  order  to  win.  This  takes  tact, 
and  it  is  well  to  have  a  local  committee  share  the  responsibility. 

Wherever  it  is  possible  to  do  so,  keep  the  question  out  of  partisan  politics. 
If  it  is  tied  up  solely  with  one  political  party  it  fails  when  the  party  fails. 
If  there  is  a  strong  sentiment  for  the  issue  you  will  get  an  equal  number  of 
friends  in  both  or  all  of  the  dominant  parties  and  that  strengthens  your 
case. 

Now,  how  are  you  going  to  reach  the  voters? 

If  your  organization  is  complete  in  the  various  subdivisions  of  the 
legislative  district,  that  will  be  the  first  means  of  informing  the  voters. 

Legislators'  bulletins,  distributed  to  the  voters,  giving  the  attitude  of 
the  candidates,  are  always  effective. 

Letters  and  press  notices  can  be  used  with  great  effect. 

Organization  by  groups  is  an  effective  means  also  for  securing  votes. 
A  small  group  or  committee  in  each  church,  Bible  class,  Sunday  school, 
farmers'  organizations,  and  civic  bodies  to  reach  those  who  are  in  their  own 
group,  always  get  very  good  results. 

The  important  thing  is  to  get  your  friends  to  qualify  by  registering, 
where  that  is  necessary,  and  to  vote  on  election  day. 

In  the  United  States,  where  there  is  as  much  interest  in  politics  as  in 
most  countries,  only  about  one-fourth  of  the  voters  participate  in  the 
primaries,  and  about  45  per  cent  at  the  polls.  Enough  good  people  usually 
stay  away  from  the  primaries  or  the  polls,  to  change  the  result  of  the  elec- 
tion. The  poll  list  should  be  used.  An  up  to  date  organization  will  check 
those  who  have  voted  during  the  first  part  of  the  day  and  then  reach  others 
by  telephone,  vehicles,  or  by  any  legitimate  method  to  get  them  to  come 
to  vote.  ; 

In  the  last  analysis,  it  is  a  question  of  organization.  In  former  years, 
when  the  liquor  interests  were  highly  organized,  and  the  dry  forces  not 
sc  well  organized,  the  liquor  forces  could  win  easily. 

The  success  of  the  movement  in  countries  like  the  United  States  of 
America,  demonstrates  that  the  forces  of  righteousness,  when  organized,  are 
a  greater  power  for  right  than  the  liquor  traffic  is  for  wrong. 

The  way  to  elect  a  legislature,  therefore,  is  to  organize  the  forces  who 
believe  in  prohibition,  and  use  common  sense  and  practical  methods  in 
getting  the  organized  forces  back  of  men  in  public  life  to  believe  in 
this  cause. 


322 


"Of  What  Value  Has  the  Petition  Been  in  Securing  Legisla- 
tion?" by  Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon,  President  National  Woman's  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union: 

The  question,  as  I  understand  it,  is,  Of  what  value  has  the  petition 
been  in  securing  legislation?  It  certainly  has  had  a  value.  The  question 
is  whether  it  has  a  value  today,  and  that  is  a  debatable  question,  but  the 
use  of  petitions  as  we  have  known  their  history  in  the  Women's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  of  the  United  States  of  America,  and  in  the  World's 
Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  has  been  valuable. 

I  think  the  greatest  value  in  petition  work  is  that  it  brings  those  who 
take  the  petition  to  be  signed,  and  those  who  are  invited  to  sign,  together. 

It  brings  these  two  people  together  and  arouses  a  curiosity  on  the  part 
of  the  individual  who  is  requested  to  sign  the  petition,  and  gives  an  op- 
portunity for  the  disseminating  of  information  on  the  part  of  the  person 
presenting  the  petition. 

During  the  effort  to  secure  War  Time  prohibition,  the  women  of  America 
staged  a  very  remarkable  petition  to  the  president  of  the  United  States  as 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  and  asked  that  our  government 
direct  that  the  use  of  food  products  for  the  making  of  alcoholic  liquors  be 
immediately  stopped  during  the  time  when  the  food  was  needed  on  the 
other  side  of  the  ocean,  and  in  our  own  camps.  And  that  petition  had 
six  million  signatures. 

Mrs.  Yost  conducted  the  correspondence,  and  I  wish  she  could  tell 
you  the  value  of  that  correspondence.  First  we  wrote  to  one^  thousand 
district  women  in  America,  and  then  to  everyone  interested  in  social  welfare 
v/ork,  and  then  we  got  the  signatures  of  the  organization  leaders,  and  they 
sent  the  petitions  around  to  their  members. 

That  petition  was  of  value,  and  immense  value,  for  the  reason,  as  I 
said,  that  it  created  interest.  It  caused  people  to  study  the  question  under 
discussion.  If  we  are  to  secure  any  benefit  from  our  work  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  petitions  and  the  securing  of  them,  our  work  will  be  of  an  immense 
value  in  the  education  of  the  people,  because  when  we  ask  any  one  to  sign 
our  petition  we  arouse  their  curiosity  and  curiosity  demands  information 
and  the  information  provides  the  education  that  we  have  all  heard  about 
and  that  we  are  told  is  so  necessary. 

Frances  Willard  several  years  ago  addressed  a  petition  to  all  the  gov- 
ernments of  the  world.  Thirty-eight  years  ago,  she  sent  this  petition  to 
all  the  governments  of  the  world  praying  for  the  abolition  of  the  liquor 
traffic.  God  looked  with  favor  on  that  petition,  and  it  was  sent  to  fifty 
countries,  and  all  over  the  world  our  missionary  work  was  carried  on, 
until  now  we  have  seven  million  signatures  of  men  and  women  to  this 
great  petition  . 

There  is  immense  value  in  petition  work,  there  has  been  tremendous 
value,  in  the  past,  and  we  are  soon  to  discover  of  what  value  the  petition 
is  at  the  present  time,  for  next  month  we  are  going  to  prepare  another 
petition  to  present  to  the  government  and  we  belive  it  will  have  the  same 
result  as  before. 

323 


"The  Personal  Contact  With  Legislators— of  What  Value  Is 
It?"  by  Rev.  E.  C.  Dinwiddie,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  the  National 
Chief  Templar,  Grand  Lodge  of  the  United  States,  International 
Order  of  Good  Templars : 

I  think  this  is  a  subject  that  may  be  worth  while,  although  I  do  not 
hesitate  to  say  that  the  legislative  side  of  the  work  in  the  United  States 
has  progressed  very  much  farther  than  the  educational  side. 

We  have  done  much  in  our  religious  press  work  to  put  over  the  legis- 
lative programs  of  the  various  organizations  active  in  the  prohibition  move- 
ment, but  we  have  done  very  little,  comparatively,  on  the  educational  side 
of  the  life  of  this  country.  Men  and  women,  as  never  before,  need  education. 
There  is  not  a  shade  of  question  about  that  being  true,  and  if  we  are  to  make 
cur  other  efforts  count  in  the  temperance  movement,  if  we  are  to  accomplish 
anything,  we  have  to  go  back  to  first  principles  and  go  to  the  home  and  to 
the  school  and  do  something  to  build  up  the  public  sentiment  of  the  people 
of  our  country. 

Then  there  is  not  the  necessity,  except  in  a  very  few  states  now,  for 
legislative  work  except  in  a  defensive  way  to  hold  what  we  have  and  now 
and  then  close  up  a  loop-hole  here  and  there. 

It  is  the  sentiment  of  the  country  that  we  must  develop  now,  which 
will  bring  the  people  to  realize  that  the  observance  of  the  prohibition  law 
is  just  as  necessary  as  the  observance  of  any  other  law  on  the  statute  books. 
There  is  just  as  much  violation  of  the  traffic  laws  and  other  laws  of  the 
country  today  as  there  is  of  the  prohibition  law.  It  is  important  now 
that  we  do  everything  in  our  power  to  educate  the  people  to  a  more  con- 
structive work  in  the  maintaining  of  this  new  law  whcih  takes  from  them 
the  poison  and  the  evil  which  has  so  deteriorated  their  lives  in  the  past. 

Public  sentiment  as  expressed  by  petition!  I  am  not  ready  to  say 
that  the  petition  is  absolutely  useless.  I  think  it  is  very  helpful  in  leading 
your  legislature  and  letting  your  legislator  know  what  you  are  thinking  about. 
It  is  much  more  helpful  than  the  written  letter  or  telegram.  You  can  not 
get  a  legislator  to  do  the  vital  things,  by  the  circular  letter  or  the  circular 
telegram. 

Personal  contact  in  all  legislative  work  is  of  tremendous  value.  Through 
a  long  period  of  years  we  used  to  try  to  find  out  who  could  reach  a  certain 
men  better  then  somebody  else,  or  better  than  some  great  combination  or 
group  of  people,  and  many  times,  many,  many  times,  I  have  known  from 
intimate  experienc  that  one  single  individual  rightly  placed  with  the  right 
sort  of  influence  could  get  an  effect  a  great  deal  better  than  5,000  people  in 
the  same  man's  district  or  state. 

Pastor  G.  Gallienne,  of  France,  Secretary  La  Croix  Bleue: 

In  France,  as  I  stated  yesterday  night,  we  have  not  much  faith  now  in 
legislation,  for  two  reasons.  The  main  reason  is  that  the  drink  traffic  has 
taken  hold  of  nearly  all  our  public  elections,  and  in  most  places  the  election 
work  is  done  in  the  saloons,  and  with  the  saloon  keepers'  help.  I  tried  three 

324 


years  ago  to  get  some  reforms  into  the  election,  and  I  got  a  fine  scolding 
from  my  Board  of  Directors.  I  wanted  to  get  mixed  right  into  the  election 
myself,  and  they  said,  "You  are  here  to  do  religious  work.  You  do  not 
belong  to  these  people  who  do  the  election  work."  f  And  at  the  last  .moment 
I  was  obliged  to  cancel  my  plan  to.  do  some  work  with  .these,  people. 

When  I  wanted  to  speak  to  a  candidate  for  office  I  found  it  was  neces- 
sary for  me  to  go  to  the  saloon  itself  and  to  speak  to  .him  there..  That,  is  H 
personal  fact.  All  the  voting  is  done  in  the  saloons  and  the,  saloon  peepers 
have  a 'great  influence  on  the  elections,  and  .the  people  whq  are  running 
for  election  make  their  headquarters  in  the  saloon. 

We  had  a  very  fine  man  named  Schmidt,  and  he  made  a  stand. for  tem- 
perance in  the  House  of  Commons,  or  Chamber  of  Deputies.  At  the  next, 
election  he  was  swept  away  just  like  a  bit  o,f  straw-  That  is. the  thing 
that  happens  to  most  of  our  French  legislators  now  who  are  interested  in 
this  matter  of  prohibition  and  the  cutting  away  of  the  alcoholic  'drink.  And 
what  is  the  result?  The  result  is  that  .good  people  do  not  have  anything 
to  do  with  the  elections.  Some  people  say  we  are  not  going  to  any  trouble 
about  it,  the  more  we  try  to  change  it,  the  more  we  are  fooled  by  some 
of  our  men.  That  is  why  so  many  people  d6  not  care  to  "go  into  the  public 
life  or  to  the  Chamber.  •  ,..•  r  ,: 

I  do  not  know  about  the  American  .people  but  when  we  get  around  to 
election  time  in  France  there  is  so  much  abuse  written  .in  the  .papers  and 
.printed  on  the  bills  that  you  must  have  a  very  clear  -conscience  indeed  to  go 
before  the  public,  for  election  to  any  office.-  They  go  .right  into  your 
private  life  and  say  all  sorts  of  things  about  you.  You  must  be  almost 
a  saint  to  be  able  to  escape  from  that  sort  of  abuse.  Many  people  say  that 
it  does  not  make  any  difference  who  the.y  send  to  the  legislature. 

We  want  to,  and  we  must,  make  a  new  political  world  and  it  is  •  that 
which  we  are  trying  to  do  not  through  the  matter  of  personal  contact.  We 
in  France  are  very  strong  for  that  method.  .  .  ,.  .  :i 

In  France  there  is  a  union  the  head  of  which  for  many  years  has  been 
Mrs.  Seigfried,  who  recently  died  leaving  a  most  respectable  name  behind 
her.  She  lived  a  wonderful  public  life. 

•This  union  was  built  up  to  draw  the  attention  of  the  people. to  some  of 
the  subjects  of  general  interest  among  the  questions  of  the  time.,  .1  think 
that  this  personal  influence  was  a  great  asset  to  get  our  bill  against  .absjnthe 
passed.  That  law  was*  recently  .adopted,  and,  makes  the  use  of  absinthe  a 
crime.  That  is  the  only  law  we  have  against  any  kin:d  of  alcohol,  but  it 
is  a  good  law  and  people  are  beginning  to.  believe  that  drink  is  a  poison  and 
that  whisky  is  not  good  for  them  at  all. 

During  the  past  several  years,  the  President  told  me  himself  .that  ii; 
he  could  help  the  people  to  stop  using  whisky  and  strong  liquor  by  stopping 
it  himself  he  would  do  so. 

Not  many  years  ago  we  formed  an  organization  to  have  the  laws  car- 
ried out  with  respect  to  the  closing  of  the  liquor  shops  at  night.  !We  made* 
an  investigation  in  one  little  town  and  we  called  on  the  head  of  the  police- 
men in  the  town,  to  go  to  a  certain  place  and  close  it  because  they  were 

325 


keeping  open  after  the  late  hours.  He  said  to  me,  "I  am  not  going  to 
do  it."  I  asked  him  why  he  would  not  do  it.  He  replied  that  because  the 
first  man  he  would  meet  there  would  be  the  mayor  of  the  town. 

As  long  as  that  is  the  disposition  of  the  local  authorities,  such  a  law 
will  be  disobeyed  and  we  people  will  not  be  able  to  do  anything  about  it. 
But  we  are  accomplishing  some  things. 

Every  farmer  in  France  who  grows  anything  at  all  on  his  farm  is  per- 
mitted by  the  law  to  make  ten  liters  of  pure  alcohol  as  long  as  he  is  a 
farmer.  He  has  a  right  to  distill  on  his  own  farm,  and  some  of  the  farm- 
houses are  being  turned  into  ordinary  saloons. 

We  have  tried  time  and  again  to  have  a  law  passed  to  put  out  of  ex- 
istence the  law  which  permits  the  farmers  to  make  this  alcohol,  so  that  the 
farmers  of  France  will  not  have  that  curse  upon  them.  But  the  French 
people  are  very  slow  to  do  anything  like  that,  and  it  is  very  difficult  for 
us  to  accomplish  anything  as  of  that  time.  You  know  how  it  is  about 
your  own  state  of  affairs  in  America,  so  you  can  imagine  what  it  is  that 
we  have  to  do  in  France. 

Discussion  by  Ernest  H.  Cherrington,  Litt.D.,  General  Secre- 
tary World  League  Against  Alcoholism: 

It  seems  to  me  that  the  serious  situation  that  presents  itself  today  in 
countries  like  the  United  States  and  in  all  other  countries  that  have  adopted 
prohibitory  legislation,  is  the  very  danger  that  we  have  faced  and  we  are 
experiencing  somewhat,  in  the  United  States  of  America,  and  that  is  the 
danger  which  comes  from  the  point  of  view  as  to  what  the  prohibition 
reform  really  is.  A  great  many  of  our  friends  thought  that  prohibition  would 
come  with  legislation  providing  for  prohibition;  that  is,  would  come  when 
legislation  was  enacted  for  prohibition,  or  when  the  people  voted  to  adopt 
prohibition. 

Well,  that  is  not  true,  and  it  never  will  be  true.  The  same  thing  is 
true  about  legislation.  We  are  just  coming  to  the  position  where  we  will 
need  legislation  on  the  liquor  question,  on  prohibition,  always,  just  the  same 
as  we  continue  to  need  legislation  on  the  question  of  health,  just  as  long 
as  we  need  legislation  on  the  question  of  education,  and  just  as  long  as 
we  need  legislation  on  the  question  of  public  safety. 

Legislation  will  have  to  be  enacted  and  if  we  in  America,  or  in  any 
other  country  that  has  adopted  prohibition  legislation,  think  that  the  legisla- 
tion already  adopted  is  going  to  last  us  forever,  we  are  going  to  find  our- 
selves in  a  position  where  the  prohibition  movement  will  sag. 

I  think  we  need  to  keep  that  matter  in  mind.  We  will  need  to  perfect  our 
legislation  and  add  to  our  legislation  and  modify,  change,  and  reinforce  the 
legislation  we  have,  on  point  after  point,  as  year  after  year  goes  by. 

"The  Struggle  Against  Alcoholism  in  Belgium,"  by  Dr.  August 
Ley,  of  the  University  of  Brussels. 

The  anti-alcoholic  struggle  has  been  carried  on  in  Belgium  since  many 
years. 

326 


In  the  year  1865  the  great  Minister  Frere-Oban  had  studied  the  means  of 
repressing  alcoholism  in  our  country.  At  that  time,  the  consumption  of 
beer  was  about  184  litres  in  the  year  for  each  inhabitant,  that  of  wine  2.90 
litres  and  that  of  distilled  alcohol  7.67  at  50  per  cent.  It  is  interesting  to 
tell  that  a  few  communal  administrations  had  at  this  time  voted  severe 
regulations  about  public  drunkenness,  organizing  so  a  beginning  of  "local 
option".  The  Court  of  Cassation,  the  highest  court  in  the  matter  of  justice 
in  Belgium,  broke  down  this  regulation  as  unlawful  and  declared  that  the 
Government  only  could  vote  such  a  legislative  measure  against  the  public 
scandal  of  drunkenness. 

In  1887  we  had  a  law  voted,  repressing  public  drunkenness,  but  it  is 
generally  recognized  that  it  was  ineffective.  The  indulgence  of  the  judges 
was  more  to  be  feared  than  their  severity. 

The  consumption  of  alcohol  was  increasing  terribly  at  this  period.  In 
1883  we  had  165  litres  beer,  3.17  litres  wine  and  8.52  distilled  alcohol  at  50  per 
cent,  in  the  year,  for  each  inhabitant. 

In  1895  every  inhabitant  was  drinking  over  10  litres  distilled  alcohol 
yearly. 

The  first  law  of  prohibition  in  Belgium  was  voted  in  September,  1896, 
with  the  unanimity  of  the  two  Chambers.  It  prohibited  the  sale  of  absinthe. 
The  author  of  the  law  was  Minister  de  Wiart. 

From  1903  till  1912  the  taxes  upon  alcohol  were  increased  and  the  anti- 
alcoholic  movement  reinforced  in  the  schools  and  among  the  public. 

It  was  under  the  influence  of  both  these  factors  that  we  saw  the  annual 
consumption  of  spirits  reduced  to  five  litres. 

So  as  in  most  countries  of  the  world,  the  war  period  marked  in  Belgium 
a  very  important  step  in  the  struggle  against  alcoholism.  We  may  say  that 
alcohol  was  almost  suppressed  for  human  consumption,  especially  in  the  last 
years  of  the  war. 

The  consumption  of  spirits  was  in  1918  about  one  litre  per  year  per 
inhabitant;  in  1919  about  one-half  litre. 

The  Belgian  war  government  which  was  transferred  to  Havre,  (France), 
had  decided  not  to  allow  the  return  to  the  pre-war  state  of  things  and 
studied  with  the  participation  and  support  of  King  Albert,  ways  and  means 
to  reduce  as  much  as  possible  the  consumption  of  alcohol  after  the  war.  It 
was  intended  to  prohibit  spirits  absolutely. 

In  occupied  Belgium  a  committee  of  sociologists  and  physiologists  studied 
the  problem  under  the  direction  of  the  Institute  de  Sociologie  Solvay.  They 
gave  out  a  project  of  law  prohibiting  the  sale  of  spirits  in  public  houses. 
They  did  not  think  it  was  possible  to  prohibit  alcohol  completely  and  thought 
that  it  was  necessary  to  allow  the  sale  of  spirits  in  groceries  by  a  minimum 
quantity  of  two  litres  at  a  time. 

We  must  say  that  the  President  of  the  "Ligue  Patriotique  Centre 
1'alcoolisme",  General  Donny,  was  convinced  that  it  was  possible  and  neces- 
sary to  prohibit  distilled  liquors  completely. 

On  August  19,  1919,  a  very  important  law  was  voted  prohibiting  the 
sale  of  spirits  for  consumption  in  public  houses,  but  permitting  the  sale  in 

327 


newspapers  and  otherwise  regarding  supposed  cures,  cures  for  venereal 
diseases. 

It  was  eventually  found  that  we  could  best  fight  this  by  passing  laws 
in  the  states  and  we  did  that  in  12  or  15  states,  making  it  impossible  for 
these  advertisements  to  appear. 

In  the  International  Anti-Prohibition  movement  there  is  an  effort  being 
put  forth  to  misrepresent  what  alcohol  will  do,  and  this  misrepresentation  is 
being  broadcasted  throughout  the  world.  It  is  my  thought  that  legislation 
can  be  framed  in  many  of  our  states  and  by  our  Federal  Government  making 
it  difficult  if  not  impossible  for  fake  advertisements  regarding  alcohol  to 
be  put  into  the  newspapers  or  magazines  or  anywhere  on  the  street. 

If  the  law  will  make  it  difficult  for  people  to  misrepresent  the  effect  of 
alcohol  in  their  advertisements  then  we  will  do  a  great  deal  in  the  educational 
movement  which  has  been  suggested  by  nearly  everyone  who  has  taken  the 
floor  on  this  question.  Advertisements  in  any  newspapers  should  not  be 
misleading,  no  matter  what  they  refer  to,  and  particularly  if  they  refer 
to  a  law  which  is  on  the  statute  books  of  the  nation.  These  false  advertise- 
ments and  the  people  who  place  them,  should  be  dealt  with  in  strict  ac- 
cordance with  our  laws,  and  if  we  have  no  laws  with  whiich  to  deal  with 
these  people  then  we  should  enact  laws  immediately  and  make  them 
effective. 

Discussion  by  William  H.  Anderson,  Superintendent  New  York 
Anti-Saloon  League: 

What  I  say  is  not  in  any  sense  an  attempt  to  discredit  anything  that 
has  been  said  with  respect  to  other  methods.  They  are  all  important. 

Organization  is  necessary,  but  organization  makes  no  sentiment.  It  is 
the  minds  through  which  existing  sentiments  flow  that  must  be  dealt  with. 

Personal  contact  is  absolutely  necessary  and  essential,  but  it  does  not 
get  very  far  if  the  situation  is  such  that  the  legislative  body  or  the  legislator 
believes  that  there  is  no  general  sentiment  at  home  behind  the  person  seek- 
ing to  establish  the  personal  contact. 

My  luck,  or  otherwise,  has  been  to  be  thrown  into  the  impossible 
places. 

I  am  not  recommending  the  methods  that  I  suggest,  for  everybody, 
and  they  are  a  lot  worse  than  useless  unless  they  are  carried  through.  They 
do  work  in  New  York,  supposedly  the  impossible  place. 

We  passed  a  city  local  option  law  after  20  years.  We  ratified  the  amend- 
ment to  the  National  Constitution  and  we  passed  an  enforcement  code. 

Now,  in  the  hardest  places,  the  seemingly  impossible  places,  the  all  im- 
portant thing  is  to  make  upon  the  people  an  impression  that  a  fight  is  on, 
so  that  they  understand  it  is  not  a  mere  gesture  but  that  it  is  a  real  fight. 

It  is  essential  to  do  something  to  attract  attention.  For  20  years,  in 
New  York  State  there  was  great  demand  for  legislation,  but  there  was  not 
much  impression  made  on  the  people.  But  I  went  in  and  I  fought  in  the 
legislature  and  I  succeeded  in  having  a  law  introduced  providing  that  on 
every  package  of  alcoholic  liquor,  containing  two  or  more  per  cent,  should 

330 


be  a  label  with  the  skull  and  cross  bones  and  with  this  statement:  "This 
package  contains  alcoholic  poisoning",  and  when,  after  a  bitter  fight,  we 
succeeded  in  getting  that  law  passed,  that  scientific  definition  of  alcohol  was 
placed  on  every  package  of  medicine  and  everything  else  that  went  out 
of  a  store  in  New  York  into  the  hands  of  the  public  and  the  public  began 
to  know  that  alcohol  was  a  poison  recognized  as  such  by  the  profession  and 
by  the  legislature  and  by  the  laws  of  the  state. 

Now,  things  have  sagged  a  little  in  New  York  because  New  York  was 
permitted  to  ride  on  the  coat  tails  of  the  nation,  so  that  during  the  last 
couple  of  years  we  have  not  made  much  of  an  advance,  but  this  year  we 
are  going  to  introduce  a  measure  that  provides  that  anybody  who  sells  any- 
thing purporting  to  be  intoxicating  liquor,  which  kills,  shall  be  convicted  of 
murder.  The  statutes  of  the  state  have  a  definition  of  murder  which  is 
all  right,  and  which  will  meet  our  needs,  but  we  want  to  enact  a  law  that 
will  attract  attention  to  this  liquor  traffic  and  will  make  the  people  sit  up 
and  take  notice,  and  we  are  going  to  put  a  law  through  which  will  say 
that  any  man  who  sells  intoxicating  liquors  or  any  sort  of  alcoholic  beverage 
that  kills,  shall  be  convicted,  not  may  be  convicted,  but  shall  be  convicted, 
of  murder.  And  in  New  York  we  have  the  death  penalty  for  murder. 

Gentlemen,  remember  that  we  have  anything  but  a  dull  job  before  us 
and  there  is  anything  but  a  dull  time  ahead  of  us. 


LUNCHEON  CONFERENCE 

SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  25,  1922 

Ways  and  Means  of  Enlisting  the  Students  of   the    Colleges   and 

Universities  in  the  World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism 

The  Luncheon  Conference  was  called  to  order  at  1 :00  o'clock 
p.  m.,  Mr.  Harry  S.  Warner,  Chicago,  Illinois,  Secretary  of  the  In- 
tercollegiate Prohibition  Association,  presiding. 

The  Chairman: 

As  the  movement  against  alcoholism  extends  throughout  the  world,  we 
become  aware  of  the  fact  that  the  students  have  a  place  of  their  own.  In 
some  countries  they  have  already  been  very  active.  We  can  count  up, 
already,  at  the  present  time,  something  more  than  25,000  students  in  organized 
inter-collegiate  activities,  in  anti-alcoholic  activities,  in  ten  or  twelve  different 
countries. 

The  number  is  increasing  so  rapidly,  it  is  impossible,  almost,  to  keep 
track  of  the  number. 

Nevertheless,  a  great  problem,  a  vital  one,  in  any  country,  or  in  any  sec- 
tion of  a  country,  concerned  with  the  question  of  alcohol,  is  the  attitude  of 
the  educated  class.  The  sorry  fact  is  that  in  none  of  these  countries  has 
there  been  any  real  active  work  or  effort  made  to  inform  the  public  of  these 
great  social  problems.  The  outstanding  need  in  colleges  and  with  professors 
and  graduates  in  our  own  country,  in  the  United  States  and  elsewhere,  is 

331 


newspapers  and  otherwise  regarding  supposed  cures,  cures  for  venereal 
diseases. 

It  was  eventually  found  that  we  could  best  fight  this  by  passing  laws 
in  the  states  and  we  did  that  in  12  or  15  states,  making  it  impossible  for 
these  advertisements  to  appear. 

In  the  International  Anti-Prohibition  movement  there  is  an  effort  being 
put  forth  to  misrepresent  what  alcohol  will  do,  and  this  misrepresentation  is 
being  broadcasted  throughout  the  world.  It  is  my  thought  that  legislation 
can  be  framed  in  many  of  our  states  and  by  our  Federal  Government  making 
it  difficult  if  not  impossible  for  fake  advertisements  regarding  alcohol  to 
be  put  into  the  newspapers  or  magazines  or  anywhere  on  the  street. 

If  the  law  will  make  it  difficult  for  people  to  misrepresent  the  effect  of 
alcohol  in  their  advertisements  then  we  will  do  a  great  deal  in  the  educational 
movement  which  has  been  suggested  by  nearly  everyone  who  has  taken  the 
floor  on  this  question.  Advertisements  in  any  newspapers  should  not  be 
misleading,  no  matter  what  they  refer  to,  and  particularly  if  they  refer 
to  a  law  which  is  on  the  statute  books  of  the  nation.  These  false  advertise- 
ments and  the  people  who  place  them,  should  be  dealt  with  in  strict  ac- 
cordance with  our  laws,  and  if  we  have  no  laws  with  whiich  to  deal  with 
these  people  then  we  should  enact  laws  immediately  and  make  them 
effective. 

Discussion  by  William  H.  Anderson,  Superintendent  New  York 
Anti-Saloon  League: 

What  I  say  is  not  in  any  sense  an  attempt  to  discredit  anything  that 
has  been  said  with  respect  to  other  methods.  They  are  all  important. 

Organization  is  necessary,  but  organization  makes  no  sentiment.  It  is 
the  minds  through  which  existing  sentiments  flow  that  must  be  dealt  with. 

Personal  contact  is  absolutely  necessary  and  essential,  but  it  does  not 
get  very  far  if  the  situation  is  such  that  the  legislative  body  or  the  legislator 
believes  that  there  is  no  general  sentiment  at  home  behind  the  person  seek- 
ing to  establish  the  personal  contact. 

My  luck,  or  otherwise,  has  been  to  be  thrown  into  the  impossible 
places. 

I  am  not  recommending  the  methods  that  I  suggest,  for  everybody, 
and  they  are  a  lot  worse  than  useless  unless  they  are  carried  through.  They 
do  work  in  New  York,  supposedly  the  impossible  place. 

We  passed  a  city  local  option  law  after  20  years.  We  ratified  the  amend- 
ment to  the  National  Constitution  and  we  passed  an  enforcement  code. 

Now,  in  the  hardest  places,  the  seemingly  impossible  places,  the  all  im- 
portant thing  is  to  make  upon  the  people  an  impression  that  a  fight  is  on, 
so  that  they  understand  it  is  not  a  mere  gesture  but  that  it  is  a  real  fight. 

It  is  essential  to  do  something  to  attract  attention.  For  20  years,  in 
New  York  State  there  was  great  demand  for  legislation,  but  there  was  not 
much  impression  made  on  the  people.  But  I  went  in  and  I  fought  in  the 
legislature  and  I  succeeded  in  having  a  law  introduced  providing  that  on 
every  package  of  alcoholic  liquor,  containing  two  or  more  per  cent,  should 

330 


be  a  label  with  the  skull  and  cross  bones  and  with  this  statement:  "This 
package  contains  alcoholic  poisoning",  and  when,  after  a  bitter  fight,  we 
succeeded  in  getting  that  law  passed,  that  scientific  definition  of  alcohol  was 
placed  on  every  package  of  medicine  and  everything  else  that  went  out 
of  a  store  in  New  York  into  the  hands  of  the  public  and  the  public  began 
to  know  that  alcohol  was  a  poison  recognized  as  such  by  the  profession  and 
by  the  legislature  and  by  the  laws  of  the  state. 

Now,  things  have  sagged  a  little  in  New  York  because  New  York  was 
permitted  to  ride  on  the  coat  tails  of  the  nation,  so  that  during  the  last 
couple  of  years  we  have  not  made  much  of  an  advance,  but  this  year  we 
are  going  to  introduce  a  measure  that  provides  that  anybody  who  sells  any- 
thing purporting  to  be  intoxicating  liquor,  which  kills,  shall  be  convicted  of 
murder.  The  statutes  of  the  state  have  a  definition  of  murder  which  is 
all  right,  and  which  will  meet  our  needs,  but  we  want  to  enact  a  law  that 
will  attract  attention  to  this  liquor  traffic  and  will  make  the  people  sit  up 
and  take  notice,  and  we  are  going  to  put  a  law  through  which  will  say 
that  any  man  who  sells  intoxicating  liquors  or  any  sort  of  alcoholic  beverage 
that  kills,  shall  be  convicted,  not  may  be  convicted,  but  shall  be  convicted, 
of  murder.  And  in  New  York  we  have  the  death  penalty  for  murder. 

Gentlemen,  remember  that  we  have  anything  but  a  dull  job  before  us 
and  there  is  anything  but  a  dull  time  ahead  of  us. 


LUNCHEON  CONFERENCE 

SATURDAY,  NOVEMBER  25,  1922 

Ways  and  Means  of  Enlisting  the  Students  of   the    Colleges   and 

Universities  in  the  World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism 

The  Luncheon  Conference  was  called  to  order  at  1 :00  o'clock 
p.  m.,  Mr.  Harry  S.  Warner,  Chicago,  Illinois,  Secretary  of  the  In- 
tercollegiate Prohibition  Association,  presiding. 

The  Chairman: 

As  the  movement  against  alcoholism  extends  throughout  the  world,  we 
become  aware  of  the  fact  that  the  students  have  a  place  of  their  own.  In 
some  countries  they  have  already  been  very  active.  We  can  count  up, 
already,  at  the  present  time,  something  more  than  25,000  students  in  organized 
inter-collegiate  activities,  in  anti-alcoholic  activities,  in  ten  or  twelve  different 
countries. 

The  number  is  increasing  so  rapidly,  it  is  impossible,  almost,  to  keep 
track  of  the  number. 

Nevertheless,  a  great  problem,  a  vital  one,  in  any  country,  or  in  any  sec- 
tion of  a  country,  concerned  with  the  question  of  alcohol,  is  the  attitude  of 
the  educated  class.  The  sorry  fact  is  that  in  none  of  these  countries  has 
there  been  any  real  active  work  or  effort  made  to  inform  the  public  of  these 
great  social  problems.  The  outstanding  need  in  colleges  and  with  professors 
and  graduates  in  our  own  country,  in  the  United  States  and  elsewhere,  is 

331 


to   inform   educated   people   who  are   inclined   not   to  use   all  the   things   they 
have.  '  , 

In  our  conference  I  would  suggest  that  the  discussion  take  the  form 
of  expression  of  what  is  being  done,  and  what  can  be  done. 

In  our  work  of  25  years  in  the  United  States  where  we  have  had  as 
many  as  10,000  organized  students  in"  300  universities  and  colleges,  we  pur- 
sued lines  of  definite  ideas  and  one  of  them  was  this:  First  of  all  "get  the 
facts."  Many  students  were  not .  interested.  Many  regarded  it  as  a  radical 
reform,  and  th,ere  is  quite  a  general  student  feeling  that  anything  like  this 
is.  not  exactly  good,  form,  it  is 'breaking  away  from  conventionality  and  the 
student  says  "We  want  to  be  popular  and  not  counted  with  the  radicals." 

There  .are  a .  few  who  are  intensely  attracted  with  the  idea  oft  being 
leaders,, but  the  great  majority,  rather  hesitate.  There  is  a  cleavage  between 
the  two,  it  seems  to  me,  a  cleavage 'that  we  must  recognize.  . 

The  wayvto  attract  the  student  is  to  get -his,  attention  to  the  educational 
idea,  the  facts.  The  student  will  not  commit  •himself  to  the  prohibition  or 
the  anti-prohibition  .cause  until  he  has  got  the  facts  before  him  .  We  should 
say  to  the  student  that  we  do  not  want- him. -to  commit  himself  until  he  has 
the  facts  before  him  and  until  he  can  usevhis  own  judgment  and  then  the 
man  who  is  not  interested  .will  accept  that  as,  a;,fa,ir  challenge  and  be  willing 
to  look  into  the  literature  and  will  want  to  read  it  and  when  he  gets  these 
facts,  the  outcome  will  be  left  to  his  own  conscience. 

The  Inter-Collegiate- -Prohibition  Association  has  not  at  any  time  empha- 
sized what  a  student  should  think.  We  have  had  young  men  in  the  organiza- 
tion, indeed,  who  came  from  brewers'  famffies  and  who  were  sons,  of  brewers 
•__not  many.'"  But  it  was  believed  Worth  while  to  get  them  in  to  study  the 
facts.  -And  wlien  these'  -men  are  'confronted-  with  the  facts  and  appreciate  just 
what  the  fac.ts^are  then,  they  ;are,  ifi  :a,  posdtion  -to  deal  with  the  question  that 
comes  before  .them. 

The  second  point  is  to  speak,  talk  and  express  your  point  when  you  can. 
Tests  have  demonstrated  the  efficacy  of  that  plan. 

Then  the  third  ideal  is  for  the  student  to  represent  public  opinion,  and 
to  formulate  student  public  opinion. 

The  challenge  to  the  student  body  of  North  America  should  be  to  ex- 
press the  student's  opinion  and  desire  for  the  higher  ideal  and  formuulate 
and  publish  it  -through  the  public,  expressions  of  the  opinions  of  the  student 
body.  '  • 

The  most  important  principle,  it  seems  to  me,  is  what  we  like  to  call 
library  practice. 

It  is  perfectly  logical  to  show  'them  that  it  is  necessary  for  them  to 
find  out  the  facts  and  then  do  something,  take  part  in  the  local  campaign, 
-and  othqr  things  of  that  kind.  They  should  take  part  in  the  local  activities 
or  the  organization  and.  do  the  practical  work  that  is  needed  among  the 
student  body. 

One  year' in  Ohio  we  had  1,000  students,  in  one  campaign.  One  year  in 
Minnesota  from  50  to  two  or  three  hundred  went  out  and  worked  in  the 
campaign. 

332 


The  third  ideal  and  method  of  enlisting  the  student  body  is  a  frank 
appeal  to  the  student  class  as  a  class.  They  are  looking  forward  to  life, 
and  there  is  a  fraternal  spirit  of  feeling  among  all  the  students  from  dif- 
ferent countries.  This  fraternalism  spreads  around  the  worl.d  As  a  body 
they  are  looking  forward  to  what  they  expect  to  do;  and  the  student  class 
is  working  definitely  among  students'  organizations. 

We  have  had  many  opportunities  in  recent  years  to  demonstrate  what 
the  students  can  do  in  this  movement  against  alcoholism.  The  students 
for  instance  have  access  to  the  rostrum  in  the  chapels  when  speakers  from 
outside  cannot  get  in  with  discussions  of  politics  and  such  things  as  that. 
The  student  is  admitted  to  the  pulpit  of  the  chapel  and  other  places  where 
he  may  speak  freely  on  the  things  that  concern  the  students. 

Rev.  Ira  Landrith,  D.D.,  President  of  the  Intercollegiate  Prohi- 
bition Association : 

I  want  the  colleges  in  the  United  States  and  in  Canada,  interested  ih 
the  inter-collegiate  prohibition  movement,  to  recognize  that  there  is  a  need 
for  something  behind  the  Intercollegiate'  Prohibition  Association  and  that 
something  should  take  the  shape  of  local  organization  of  some  sort  that 
would  enable  the  students  themselves  to  do  something.  I  believe  there 
ought  to  be  a  patriotic  organization  with  the  ideas  of  the  Intercollegiate 
Prohibition  Association  centered  in  it,  in  every  college  in  America.  I  think 
the  field  for  the  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Association  is  a  very  wide  one 
in  the  educational  institution  of  our  Republic.  I  do  not  believe  there  is 
anything  quite  so  important  now  as  the  revival  of  interest  among  the  colleges 
in  the  intercollegiate  prohibition  movement. 

Mr.  Otto  Forkert,  Switzerland : 

Our  movement  in  Central  Europe  was  for  a  long  time  in  a  very  difficult 
situation,  but  now  you  know  the  economic  situation  in  Europe,  especially 
in  Central  Europe,  is  so  difficult  that  we  have  not  even  bread,  our  children 
and  women  are  hungering,  and  at  the  same  time  the  government  gives 
thousands  and  hundreds  of  thousands  of  pounds  of  flour  and  corn  to  make 
the  beer  and  poison  alcohol;  and  the'se  facts  now  make  a  great  impresison 
on  the  students.  They  say  that  is  wrong  and  awful,  and  it  is  time  to  fight 
against  it. 

Our  governors  are  helping  us,  and  we  are  beginning  with  our  self-gov- 
ernment and  with  organizations  of  our  own  and  are  trying  to  guide  all  our 
young  people  and  interest  them  in  the  government.  We  take  as  our  first 
work  and  the  best  work  we  can  do,  the  task  of  educating  the  people.  Only 
with  education  can  we  arise  and  do  anything,  and,  not  tomorrow,  but  in 
five  or  ten  years  after  the  thorough  education  of  our  young  people,  will  we 
be  able  to  arrive  at  a  point  where  our  government  will  recognize  that  we 
are  a  power,  and  the  government  will  not  be  permitted,  by  our  students, 
and  by  our  men  and  women,  to  give  away  482  thousand  tons  of  barley  and 
flour  and  other  food  for  the  making  of  beer  and  wine. 

Mr.  Kolonia,  from  Albania: 

I  am  very  fortunate  to  be  able  to  tell  you  that  Albania  has  not  a  single 

333 


saloon  and  has  not  had  one  since  I  can  remember.  However,  that  does  not 
mean  that  liquor  is  not  used  in  Albania.  It  has  been  used  to  a  certain  extent, 
but  just  for  pleasure  at  home.  In  the  whole  of  the  country  of  Albania  I 
know  that  there  are  not  more  than  100  people  who  are  pointed  out  distinctly 
as  drunkards. 

Unfortunately,  Albania  today  is  going  on  the  wrong  road  and  this  has 
come  through  the  foreign  countries  which  invaded  or  came  to  our  country 
during  this  great  World  War.  These  foreigners  furnish  in  Albania  what  is 
in  your  language  called  whisky,  they  introduced  the  saloons  and  they  have 
introduced  the  prostitution  houses.  I  want  to  appeal  to  you  with  my  very 
limited  ability,  and  to  say  to  you  that  Albania  is  pleading  and  praying 
earnestly  that  the  United  States  should  send  men  to  tell  them  about  prohibi- 
tion, because  they  at  present  do  not  have  the  time  to  think  of  prohibition, 
they  do  not  know  what  it  means  to  the  country.  Before  the  war  they  did 
not  know  what  whisky  was  or  why  people  used  it,  and  now  there  is  a  great 
danger  of  the  whisky  going  all  over  the  country  and  of  all  the  evils  that 
follow  the  whisky  coming  in  after  it. 

I  am  glad  to  say  that  in  the  United  States  of  America  we  have  one  of 
our  largest  societies.  It  has  headquarters  at  Boston  and  is  doing  admirable 
work  among  the  Albanians.  I  am  one  of  its  members  and  I  shall  be  one 
of  its  members  even  when  I  go  back  to  Albania  to  try  to  deliver  my  people 
from  the  evils  of  drink  and  show  them  what  prohibition  has  done  in  this 
country. 

Again,  I  am  a  member  of  the  Albanian  Students'  League  of  America 
which  is  fighting  for  prohibition  and  which  is  going  to  fight  for  prohibition 
for  years  to  come. 

Mr.  Max  Conde,  Dominican  Republic: 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  represent  the  Dominican  Republic  at  this  great 
temperance  meeting.  I  do  not  feel  like  speaking  for  the  Dominican  Re- 
public only,  because  the  Dominican  Republic  is  a  sister  to  all  the  Latin- 
America  countries,  and  when  I  speak  for  one  I  speak  for  all  the  countries 
in  Latin-America.  There  are  over  ten  million  people  in  these  countries;  they 
arc  looking  to  America  and  watching  for  prohibition  success.  We  have  been 
watching  you  carefully.  While  you  have  been  sleeping  we  have  been  putting 
the  plow  deep  in  the  ground.  The  governments  of  the  countries  of  South 
America  are  sending  their  students  to  your  universities  and  your  colleges 
and  these  students  are  watching  you  very  closely  in  your  everyday  life  and 
in  your  attitude  toward  prohibition.  We  Latin-Americans  here  in  this  con- 
vention expect  to  go  back  to  our  home  lands  before  very  long  and  we  shall 
go  there  in  the  interest  of  prohibition,  provided  you  make  the  United  States 
100  per  cent  dry.  Were  we  100  per  cent  dry,  we  would  be  a  wonderful 
country,  and  every  country  in  the  world  that  is  100  per  cent  dry  is  a  wonderful 
country.  I  |  i  i'  | 

Now,  some  of  us  are  intensely  interested  in  the  welfare  of  mankind,  but 
I  personally  think  that  the  social  and  economic  welfare  of  these  countries 
comes  next  and  anything  that  we  can  catch  of  value  at  this  convention  we 

334 


will  carry  back  with  us.  We  want  something  that  will  result  in  the  com- 
plete abolition  of  the  liquor  traffic  in  Latin-America  and  all  the  evil  that 
follows  it. 

Mr.  Husain,  of  India : 

I  am  not  in  position  to  tell  you  anything  about  the  Hindu  national  pro- 
hibition movement,  since  I  have  been  in  the  United  States  two  years.  I  am 
not  in  position  to  give  you  any  statistics  of  the  movement. 

In  India,  the  Indian  students,  all  over  the  country,  from  one  end  to  the 
other,  are  doing  great  work  in  this  movement.  They  are,  in  fact,  the  leaders 
of  the  nation.  The  college  from  which  I  come,  which  is  purely  a  Mohammedan 
institution,  has  been  watching  this  movement  with  their  heart  of  hearts,  and 
they  have  done  great  work  in  this  movement.  There  are  40,000,000  Moham- 
medans in  India,  and .  all  of  them  have  been  trying  to  maintain  prohibition 
for  centuries — I  cannot  say  how  many  centuries,  because  the  Mohammedans 
have  lived  for  over  six  hundred  years  in  India.  During  all  that  time  we 
have  always  had  prohibition,  but  not  such  prohibition  as  Pussyfoot  Johnson 
brought  to  us.  Today  we  are  glad  we  are  having  the  prohibition  in  a  per- 
fect sense,  and  the  students  are  the  greatest  factor  in  that  movement.  Un- 
fortunately because  they  have  to  contend  with  the  State,  and  the  State  is 
connected  with  the  national  political  movement,  they  have  been  put  in  prison 
and  hindered  a  great  deal  by  the  Government  in  their  movements,  which  is  a 
very,  very  sad  fact  to  mention.  However,  the  whole  of  India  is  the  first  and 
the  greatest  country  to  go  dry  in  the  history  of  the  whole  world. 

Mr.  Strelecki,  from  Russia: 

I  have  great  pleasure  to  say  a  few  words  for  Russia.  I  love  Russia.  I 
lived  in  Russia  before  the  war,  but  all  this  time,  since  the  war,  I  have  been 
in  the  United  States,  .although  I  have  been  in  contact  with  Russia  all  the 
time.  I  have  relatives  in  Russia  who  write  to  me  almost  every  month  and 
tell  me  the  whole  situation  in  which  Russia  is  at  the  present  time. 

Before  the  war,  in  1914,  the  Russian  Government  proclaimed  prohibition, 
for  they  did  not  think  it  was  wise  for  the  soldiers  to  have  drinks. 

The  Russian  Czar  declared  prohibition  and  declared  it  was  necessary 
for  Russia.  The  professors  and  the  group  of  intelligent  men  who  constantly 
advised  the  Czar  of  Ruussia,  told  him  that  the  Russian  Government  would 
be  unable  to  win  the  war  if  they  did  not  have  prohibition.  They  pointed  to 
the  Russian-Japanese  War.  They  said,  "You  see  what  happened  in  the 
war  between  Russia  and  Japan,  and  it  was  all  because  of  the  Russian  vodka" — 
that  is  the  term  used  for  whisky. 

In  1914,  on  April  15,  the  Russian  Czar  ordered  prohibition.  As  a  re- 
sult the  Russian  mothers  were  very  happy  in  the  villages  and  the  mothers 
paraded  around  in  the  streets  with  the  brooms  on  their  shoulders,  all  because 
there  was  prohibition,  because  their  husbands  would  be  home  and  would  attend 
to  the  children  and  would  not  go  to  the  saloon  and  spend  their  money  and 
their  time  there. 

The  present  situation  in  Russia  is  very  bad,  it  is  very  hard  to  describe 
all  the  crime  going  on  there.  But  it  is  not  on  account  of  prohibition  so 

335 


much  as  it  is  other  things.  The  Bolshevik  parliament  does  not  attend  to 
things  as  closely  as  the  Czar  did.  Bolshevik  officials  are  not  helpful  and 
do  not  care  about  the  health  of  the  army.  They  wish  to  get  from  every- 
v/here,  from  all  the  sources,  all  the  vodka  they  can. 

I  received  a  letter  from  my  brothers  a  few  weeks  ago  and  they  said 
that  for  five  gallons  of  vodka  "I  can  pass  to  America  very  easy."  So  you 
see  it  is  a  very  serious  situation  in  Russia. 

Mr.  Gurdjian,  University  of  Michigan,  representing  Armenia: 

I  think  that  in  order  that  prohibition  be  a  success  the  student  body  of 
any  country  should  be  prohibitionists.  If  we  were  ever  to  bring  about 
prohibition  among  the  student  body  in  the  school,  after  they  leave  the  school 
we  would  be  pretty  sure  to  get  prohibition. 

There  are  many  countries  where  schools  yet  do  not  teach  prohibition  to 
their  students.  There  are  many  who  should  do  this.  I  wonder  if  it  would 
be  possible  for  this  Convention  to  send  some  letters  to  the  different  ministers 
of  public  instruction  asking  them  to  adopt  prohibition  and  teach  prohibition 
in  the  schools. 

Mr.  Philip  Brown,  representing  Liberia : 

Some  of  you  know  of  Liberia,  a  country  that  has  been  dry  for  a  long 
time  and  is  trying  to  do  something  for  the  uplift  of  humanity;  but  owing 
to  the  fact  that  the  alcohol  problem  in  Africa  became  a  very  important 
one  and  there  was  a"  great  economic  question  raised,  there  has  been  a  great 
deal  of  worry  in  my  country. 

I  am  appealing  to  this  organization,  that  if  any  way  is  possible,  they 
should  get  in  touch  with  European  nations  to  cause  them  to  stop  selling 
and  bringing  whisky  and  things  like  that  into  Liberia — because  in  Liberia 
never  before  did  we  have  saloons  and  they  had  no  way  of  getting  or  provid- 
ing liquor  or  any  way  to  make  it.  The  only  way  we  have  it  is  through  the 
European  nations  who,  after  the  war,  and  because  of  the  travel  of  Europeans 
in  our  land,  brought  this  whisky  and  this  deadly  poison  into  our  country 
and  brought  our  people  into  contact  with  it.  If  the  nations  of  America  could 
impress  the  nations  of  Europe  and  make  them  stop  sending  liquor  across 
the  water  to  the  heathen  people,  it  would  be  a  great  thing  to  do,  and  through 
this  means  a  great  help  would  come  to  my  people. 

I  hope  and  trust,  therefore,  that  you  people  will  make  every  effort  to 
help  the  heathen  people  of  my  country  and  the  heathen  people  all  over  the 
world,  by  stopping  the  sending  of  any  kind  of  that  stuff  into  our  country, 
foi  consumption  by  our  heathen  people,  from  your  European  nations.  That 
will  help  us  a  great  deal,  I  believe. 


336 


MONDAY   MORNING,  NOVEMBER  27,   1922 

Ways  and  Means  of  Securing  Action  Through  Government  Officials 

for  the  Enforcement  of  Law 

In  the  absence  of  Mr.  Orville  S.  Poland,  A.B.,  LL.B.,  Attorney 
and  Superintendent  of  the  Legal  Department  of  the  Anti-Saloon 
League  of  New  York,  who  had  been  designated  as  the  presiding  of- 
ficer for  this  conference,  Mr.  T.  S.  Quayle  called  the  conference  to 
order  at  8:15  o'clock  a.  m. 

Address  of  Mr.  James  Hales,  Chairman  of  the  Prohibition  Com- 
mission and  Chief  Enforcement  Officer  of  Ontario : 

I  can  say  this  for  my  native  province.  We  are  heart  and  soul  in 
sympathy  with  preventing  our  booze  from  going  over  to  your  side  of  the 
line.  Approaches  have  been  made  to  us  on  a  good  many  occasions  to  let 
down  the  fence  just  a  little  bit.  They  said  to  us,  "Why  should  you  care 
for  the  Yankees?  What  difference  does  it  make  to  you  if  they  want  to  buy 
our  liquor?  Let  them  have  it.  We  will  get  their  money  and  that  is  all 
there  is  about  it." 

I  have  said  to  them  in  very  plain  terms  that  it  isn't  the  part  of  good 
neighbors  to  do  that  sort  of  thing  and  besides  that  there  is  always  a  reflex 
action.  You  can't  help  to  build  up  on  the  United  States  side  a  community 
of  bootleggers  and  of  drinkers  of  liquor  without  having  a  very  serious  re- 
action on  your  own  people  and  so  for  selfish  reasons  we  should  do  some- 
thing at  any  rate  to  prevent  the  liquor  from  going  over  there. 

My  subject  is:  How  to  Secure  Cooperation  From  Those  Who  are 
Charged  with  the  Enforcement  of  the  Law. 

Well,  I  would  begin  in  the  first  place  at  the  ends  of  the  subject.  I 
would  say  that  those  advocates  of  the  enforcement  of  the  law  and  those 
who  form  the  great  public  should  be  seized  with  the  importance  of  the 
subject.  It  should  be  understood  everywhere  that  alcohol  is  a  foe  to  the 
human  body;  that  it  is  a  foe  to  everything  good  among  us  and  that  a  person 
who  sells  liquor,  makes  liquor,  or  distributes  it  against  the  law,  is  a  public 
enemy.  If  those  who  are  at  the  head  in  administering  the  law  and  those  who 
arc  at  the  other  end,  the  common  ordinary  people,  who  after  all  are  the 
people  most  concerned,  if  they  sympathize  with  those  who  are  enforcing 
the  law  and  are  prepared  to  cooperate  with  them,  the  greatest  factors  pos- 
sible that  we  can  have  are  at  the  disposal  of  those  charged  with  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  law. 

Now,  then,  let  us  recognize  at  once  that  there  is  no  other  matter  any- 
where that  offers  such  bribes  and  is  ready  to  offer  such  large  sums  of  money 
to  dissuade  people  from  the  discharge  of  their  duties,  no  matter  where  they 
are.  I  don't  believe  that  we  have  a  man  in  our  employ  who  couldn't,  if  he 
became  corrupt,  get  several  times  the  amount  of  money  that  his  salary 
amounts  to  in  a  whole  year,  if  he  would  just  swerve  a  little  from  the  path 
of  duty;  and  I  want  to  pay  a  tribute  at  the  outset  to  those  in  our  employ 
who  are  charged  with  the  administration  of  the  law. 

337 


We  have  inspectors  of  the  O.  T.  A.,  and  officers  of  the  O.  T.  A., 
many  of  whom  have  refused  bribes  of  very  considerable  amounts.  Some  I 
have  heard  of,  amounted  to  $25,000  and  $50,000,  if  they  would  depart  just  a 
little  from  their  duty.  Indeed,  I  have  known  men,  and  in  fact  I  know  one 
man  now,  one  of  our  best  officers  who  has  been  offered  $50,000  if  he  would 
just  look  away  from  a  place  where  his  duty  calls  him  and  leave  other  people 
to  do  what  they  wanted  to  do  in  the  meantime.  We  have  here  in  Canada, 
in  Ontario,  a  rather  large  field  of  operations.  You  may  travel  three  hundred 
miles  towards  Montreal  and  still  be  in  Ontario.  You  may  take  the  train 
in  the  other  direction  and  go  arouund  Lake  Superior,  travelling  a  thousand 
miles,  and  still  be  in  the  province  of  Ontario.  It  stretches  from  Minnesota 
on  the  West  to  New  York  State  on  the  East.  It  has  a  very  large  area  and 
a  sparse  population,  less  than  three  millions  all  told.  These  officers  of  ours 
have  to  guard  the  greatest  boundary  of  water  anywhere  in  the  world.  Just 
think  of  the  great  rivers  and  the  Great  Lakes.  We  have  something  like 
two  thousand  miles  between  Ontario  and  the  various  parts  of  the  United 
States  of  America.  You  can  see  how  great  the  task  of  our  law  enforcement 
officers  is.  They  have  to  deal  with  the  matter  of  stills  and  they  are  dealing 
fairly  effectively  with  them.  They  have  to  deal  with  importations  from  the 
sister  Province  of  Quebec.  There  is  a  great  deal  of  liquor  that  conies  in 
that  way  and  it  is  very  difficult  sometimes  to  head  it  off.  They  have  to 
deal  with  distilleries  and  breweries  right  here  at  home  whose  chief  business 
perhaps  is  the  manufacture  of  liquor  for  export  to  the  United  States  of 
America.  Oh,  no,  they  don't  say  the  United  States.  They  say  Mexico, 
and  they  say  Cuba  and  all  sorts  of  places,  except  the  United  States.  They 
load  thousands  of  cases  upon  yachts  that  go  out  into  Lake  Ontario.  They 
may  reach  the  Detroit  river  and  anchor  out  there  and  row  boats  come  to 
unload  and  take  it  over  to  the  United  States  and  some  of  it  comes  back  to 
Ontario.  I  confess  to  you  at  once  that  situation  is  very,  very  unsatisfactory 
to  us  here  as  it  must  be  to  you  in  the  United  States.  I  think  the  solution 
lies  in  getting  our  Dominion  Parliament  to  pass  a  law  that  will  not  permit 
any  liquor  to  be  sent  to  the  United  States  of  America  unless  the  law  enforce- 
ment officers  in  the  United  States  of  America  first  consent  to  the  shipment 
being  made.  We  have  gotten  down  a  considerable  distance  in  that  direction 
?nd  I  really  believe  if  a  request  properly  backed  up  comes  from  your 
Secretary  of  State  at  Washington  to  our  Parliament  in  Ottawa  that  sort  of 
legislation  will  be  enacted,  because  I  believe  that  our  Government  at  Ottawa 
after  all  is  not  unfriendly  to  the  prohibitionists  of  the  United  States.  Some 
of  us  have  worked  in  that  direction  and  we  almost  succeeded,  I  think,  at  the 
last  session  of  Parliament. 

Now,  for  the  men  themselves.  They  should  be  men  of  more  than 
average  intelligence.  They  should  be  honest  and  straightforward.  They 
shouldn't  be  open  to  accept  any  bribes  that  will  be  offered  and  they  should 
be  encouraged  in  the  discharge  of  their  duty  all  along  the  line.  We  have  a 
good  many  of  these  men  and  we  ought  to  be  sympathetic  with  them,  we 
ought  to  cooperate  with  them,  to  get  the  best  results.  We  try  to  do  that, 
and  sometimes  if  a  weak  brother  gets  into  the  forces,  we  should  let  him 

338 


understand  that  he  may  have  preeminent  qualifications  for  some  other  sphere 
in  life;  because  if  he  is  a  right  thinking  man  he  does  not  want  to  keep  a 
better  man  from  occupying  that  position.  One  of  the  most  difficult  tasks  is 
to  get  a  group  of  men  who  are  highly  efficient  and  at  the  same  time  cannot 
be  bribed  by  any  money  or  bribe  that  will  be  offered. 

I  spoke  a  moment  ago  about  some  of  the  difficulties.  I  touched  on  the 
stills  and  the  bringing  in  from  Quebec  and  our  own  distilleries.  We  have 
other  smaller  subjects.  We  are  supposed  to  sell  most  of  the  liquor  our- 
selves to  our  dispensaries  and  all  the  liquor  prescribed  for  patients  for  disease 
must  come  through  physicians.  Some  time  ago  when  it  started  a  physician 
who  issued  two  hundred  prescriptions  in  a  month  wouldn't  be  interfered  with. 
Then  it  came  down  to  one  hundred.  Now  it  is  fifty,  and  I  haven't  heard 
yet  that  more  people  die  through  the  limitation. 

I  would  like  to  see  the  day  when  there  will  be  less  law  violation,  but 
we  have  among  us  a  set  of  people  who  spend  their  whole  time  and  their 
whole  effort  in  devising  ways  and  means  to  violate  the  law.  A  very  large 
number  of  these  people  are  men  of  foreign  brith.  I  would  deport  everyone 
of  them,  if  I  could.  I  would  say  to  the  people  around  this  country  that  there 
is  no  foot-place  here  for  the  feet  of  the  bootlegger. 

I  haven't  yet  said  much  about  the  high  quality  of  the  officials.  The 
word  that  somebody  used  is  the  word  "Cooperation."  They  must  have 
intelligence,  honesty,  straightforwardness,  and  more  than  average  skill  in 
dealing  with  a  difficult  subject,  and  I  hope  yet  to  see  the  day  when  our 
officers  will  be  able  to  give  less  of  their  time  to  preventive  measures  and 
more  of  the  time  to  constructive  programs. 

At  this  time  Mr.  Orville  S.  Poland  assumed  the  chair. 

Chairman  Poland: 

I  fear  that  I  have  been  inexcusably  stupid.  I  owe  you  an  apology.  I 
gathered  the  opinion  that  this  meeting  was  to  be  held  in  one  of  the  smaller 
rooms  in  Massey  Hall  and  I  have  been  up  there  enjoying  myself  in  solitary 
comfort.  Before  we  open  the  conference  to  general  discussion,  I  want  to  call 
on  Dr.  Wheeler  to  say  something  about  questions  along  the  international 
border  on  the  American  side. 

Wayne    B.    Wheeler,    LL.  D.,    General    Counsel,    Anti  -  Saloon 
League  of  America : 

All  I  will  say  now  is  what  I  suggested  to  you  at  the  beginning,  that  we 
are.  getting  the  finest  kind  of  cooperation  from  the  Ontario  officials  so  far  as 
their  own  law  is  concerned.  Of  course,  they  haven't  as  much  law  as  we  have 
down  in  the  United  States,  but  this  suggestion  that  Mr.  Hales  made  is  going 
to  be  carried  out  as  far  as  the  United  States  is  concerned.  The  Secretary 
of  State  has  already  sent  one  communication  up  here  embodying  that  request. 
When  a  friendly  suggestion  comes  from  a  neighboring  nation  that  by  a.  cer- 
tain line  of  action  we  can  help  ourselves  there  ought  not  to  be  any  delay  on 
the  part  of  any  United  States  official  to  respond  to  that  suggestion. 

339 


Mr.    Watkins,    Superintendent     North     Dakota     Enforcement 
League : 

North  Dakota  has  been  prohibition  for  thirty-three  years,  and  our  problem 
through  the  thirty-three  years  was  enforcement.  I  am  superintendent  of  the 
North  Dakota  Enforcement  League,  or  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  North 
Dakota,  and  have  so  been  since  1911.  The  two  words  I  would  suggest,  are 
cooperation  and  elimination.  Let  me  say  that  the  attitude  of  the  .public  in 
general  is  ignorantly  critical  of  officials.  But  that  is  a  great  mistake.  I  want 
to  emphasize  that,  ignorantly  critical.  In  a  great  many  instances  they  are 
wholly  unjust.  People  write  to  me,  relative  to  officials,  saying,  "Don't  take 
this  matter  up  with  our  county  officials  because  they  are  taking  money  now 
from  the  liquor  element,"  when  those  men  are  the  very  best  officials  we  have 
in  the  state  or  ever  did  have.  They  are  absolutely  right  and  doing  all  in  their 
power  to  enforce  the  law.  I  want  to  emphasize  the  word  "cooperation."  A 
great  deal  of  information  and  some  evidence  sifts  into  every  temperance  de- 
partment of  every  organization,  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union, 
the  Anti-Saloon  League,  and  others,  and  I  think  the  heads  of  these  organiza- 
tions should  transmit  such  information  to  the  county  attorneys  or  prosecut- 
ing officials,  and  then  back  them  up  in  the  matter  and  assist  them  all  they 
can.  If  these  men  feel  they  have  the  cooperation  and  backing  of  a  temperance 
organization,  then  they  will  do  better  work.  When  they  go  ahead  and  do 
their  duty,  enforcing  the  law,  they  must  engender  the  enrriity,  and  the  oppo- 
sition of  the  opposite  side,  but  if  they  know  they  have  the  backing  of  the  tem- 
perance people,  the  people  who  want  good  government  and  law  enforcement, 
they  will  be  all  the  stronger.  If  you  expect  them  to  work  without  any  help 
from  you,  the  opposition  from  the  other  side  may  cause  them  to  back  up  or  lay 
down  on  the  job.  So  I  would  say  cooperation  first.  Then  when  we  find  men 
that  will  not  do  their  duty,  after  they  have  had  a  fair  trial,  eliminate  them  at 
the  next  election. 

The  Chairman: 

You  have  heard  of  cooperation.  Last  year  my  office  cooperated  to  the 
extent  of  forwarding  2,482  such  complaints  as  you  have  mentioned  to  the  offi- 
cials. I  would  like,  after  this  gentleman  speaks,  to  have  some  of  you  give 
us  some  suggestions  as  to  what  to  do  after  you  send  them  those  complaints 
and  nothing  happens. 

Mr.  Quayle: 

There  are  about  eighty  or  a  hundred  thousand  people  in  my  district  and 
about  sixteen  years  ago  we  organized  a  law  enforcement  league.  Reference 
has  been  made  to  ignorance  and  criticism.  One  of  the  policies  of  that  league 
was  to  inform  the  voters  of  the  character  of  candidates  and  for  sixteen  years 
we  have  kept  that  department  in  full  ,sway.  At  the  time  when  the  organization 
took  place  every  state's  attorney  suddenly  got  rich  within  a  year  or  two  after 
he  had  been  installed  in  office,  but  after  fourteen  years  of  fighting  we  elected 
a  good  man,  Col.  A.  B.  Smith.  Colonel  Smith  has  been  offered,  I  know, 

340 


$50,000  this  last  summer,  if  he  would  refuse  to  enforce  the  law  or  neglect  to 
enforce  the  law. 

He  had  hardly  been  elected  until  his  house  was  blown  up  with  dynamite. 
As  soon  as  he  was  elected  he  was  approached  and  offered  a  thousand  dollars  a 
month  for  non-enforcement  of  the  law;  a  gambling  house  came  and  offered 
him  $100  a  month  if  he  would  omit  to  enforce  the  law  upon  that  one  place. 
There  is  a  summer  resort  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county,  and  he  was 
offered  $10,000  a  month  if  he  would  refuse  or  neglect  to  enforce  the  law  at 
that  point.  Our  league  has  incessantly  put  before  the  newspapers  of  that 
county  what  he  is  doing.  We  have  had  no  direct  effort,  no  direct  help,  from 
the  newspapers.  We  have  had  but  little  from  the  churches,  directly.  In  fact, 
only  this  law  enforcement  organization  has  been  close  at  his  back,  but  we 
have  kept  the  end  in  view,  that  the  people  must  be  informed.  Last  April  we 
chose  a  sheriff.  We  had  had  a  sheriff's  office  that  always  tipped  off  any  raids 
that  were  about  to  be  made.  We  chose  a  candidate  for  sheriff  and  we  threw 
all  our  efforts  into  electing  that  man  and  he  was  elected  by  three  to  one  and 
the  way  we  did  it  was  this:  We  sent  (and  we  have  done  so  during  the  last 
fifteen  years),  about  14,000  circulars  to  the  voters,  giving  the  record  of  every 
candidate,  particularly  the  law  enforcing  candidates,  for  office.  The  voters 
take  those  circulars  with  them,  to  the  polls,  and  that  circular,  I  know,  decided 

the  election. 

. .       it 
H.    T.     Laughbaum,     Superintendent     Oklahoma     Anti-Saloon 

League : 

I  think  it  would  be  a  good  thing  to  have  open  season  for  removal  of  offi- 
cers. When  I  was  a  special  attorney  in  our  state  we  removed  twenty  officers 
of  the 'law,  including  district  judges,  county  judges,  sheriffs,  mayors  and  county 
attorneys.  We  didn't  want  to  show  any  ill  feeling  toward  the  Republicans,  so 
we  started  after  the  Democrats  and' removed  nineteen,  and  then  we  removed 
one  Republican. 

Last  year  two  sheriffs  were  removed,  the  same  day,  in  two  different  coun- 
ties by  juries,  and  another  was  suspended.  Under  our  law  the  officer  when  he 
is  accused  may  be  suspended  from  the'  office  until  final  trial  of  the  case  and  if 
he  doesn't  want  the  case  pushed  we  don't  push  it  after  he  is  suspended;  we  put 
another  man  in  his  place. 

Get  a  good  law  for  the  removal  of  officers  and  then  if  they  don't  act  as 
they  should  act  have  open  season  for  the  removal  of  officers.  I  want  to  say 
this,  that  the  great  majority  of  our  officers  are  square  and  decent. 

We  had  two  state-wide  conferences  in  Oklahoma  during  the  last  two 
years  and  sheriffs  and  county  attorneys,  federal  officers,  federal  attorneys, 
United  States  marshals,  Indian  Service  officers,  and  others,  attended  and  I 
was  a  speaker  at  both  of  those  conferences.  This  coming  year,  the  federal 
prohibition  directors  and  myself  expect  to  go  into  each  county  seat  and  hold  • 
a  law  enforcement  conference  in  the  day  time  with  the  officers  of  that  county 
and  then  at  night  at  community  mass  meetings,  get  the  sentiment  of  the  peo- 
ple behind  those  officers  and  wind  up  in  the  capital  of  the  'state  by  having  a 
•state-wide  meeting  of  the  sheriffs  and  county  attorneys  and  federal  officers 

341 


Mr.  H.  E.  Graham,  of  Michigan: 

I  am  a  former  federal  prohibition  director  for  the  State  of  Michigan,  now 
superintendent  of  field  organization  for  law  enforcement. 

We  have  a  system  in  Michigan  that  is  working  out  very  successfully  and 
I  think  perhaps  it  might  be  helpful,  in  answer  to  the  Chairman's  question, 
"What  will  you  do  where  the  officers  fail  to  act?"  I  think  a  good  suggestion 
has  been  given  us  to  have  the  open  season  for  suspension  of  officers.  I  would 
suggest  that  I  think  the  best  season  to  suspend  officers  is  before  the  election 
and  I  wish  we  might  all  emphasize  in  all  our  work  the  importance  of  selecting 
and  electing  only  candidates  who  are  friends  of  law.  That  is  the  most  im- 
portant thing  of  all.  However,  when  we  have  the  officer  elected  we  must  work 
with  him;  we  must  cooperate  with  him;  we  must  make  the  best  of  him. 
Now,  in  every  county  we  are  attempting  to  have  an  organization  with  several 
departments  including  a  committee  on  organization,  extending  the  organiza- 
tion for  law  enforcement  in  that  place;  a  committee  on  cooperation,  cooperat- 
ing with  the  officers;  a  committee  on  education,  educating  the  people,  keeping 
them  informed  on  the  facts;  a  committee  on  publicity,  broadcasting  the  facts 
and  the  truth  to  the  people;  a  committee  also  on  candidates  and  elections, 
whose  duty  it  is  to  attend  to  that  department  and  inform  the  people. 

The  committee  on  cooperation  are  furnished  with  a  little  blank  report 
or  complaint  card  which  we  call  the  citizens'  complaint  card.  We  outline 
on  that  card  the  kind  of  information  that  a  complainant  ought  to  give  the 
officers,  not  a  suspicion,  not  a  grudge  that  they  have  against  somebody, 
but  what  they  know  about  the  violation.  We  ask  on  that  card  that  the 
name  of  the  offender  be  given,  or  some  identification  if  the  name  is  not 
known,  the  nationality,  the  location,  the  form  or  kind  of  violation;  if  an 
automobile  is  used,  if  possible,  the  license  number  of  the  automobile,  the  de- 
scription of  the  automobile;  and  then  the  names  of  any  others  who  know  the 
facts,  and  the  informant's  name  and  address.  We  are  careful  to  ask  if  their 
name  may  be  given  to  the  officers  or  withheld.  Our  office  is  a  clearing  house 
for  that  information  and  we  guard  safely  the  informant  who  asks  that  his 
name  be  withheld.  Those  complaints  are  numbered  consecutively  when  they 
come  into  the  office.  We  report  them  as  the  case  may  be  to  the  various  local, 
state  or  federal  officers,  and  we  keep  a  record  of  where  the  report  is  sent,  and 
in  due  time,  if  they  do  not  report,  we  ask  for  a  report  on  complaint  No.  44, 
for  example,  or  whatever  it  may  be,  and  invariably  we  get  an  answer  back 
showing  the  disposition  that  was  made  of  the  case.  It  is  very  interesting  to 
keep  such  a  record.  I  want  to  give  one  illustration  of  quick  action.  In  the 
city  of  Port  Huron  on  the  border  across  from  Canada,  we  had  some  border 
trouble  in  Michigan.  Somebody  asked,  "What  is  the  matter  wih  Ontario?" 
The  answer  was,  Windsor.  Windsor  is  very  close  to  Detroit,  but  conditions 
are  improving  and  growing  better.  A  dry  citizen  in  Port  Huron  reported  a  vio- 
lation. The  next  day  it  went  to  the  sheriff  from  our  office.  The  following 
day  the  sheriff  reported  that  that  man  had  been  a  violator  of  the  law  but  he 
had  just  died  and,  of  course,  his  case  was  closed.  This  information  went  back 
the  following  day  to  the  informant,  and  the  informant  replied,  "Yes,  he  dropped 

342 


dead  while  cranking  his  motor  boat  loaded  with  beer;  today  I  have  come  to 
bury  the  violator,  not  to  arrest  him." 

Judge  Pollock: 

Just  a  word  from  the  standpoint  of  the  bench.  Perhaps  one  of  the  best 
things  along  this  line  would  be  to  have  a  good,  old-fashioned  Mtthodist  re- 
vival among  the  lawyers.  Perhaps  the  greatest  trouble,  among  laymen,  is 
the  ignorance  of  the  lawyers.  Those  of  you  who  know  anything  about  law 
enforcement  know  that  especially  on  the  equitable  side  of  the  case,  there  is 
some  law  that  you  have  got  to  know;  and  the  amount  of  ignorance  with  ref- 
erence to  fundamental  principles  and  law  enforcement,  from  the  legal  stand- 
point, is  certainly  very  great.  In  North  Dakota  where  we  have  been  under 
constitutional  and  statutory  prohibition  now  for  thirty-three  years,  the  great- 
est difficulty  we  have  had  was  passing  through  what  was  known  as  the  joking 
period.  Everyone  seemed  to  think  the  law  was  a  joke.  The  moment  that 
you  can  get  it  into  the  minds  of  the  people  that  it  is  no  joke  you  are  going  a 
long  ways.  For  instance,  you  read  in  the  papers  about  the  memory  test. 
There  are  people  advertising  splendid  helps  for  the  memory.  I  wish  some 
of  these  helps  could  be  adopted  by  some  of  our  witnesses  who  have  drunk 
beer  all  their  lives  but  who,  on  the  witness  stand,  never  knew  anything;  did 
not  know  whether  they  had  drunk  beer  or  slop.  I  found  a  pretty  good  mem- 
ory test  for  one  of  them.  One  of  those  Germans  upon  the  witness  stand  one 
day  had  a  sudden  lapse  of  memory,  and  I  told  the  sheriff  to  take  him  over 
to  the  jail  and  let  him  stay  there  until  his  memory  revived.  When  he  saw  the 
bars  he  said,  "You  take  me  back.  I  know,  I  remember  now."  He  got  up  on 
the  stand  and  said,  "Yes,  it  was  the  good  old-fashioned  lager  beer." 

I  found  that  in  our  state  the  people  generally  were  right,  but  they  did  not 
know  exactly  what  they  could  do  and  they  were  reaching  out  at  something  to 
find  what  could  be  done.  I  published  a  book  giving  our  law,  and  put  in  the 
back  of  it  a  pamphlet  which  I  had  written,  giving  the  forms  of  procedure,  and 
told  the  people — not  the  lawyers  necessarily,  but  the  people,  how  they  could 
proceed  in  a  court.  We  scattered  that  book  all  over  the  state  of  North  Da- 
kota, and  it  gave  the  temperance  people  a  weapon  to  use  with  the  prosecuting 
attorneys. 

Mr.  George  A.  Wilson,  of  Quincy,  Illinois: 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen:  Speaking  from  the  standpoint  of  hav- 
ing been  a  state's  attorney  so  many  years  ago  that  the  statute  of  limitations 
has  run  against  everything  that  I  did  or  failed  to  do  so,  I  want  to  say,  in  behalf 
of  the  state's  attorneys  that  I  think  as  a  general  rule  they  are  square  and 
honest.  The  trouble  with  these  officers  in  many  cases  is  that  they  lack  initia- 
tive. A  good  many  state's  attorneys  take  the  position  that  they  will  prosecute 
any  case  where  there  is  a  complaint  made,  and  they  do  it,  but  they  don't  go 
out  of  the  way  to  swear  out  warrants  or  take  the  initiative  in  instituting  these 
prosecutions.  There  is  one  thing  that  the  good  people  can  do.  In  the  small 
city  of  Hannibal  they  told  me  that  they  went  in  to  clean  up  the  city,  and  they 
had  some  of  the  finest  looking  women  in  town,  with  the  most  stylish  hats  and 
clothes,  and  the  best  men  in  the  town,  go  to  court  every  morning  while  court 

343 


was  in  session.  I  will  tell  you  what  some  of  the  prosecuting  officers  want. 
They  want  the  good  people  of  the  town  to  uphold  them  in  the  court  at  the 
time  these  prosecutions  are  on.  The  people  of  the  baser  sort  are  always  there 
in  court.  If  frequently,  perhaps  generally,  you  would  have-  a  committee  to 
attend  court  when  you  have  a  lot  of  these  cases  to  grind  through  the  mill,  I 
believe  something  could  be  done.  Furthermore,  there  is  a  feeling  of  sus- 
picion among  the  men  who  are  square  in  the  enforcement  of  law;  they  don't 
know  whose  hand  is  against  them  or  who  is  going  to  give  information  out. 
For  instance,  all  the  brewers  want  to  know  is  where  during  a  certain  week  the 
enforcement  officers  are  not  going  to  be.  That  is  all  they  need  to  know. 
If  they  know,  in  a  certain  part  of  a  large  city,  that  the  officers  are  not  going 
to  be  there,  that  they  are  going  to  work  down  state  or  in  another  part  of  the 
city,  then  these  liquor  men  get  their  work  in  during  those  few  days  when  the 
officers  are  in  another  part  of  the  city  or  another  part  of  the  state.  I  would 
like  to  know  what  is  being  done  relative  to  putting  the  subordinate  enforce- 
ment officers  under  the  civil  service. 

Mr.  Mayer,  of  New  York : 

I  think  I  have  a  suggestion  to  make  from  my  experience  in -law  enforce- 
ment and  in  the  fight  against  commercialized  vice.  We  have  had  similar 
problems  to  yours.  It  is  surprising  how  many  similar  'problems  there  have 
been.  Why  don't  you  hold  up  the  hands  of  the  enforcement  officials  and  also 
secure  the  cooperation  of  the'  average  man  and  woman  by  making  use  of  the 
injunction  and  abatement  principle  against  the  place  and  the  property?  That 
is  in  addition  to  the  criminal  proceeding  against  the  person."  It  is  all  right 
to  fine  a  man  five  dollars  or  ten  dollars  or  let  him  go  on  suspended  sentence 
until  the  next  time  and  seize  the  liquor.  He  will  do  it  over  again.  If  an  in- 
junction and  abatement  proceeding  is  brought  against  the  house;  against  the 
place  in  which  liquor  is  being  brewed,  and  the  house  is  'closed  for  a  year  and 
the  owner  of  that  house  has  to  pay,  or  rather  the  fine  of  three  hundred  or  five 
hundred  dollars  is  assessed  against  the  property,  and  acts  as  a  lien  against  the 
property,  the  owner  of  the  property  has  got  to  bear  in  mind  that  his  place 
must  not  be  used  for  illegal  purposes,  and  you  have  a  weapon  there,  an  equi- 
table measure,  which  can  supplement  your  criminal  procedure.  I  know  that 
the  injunction  abatement  law  in  the  United  States-r-it-is  a  state  law — has  been 
passed  in  nearly  every  state  in  the  Union  against  a  disorderly  house,  and  when 
that  law  was  passed  it  meant  the  death  knell  of  the  red  light  district,  because 
where  before  it  was  very  difficult  to  get  criminal  evidence  against  men  and 
women  in  that  nefarious  business,  it  now  became  possible  to  close  up  the 
house.  The  average  citizen  could  make  the  complaint.  The  vigilance  society, 
the  State  Anti-Saloon  League,  or  any  other  society  could  make  the  complaint 
in  the  injunction  abatement  proceeding.  All  that  needs  to  be  done  is  to  make 
the  law  cover  any  place  in  which  liquors  are  being  distilled  or  from  which 
they  are  being  sold,  which  is  illegal,  and  then  it  can  be  declared  a  nuisance 
and  abated  as  property  coming  under  this  injunction  abatement  proceeding. 

Hon.  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  LL.D.,  Washington,  D.  C. : 
The  first  condition  in  securing  satisfactory  law  enforcement  is  to  have  an 

344 


official  who  is  in  sympathy  with  your  law.  How  are  you  going  to  secure 
such  official?  First,  by  election.  You  know  how  to  do  that.  Second,  re- 
member that  most  of  our  federal  officials  are  appointed.  These  federal  agents 
are  appointed  now  because  of  political  service  rather  than  fitness  for  the  job. 
In  states  where  your  Senators  are  right  on  this  question  and  your  National 
Republican  Committeeman  is  right  and  the  leaders  of  your  party,  your  dom- 
inant party,  are  right,  we  get  good  officials.  Where  they  are  not,  we  are 
getting  inefficient  officials  and  in  some  places,  corrupt  officials,  many  of  whom 
up  to  about  eighty  or  ninety,  are  already  indicted  or  are  in  jail.  There  is 
one  way  to  stop  such  a  condition  of  affairs;  that  is,  to  put  those  agents  under 
civil  service  and  take  them  out  of  the  political  appointment  class.  That  bill 
is  before  Congress  now. 

Third,  these  federal  judges  and  district  attorneys  are  chosen  upon  the 
recommendation  and  the  final  choice  of  your  two  United  States  Senators, 
your  National  Republican  Committeeman  and  some  others  of  your  state  Re- 
publican leaders  who  have  influence,  but  primarily  the  United  States  Senators 
in  your  dominant  party  and  your  national  Republican  committeemen  are 
responsible.  You  should  hold  them  to  that  responsibility  when  they  put 
wet  men  on  the  bench  and  as  federal  district  attorneys  who  are  against  the 
enforcement  of  the  :law.  Remember  that  even  the  President  of  the  United 
States  can  not  appoint  a  man  when  the  Republican  Senators  say  to  him,  ''We 
will  not  ratify  that  appointment  when  it  conies  to  the  Senate."  If  the  Sena- 
tors stick  together  they  can  defeat  the  choice  of  the  President  of  the  United 
States  and  the  Attorney  General. 

There  are  three  or  four  things  that  you  can  do  to  help  an  enforcement 
officer.  Assume  to  start  with  that  he  is  friendly  and  wants  to  do  his  duty, 
for  the  overwhelming  majority  of  the  state  and  federal  officers  want  to  en- 
force the  law.  Put  that  down  as  an  absolute  certainty.  Even  when  they 
were  not  friendly  to  the  law  before  it  went  on  the  statute  books,  we  are  get- 
ting fine  cooperation  from  some  of  them.  Give  him  your  moral  support. 
Show  public  sentiment  in  that  community  so  that  he  will  feel  that  it  is  as 
safe  or  a  good  deal  safer  for  him  to  do  right  than  for  him  to  do  wrong;  and 
then  give  him  information  such  as  Mr.  Graham  outlined  here.  Officers  come 
to  the  federal  offices  at  Washington  and  tell  me  they  are  not  getting  the  co- 
operation from  our  state  and  local  committees  that  they  ought  to  have.  Put 
yourselves  in  their  places,  where  they  are  in  an  environment  of  criminals. 
Suppose  that  every  service  you  went  to  on  Sunday,  every  meeting  you  at- 
tended, was  controlled  by  men  who  were  set  against  the  thing  you  were  try- 
ing to  do?  Some  of  you  fellows  would  get  weak  backs.  Some  of  you  would 
be  discouraged.  You  go  to  the  churches,  to  meetings  which  are  in  sympathy 
with  you.  Remember  that  these  officers  go  among  those  who  are  criminals, 
who  are  dead  against  them,  who  would  do  everything  possible  to  defeat  them 
in  their  work.  If  you  go  to  them  and  find  out  what  their  problem  is  and 
then  help  them  instead  of  knocking  them,  you  will  get  better  results.  Inform 
yourselves  what  the  law  is  and  how  to  proceed  under  it.  We  have  already 
published  a  volume  of  600  pages  entitled  "Federal  and  State  Laws  Relating 
to  Intoxicating  Liquors." 

345 


It  gives  every  law  in  the  states,  the  Federal  law,  the  Supreme  Court  de- 
cisions, the  forms  of  indictment,  information  blanks,  and  forms  of  injunctions. 
The  injunction  method  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  and  most  effective  weapons 
we  have  today.  Many  places  are  using  it  with  more  effect  than  they  are  the 
criminal  procedures  of  the  law. 

The  next  proposition  is  how  to  deal  with  the  unfriendly  officer.  Get  rid 
of  him  when  you  find  there  is  no  other  way.  Defeat  him  in  election.  Get 
busy  to  prevent  his  appointment.  Remember  that  our  Federal  United  States 
Judges  are  there  for  life  or  good  behavior,  and  there  is  no  definition  of  what 
is  good  behavior.  That  makes  it  important  for  us  to  see  to  it  that  the  men 
who  go  on  that  bench  at  least  are  not  hostile  to  the  law,  and  have  a  record 
for  honest  performance  of  duty 

When  you  can  not  get  an  officer  to  do  his  duty,  what  can  you  do  next? 
Try  another  jurisdiction.  The  Federal  law  is  framed  so  you  do  not  have  to 
depend  on  one  officer  alone.  In  most  of  your  states  you  have  at  least  three  to 
five  jurisdictions  in  which  to  try  your  case  and  start  it.  If  you  are  blocked 
in  one  place,  try  another  and  then  another  and  then  another.  You  will  break 
through  somewhere  along  the  line  if  you  will  use  all  the  methods  that  you 
have.  Proceed  by  the  orderly  processes  of  Government  and  cooperate  with 
the  officers  of  the  law  in  doing  their  duty;  and  we  can  enforce  the  law  in 
every  state  of  the  Union.  It  is  the  most  important  job  that  we  now  have 
before  the  people  of  the  United  States. 


MONDAY  AFTERNOON,  NOVEMBER  27,  1922 
Ways  and  Means  of  Securing  Fullest  Possible  Cooperation  of  Re- 
ligious Organizations  for  the  Movement  Against  Alcoholism 

The  Conference  was  called  to  order  at  1 :00  o'clock  p.  m.  by  the 
Rev.  T.  Albert  Moore,  D.D.,  General  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Evangelism  and  Social  Service  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
of  Canada : 

It  seems  to  me  that  this  Conference  on  the  relation  of  the  great  Chris- 
tian Church  to  the  prohibition  movement  ought  to  bring  into  very  close  touch 
those  who  are  interested  in  the  non-alcoholic  movement  throughout  the  whole 
world.  The  work  of  the  churches  in  connection  with  this  movement  is  always 
educational.  That  is  outstandingly  its  responsibility.  To  secure  the  success 
of  this  movement  the  Church  must  carry  on  an  educational  propaganda 
through  all  her  congregations,  through  her  Sunday  schools,  through  her 
organizations  of  young  men  and  young  women,  and  I  am  glad  many  of  the 
churches  are  actively  doing  work  in  all  these  departments.  We  can  easily  see 
that  the  Church  which  carries  on  such  a  campaign  naturally  follows  up  its 
work  and  is  anxious  that  the  field  may  be  covered  in  its  entirety  and  that  the 
seed  sown  through  its  educational  methods  may  be  gathered  in  harvest. 

Therefore,  while  the  primary  responsibility  of  the  movement,  so  far  as 
the  Church  is  concerned,  is  educational,  and  I  use  that  term  in  a  very  broad 
sense,  it  must  also  be  interested  in  seeking  the  enactment  of  laws,  and  after 

346 


the  laws  have  been  enacted,  in  seeing  that  the  laws  of  the  land  will  be  carried 
out  and  properly  executed,  and  that  point  should  be  one  of  the  principles  of 
the  Church. 

Therefore,  the  Church  while  primarily  interested  in  education  is  none  the 
less  interested  in  legislation.  The  Church  must  study  the  situation  and  keep 
in  close  touch  with  her  congregations,  and  there  must  always  be  practical 
suggestions  made  with  regard  to  the  enactment  of  bills  on  the  statute  books 
of  any  country. 

Then,  the  church  having  educated  the  people  and  having  assisted  them  in 
the  securing  of  legislation,  it  naturally  must  be  interested  in  the  enforcement 
of  law.  While  the  Church  is  not  a  Vigilante  society  or  a  detective  organiza- 
tion, yet  she  is  in  a  position  to  render  cooperative  assistance  in  the  matter  of 
enforcement  of  the  law. 

This  is  the  direct  and  vital  relationship  of  the  Christian  Church  to  the 
prohibition  movement. 

Bishop  Wilbur  P.  Thirkield : 

On  the  whole  the  temperance  movement  in  Mexico  rests  upon  the  evan- 
gelical church.  We  have  between  75,000  and  100,000  members  out  of  a  con- 
stituency of  about  a  quarter  of  a  million.  I  rather  think  the  situation  may  be 
represented  by  a  story  I  heard  of  two  Irishmen  who,  in  the  late  war,  were 
sent  to  a  German  line.  They  crawled  along  on  the  ground  until  they  found 
eight  Germans  lying  asleep,  and  Pat  said,  "Now,  Mike,  you  get  your  hand 
grenades  ready  and  go  on  the  other  side  and  I  will  stay  on  this  side,  and  then 
we  will  let  off  our  hand  grenades  and  blow  these  Huns  into  smithereens." 

"No,"  said  Mike.     "Let  us  wake  them  up  and  have  a  fight." 

We  need  a  waking  up  and  the  having  of  a  fight  in  Mexico.  The  waking 
can  come  through  the  Church. 

I  am  glad  to  say  that  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  has  expressed  its 
interest  recently  in  the  prohibition  movement  by  an  appropriation  for  that 
purpose  through  its  educational  committee.  We  are  fortunate  in  having  in 
our  Church  a  very  forceful  leader  who  has  done  effective  work  in  Mexico. 
He  has  addressed  3,000  students,  and  is  now  the  educational  secretary  of 
Mexico.  The  members  of  the  cabinet  together  with  Obregon  have  expressed 
their  warm  interest  in  the  temperance  movement  and  in  prohibition.  The 
Minister  of  Education  said  to  me  awhile  ago,  "The  only  hope  for  Mexico  to 
take  its  place  among  the  modern  nations  of  the  world  is  to  abolish  the  bull 
fight  and  put  down  the  liquor  traffic."  You  will  be  surprised  when  I  tell 
you  that  this  man  recently  put  1,000  text  books  on  the  Scientific  Aspect  of 
Alcoholism  into  the  hands  of  the  teachers  of  Mexico,  and,  furthermore,  in  that 
Catholic  country  we  got  500  Testaments  into  the  hands  of  the  people  in  the 
federal  schools. 

Rev.  J.  Cromarty  Smith,  Scotland : 

Let  me  say  this  as  to  the  relation  of  the  Church  in  Scotland  to  the  tem- 
perance work.  We  have  in  Scotland  two  old  organizations  that  control  the 
temperance  work  in  that  country.  These  two  organizations  have  amalga- 
mated and  many  sub-committees  have  been  appointed,  They  have  formed 

347 


first  the  committee  which  we  call  the  Church's  committee,  and  I  happen  to 
be  the  convenor  of  that  committee,  and  I  may  say  a  word  about  it. 

It  goes  without  saying  that  if  we  can  enlist  the  hearty  sympathy  of  the 
church  in  our  movement,  victory  is  absolutely  sure;  but  how  to  enlist  the  sym- 
pathy of  the  Church  is  the  question.  It  is  true  that  every  Church  in  Scotland, 
every  denomination  in  Scotland,  has  officially  signified  to  its  people  the  desire 
that  the  people  should  vote  "no  license."  That  is  true,  but  the  problem  still  re- 
mains how  to  get  out  the  rank  and  file  of  the  Church.  It  seems  to  me  that  we 
will  not  reach  the  rank  and  file  unless  in  the  first  place  we  approach  the  mem- 
bers through  the  pulpit.  How  to  get  at  the  pulpit  is  the  next  difficulty.  It  is 
somewhat  easier  in  Canada  and  the  United  States,  but  in  Scotland  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  secure  entrance  to  the  pulpit.  From  what  experience  we  have  had 
we  have  felt  it  very  difficult  to  broach  the  subject,  and  there  is  a  great  reti- 
cence on  the  part  of  the  clergy  in  general  to  give  us  entry  to  the  pulpit, 
largely  because  those  who  have  spoken  have  lost  sight  of  the  spiritual,  the 
distinctly  religious  aspect  of  the  question.  I  feel  sure  I  am  safe  in  saying  that 
the  only  way  to  try  to  approach  the  people  is  from  a  spiritual  standpoint, 
from  the  standpoint  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  it  is  only  by  that  means  and  at  that 
time,  and  it  never  will  be  until  that  time,  that  we  will  get  the  sympathy  of  the 
people.  When  I  go  home  to  Scotland  if  I  have  one  conviction  deeper  rooted 
than  another,  it  will  be  this:  That  in  the  United  States  of  America,  no 
doubt  owing  to  circumstances  over  which  you  have  no  control,  your  legisla- 
tion has  outrun  your  education.  I  may  be  entirely  wrong,  but  I  have  thought 
a  great  deal  of  the  necessity  of  education  of  the  people.  My  conviction  at 
the  moment  is  this,  granted  we  are  all  agreed,  we  need  more  education;  and 
you  will  never  make  a  prohibitionist  until  you  make  teetotalers.  I  maintain 
that  you  must  educate  the  people  before  you  can  enforce  satisfactorily  your 
prohibition  law.  You  have  got.  to  make  total  abstainers  through  the  Church. 
The  only  way  you  can  do  that  is  by  preaching  the  gospel  of  the  Lord  Jesus 
Christ.  Therefore  I  venture  to  say  that  our  education  on  economic  lines 
has  somewhat  outrun  our  education  on  religious ,,  lines,  and  I  think  that  we 
must  set  ourselves  more  strenuously  to  this  task  and  think  more  deeply  about 
it.  If  we  are  to  approach  our  people  we  must  do  it  mainly  from  the  stand- 
point of  our  most  holy  religion,  and  all  these  other  arguments,  economic  ar- 
guments and  so  forth,  are  well  enough  in  their  way,  but  they  are  nothing 
compared  with  the  religious  movement. 

Dr.  Oliver: 

I  have  wandered  around  the  world  a  little  and  I  have  this  conviction, 
friends,  that  the  relation  of  the  Church  to  the  question  of  reform  is  such  that 
the  reformer  can  not  be  efficient  and  effective  and  triumphant  unless  he  is 
a  man  of  God  and  a  man  of  truth  and  a  man  who  believes  in  the  Bible  and 
all  that  it  means  for  the  world.  I  am  in  favor  of  uniting  the  great  Church 
movement  with  the  reform  idea.  I  think  that  to  enforce  law  we  must  not 
only  be  willing  to  enforce  the  law  that  is  our  pet  law — whether  it  be  the  law 
against  intoxicating  liquor  or  not — but  we  must  believe  it  is  right  to  enforce 
the  law  of  God  in  men's  hearts  so  far  as  we  can.  We  can  not  do  it  by  local 

348 


constitutions  and  methods  of  that  kind,  we  must  do  it  with  moral  suasion  and 
faith  in  God.  In  short,  I  believe  that  the  enforcement  of  the  law  in  the  case 
of  prohibition  means  the  enforcement  of  the  whole  law  of  the  statute  book, 
and  those  laws  can  only  be  enforced  properly  if  we  enforce  the  law  of  God; 
and  we  can  not  enforce  the  law  of  God  except  through  the  daily  practice  of 
his  Holy  Word.  No  law  enforcement  can  be  made  effective  unless  it  is  an 
enforcement  in  the  name  of  Jehovah.  The  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  showed  us  that  the  prayer  of  faith  is  a  great  force  in  the  law  of  the 
land.  The  two  must  be  joined  together,  the  Church  with  its  moral  and  social 
ideals,  and  faith  in  God,  must  be  joined  with  the  statute  against  liquor.  It  is 
only  by  joining  those  two  that  we  can  expect  to  succeed  in  our  endeavor  to 
make  the  world  dry,  and  to  make  it  a  clean  place  and  a  fit  place  in  which  to 
live.  I  believe  that  the  Church  will  never  do  its  best,  and  the  members  of 
the  Church  will  never  do  their  best  in  any  moral  reform,  until  they  get  on 
their  knees  and  look  to  God  as  their  Savior  and  chief  magistrate  for  guidance 
in  their  battle  for  the  right. 


TUESDAY  MORNING,  NOVEMBER  28,  1922 
Ways  and  Means  of  Securing  Adequate  Financial  Support  for 

Organized  Propaganda  Against  Alcoholism 
The  Conference  was  called  to  order  at  8 :00  o'clock  a.  m.,  the  Rev. 
Homer  W.  Tope,  D.D.,  Superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League 
of  Pennsylvania,  presiding. 

The  Conference  was  opened  with  prayer  by  T.  M.  Marshall  of 
West  Virginia. 

The  Chairman: 

The  topic  for  this  morning's  discussion  will  be  "Ways  and  Means  of  Se- 
curing Adequate  Financial  Support  for  Organized  Propaganda  Against  Alco- 
holism." This  is  probably  one  of  the  most  important  topics  to  be  discussed 
during  the  convention,  because  with  the  sinews  of  war  we  can  vanquish  the 
enemy.  Even  the  associations  against  prohibition  took  this  into  considera- 
tion when  organizing,  and  they  are  charging  their  members  a  dollar  apiece. 
The  Anti-Saloon  Lea'gue  devised  methods  and  plans  years  ago;  but  we  want 
to  compare  notes  with  other  workers  this  morning. 

Mr.  Lane,  Buffalo : 

I  do  not  believe  we  have  been  using  the  American  Issue  enough.  I  have 
found  in  my  travels  throughout  the  country  that  ministers  do  not  as  a  rule 
have  the  American  Issue.  It  has  never  been  sent  to  them.  I  have  asked  a 
great  many  people  whether  they  know  anything  about  the  American  Issue  or 
not  and  they  do  not.  I  believe  that  a  great  deal  of  good  can  be  done  in  the 
fire  department  stations  and  police  stations.  People  gather  in  these  stations 
when  they  are  idle  and  have  a  little  time  to  spend.  I  often  go  there  and  I 
have  seldom  found  less  than  15  or  20  men  and  very  often  I  have  found  30  to 
40  men.  I  feel  that  we  neglect  this  field  to  a  very  great  extent.  I  am  sure 

349 


that  we  can  introduce  the  American  Issue  to  these  people  as  well.  Every- 
body is  interested  in  the  American  Issue  when  they  see  it.  I  have  one  copy 
here  that  I  showed  to  155  people  in  ten  days. 

I  think  another  thing  to  do  in  order  to  succeed  in  our  movement  is  to 
press  the  case  for  a  personal  interview.  I  believe  that  is  the  thing.  About 
20  years  ago  I  promised  Miss  S.  B.  Smith  that  I  would  do  personally  some 
good  work  each  day  in  the  cause,  and  I  have  done  that  ever  since. 

Mr.  Sante,  Missouri: 

I  am  perfectly  willing  to  admit  that  a  very  much  larger  circulation  of  the 
American  Issue  would  be  valuable.  There  is  material  in  it  which  some  of  the 
brainiest  men  in  the  Anti-Saloon  League  have  gathered  and  spent  practically 
all  their  time  in  putting  together.  It  seems  to  me  that  there  ought  to.  be  some 
way  by  which  that  national  American  Issue  could  be  put  into  the  hands  of 
people  at  a  lower  price  than  we  are  paying  for  it  now.  I  am  not  of  the  type 
of  man  that  feels  that  we  ought  to  do  this  work  for  nothing,  but  we  must 
reach  the  public  with  the  very  best  thing  that  is  available.  I  do  not  believe 
there  is  another  paper  of  the  kind  in  the  country.  It  seems  to  me  there  ought 
to  be  some  way  devised  by  which  to  make  the  people  in  each  of  the  churches 
interested  in  this  movement,  and  I  think  one  of  the  means  is  to  make  avail- 
able this  national  American  Issue  at  a  lower  price. 

Mr.  Metcalf,  Ohio : 

Our  last  campaign  in  Ohio  gave  us  over  190,000  majority  against  the  beer 
and  wine  amendment.  In  that  campaign  the  American  Issue  was  sent  out 
for  five  weeks  before  election,  for  10  cents,  and  many,  many  thousands  of 
copies  were  circulated  in  that  way.  I  myself  had  100  every  week  and  every 
one  of  them  was  very  carefully  circulated.  We  have  no  doubt  that  the  Ameri- 
can Issue  did  its  work  effectively. 

Mr.  Turpeau,  Virginia: 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen:  I  want  to  speak  to  you  about  the 
means  of  raising  funds  for  carrying  out  this  program  in  a  field  that  has  been 
hithertojieglected,  though  probably  not  intentionally.  That  field  is  the  field 
among  the  American  negro.  In  the  past,  of  course,  the  negro  has  been  a  sort 
of  weight  on  our  movement,  but  since  prohibition  has  come  he  has  had  such 
large  benefits  that  he  feels  now  he  can  be  an  asset  for  any  institution  that  is 
working  for  the  betterment  of  the  world.  The  negro  has  thought  in  the  past, 
in  terms  of  dimes  and  quarters.  That  represented  the  limit  of  his  ability. 
Since  prohibition  has  come  to  the  states  the  negro  is  now  thinking  in  terms 
of  dollars  and  hundreds  or  thousands  of  dollars.  He  is  getting  hold  of  some 
of  this  world's  goods  and  to  my  mind  that  is  a  splendid  field  to  go  to  in 
order  to  secure  funds  to  promote  this  big  movement. 

I  do  not  know  that  I  ought  to  say  definitely  what  I  have  in  mind  with 
reference  to  a  practical  plan,  but  I  know  that  if  the  American  negroes  were 
approached  in  the  proper  manner  they  would  yield  a  substantial  return  from 
that  effort.  They  are  better  able  now  than  they  have  ever  been  and  are  more 
willing.  Prohibition  is  the  greatest  blessing  that  has  come  to  the  negro 

350 


since  his  emancipation  from  slavery.  I  do  not  speak  as  an  authority  on  the 
negro  race,  but  I  do  think  that  I  can  say  with  as  much  authority  as  others 
did  in  St.  Louis  the  other  day  that  I  think  the  time  has  come  when  the  negro 
race  is  definitely  committed  to  prohibition. 

Mr.  Davis,  North  Carolina: 

Mr.  Chairman:  I  have  been  in  this  work  17  years,  and  if  I  had  to  give  any 
advice  as  to  my  judgment  about  how  to  raise  money  and  get  results,  how  to 
raise  money  for  this  propaganda,  I  will  just  say  "hustle."  I  do  not  know  of 
anything  that  will  produce  more  good  in  the  next  five  or  six  years  than  good, 
honest  hustling.  If  the  job  is  difficult,  go  after  it  a  little  harder,  and  do 
not  sit  down  and  wait.  If  there  is  anything  on  the  face  of  the  earth  that  will 
disqualify  the  League  for  service  of  any  sort  it  is  to  get  so  far  behind  with  its 
accounts  that  the  liquor  people  will  be  able  to  say  that  we  do  not  pay  our  bills. 
So  I  say  hustle  and  we  will  get  there. 

Mr.  Marshall,  West  Virginia: 

I  do  not  rise  particularly  in  behalf  of  the  money  side  of  the  problem,  for 
I  am  a  great  believer  in  personal  contact  in  every  stage  of  our  work.  But 
I  wanted  to  say  a  word  with  regard  to  the  distribution  of  literature  to  edu- 
cate people  in  ideas,  not  merely  in  a  campaign  a  few  weeks  or  a  few  months 
before  election,  but  throughout  the  time  during  the  weeks  and  the  months  of 
the  year  before  the  election.  If  you  can  get  your  literature  read  you  create 
an  opinion,  a  growing  sentiment,  and  establish  that  sentiment  so  that  by  and 
by  nothing  in  the  world  can  suddenly  overturn  it.  For  that  reason  it  im- 
presses me  as  being  a  very  practical  thing  to  have  our  literature  distributed 
throughout  the  year  instead  of  just  before  election  when  people  are  particu- 
larly interested  in  the  movement.  If  we  can  get  this  literature  distributed 
throughout  the  ynited  States  for  months  or  years  before  these  great  problems 
are  considered  at  the  polls,  the  ideas  will  exist  in  the  minds  of  the  people  and 
the  people  will  be  ready,  when  the  question  comes,  to  act  intelligently  on  it. 
I  think  that  is  one  of  the  things  that  we  ought  to  do  in  this  movement  for 
prohibition  and  it  will  be  one  of  the  most  effective  things. 

Rev.  Ira  Landrith,  D.D. : 

There  are  two  things  that  occur  when  you  get  money  from  an  audi- 
ence. One  is,  you  get  money  they  ought  to  give,  and  the  other  is  you  give 
them  information  and  arouse  their  interest  and  cause  them  to  continue  their 
activity,  which  is  more  valuable  than  the  money.  It  would  be  a  calamity  to 
the  Anti-Saloon  League  if  the  League  should  anywhere  leave  the  impression 
that  getting  money  is  its  sole  object.  For  my  own  part,  I  believe  that  the 
little  work  that  I  have  been  allowed  to  do  in  raising  money  is  psychological. 
Money  is  one  of  the  great  needs  for  this  movement.  I  calculate  every  time 
that  I  get  a  dollar  or  a  five-year  card  or  a  three-year  card  that  it  helps  keep 
such  a  man  as  Davis  of  North  Carolina  or  Mr.  Cherrington  at  headquarters. 
Every  time  I  get  such  a  card  as  that  I  put  Wheeler  closer  to  the  Supreme 
Court  and  every  time  I  raise  a  dollar  I  think  that  Dr.  Baker  is  becoming 
more  effective.  Money  is  one  of  the  great  necessities  of  our  work,  but  it  is  not 

351 


the  only  necessity.     The   other  necessity  as  I   see  it  is  to  make  the  people 
interested  in  what  we  are  doing. 


TUESDAY  AFTERNOON,  NOVEMBER  28,  1922 

International  Cooperation  for  Law  Enforcement  on  Both  Sides  of 

International  Boundary  Lines 

The  Conference  was  called  to  order  at  1 :00  o'clock,  Rev.  A.  J. 
Barton,  D.D.,  presiding. 

The  Chairman : 

Ladies  and  gentlemen:  Mr.  Arthur  Davis,  the  Superintendent  of  the 
Northeastern  Regional  District  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America,  whose 
duty  it  was  to  preside  over  this  conference  today,  can  not  be  here  because  he 
is  attending  a  meeting  of  the  Executive  Council,  of  which  he  is  Secretary, 
and  he  has  asked  me  to  preside. 

Mr.  Henry  Moyle: 

I  would  like  to  have  just  one  minute  of  the  time  allotted  to  this  Confer- 
ence, in  opening  the  discussion,  to  say  that,  having  no  part  in  the  direction 
of  law  enforcement  beyond  such  as  I  may  have  as  a  private  member  in  the 
rear  ranks,  I  have  had  opportunity  from  time  to  time  to  do  something,  although 
I  have  no  connection  with  the  field  and  my  limits  are  those  bounded  by  the 
power  and  the  opportunity  that  comes  to  a  private  citizen.  There  is  nothing 
about  me  of  the  character  of  an  official,  I  have  no  official  position  or  respon- 
sibility. I  am  unable  to  function  as  an  official,  and,  not  being  closely  con- 
nected with  the  active  work,  I  am  unable  to  give  experience  of  value,  as 
others  may  be,  but  I  am  able  simply  to  state  my  position  as  an  individual 
who  at  all  times  realizes  the  responsibility  he  has  in  giving  the  very  best 
service  that  is  in  him. 

I  might  say,  however,  that  our  Attorney  General  is  a  splendid  officer, 
filling  his  position  with  such  determination  and  good  judgment  that  it  makes 
it  very  much  easier  than  otherwise. 

The  Chairman: 

As  the  Chair  understands  the  situation,  one  of  the  difficulties  on  the  border 
line,  in  Canada  and  the  United  States,  is  the  fact  that  the  prohibition  law  in 
Canada  does  not  prohibit  the  manufacture  of  intoxicants.  Am  I  right? 

Mr.  Moyle : 

Yes,  sir. 

The  Chairman : 

I  thought  so,  and  that  is  a  serious  difficulty.  If  the  Canadian  Gov- 
ernments, Dominion  and  Provincial,  could  go  further  and  do  as  we  have 
done  in  the  United  States  and  prohibit  the  manufacture  as  well  as  the  sale, 
it  would  help  greatly.  Our  law,  both  constitutional  and  statutory,  pro- 
hibits the  manufacture,  sale,  transportation,  importation  and  exportation 
of  all  intoxicating  liquors  for  beverage  purposes,  and  if  some  act  like  that 
could  be  made  effective  in  Canada  it  would  be  helpful. 

352 


Mrs.  Anderson,  of  New  Hampshire: 

I  came  to  this  conference  to  get  more  light  on  this  subject  which  very 
vitally  concerns  us,  on  both  sides  of  the  border.  We  have  had  prohibition 
in  our  locality  for  30  years,  and  it  has  been  well  enforced.  After  the  national 
prohibition  came  into  being  our  problem  was  intensified  and  new  problems 
were  created.  An  entirely  new  condition  arose  and  a  new  problem  came  up 
as  to  how  to  meet  that  condition.  I  think  the  best  thing  that  has  been  done, 
as  far  as  I  know,  has  been  a  conference  of  the  enforcement  officials  from  both 
sides  of  the  line,  from  Washington,  Idaho,  Montana,  North  Dakota,  Minne- 
sota, with  the  officials  from  Alberta,  Saskatchewan  and  this  country,  across 
the  line,  who  have  checked  up  the  whole  question.  There  has  been  an  im- 
provement in  the  condition  since,  and  recommendations  made  by  them  went 
to  the  authorities  on  both  sides.  I  feel  there  needs  to  be  an  awakening  among 
the  people.  We  need  the  moral  support  of  the  people.  The  people  do  not  real- 
ize what  the  enforcement  officers  are  doing,  who  undertake  to  enforce  the  law 
across  the  border.  They  take  their  lives  in  their  hands.  I  know  of  a  number 
of  cases  where  men  have  been  shot,  and  I  know  of  other  cases  where  the  men 
were  killed  and  left  families  to  be  supported.  I  know  of  one  man  who  en- 
deavored to  enlist  in  the  army,  but  was  refused.  Later  on  he  took  up  the 
fight  for  his  country,  the  same  as  the  other  men  who  went  to  the  front  did,  in 
the  prohibition  service.  Some  men  went  to  the  front  and  fought  their  battles 
with  the  enemy  and  others  stayed  at  home  and  enlisted  in  the  enforcement 
department  of  our  government.  He  was  shot.  When  the  officer  went  to 
see  his  wife,  she  said  to  him,  "I  feel,  and  I  want  my  children  to  feel,  that  their 
father  gave  his  life  for  his  country  just  as  did  our  friends  at  the  front."  If 
we  temperance  people  take  this  position  toward  our  men  it  will  put  morale  into 
these  officers  and  will  help  them. 

Mr.  Chalmers,  of  New  York : 

I  want  to  back  up  what  this  lady  has  said.  A  Congressman  from  North 
Dakota  said  practically  the  same  thing  as  this  lady  has  said,  about  the  rum- 
running  and  how  hard  it  is  for  the  sheriffs  to  get  men  to  represent  the  gov- 
ernment in  this  matter.  They  realize  that  when  they  do  this  work,  they  are 
doing  it  at  the  risk  of  their  lives.  I  think  that  if  we  can  get  conferences 
between  the  officials  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  about  this  thing,  we 
ought  to  be  able  to  meet  the  situation  and  clear  it  up  a  great  deal.  It  is  a 
shame,  an  outrage,  that  a  country  can  pass  a  law  and  have  some  of  its  citizens 
break  it  as  they  do.  I  don't  know  how  many  prohibition  officers  they  have 
killed  in  the  last  two  years.  Someone  says  125.  That  is  what  that  murder- 
ous gang  is  doing.  But  then,  we  have  to  contend  with  the  idle  rich,  the  big 
business  man  who  wants  the  poor  man  to  be  sober,  but  who  does  not  want 
to  give  up  his  own  liquor.  If  we  can  get  not  only  a  conference  between  the 
powers  that  be  on  either  side,  but  a  conference  between  our  intelligent  people, 
our  intellectual  people  on  this  matter,  I  think  we  might  do  some  good.  If 
Canada  and  the  United  States  could  get  together  on  this  question  there  would 
be  a  great  improvement. 

353 


Mr.  McKeen,  of  Ontario : 

I  am  one  of  the  Canadians  who  are  ashamed  of  the  conditions  in  Canada. 
We  are  not  only  disobeying  our  laws,  but  our  present  government  is  trying 
to  nullify  the  laws  that  we  have.  We,  as  temperance  people,  interested  in 
the  observance  of  law,  should  see  to  it  that  our  new  government,  the  new  gov- 
ernment which  we  will  elect,  makes  new  laws  that  will  respect  the  rights  of 
all  nations. 

Mr.  O.  R.  Miller,  of  Albany,  New  York : 

As  a  citizen  of  New  York  I  may  say  that  we  New  Yorkers  are  greatly 
interested  in  the  international  problem,  probably  more  than  anyone  else,  and 
more  than  any  other  state  in  the  Union.  We  have  several  hundreds  of  miles 
of  border  line  on  which  the  international  problem  becomes  a  vital  one;  and 
I  presume  the  greatest  difficulty  has  been  the  bringing  of  liquor  over  from  the 
provinces.  We  are  faced  by  Montreal  and  Quebec,  and  90  per  cent  of  the 
liquor  taken  from  Quebec  comes  to  New  York.  Once,  a  district  attorney  was 
offered  $50,000  to  let  a  consignment  of  liquor  go  through  from  Canada.  To 
men  who  never  saw  any  great  amount  of  money  at  one  time  that  is  a  great 
temptation.  We  have  done  something  by  removing  officers,  and  disciplining 
and  changing  officials,  but  we  must  have  help  and  as  has  been  suggested  in 
this  conference  we  must  have  help  from  the  north  as  well  as  from  the  south. 
We  feel  that  Canada,  the  great  Dominion,  can  do  much  to  help  us. 

Mr.  Vargas,  of  Mexico: 

I  have  been  in  touch  with  the  problem  for  a  long  time.  I  have  witnessed 
the  killing  of  men  in  the  prohibition  service,  who  tried  to  enforce  the  law. 
I  have  seen  how  difficult  it  has  been  for  the  government  to  get  juries  to  con- 
vict the  criminals,  and  it  is  a  very  tender  spot  in  my  life  to  have  been  a  wit- 
ness to  these  outrages  in  my  own  city  of  El  Paso.  We  can  go  from  El  Paso 
to  the  Mexican  town  in  five  minutes.  There  are  a  great  many  saloons  being 
run  in  Mexico  right  across  from  El  Paso.  It  is  a  city  of  16,000  inhabitants 
with  600  saloons,  all  kinds  of  blind-tigers,  and  other  places,  just  five  min- 
utes away  from  El  Paso.  The  problem  has  been  studied  very  carefully  and 
conscientiously  and  the  other  day  10,000  citizens  of  El  Paso  sent  a  petition 
and  signed  it  and  forwarded  it  to  Mr.  Wheeler  in  Washington.  That  petition 
asks  the  United  States  Government  to  order  the  bridge  from  El  Paso  to  this 
other  city  closed  at  7:30  o'clock.  By  that  time  all  the  legitimate  business  has 
been  transacted.  There  should  be  no  objection  to  the  closing  of  this  bridge 
at  that  time.  Those  saloons  would  be  forced  out  of  business. 

Mr.  Waltman,  of  Michigan : 

We  have  our  troubles  in  Michigan  but  we  hope  to  solve  them  satisfac- 
torily. Our  federal  prohibition  director  has  been  in  conference  with  the 
Dominion  director  and  we  are  trying  to  adjust  matters.  Just  recently  in  our 
United  States  court  the  commissioner  held  that  vessels  coming  from  Canada 
to  Detroit  were  vessels  of  the  high  seas,  and  therefore  they  were  not  subject 
to  being  searched.  We  are  now  organizing  in  Michigan  to  get  rid  of  that 

354 


court  commissioner.     We  do  not  believe  the  decision  is  fair  or  will  hold  in  the 
higher  courts. 

Mr.  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  Washington: 

Our  difficulty  in  Mexico  is  that  when  we  ask  for  this  condition  on  the 
passports  they  claim  that  we  are  hampering  trade.  They  do  not  want  to  go 
quite  so  far  as  is  asked  for  in  the  Mexican  petition.  We  are  doing  our  best 
to  put  a  limitation  on  the  passports  and  to  close  that  bridge  at  an  earlier  hour 
but  I  do  not  know  how  long  it  will  take  or  whether  we  can  get  it.  We  will 
do  our  besf.  I  hope  you  will  ask  them  to  consider  a  movement  in  Mexico  to 
prevent  the  operation  of  dives  like  those  along  the  border.  Another  problem 
is  the  shipment  of  liquors  into  these  countries  for  supposedly  legitimate  pur- 
poses. Our  laws  permit  the  exporting  of  liquors  for  non-beverage  purposes. 
We  can  not  always  tell  whether  the  consignee  is  a  valid  consignee  or  not,  so 
if  your  officers  and  people  would  cooperate  with  ours  to  let  them  know  whether 
these  consignments  are  going  to  legitimate  people  or  not,  it  would  help  us  a 
great  deal.  There  are  a  score  of  troublesome  problems  arising  in  view  of  these 
laws,  and  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that  we  cooperate  to  the  fullest  extent. 
Let  us  do  our  level  best,  no  matter  what  country  we  are  in,  to  see  to  it  that  no 
agency  of  our  government  will  improperly  interfere  with  our  movement 
towards  law  enforcement.  We  should  demand  a  better  respect  for  our  laws 
and  a  better  respect  for  the  enforcement  of  thern.  The  officers  of  the  law 
here  in  Canada,  those  charged  with  controlling  the  liquor  traffic,  have  done 
their  level  best  to  cooperate  with  the  officers  of  the  United  States.  We  are 
all  one  great  big  family  and  the  border  line  should  make  no  difference.  We 
all  want  to  cooperate  with  a  view  to  establishing  law  and  order  and  the  only 
way  to  do  that  is  to  see  to  the  enforcement  of  the  laws  that  are  already  on 
our  statute  books. 

Dr.  Sanders,  of  Montreal : 

We  are  in  quite  a  difficult  position  in  Montreal  because  we  practically 
have  four  sets  of  laws  which  are  in  operation.  We  have  the  federal  law.  We 
have  four  or  five  counties  living  under  the  Canadian  Temperance  Act  which 
is  a  better  measure.  Of  course  we  have  a  local  option  act  which  is  in  force 
in  the  best  part  of  the  Province.  Probably  three-fourths  of  the  Province  is 
living  under  it  today,  but  the  French  district  is  not  a  local  option  district. 
Then  we  also  have  the  Quebec  Liquor  law,  under  the  commissioners.  The 
Government  of  Quebec  has  handed  over  the  liquor  traffic  to  this  Commission 
and  the  Commission  is  out  to  do  business  like  any  other  trader.  It  reasons, 
therefore,  that  there  will  be  no  interference  from  the  federal  authorities  and 
so  far  as  the  Canadian  Temperance  Act  is  concerned  it  says  first  it  is  a  federal 
measure  and  second,  as  far  as  they  can  see,  they  will  use  their  influence  to 
try  and  have  the  temperance  act  wiped  out  all  over  the  Province  of  Quebec. 
That  is  the  fallacy  of  the  situation,  they  have  a  Canadian  Temperance  Act  and 
they  have  these  commissioners  conducting  the  affairs  of  the  liquor  business. 
So  in  one  breath  they  say  that  they  are  enforcing  the  law  against  the  liquor 
traffic  and  in  the  next  that  they  are  a  commission  assembled  with  a  view  only 
to  promote  the  traffic  as  any  trader  would. 

355 


We  temperance  folk  want,  of  course,  to  cooperate  as  far  as  possible  with 
our  friends  to  the  south,  but  I  would  remind  you  of  this.  There  is  big  money 
in  it,  and  the  bootleggers  come  from  the  states  with  automobiles  and  a  vast 
amount  of  money  and  they  are  in  a  position  to  use  that  money  and  to  get 
away  with  illicit  dealings  without  the  least  trouble. 

The  United  States  Customs  officials  are  doing  their  duty,  collecting  cus- 
toms, on  ordinary  goods,  but  men  in  automobiles,  in  high  powered  automo- 
biles, can  go  over  the  line  right  under  the  nose  of  these  officials  and  no  notice 
is  taken  of  it. 

The  Roman  Church,  I  may  say,  is  conservative.  It  is  in  a  waiting  atti- 
tude. It  has  been  one  of  the  splendid  factors  in  this  movement  in  the  past, 
and  I  do  not  believe  that  the  rank  and  file  of  the  priesthood  are  at  all  desirous 
of  seeing  the  splendid  work  that  has  already  been  done,  undone,  and  the 
people  exposed  to  the  evils  and  dangers  of  unrestricted  liquor  traffic.  I  think 
theer  is  much  to  be  done,  and  there  is  ample  opportunity  for  every  one  who 
wants  to  do  anything  to  do  it.  / 

The  Chairman : 

I  know  that  the  officers  in  New  York,  are  on  the  whole,  doing  their  duty, 
and  are  doing  everything  they  can  to  prevent  the  running  of  rum  from  Canada 
to  the  United  States. 

We  have  had  a  good  conference.  The  Chair  would  say  that  in  this  whole 
matter  of  international  cooperation  for  the  enforcement  of  our  prohibition 
laws,  we  have  a  most  urgent  situation.  If  there  were  nothing  else  necessary 
to  condemn  the  liquor  traffic  forever,  that  condemnation  would  be  found  in 
the  fact  that  it  not  only  defies  local  authority,  county  authority,  state  author- 
ity, the  national  authority,  and  even  the  greatest,  the  international  authority, 
but  it  defies  all  the  authorities  all  over  the  world.  This  conference  can  do 
much,  I  believe,  in  evolving  plans  for  a  greater  cooperation  among  all  lands. 


WEDNESDAY  MORNING,  NOVEMBER  29,  1922 
Ways  and  Means  of  Securing  Scientific  Temperance  Instruction  in 

the  Public  Schools 

The  Conference  was  called  to  order  at  8:00  o'clock  a.  m.,  Miss 
Cora  Frances  Stoddard,  B.A.,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Executive  Sec- 
retary of  the  Scientific  Temperance  Federation,  presiding. 

The  Chairman : 

Our  subject  is:  "Ways  and  Means  to  Secure  Temperance  Education  in 
the  Public  Schools."  I  think  we  will  enlarge  it  a  little  bit  to  include  "Ways 
and  Means  of  Securing  Temperance  Education  of  the  General  Public,"  as  well. 

In  opening  this  morning's  conference  on  temperance  education,  let  me 
repeat  that  while  it  relates  primarily  to  the  temperance  education  in  the  public 
schools  and  the  best  way  to  secure  it,  I  think  we  would  do  well  to  discuss 
ways  and  means  of  improving  the  general  educational  system  of  the  United 
States  to  our  temperance  movement.  So  far  as  the  school  work  is  concerned, 

356 


it  may  be  interesting  to  note  that  this  subject  was  first  considered  in  the 
public  schools  of  the  United  States.  It  was  the  outgrowth  of  a  suggestion 
made  by  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  in  England,  following  his  investigation,  and  the 
first  text  book  used  in  any  of  the  schools  was  one  which  Dr.  Rush  himself 
prepared.  And  it  was  used  to  some  extent  in  England  and  to  some  extent  in 
the  United  States  when  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  took  up 
the  work  to  teach  the  children  of  the  United  States  the  evil  effect  of  alco- 
holism. 

As  you  know,  in  this  country,  that  teaching  has  become  a  part  of  our 
school  system,  through  the  operation  of  the  law.  In  order  that  we  might 
as  quickly  as  possible  get  this  instruction  laws  were  passed  in  one  state  after 
another  until  a  period  of  20  years  had  elapsed  and  at  that  time  every  state  in 
the  nation  required  instruction  along  these  lines.  The  law,  of  course,  in  one 
state  varied  from  the  law  that  existed  in  another.  Some  required  that  a  regu- 
lar branch  of  study  be  provided  in  this  particular  matter;  others  required  that 
a  certain  number  of  lessons,  30  to  40  in  the  upper  and  20  to  30  in  the  primary 
grades,  should  be  given;  some  were  specific  as  to  the  duration  of  these  tem- 
perance lectures  and  others  merely  made  it  optional  on  the  part  of  the  teachers 
to  take  up  this  phase  of  the  situation. 

However,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  we  have  laws  in  the  states  con- 
taining provisions  that  affect  our  prohibition  movement  in  the  schools,  we 
must  watch  that  these  laws  be  maintained,  and  that  we  may  hold  these  laws. 
At  definite  periods  of  time  in  all  of  the  states,  the  different  states  codify  their 
laws  and  there  is  always  a  tendency  when  laws  are  codified  to  leave  out  a  great 
many  laws  which  seem  to  have  become  obsolete  and  have  no  bearing  on  mat- 
ters of  public  interest  at  the  moment  when  the  codifying  is  taking  place.  It 
is  when  these  laws  are  codified  that  we  temperance  people  must  be  on  the 
watch  for  any  effort  that  is  made  on  the  part  of  our  enemies  and  opponents 
to  throw  these  laws  into  the  discard,  and  not  include  them  in  the  codified 
laws  of  the  state  then  being  made  up. 

I  want  to  call  upon  one  who  is  here  and  who  has  had  a  great  deal  of 
experience  in  work  in  this  particular  matter.  She  has  been  connected  with  it 
from  the  very  beginning  and  has  been  closely  identified  with  the  teaching  in 
the  public  schools,  through  text  books  and  literature.  Will  Mrs.  Transeau 
tell  us  something  of  the  work  that  is  being  done  in  the  schools? 

Mrs.  Transeau: 

I  began  work  with  Mrs.  Hunt  soon  after  she  started  her  work  on  the 
text  books  that  were  made  the  first  of  a  series.  There  was  an  outline  of  sub- 
jects which  she  considered  very  essential.  These  subjects  grew  out  of  her 
experience  in  lecturing  about  the  country.  She  had  learned  what  was  in  the 
minds  of  the  people.  Some  of  the  earlier  text  book  makers  had  merely  gone 
into  the  library  and  pulled  down  two  or  three  volumes  of  medical  works  and 
the  effect  of  alcohol  on  the  human  system,  reference  works,  took  out  a  page 
or  two  from  these  reference  books  and  incorporated  them  into  the  school 
books  that  were  to  be  used  by  the  children,  and  that  was  the  extent  to  which 
they  went.  These  were,  of  course,  the  things  with  which  Mrs.  Hunt  had  her 

357 


first  battle.  Her  battles  were  to*  secure  proper  instruction  in  the  books.  As  I 
remember  some  of  the  points  were  quickly  traced,  but  others  took  a  much 
longer  time.  She  talked  with  people  and  she  traveled  a  great  deal  through  the 
country  and  eventually  succeeded  in  getting  people  interested  in  the  matter 
and  in  writing  instructive  and  valuable  text  books  upon  the  subject. 

One  of  the  particular  things  which  was  impressed  upon  the  people  in  her 
day,  was  the  fact  that  alcohol  was  not  a  stimulant,  although  many  people  had 
been  taking  it  as  a  stimulant  in  the  belief  that  it  would  help  them  in  some 
peculiar  disease  or  disorder  they  were  suffering  from. 

One  of  the  fallacies  was  that  alcohol  was  an  aid  to  digestion.  That  state- 
ment was  successfully  challenged  and  Professor  Chittenton  of  Yale  applied 
his  experiment  and  verified  his  diagnosis  that  alcohol  did  not  aid  digestion. 

We  did  not  try  to  say  anything  about  the  medical  use  of  alcohol.  Some 
doctors  prescribe  it  as  an  aid,  but  we  simply  pointed  out  the  facts,  showing 
that  it  did  not  aid  digestion. 

We  had  experimental  evidence  in  muscular  work  and  we  proved  that 
alcohol  is  not  an  aid  to  muscular  work. 

Then  there  was  the  question  of  alcohol  being  an  aid  to  mental  work. 
Some  of  the  earlier  books  said  that  if  a  man  took  a  little  alcohol  it  made  him 
feel  good  and  gay,  but  we  secured  evidence  which  proved  that  alcohol  was  a 
detriment  to  the  race  and  to  mental  workers  particularly,  and  Dr.  Royal 
Copeland  proved  that  contention  of  ours  to  the  utmost.  Dr.  Welsh,  of  Johns 
Hopkins,  sent  a  letter  of  inquiry  to  many  mental  workers  throughout  the 
country  and  got  from  them  the  testimony  that  alcohol  was  not  an  aid  in 
their  work. 

Mrs.  Middleton : 

I  understood  the  subject  to  be  "Ways  and  Means."  Now,  the  way  for 
securing  your  most  effective  work  on  this  subject  would  be  through  legislation. 
We  want  to  instil  in  the  minds  of  all  intelligent  people,  the  necessity  of  edu- 
cating those  who  are  not  so  learned,  as  to  the  danger  of  using  alcohol  in  any 
degree  and  for  any  purpose  at  all  at  any  time  in  their  life.  We  have,  of  course, 
a  great  battle  before  us  because  there  have  been  physicians  and  doctors  who 
have  gone  about  the  country  telling  women  particularly  that  the  use  of  alco- 
hol as  a  stimulant  is  necessary  in  certain  periods  of  their  life  and  that  ale  and 
porter  and  stout  are  tissue  builders.  We  have  proven  that  this  is  not  a  fact. 
We  have  proven  to  the  contrary  that  this  is  entirely  against  all  reason  and 
that  the  use  of  these  things  particularly  by  the  women  of  our  country  is  not 
only  harmful  but  dangerous  to  their  well  being.  It  is  these  things  that  we 
must  contend  with  and  we  must  educate  our  children  to  a  better  knowledge 
of  the  evil  of  drink  in  all  forms,  and  of  alcohol  in  any  form. 

The  people  generally  throughout  the  country  do  not  realize  the  work  that 
the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  is  doing  in  this  movement,  but 
our  work  is  really  not  yet  started.  Just  as  Miss  Stoddard  has  said,  when 
they  start  in  to  codify  laws,  as  they  do  in  each  state  several  times  in  a  gener- 
ation, we  must  keep  our  eyes  open  to  see  that  the  laws  that  we  have  on  our 
statute  books  are  not  thrown  into  the  discard  and  we  must  also  fight  to  have 

358 


enacted  in  our  statute  books  laws  which  will  promote  the  end  which  we  all 
seek. 

Miss  Lohman,  of  Germany : 

Madam  Chairman:  I  shall  try  to  say  a  few  words  to  you  about  our 
teachers'  work  for  scientific  temperance  in  Germany.  We  began  this  work 
nearly  20  years  ago  when  we  were  visited  by  the  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union.  We  tried  to  win  the  teachers  over  to  this  work,  but  we  found 
they  did  not  take  any  interest  in  the  temperance  question  and  so  we  thought 
it  would  be  good  to  make  them  teach  about  this  question  because  they  were 
themselves  not  convinced  to  fight  against  alcohol.  In  1910,  I  was  in  England 
for  one  month,  and  I  saw  there  that  I  might  go  back  to  Germany  and  demand 
that  a  law  be  passed  to  make  the  teachers  teach  the  children  about  the  effects 
of  alcohol.  I  learned  a  great  deal  in  England  and  when  I  went  back  I  left 
my  own  profession  as  a  teacher  and  travelled  all  about  our  country  to  go  into 
the  schools  and  to  teach  the  teachers  how  to  give  scientific  temperance  teach- 
ing. The  doors  of  all  kinds  of  schools  were  open  to  me  and  the  work  grew 
everywhere'.  Four  years  ago  it  was  getting  quite  successful  but  I  could  not 
do  it  any  more  alone,  and  so  the  government  gave  me  some  money  to  pro- 
vide more  teachers  to  help  me.  In  our  big  towns  and  everywhere,  our  teach- 
ers give  their  lesson,  and  the  idea  of  prohibition  is  growing  in  Germany. 
Now  for  three  years  we  have  had  a  state  monopoly,  so  that  our  government 
refuses  to  give  us  more  money,  and  so  we  can  not  go  on  with  this  work. 

I  shall  not  know  what  to  do  when  I  get  home  because  our  government 
is  interested  in  the  liquor  trade  and  it  does  not  like  to  have  this  work  going 
on.  We  want  our  parliament,  the  Reichstag,  to  give  us  laws  for  the  teaching 
of  temperance  in  our  schools,  and  to  make  it  compulsory.  I  have  found  that 
it  is  necessary  to  establish  a  national  center  for  temperance,  to  teach  the  tem- 
perance movement  all  through  the  land.  Of  course  this  work  requires  a  great 
deal  of  patience  on  our  part,  when  we  are  opposed  by  the  government  which 
has  the  control  of  the  liquor  traffic  in  its  own  hands  and  which  is  making 
money  out  of  the  sale  of  liquor  and  we  have  a  very  difficult  task  to  face,  but 
the  work  that  we  accomplished  before  the  government  took  hold  of  the  liquor 
interests  has  made  it  possible  for  us  to  go  into  different  parts  of  the  country 
and  in  spite  of  the  government  opposition,  to  spread  our  propaganda  in  behalf 
of  the  temperance  cause  that  we  all  love  so  much.  Now  in  Germany  we  are 
going  to  try  to  do  that,  although  it  is  going  to  be  a  very  difficult  thing  for  us 
to  attempt.  We  want  your  help.  We  want  everything  that  you  can  do  to 
assist  us  in  our  work. 

Mr.  Barstow,  of  New  York : 

As  one  who  had  the  great  privilege  and  pleasure  38  years  ago  next  winter 
of  voting  for  one  of  the  first  laws  for  the  teaching  of  temperance  in  the  Public 
Schools  ever  enacted  in  this  country,  I  need  not  confirm  to  you  my  deep 
interest  in  this  Conference. 

In  our  work,  the  work  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  and  the  Woman's  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union,  and  in  various  general  welfare  organizations,  com- 
munity centers  and  Church  movements,  our  workers  and  our  propagandists 

359 


are  going  about  the  country  very  properly  and  with  good  purpose  and  teach- 
ing in  churches  and  in  other  places,  raising  money  for  various  kinds  of  general 
welfare  work  and  taking  money  out  of  the  community.  Now,  it  seems  to  me 
that  this  Conference  on  Education  is  certainly  a  part  of  the  general  welfare 
education  of  the  community,  and  as  general  welfare  education  of  the  com- 
munity, it  should  be  made  a  part  of  these  agencies  and  should  profit  in  the 
money  aand  funds  that  are  collected  by  the^  general  welfare  organizations 
throughout  the  country  for  the  spread  of  propaganda  and  for  the  informing 
of  the  public  of  general  welfare  matters.  I  do  not  think  it  is  right  for  all  these 
different  organizations  to  go  into  our  local  communities  and  take  from  them 
moneys  and  funds  for  their  own  peculiar  kind  of  welfare  work  and  do  noth- 
ing at  all  in  the  line  of  temperance  education.  I  for  one  am  in  favor  of  dis- 
tributing literature  in  our  public  libraries  and  in  our  public  schools  relating 
to  all  these  important  questions  of  public  welfare.  We  need  literature  on 
public  health,  public  temperance  and  the  lawful  political  obligations  of  the 
citizens  to  the  nation.  And,  it  seems  to  me  that  this  work  and  this  propa- 
ganda movement  should  be  initiated  and  performed  by  these  public  welfare 
organizations  so  far  as  possible.  There  should  be  a  complete  scientific  library 
on  the  alcohol  question  and  a  course  of  study  should  be  adopted  to  be  followed 
by  the  students  in  the  higher  grades  of  school  and  in  the  earlier  years  of 
college.  We  have  students  studying  economics  and  the  laws  of  political  sci- 
ence, but  as  yet  in  the  colleges  I  know  of  no  real  study  of  the  liquor  question 
and  the  effect  of  alcohol  upon  the  human  body  and  the  human  brain.  This  is 
just  as  much  an  economic  question  as  is  any  other  question  before  the  public 
today. 

Mr.  Holsaple: 

I  am  firmly  convinced,  my  friends,  that  this  phase  of  the  work  discussed 
this  morning  is  the  most  important  phase  of  the  whole  prohibition  work  in 
the  country  today  and  in  any  country  that  has  or  has  not  got  the  prohibition 
law.  In  Iowa  we  are  looking  after  enforcement  as  well  as  the  educational 
work,  but  we  are  specializing  in  education,  and  trying  to  get  it  before  the 
general  public.  With  that  in  view,  for  two  years  we  have  had  an  exhibit  at 
the  state  fair  where  we  have  a  large  stage  set  aside  where  scientific  posters, 
large  temperance  posters,  and  models  are  displayed  and  the  public  comes  in 
and  examines  them.  During  the  ten  days  of  the  last  state  fair  we  had  some- 
body there  who  was  lecturing  on  the  question  of  temperance.  From  time  to 
time  he  made  estimates  of  the  number  of  people  who  went  in  to  hear  the 
speakers.  The  lectures  lasted  20  minutes  and  we  had  three  speakers  on  the 
job  for  every  hour  so  that  no  minute  of  the  time  was  wasted.  We  estimate 
that  we  reached  100,000  people  by  this  means  and  that  they  all  went  away  with 
some  knowledge  of  the  prohibition  question  instilled  in  their  minds. 

I,  too,  want  to  convey  my  appreciation  of  the  good  work  done  by  the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  and  by  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of 
America  in  this  regard.  These  two  organizations  are  doing  wonders  and  I 
think  we  should  recognize  that  fact. 

I  think  this  scientific  aspect  of  the  question  is  the  most  important  part 
of  the  question  that  we  have  to  get  before  the  public  today. 

360 


Mr.  Warner : 

I  have  been  hesitating  to  speak,  not  because  I  am  not  interested,  but  be- 
cause I  am  neither  a  doctor  nor  an  educator,  nor  a  specialist  on  the  scientific 
side  of  this  work.  My  work  has  been  the  promoting  of  the  practical  phase 
of  the  study  among  the  students  of  our  colleges.  That  phase  of  the  matter 
has  been  taken  up  very  seriously  throughout  various  conferences  that  we  have 
already  had  in  this  matter.  I  hesitate  a  little  about  stating  that  this  subject 
of  prohibition  should  be  made  a  specialized  study  in  the  universities.  It  may 
well  form  a  part  of  our  study  of  public  health  or  our  study  of  political  science 
or  of  economics,  but  I  doubt  whether  or  not  it  should  be  made  a  special 
branch  of  the  university  training.  We  are  doing  marvelous  work  throughout 
our  universities  in  the  organization  of  the  student  movement  and  in  student 
body  groups.  We  have  essay  contests  each  year  as  has  been  demonstrated  last 
week,  in  which  the  students  receive  prizes  for  their  theses  on  alcoholism  and 
its  effect  on  the  human  brain  and  the  human  body  and  upon  the  social  and 
moral  structure  of  the  nation. 

I  am  not  quite  sure  how  much  I  would  favor  even  undertaking  to  secure 
new  laws  to  require  certain  technical  matters  to  be  included  in  the  study  of 
this  question,  because  I  find  that  the  educational  life  of  the  student  is  pretty 
well  taken  up  now  with  the  various  subjects.  If,  however,  by  suggestion,  you 
can  interest  these  men  to  take  up  this  question  and  to  pursue  it  along  lines 
voluntary  and  not  compulsory,  then  I  think  you  can  attain  the  end  that  you 
seek  without  legislation.  Of  course,  we  all  realize  that  this  prohibition  ques- 
tion, especially  its  scientific  phase,  is  a  very  important  public  question  at  the 
present  time,  and  it  behooves  us  all  to  work  just  as  hard  as  we  can  with  a 
view  to  bring  about  a  general  interest  in  the  universities  in  this  particular 
phase  of  our  problem. 

The  Chairman : 

We  are  agreed,  I  think  that  there  should  be  carefully  prepared  literature 
for  the  teaching  of  the  scholars  and  material  for  the  teachers  of  this  subject 
and  that  the  use  of  the  exhibits,  such  as  we  have  "down  stairs  at  this  conven- 
tion, is  very  helpful. 

The  educational  work  among  our  students  and  the  educational  work  among 
the  public  generally  is  one  of  the  most  important  things  that  this  organization 
has  to  do,  and  it  is  one  of  the  things  that  we  must  give  close  attention  to  in 
the  future.  We  must,  as  I  have  already  said,  be  on  our  guard  at  the  codifying 
of  laws  and  the  discarding  of  laws  which  we  already  have  on  the  statute  books 
when  these  codifying  experts  get  busy  and  seek  to  eliminate  what  they  call 
useless  laws  and  obsolete  laws.  Those  are  times  when  we  must  be  particu- 
larly on  our  guard  and  also  of  course,  we  have  to  keep  a  very  watchful  eye 
on  the  law  enforcement  activities. 


WEDNESDAY  NOON,  NOVEMBER  29,  1922 
Publicity — Literature,  Periodicals,  Posters,  Etc. 
The  Conference  was  called  to  order  at  1 :00  o'clock,  Mr.  R.  D. 

361 


Warren,  Chairman  of  the  Publications  Committee  of  the  Dominion 
Alliance,  presiding. 
The  Chairman : 

As  Chairman  of  the  Publications  Committee  of  the  Dominion  Alliance, 
I  am  exceedingly  pleased  to  extend  a  very  warm  welcome  to  those  who  have 
kindly  come  here  to  talk  over  publicity  matters.  That  welcome  is,  I  assure 
you,  very  hearty  indeed.  Now,  in  connection  with  the  Dominion  Alliance,  we 
have  not  done  the  publicity  work  that  some  of  the  greatest  organizations  have 
done,  but  we  have  done  something  during  all  these  50  years,  since  the  Alliance 
was  organized.  Our  main  publication  during  these  years  has  been  a  little 
8-page  paper  that  we  call  "The  Pioneer."  I  hope  you  all  have  it.  I  think  The 
Pioneer  has  been  a  great  agency  for  promotion  of  temperance  during  all  these 
years.  That  leads  me  to  say,  that  I  do  not  think  our  religious  papers  in  Can- 
ada for  some  time  have  given  the  attention  to  this  great  prohibition  issue 
that  they  should  have  given.  We  have  four  or  five  denominational  papers 
published  in  Toronto,  and  I  suppose  we  have  ten  or  twelve  in  Canada.  I  have 
been  watching  them  lately  and  it  is  surprising  to  me  how  little  space  they 
have  given  to  the  story  of  this  great  convention  that  Toronto  has  been  enter- 
taining during  the  past  week.  In  speaking  of  our  publications  I  think  I  am 
right  in  saying  that  this  little  paper,  The  Pioneer,  which  has  been  issued 
weekly  for  many  years,  has  been  the  greatest  agency  along  the  line  of  printed 
matter,  that  we  have  had  for  the  promotion  of  the  prohibition  movement  in 
this  country.  We  have  had  other  publications,  of  course.  Two  or  three  years 
ago  we  went  to  the  expense  of  publishing  a  book  "Prohibition  in  Canada," 
that  gives  a  splendid  idea  of  the  history,  the  origin,  and  the  progress  of  the 
prohibition  movement  in  this  country.  Then  at  times  of  campaign,  of  course, 
we  have  issued  tracts  and  pamphlets  in  great  numbers  and  they  have  been 
very  effective  in  promoting  the  prohibition  movement.  The  last  publication 
we  issued  was  entitled  "Ontario  Six  Years  Under  Prohibition."  This  pamph- 
let gives  a  marvelous  lot  of  information  showing  how  prohibition  has  been  of 
benefit  to  the  people,  how  Ontario  has  progressed  economically  and  morally 
and  religiously  under  this  great  movement.  I  don't  know  of  any  better 
pamphlet  to  use  for  campaign  purposes  in  all  the  countries  of  the  world  that 
are  at  present  seeking  to  adopt  prohibition.  At  times  of  campaign  we,  of 
course,  publish  posters  and  everything  of  that  kind.  I  think  we  will  all  agree 
that  there  is  nothing  like  the  printed  pages  to  convince  the  people;  that  is, 
other  than  the  spoken  word  itself.  And  if  we  are  going  to  continue  in  this 
great  prohibition  cause,  to  make  a  success  of  it,  we  must  continue  our  publica- 
tion work  and  continue  it  more  vigorously  than  ever. 
Dr.  Mayer,  of  New  York : 

Mr.  Chairman:  The  problem  of  publicity  has  an  aspect  which  has  puzzled 
me  quite  a  bit  and  for  which  I  can  offer  no  solution,  but  I  think  it  brings  out 
certain  phases  and  for  that  reason  I  mention  it  here.  To  illustrate  what  I 
have  in  mind,  suppose  a  man  came  to  this  gentleman  at  my  left  at  the  same 
time  he  came  to  me.  What  is  six  times  six,  he  asks.  I  reply  "thirty-six." 
This  man  replies,  "twenty-three."  Which  one  of  us  is  he  going  to  believe? 

362 


He  may  say,  "Well,  prove  it  to  me."  Now,  suppose  he  is  incapable  of  under- 
standing the  processes  involved,  which  one  of  us  is  he  going  to  believe?  I 
think  that  will  illustrate  what  happens  in  these  big  problems  that  face  the 
world  and  on  which  very  few  people  are  well  informed  enough  to  understand 
things  to  the  very  essence  and  thus  be  able  to  draw  conclusions  that  they 
feel  are  warranted.  The  average  man  who  reads  through  the  newspaper  or 
gets  his  information  in  a  general  way,  does  not  know  whom  to  believe  and  he 
believes  the  thing  which  appeals  to  him  most.  To  come  back -to  my  illustra- 
tion, a  man  may  owe  a  bill  and  he  would  rather  believe  it  is  $23,  let  us  say, 
rather  than  $36,  because  it  will  mean  less  money  out  of  his  pocket,  and  yet 
he  may  not  be  maliciously  inclined  or  anything  of  that  nature.  This  question 
of  education  brings  to  my  mind  two  important  things.  One  is  that  we  have 
to  be  ever  vigilant  through  our  publications,  through  our  stereopticons, 
through  our  lectures,  in  every  way  that  we  can  possibly  do,  to  spread  the 
gospel,  the  news,  the  facts. 

Pamphlets  like  "Ontario  Six  Years  Dry"  and  "Hold  Fast  America"  are  of 
incalculable  value  to  show  the  average  man  the  difference  between  what  was 
and  what  is.  In  the  newspaper,  what  happens?  On  the  front  page  is  an  item 
of  news  value.  The  president  of  some  society  says,  "I  believe  in  light  wines 
and  beer.  I  think  they  are  good  for  the  people  and  know  no  reason  why  we 
shouldn't  have  them."  That  is  printed.  Next  to  it  might  be  a  statement 
from  someone  else  to  the  effect  that  light  wines  and  beers  are  harmful  and 
therefore  we  shouldn't  have  them.  Which  one  of  those  two  statements  is  the 
average  reader  going  to  believe?  You  know  which  one  he  is  going  to  believe. 
He  is  going  to  believe  the  one  which  appeals  to  him,  especially,  if  he  has  not 
got  the  facts.  We  really  have  n6t  gone  far  enough  in  the  matter  of  educating 
the  people.  They  do  not  know  the  facts,  especially  the  scientific  aspects  of  it. 
One  of  the  most  important  things  is  scientific  education  so  that  the  people  will 
get  the  facts  that  alcohol  is  a  narcotic,  is  a  poison  and  has  no  food  value  what- 
soever. That  is  a  thing  that  must  be  driven  home  from  every  standpoint. 
The  other  great  medium  which  we  must  adopt  is  the  motion  picture.  We 
must  develop  this  medium  to  bring  out  the  facts  and  to  show  to  the  world 
just  what  the  real  truth  is  about  matters  of  prohibiion. 
Mr.  Ben  Spence: 

Mr.  Chairman:  Our  French  friends  have  brought  with  them  to  the  Con- 
vention a  temperance  film  which  will  be  shown  at  the  conclusion  of  tonight's 
meeting  in  the  hall  and  there  will  also  be  shown  a  film  illustrating  the  progress 
of  the  prohibition  movement  in  Canada.  You  can  see  from  that  whether  or 
not  the  use  of  the  film  is  advisable. 
Mr.  Bartholf,  of  Wisconsin: 

Mr.  Chairman,  my  view  in  the  matter  of  publicity  is  this:  There  are  two 
essential  defects  in  the  work  of  most  of  the  temperance  organizations.  One 
is  this,  that  in  our  public  speaking  by  our  regular  Anti-Saloon  League  and 
Dominion  Alliance  speakers  and  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  speak- 
ers, we  are  going  round  in  a  circle,  reaching  in  our  Sunday  services  the  same 
people  year  after  year  in  the  churches  where  we  are  working,  but  we  are  not 

363 


reaching  the  people  in  the  churches  where  we  are  not  welcome.  Then  there 
is  the  large  un-church  element,  unfortunately  too  large  everywhere,  whom  we 
are  not  reaching.  Many  of  them  are  our  friends,  many  of  them  have  helped 
us  to  carry  prohibition  in  the  United  States  and  so  far  as  it  has  been  carried 
over  here  in  Canada,  but  all  they  read  and  hear  now  on  this  question  is  the 
poisoned  propaganda  and  misinformation  in  our  great  daily  papers  and  they 
are  being  befuddled  and  befogged  thereby.  Therefore,  it  seems  to  me  that 
we  ought  to  devise  some  feasible,  practicable  method  whereby  we  can  reach 
those  classes  with  our  messages,  especially  our  spoken  message. 

Mr.  Hutton : 

I  come  from  the  great  beer  city  of  Milwaukee,  and  the  Milwaukee  Journal 
authorizes  me  to  send  daily  letters  from  here  and  to  use  the  telegraph  at  their 
expense  at  any  time  I  think  it  is  worth  while.  I  think  the  Hearst  newspapers 
have  given  the  same  information.  The  German  newspaper  with  the  largest 
daily  circulation  outside  of  Germany  is  the  Herald  of  Milwaukee.  It  was 
formerly  called  the  Germania  but  that  name  was  changed  on  account  of  the 
war.  That  paper  belongs  to  the  daughter  of  the  president  of  the  Schlitz 
Brewery,  but  they  are  taking  the  daily  mail  service  from  me,  and  we  are  using 
the  telegraph  whenever  we  think  it  is  worth  while.  Editorially  they  are  wet, 
but  they  are  taking  the  news.  The  large  Polish  daily  is  taking  the  same  serv- 
ice and  I  am  sending  letters  to  fifty  dailies  and  over  2,500  weeklies. 

The  newspapers  will  take  anything  if  it  is  news.  First,  to  be  news  it 
must  be  new.  Second,  it  must  be  unusual.  If  you  walk  home  without  break- 
ing your  leg  that  is  no  news,  but  if  you  fall  down  and  break  your  leg  it  is 
news;  it  is  unusual.  Third,  it  must  happen.  If  I  want  to  get  into  the  papers 
something  that  we  think,  I  don't  write  it.  I  hold  a  meeting  or  do  something 
and  if  I  can't  do  anything  else  I  get  somebody  to  go  and  stand  on  their  head 
in  the  street,  but  anyway  it  has  got  to  be  an  event,  and  in  connection  with 
that  event  this  is  said.  Then  it  goes  into  the  paper.  The  newspapers  are  at 
our  service  if  we  cultivate  and  use  them.  They  are  run  by  men,  and  men  are 
human  beings,  and  human  beings  are  lazy.  We  held  in  Wisconsin  a  state 
convention  with  a  total  attendance  at  some  meetings  of  5,000;  one  meeting 
with  about  6,000.  We  had  2,000  or  2,500  delegates  from  outside  of  the  city. 
The  Associated  Press  handled  that  report  all  over  America.  I  met  Bryan 
on  the  train  on  the  3rd  of  July  and  he  said,  "You  must  have  had  a  wonderful 
convention  in  Wisconsin."  I  said,  "How  did  you  know  about  it?"  He  said, 
"The  New  Orleans  papers  were  full  of  it."  I  met  a  man  here  from  Kentucky 
who  said,  "You  must  have  had  a  wonderful  convention  up  there.  The  Ken- 
tucky papers  were  full  of  it."  The  Associated  Press  and  the  United  Press 
told  us  that  we  had  handled  the  publicity  of  that  convention  the  best  of  any- 
thing they  had  ever  had.  Here  is  what  we  did.  They  wanted  to  get  the 
speeches  in  advance.  They  would  have  to  read  those  speeches  through  and 
I  knew  they  would  read  very  hastily.  I  took  every  one  of  those  speeches, 
some  28  or  30,  and  went  through  them  very  carefully  and  made  a  one-page 
extract,  never  more  than  one  page,  to  a  speech.  I  just  .picked  out  the  things 
which  had  news  value  and  were  pertinent  and  if  they  didn't  have  just  the 

364 


right  phraseology  or  pepper  in  them  I  would  take  it  up  with  the  authors  and 
get  them  to  phrase  them  so  they  would  go  across.  Then  this  went  to  the 
newspaper  men.  So  all  in  the  world  they  had  to  do  was  to  hang  it  on  the 
hook  and  say  to  the  operator  of  the  mimeograph  machine,  "Cut  that."  That  is 
all  the  managers  of  the  Associated  Press  and  United  Press  ever  did;  they 
mailed  that  report  to  5,700  newspapers  in  the  United  States  but  it  didn't  cost 
them  that  much  work. 

Now,  you  can  get  into  the  papers  if  you  will  do  it  that  way.  With  regard 
to  the  moving  picture  I  think  that  is  a  thing  we  very  much  need  and  I  hope 
we  can  get  hold  of  a  good  movie  on  law  enforcement. 

Mrs.  George: 

I  come  from  the  eastern  part  of  the  country.  I  am  Vice-President  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union.  I  want  to  say  that 
there  has  been  a  great  improvement  in  the  matter  of  the  newspapers  taking 
reports.  We  had  a  large  world's  convention  in  Philadelphia  and  even  the 
wet  papers  advertised  our  meetings  and  carried  splendid  reports  of  them.  We 
have  the  North  American,  and  it  is  the  only  really  dry  paper  in  Philadelphia. 
Then  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  in  Pittsburgh,  we  have  the  Gazette. 
I  don't  believe  they  are  very  dry  at  heart  but  because  so  many  of  the  best  of 
us  are  dry  they  propose  to  be  dry  and  issue  news.  Then  through  the  rural 
districts,  the  county  papers  are  very  willing  and  very  ready  to  take  up  reports 
and  very  anxious  to  get  them.  They  will  publish  pages  of  reports  if  we  will 
only  send  it  to  them.  So  I  think  we  ought  to  be  encouraged  along  this  line, 
that  the  dry  papers  are  very  willing  to  take  our  reports  and  the  wet  papers 
for  their  own  benefit,  because  they  must  please  their  patrons,  do  the  same. 

We  are  very  much  concerned  about  the  moving  pictures,  or  how  to  get 
films.  I  want  to  know  where  you  obtain  these  films.  Now,  we  have  some  of 
our  people  who  have  purchased  the  films  and  when  they  have  them  thrown  on 
the  screen  in  the  moving  picture  house  there  are  other  pictures  thrown  on  the 
canvas  that  are  very,  very  much  against  our  will,  containing  impure  scenes, 
and  we  don't  feel  that  it  is  safe  to  take  our  pictures  there.  Many  of  the 
churches  do  not  have  the  proper  machinery.  I  am  at  a  loss  to  know  how  we 
can  use  them.  The  Pennsylvania  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 
would  be  willing  to  invest  in  a  machine  and  have  pictures  thrown  on  the 
screen  if  we  knew  how  to  guard  them  and  protect  them  and  use  them.  Some 
of  us  bought  that  picture,  "Safeguarding  the  Nation"  and  we  had  it  thrown  on 
at  the  moving  picture  shows  and  when  our  women  went  to  see  the  picture  they 
were  disgusted  with  the  other  pictures  that  were  shown  with  it. 

Mr.  Hutton: 

I  would  like  to  have  some  expressions  as  far  as  this  question  about  the 
editorial  comments  or  attitude  of  the  papers  is  concerned.  Some  of  us  take 
the  attitude  that  we  practically  do  not  care  whether  the  newspapers  editorially 
stand  wet  or  dry.  All  we  want  is  the  news  column.  I  think  very  few  people 
read  an  editorial  and  those  that  do,  do  not  care  anything  about  them,  so  far  as 
I  know.  Some  of  us  do  not  care  what  the  editorial  attitude  is,  if  they  will 

365 

I 


give  the  news  in  the  news  column.     Maybe  I  am  wrong  in  that.     I  would  like 
to  know  whether  that  is  the  general  feeling. 

Mr.  George  McGinness,  of  Chicago : 

I  think  the  editorial  reflects  the  attitude  and  ideas  of  the  man  that  runs 
the  paper  and  is  not  in  sympathy  with  any  great  creed.  I  would  like  to  call 
attention  to  Mr.  O.  G.  Christgau  who  is  editor  of  the  Illinois  State  paper.  Mr. 
Christgau  prepared  a  debate  on  this  question:  Can  the  law  be  enforced?  We 
have  had  debating  teams  this  summer  in  Illinois  go  through  the  districts  pre- 
senting this  debate  and  a  number  of  wet  people  thought  it  was  a  real  "knock- 
down and  drag-out"  affair  with  a  real  wet  and  a  real  dry  and  they  turned  out. 
Thus  we  are  educating  the  people  who  need  education.  We  find,  too,  that  we 
are  reaching  quite  a  class  of  people  that  never  heard  this  question  discussed 
before.  I  know  that  at  the  first  debate  held  in  my  district  which  is  northern 
Illinois,  I  was  surprised  to  find  a  card  signed  up.  We  always  passed  cards  at 
the  close  of  the  debate,  and  it  is  more  than  paying  its  way.  I  got  a  card 
signed  for  a  good  sum  and  it  was  signed  by  a  Catholic  and  another  one  by  a 
Jew.  M!r.  Hammond  at  our  Washington  Conference  said  to  me,  "I  am  going 
away  to  far-off  Australia  and  our  papers  down  there  are  full  of  the  failure  of 
prohibition  in  America.  If  I  want  to  know  anything  about  the  truthfulness 
of  those  statements  I  will  cable  you  and  I  wish  you  would  cable  me  at  my 
expense."  "Well,"  I  said,  "Hammond,  all  right,  I  am  willing  to  act  as  your 
agent  in  Chicago,  but  whenever  you  see  anything  from  America  detrimental 
to  prohibition,  in  Australian  papers,  you  just  put  that  in  the  Ananias  class 
and  you  will  be  about  right."  I  want  to  say  to  any  of  the  friends  of  prohi- 
bition here  who  are  from  foreign  countries  and  who  are  disturbed  over  the 
wet  reports  from  America,  that  you  want  to  take  those  things  with  a  grain 
of  salt  for  they  are  nothing  but  a  lot  of  yarns.  The  other  night  my  little  girl 
came  from  school  and  said,  "Papa,  did  you  hear  that  wonderful  story  about 
the  unravelled  sweater?"  And  I  said,  "No,  what  is  it?"  And  she  said,  "Some 
yarn." 

Mr.  Coleman,  of  Illinois : 

I  would  like  to  suggest  that  all  publicity  men  and  those  interested  in  pub- 
licity should  try  to  secure  from  public  men,  financial  men  and  men  high  in 
political  life,  definite  statements  about  the  advantages  of  prohibition.  For 
instance,  the  other  day  we  had  Clarence  True  Wilson  in  Chicago  and  we  got 
up  a  little  banquet  to  hear  the  report  on  prohibition  at  its  worst,  as  some  of 
us  dubbed  it.  We  got  that  report  in  the  newspapers.  One  report  from  the 
President  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Chicago,  was  flashed  on  in  big  head- 
lines showing  that  the  savings  banks  of  Chicago  had  increased  their  savings 
from  twenty  millions  in  1914  or  1915  to  five  hundred  and  forty  million  dollars, 
which  was  a  terrific  statement  of  the  results  of  prohibition,  coming  from  a 
man  like  that.  It  was  the  first  expression,  I  think,  that  Mr.  Forbes  ever  made 
in  regard  to  the  advantages  of  prohibition.  Instead  of  having  a  circulation  of 
thirty  or  forty  thousand  as  it  would  if  the  statement  had  been  made  in  our 
Illinois  Issue,  it  had  a  circulation  of  350,000  that  afternoon  and  evening.  Per- 
haps a  total  of  a  million  people  may  have  read  that  article.  Now,  that  is  won- 

366 

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derful  publicity,  and  I  think  every  publicity  man  who  is  connected  with  the 
Leagues  of  the  various  states  should  see  to  it  that  startling  facts  from  promi- 
nent men  should  be  secured  and  passed  on  to  the  Associated  Press  and  to  the 
leading  dailies  of  the  communities  in  which  they  are  located.  That  would  be 
a  way  to  get  this  news  home.  What  we  want  is  to  get  it  home;  not  neces- 
sarily to  the  30,000  church  people  that  take  the  papers,  but  the  outside  people 
that  read  the  daily  papers.  Let  us  get  into  the  headlines  although  the  edi- 
torials may  be  wet. 

Mr.  Christgau: 

I  agree  heartily  with  Mr.  Hutton  about  publicity  and  newspapers  and 
their  editorial  columns.  Quite  frequently  the  question  is  asked  of  me, 
"Haven't  you  a  list  of  dry  newspapers  in  Illinois?"  I  usually  say,  "No,  they 
all  look  alike  to  us.  Whenever  we  have  news  service  we  send  it  to  all  of  them 
and  we  would  rather  get  a  little  news  story  in  a  wet  paper  than  a  dry  one 
because  it  will  carry  that  much  more  conviction." 

I  remember  in  1913  that  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  the  great  Columbus  conven- 
tion, nearly  everyone  criticised  the  newspapers.  Nearly  everyone  said  the 
newspapers  were  all  against  us  and  would  not  print  our  stuff.  I  remember 
then  that  I  took  the  occasion  to  say  what  Mr.  Hutton  said  here  just  a  moment 
ago,  that  the  newspapers  will  take  news.  They  are  news  papers.  A  mistake 
we  so  often  make  is  to  try  to  give  them  something  that  is  not  news  and  expect 
them  to  handle  it.  That  is  like  taking  hams  to  a  hardware  store  to  be  sold. 
We  have  to  remember  that  newspapers  are  news  papers  and  we  also  have  to 
remember  that  they  are  not  public  but  that  they  are  private  institutions.  They 
are  run  for  profit  and  we  have  to  handle  them  accordingly.  If  we  keep 
them  as  friendly  as  possible  we  will  not  have  much  trouble  in  getting  some 
space. 

The  great  power  of  the  press  that  we  have  with  us  and  which  we  fre- 
quently overlook  is  the  country  press.  The  country  editors  are  practically 
all  with  us.  Mr.  McCormick  and  Mr.  Patterson  of  the  Chicago  Tribune  reach 
with  their  messages  on  Sunday  particularly  almost  a  million  circulation,  but 
a  very  small  proportion  of  the  readers  take  very  much  stock  in  what  Mr.  Mc- 
Cormick or  what  Mr.  Patterson  have  to  say,  particularly  on  prohibition.  But 
when  Editor  Brown  or  Smith  or  Jones  of  Pumpkin  Corners  expresses  his 
opinion  on  prohibition,  nearly  everyone  knows  him  and  believes  what  he  says. 
I  imagine  that  a  much  greater  proportion  of  our  population  is  influenced  by 
the  opinion  of  the  country  editor  than  by  the  opinions  of  the  city  editors. 

I  am  sure  that  our  publicity  policy  is  not  getting  the  attention  that  it 
should  from  the  organized  dry  forces.  One  trouble  with  this  conference  per- 
haps is  lack  of  publicity.  The  earlier  conferences  got  more  publicity  than 
this,  consequently,  a  greater  attendance.  I  am  impressed  with  what  I  believe 
to  be  the  fact,  that  a  great  many  of  our  organizations  have  been  spending  a 
greater  part  of  their  time  and  money  with  more  spectacular  legislative  work 
and  not  enough  with  jthe  fundamental  educational  work.  We  have  been  har- 
vesting a  long  while  and  have  just  about  gotten  the  big  trees  cut  off  and  if  we 
don't  reforest  with  some  publicity  education  we  will  soon  be  out  of  anything  to 

367 


harvest.  My  suggestion  to  those  who  control  the  finances  of  organizations 
would  be  to  start  in  with  a  little  larger  and  broader  and  more  definite  publicity 
program,  because  if  that  is  not  done  soon  their  legislative  and  also  their  en- 
forcement machinery  will  not  have  the  foundation  to  stand  on.  One  can  do 
educational  and  publicity  work  practically  without  limit  if  one  has  the  facili- 
ties, but  it  takes  some  facilities.  It  takes  postage  and  it  takes  help  and  it 
takes  a  great  many  other  things  to  carry  on  that  work;  but  in  proportion  to 
the  efforts  spent  I  think  work  done  for  publicity  and  education  in  general  will 
pay  larger  dividends  than  most  anything  else  we  can  do  right  now. 


368 


STATE  REPORTS 

PROHIBITION   IN   ALABAMA 

J.  BIBB  MILLS 
Superwtenden  t 

Alabama  has  been  receiving  the  benefits  of  prohibition  so  long  that  it  is 
hard  to  get  statistics  of  the  old  days  when  there  was  a  saloon  on  every  corner 
of  our  large  cities  and  one  at  every  country  cross  road.  Prohibition  is  the 
settled  policy  for  the  State  of  Alabama.  The  large  captains  of  industry  in  our 
State  would  not  have  the  return  of  the  saloon  for  any  amount  of  money.  The 
laborers  are  happy  and  contented.  Even  during  the  strike  there  was  very 
little  disorder  and  the  men  had  clear  heads  when  they  met  to  settle  their  dif- 
ferences. Some  of  the  largest  interests  of  this  country  are  located  in  this  State. 
"Alabama  has  more  coal  than  Pennsylvania,  more  iron  than  Illinois,  more 
marble  than  Tennessee,  more  granite  than  Vermont,  more  water  power  than 
New  York." 

There  is  not  a  large  business  interest  in  Alabama  which  would  change 
from  the  prohibition  policy.  Not  only  have  the  business  conditions  improved 
but  the  living  conditions  of  the  working  men  have  improved  from  one  hundred 
to  five  hundred  per  cent.  There  has  been  a  great  improvement  among  the 
negro  population  so  that  we  never  have  any  race  riots  within  our  borders. 
The  large  newspapers  of  our  State  have  changed  their  old  policy  of  being 
opposed  to  prohibition  and  have  now  come  out  for  a  strict  enforcement  and 
observance  of  the  law.  The  politicians  who  formerly  lined  up  with  the  "wet" 
side  are  now  champions  of  the  "dry"  cause,  so  that  it  is  hard  to  find  many 
men  of  standing  in  our  State  who  would  have  conditions  changed. 

In  looking  over  statistics,  as  to  the  number  of  arrests  in  Birmingham,  our 
largest  city,  we  find  that  there  have  been  more  arrests  in  1921  than  in  the 
year  1919.  This  is  easily  explained,  because  we  had  prohibition  in  1919  as 
well  as  in  1921,  but  the  crime  wave  came  as  the  aftermath  of  the  war  and 
swept  over  this  State  as  well  as  all  other  parts  of  the  country. 

The  health  of  our  State  has  improved  and  the  heads  of  the  Health  Depart- 
ment have  reported  that  prohibition  was  a  great  aid  to  them  in  their  efforts 
to  stamp  out  venereal  diseases  and  that  they  could  never  have  accomplished 
the  results  which  they  had  if  liquors  had  been  sold  as  formerly.  Of  course 
we  have  the  "moonshiners",  and  "wild  catters"  in  the  mountains  and  the  "boot- 
leggers" in  our  cities.  But  more  and  more  the  law  is  being  enforced  so  that 
they  are  not  now  considered  the  menace  they  were  formerly.  Rev.  George  R. 
Stewart,  D.  D.,  pastor  of  the  First  M.  E.  Church,  South,  of  Birmingham,  one 
of  the  foremost  ministers  of  the  South,  states  his  views  as  to  the  advantage  of 
prohibition  to  the  church  as  follows: 

"1.  It  is  well  known  that  the  saloon  centered  upon  Saturday  night  as  the 
big  carousal  night  to  catch  the  working  man's  pay  roll.  The  factories  of  the 
country  have  kept  a  carefuully  tabulated  account  of  the  presence  and  efficiency 
of  the  working  men  on  Mondays  on  account  of  a  sober  Sabbath.  This  same 

369 


effect  is  clearly  shown  in  the  attendance  upon  the  Sabbath  services  since  the 
removal  of  the  saloon  and  the  drinking  and  revelry  and  late  hours  caused  by 
the  Saturday  night  open  saloon. 

"2.  The  saloon  took  the  working  man's  pay  roll,  leaving  a  paltry  amount 
for  the  necessary  home  expenses  and  practically  nothing  to  be  given  to  church 
causes  by  the  wife  and  other  members  of  the  family,  who  in  many  cases 
were  devoted  Christians.  Since  the  saloons  have  been  removed  hundreds  of 
these  drinking  men  have  been  brought  to  sober,  thoughtful  living  and  church 
attendance  and  much  of  the  money  that  poured  into  the  tills  of  the  saloons 
has  found  its  way  to  the  treasury  of  the  church. 

"3.  Alcohol  deadens  conscience,  stupefies  the  mind  and  renders  men 
reckless.  The  removal  of  the  saloon  has  increased  sobriety  and  consequently 
has  given  the  Gospel  greater  opportunity  upon  the  minds  and  hearts  of  former 
drinking  men  and  hundreds  of  them  have  been  brought  to  consistent  church 
membership. 

"4.  The  home  is  the  most  dependable  institution  of  the  church.  A  sober, 
peaceful,  well-regulated  home  is  almost  universally  a  valuable  asset  to  the 
church.  A  broken,  troubled  and  alcohol-stricken  home,  with  its  problems 
of  poverty  and  incompatibilities,  a  lack  of  sufficient  clothing  and  a  general 
spirit  of  despair,  as  a  rule  gives  up  the  church  as  well  as  all  other  social 
and  religious  activities  of  life  and  in  many  ways  becomes  a  liability.  The  un- 
mistakable statistics  show  that  alcohol  is  the  greatest  enemy  to  domestic 
felicity  and  is  the  largest  cause  of  divorce  which  means  a  broken  family  and 
its  consequent  loss  to  the  church. 

"5.  The  Sunday  school  is  the  largest  activity  of  the  Christian  church 
and  the  hope  of  the  future  church  lies  in  the  training  of  the  young  for  God 
and  the  church.  The  saloon,  by  impoverishing  and  disturbing  the  home, 
prevented  the  children  of  the  drunkard  from  attending  the  Sabbath  school 
with  any  regularity.  Since  the  saloons  have  disappeared,  thousands  of  children 
who  are  better  clothed  and  better  conditioned  on  account  of  turning  the  saloon 
money  into  the  home,  are  being  reached  by  the  Sabbath  school  which  gives 
the  hope  for  the  future  church  and  Christian  civilization." 

Prohibition  is  a  great  boon  to  our  State,  a  great  blessing  to  our  people 
mentally,  morally,  physically,  financially,  and  spiritually  and  it  will  not  be 
long  before  Alabama  will  take  her  stand  in  the  forefront  of  the  great  states 
of  our  nation,  and  prohibition  has  been  the  great  cause  under  the  blessing  of 
Almighty  God  in  bringing  this  about. 


ARIZONA   AND   NEW   MEXICO 

REV.  R.  E.  FARLEY 

Superintendent 

I  represent  the  department  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  and  bring  you 
a  message  of  greeting  this  morning  from  the  Southern  border  to  the  Northern 
line.  I  take  pride  in  the  belief  that  soon  the  border  on  the  South  of  the 
United  States  will  mean  what  the  line  on  the  North  of  the  United  States  now 
means  to  uus.  We  have  progressed  from  a  quasi-condition  of  lawlessness  in 
a  territory  where  a  large  majority  of  our  population  speak  a  language  other 

370 


than  the  language  of  our  country,  to  one  of  the  most  orderly  and  Christian 
of  commonwealths,  and  this  has  largely  been  due  to  the  abolition  of  the 
saloons.  I  want"  to  urge  this:  that  you  people  who  are  .working  in  states  and 
provinces  and  countries  where  the  dominant  churches  apparently  are  not  with 
you,  do  not  join  issue  in  the  battle  with  that  dominant  church  on  other  mat- 
ters but  in  friendly  fashion,  in  diplomatic  manner,  see  if  you  cannot  enlist 
the  great  leaders  of  that  church  in  this  great  reform.  I  am  glad  to  say  that 
we  have  been  able  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  enlist  for  prohibition  and 
for  the  enforcement  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment,  the  Archbishop  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  church,  and  he  is  with  us.  I  want  to  urge  you  that  you 
solicit  that  sort  of  friendly  co-operation. 


PROHIBITION  IN  ARKANSAS 

By  PAUL  E.  KEMPEB 
Superintendent  Arkansas  Anti-Saloon  League 

For  many  years  before  the  adoption  of  state-wide  Prohibition  in  Arkansas 
the  vote  by  counties  under  the  local  option  laws  in  vogue  at  that  time  showed 
steady  progress  in  the  development  of  temperance  sentiment.  The  aggregate 
majority  in  all  the  counties  of  the  state  for  saloons  in  1894  was  52,358.  This 
majority  was  reduced  by  each  succeeding  election  until  1906,  when  the  aggre- 
gate vote  showed  a  no-license  majority  of  16,618.  In  1908  the  no-license 
majority  was  22,934.  In  1910  it  was  23,262.  In  this  election  seven  counties  in 
the  state  changed  from  license  to  no-license,  thus  leaving  only  twelve  counties 
where  saloons  were  permitted.  In  1900  there  were  46  wet  and  29  dry  counties. 
In  1912  after  a  great  deal  of  agitation  as  well  as  education  had  been  indulged 
in,  the  question  of  state-wide  Prohibition  was  submitted  to  the  people  by  a 
vote.  The  election  took  place  September  9,  1912,  and  the  result  was  a  com- 
plete surprise  in  view  of  previous  records,  there  being  registered  69,590  votes 
for  Prohibition  and  85,358  votes  against  Prohibition,  thus  giving  the  wet 
majority  of  15,968.  The  result  of  this  election  was  largely  due  to  what  ap- 
peared to  be  a  trade  between  the  liquor  forces  and  the  negro  voters. 

The  Going  Law  passed  by  the  legislature  of  1913,  was  a  strong  and  mighty 
stride  forward  in  temperance  and  Prohibition  for  the  state;  as  a  result  of  the 
operation  of  the  law,  just  five  places  in  the  state  of  Arkansas  permitted  sa- 
loons. The  Masonic  Grand  Lodge  of  Arkansas  under  the  leadership  of  Past 
Grand  Master  Geo.  Thornburg,  State  Superintendent,  adopted  a  resolution 
making  it  a  Masonic  offense  for  any  Mason  in  the  state  to  sign  a  petition  for 
the  granting  of  a  saloon  license  or  to  circulate  such  a  petition.  This  noble  act 
on  the  part  of  this  splendid  order  had  much  to  do,  we  believe,  with  the  build- 
ing up  of  sentiment  for  Prohibition. 

When  the  Going  Law  was  passed  by  the  legislature  there  were  only  279 
saloons  left  in  the  entire  state,  and  216  of  these  were  in  the  five  most  impor- 
tant towns  and  cities.  Sixty-three  of  the  seventy-five  counties  were  wholly 
dry,  and  practically  98  per  cent  of  the  population  were  living  in  dry  territory. 
Step  by  step  the  Prohibition  cause  moved  on  until  on  February  6,  1915,  the 
legislature  passed  a  state-wide  Prohibition  act.  This  act  became  effective 
January  1,  1916.  That  the  sentiment  of  the  state  of  Arkansas  was  overwhelm- 

371 


ingly  in  favor  of  state-wide  Prohibition  is  clearly  evidenced  by  the  majority 
in  favor  of  the  measure  registered  in  both  houses.  The  vote  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  was  75  to  24.  The  measure  was  slightly  amended  by  the  Sen- 
ate, and  finally  adopted  by  a  vote  of  33  to  2.  When  the  amended  bill  was 
taken  back  to  the  House  it  was  adopted  by  a  unanimous  vote. 

In  the  fall  of  1916  a  bill  was  initiated  to  repeal  the  Prohibition  law,  and 
allow  saloons  to  return.  The  question  was  submitted  to  the  people  on  No- 
vember 7,  1916,  and  the  bill  was  defeated  by  50,000  majority.  In  January, 
1917,  a  bone  dry  bill  was  drafted  which  was  introduced  in  the  Senate  by 
Senator  Greathouse  and  became  a  law  by  signature  of  Governor  Brough, 
January  24,  1917.  Arkansas  has  an  anti-liquor  advertising  law  which,  in  har- 
mony with  the  operation  of  the  federal  anti-liquor  advertising  law  passed  by 
Congress,  has  put  an  end  to  liquor  advertising  in  Arkansas. 

The  time  has  come  when  no  man  will  attempt  to  defend  the  charge  that 
the  saloon  is  a  corrupter  of  the  moral,  and  destroyer  of  the  physical,  man. 
Public  opinion  in  the  United  States  has  settled  that.  The  only  argument  now 
made  in  behalf  of  the  saloons  or  liquor  business,  is  that  Prohibition  does  not 
Prohibit.  The  real  truth  in  the  matter  is  this:  that  it  does  prohibit,  and  that's 
the  pinch.  The  law  is  as  well  enforced  in  Arkansas  as  any  other  law.  In 
fact,  there  are  fewer  blind  tigers,  by  far,  in  the  state  than  there  were  under 
license.  We  believe  there  were  more  blind  tigers  in  Pulaski  county  alone, 
during  the  saloon  regime,  than  there  are  in  the  whole  state  at  present.  Some 
good  citizens  and  business  men  at  that  time  labored  under  the  impression 
(which  was  false)  that  the  saloons  and  liquor  business  were  really  revenue 
producers,  and  that  Prohibition  would  result  in  the  loss  of  revenue  and 
would  impede  progress  in  building  and  in  improvement;  but  these  same 
gentlemen  have  learned  to  their  satisfaction  that  just  the  opposite  is  true,  for 
Prohibition  in  Arkansas  has  proven  to  every  thoughtful  business  man  that 
the  city  and  state  government  are  more  easily  financed  without  the  liquor 
business  than  with  it. 

After  approximately  five  years  of  state-wide  Prohibition,  business  condi- 
tions in  this  state  are  far  better  than  under  license.  Failures  in  business  and 
bankrupt  proceedings,  under  Prohibition,  are  insignificant  compared  with  the 
days  of  license  saloons.  Little  Rock  may  be  taken  as  a  fair  illustration  of  the 
conditions  in  all  the  cities  in  the  state.  There  were  more  saloons  and  a  larger 
revenue  from  them  here  than  anywhere  else.  There  was  also  a  greater  cry 
that  business  would  be  injured  by  the  closing  of  the  saloons.  The  very  oppo- 
site has  been  the  result.  The  bank  deposits  in  1916  were  $22,066,651.11,  one 
year  before  we  had  Prohibition.  From  January  1,  1922,  up  to  this  date,  No- 
vember 15,  1922,  the  bank  deposits  have  been  $42,759,814,  and  we  have  almost 
two  months  yet  of  this  year,  which  will  make  considerable  increase;  approxi- 
mately three  and  one-half  million  dollars  is  a  very  conservative  estimate.  The 
cry  of  the  liquor  interests  was  that  to  do  away  with  the  liquor  business  would 
kill  business,  grass  would  grow  in  the  streets,  houses  would  be  empty  and  the 
high  rental  paid  by  saloons  could  not  be  realized  from  other  business.  Rooms 
vacated  by  saloons  have  been  remodeled  and  are  now  occupied  by  other  busi- 
nesses. There  is  a  most  gratifying  improvement  of  rental  value  of  same,  and 
collections  are  much  better.  In  June  of  this  year  we  had  an  attorney  of  this 

372 


city  get  a  list  of  the  twelve  leading  saloons  of  Little  Rock,  which  were  the 
leading  saloons  of  the  state  in  1915,  the  number  of  employees  they  had,  sal- 
aries paid,  value  of  property,  amount  paid  for  rent,  etc.,  and  compared  it  with 
the  present  time.  We  found  that  almost  all  these  old  buildings  have  been  torn 
away  and  replaced  with  first-class  business  places,  employing  more  people, 
paying  better  salaries,  and  there  is  an  increase  in  the  value  of  property. 

Now  a  word  relative  to  the  liquor  claims — that  if  you  do  away  with  the 
liquor  business  you  will  have  a  great  number  of  empty  houses  on  all  streets 
of  our  cities.  I  can  honestly  and  emphatically  refute  this  as  a  false  charge. 
I  was  recently  elected  Superintendent  of  the  Arkansas  Anti-Saloon  League, 
and  I  moved  my  family  from  Ohio  to  Little  Rock,  the  capital  of  the  state, 
where  the  state  headquarters  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  is  located.  Upon  my 
arrival  I  secured  the  assistance  of  two  or  three  of  the  leading  real  estate  men 
together  with  others  in  an  attempt  to  secure  a  house  conveniently  located,  into 
which  I  might  move  my  family  and  household  goods.  We  spent  two  whole 
weeks  in  scouring  this  city  of  65,000  population,  finally  securing  a  house  of 
seven  rooms  in  the  process  of  renovation.  Such  a  personal  experience  goes 
far  to  show  the  fallacy  of  the  wet  claim  that  Prohibition  will  mean  towns  and 
cities  full  of  empty  houses. 

In  August  of  this  year,  a  resolution  was  passed  by  170  teachers  in  our 
State  Normal  school  urging  the  teaching  of  law  observance  in  the  schools  of 
our  state.  We  must  teach  the  children  to  love  and  respect  our  laws.  Numbers 
of  the  younger  generation  have  never  seen  a  man  under  the  influence  of  liquor. 
In  the  days  of  the  open  saloon  it  was  a  very  common  thing.  What  caused 
the  great  change?  We  answer,  Prohibition. 


COLORADO 

By  REV.  A.  J.  FINCH 

Superintendent  Colorado  Anti-Saloon  League 

The  state  of  Colorado  voted  in  favor  of  state-wide  Prohibition  in  Novem- 
ber, 1914,  but  by  a  provision  of  the  law,  it  did  not  go  into  effect  until  January  1, 
1916.  At  that  time  seventeen  breweries  and  eighteen  hundred  saloons  closed 
their  doors.  In  the  minds  of  many,  especially  of  our  business  men,  there  were 
grave  doubts  as  to  what  the  social,  economic  and  political  results  would  be. 
After  six  years  of  the  operation  of  the  law,  we  feel  that  Colorado  has  the 
right  to  speak  with  authority  on  the  effect  of  the  same. 

ECONOMIC  BESULTS 

The  economic  results  went  far  beyond  our  greatest  expectations.  Within 
thirty  days  after  the  closing  of  the  saloons,  the  banks  of  Denver  alone  reported 
that  the  savings  accounts  had  increased  more'  than  five  hundred  thousand 
dollars.  At  the  end  of  the  first  year,  there  had  been  nearly  twenty  thousand 
new  savings  bank  accounts  opened,  and  the  total  bank  deposits  had  increased 
more  than  twenty-nine  million  dollars.  A  letter  from  the  treasurer  of  one  of 
our  largest  bank  and  trust  companies  stated  that  their  savings  accounts  had 
increased  more  than  four  hundred  thousand  dollars  during  the  year  and  that 
they  ascribed  80  per  cent  of  that  increase  as  due  to  Prohibition.  This  testi- 

373 


money  is  especially  valuable,  as  their  particular  bank  had  been  the  financial 
headquarters  for  the  wet  interests. 

THE  CORPORATIONS   AND  PROHIBITION 

The  Denver  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Company  was  exceedingly  fearful  as 
to  what  the  result  of  closing  four  hundred  and  sixty-five  saloons  would  be  upon 
their  business.  Their  experts  (?)  had  figured  it  out  that  they  would  lose  not 
less  than  fifteen  thousand  dollars  a  month.  Much  to  the  surprise  of  these 
experts  and  the  officials  of  the  company,  at  the  end  of  the  first  monfh  under 
Prohibition  they  found  that  their  treasury  was  ten  thousand  dollars  ahead. 
The  Mountain  States  Telephone  Company,  within  six  months,  reported  a  very 
large  increased  demand  for  telephones.  The  laundries  of  the  city  of  Denver 
made  phenomenal  reports.  The  manager  of  the  Silver  State  Laundry  stated 
that  within  ninety  days  after  the  closing  of  the  saloons,  his  laundry  had  se- 
cured one  hundred  and  forty-two  new  "family  wash"  customers,  because  these 
families  could  no  longer  secure  the  services  of  "wash  women!"  Their  hus- 
bands were  bringing  home  their  wages,  instead  of  spending  a  large  part  for 
booze.  The  big  city  dairies  also  furnish  a  striking  example  of  the  results  which 
follow  the  outlawing  of  the  liquor  traffic.  Mr.  Brown  Cannon,  manager  of  the 
Windsor  dairy,  states:  "Prohibition  has  increased  the  consumption  of  ice 
cream  300  per  cent;  the  drinking  of  buttermilk  300  per  cent."  He  also  states 
that  in  every  section  of  the  city,  where  the  working  people  live,  they  now 
have  three  milk  wagons  supplying  the  trade,  where  in  the  old  days,  they  used 
to  have  one. 

The  large  department  stores  found  that  they  received  a  25  per  cent  in- 
crease in  trade  almost  at  once,  while  the  Denver  Credit  Men's  Association  de- 
clare that  collections  were  50  per  cent  better. 

PROHIBITION  AND  CRIME 

The  first  year  under  Prohibition  always  furnishes  the  best  contrast  be- 
tween the  old  conditions  and  the  new.  During  the  year  of  1916,  arrests  for 
drunkenness  showed  a  decrease  of  more  than  50  per  cent;  while  the  arrests 
for  all  crimes  were  four  thousand  less  than  for  any  of  the  ten  preceding  years. 
The  court  records  also  show  that  divorces  fell  off  just  about  50  per  cent  during 
this  year. 

SALOONS   AND   BREWERIES 

People  who  are  not  familiar  with  the  working  of  Prohibition  or  who  are 
personally  interested  in  the  liquor  traffic,  should  consider  carefully  these  per- 
tinent facts.  The  large  breweries  in  Colorado  are  today  all  being  used  for 
other  manufacturing  purposes  or  as  cold  storage  plants.  The  Zang  brewery, 
owned  by  the  British  Brewery  Syndicate,  which  was  the  largest  brewery  be- 
tween the  Missouri  River  and  the  Pacific  Coast,  is  now  manufacturing  ice 
cream  and  "near"  beer.  The  friends  of  Prohibition  in  Denver  get  a  real 
thrill  out  of  the  situation  every  time  they  pick  up  their  'phone  book.  Dangling 
from  one  corner  of  this  book  is  an  advertising  card  and  on  it  are  these  words, 
"When  you  think  ice  cream,  think  Zang's."  It  is  pure,  nourishing,  nutritious, 
delicious.  It's  a  food."  The  Coors  brewery  located  at  Golden,  Col.,  is  now 
manufacturing  malted  milk  instead  of  malted  beer.  The  Walter  brewery  at 
Pueblo  has  been  turned  into  a  large  cold  storage  plant. 

374 


The  old  saloon  locations  are  now  occupied  by  legitimate  lines  of  trade. 
The  old  "Silver  Dollar"  saloon  is  now  housing  a  large  rubber  company.  .The 
ground  on  which  once  stood  the  famous  (?)  "Tortoni  restaurant  and  wine 
house"  is  now  occupied  by  a  three-story  modern  building,  the  home  of  one  of 
our  large  furniture  companies.  The  Tabor  bar  is  now  the  quarters  of  "Bud's" 
shoe  store.  Thus  the  story  might  be  repeated  ad  infinitum. 

Prohibition  has  vindicated  itself  as  an  economic  factor.  The  business  men 
of  Colorado  are  practically  a  unit  in  favor  of  its  continuance. 

This  may  be  best  seen  by  the  popular  votes  which  have  been  taken  on  the 
question.  As  noted  above,  Colorado  voted  in  favor  of  Prohibition  in  1914. 
The  majority  that  year  was  11,572,  in  the  whole  state.  In  November  of  1916 
we  voted  on  a  ''beer"  amendment.  This  was  intended  to  permit  the  manufac- 
ture and  sale  of  light  beers  as  a  soft  drink.  The  majority  against  the  amend- 
ment was  85,789.  This,  after  trying  Prohibition  ten  months.  Then,  in  1918, 
we  voted  for  a  "bone  dry"  law,  which  forbids  the  possession  of  liquors.  This 
law  carried  with  a  majority  of  better  than  46,000. 

This  year,  one  outstanding  wet  man,  who  was  running  for  Lieutenant 
Governor  on  the  Democratic  ticket,  was  defeated  by  a  majority  of  18,000, 
while  the  Democratic  candidate  for  Governor,  who  was  dry,  was  elected  by  a 
majority  of  3,800.  Thus  Colorado  has  put  her  stamp  of  approval  on  Pro- 
hibition. She  has  found  it  a  sound  principle,  a  blessing  to  women  and  children, 
a  mighty  influence  in  social  betterment  and  a  leaven  for  uplifting  politics  and 
creating  good  citizenship. 


PROHIBITION  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA 

By  A.  E.  SHOEMAKER 
Attorney  and  Executive  Secretary,  Anti-Saloon  League  of  the  District  of  Columbia 

The  traffic  in  intoxicating  liquors  was  outlawed  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, the  seat  of  the  nation's  Capital,  on  November  1,  1917,  by  act  of  the  Con- 
gress, approved  March  3,  1917,  and  known  as  the  Sheppard  law.  The  Eight- 
eenth Amendment  which  followed  is  also  effective,  of  course,  in  the  District 
of  Columbia. 

Since  the  enactment  of  the  Sheppard  law  there  has  been  no  open  defiance 
of  it.  No  saloon,  hotel  or  club  has  maintained  a  bar  or  publicly  dispensed 
prohibited  liquors. 

The  law  closed  four  breweries,  two  hundred  and  sixty-three  saloons  and 
abolished  the  sale  of  liquors  by  wholesale  in  eighty-five  places,  mostly 
groceries. 

One  of  the  four  breweries  has  since  been  operated  as  an  ice  manufactory. 
The  business  was  profitable  from  its  start.  It  grew  rapidly,  soon  requiring  an 
expansion  of  the  plant. 

Another  of  the  city's  four  breweries  had  anticipated  the  coming  of  the 
Prohibition  law  and  promptly  ponverted  its  plant  into  an  ice  cream  manufac- 
tory. Its  product  has  now  attained  great  popularity.  At  least  one-third  of 
the  ice  cream  consumed  in  the  city  is  manufactured  at  that  plant. 

One  of  the  other  two  breweries,  on  the  advent  of  Prohibition,  began  the 

375 


manufacture  of  non-alcoholic  drinks  and  has  had  a  large  and  growing  busi- 
ness. 

The  fourth  brewery  is  occupied  by  a  branch  of  the  District  Government, 
from  which  the  owner  receives  a  profitable  rental. 

All  former  saloon  properties  were  promptly  taken  for  businesses  of  vari- 
ous kinds,  drug  stores,  tobacconists,  groceries,  ice  cream  parlors,  confection- 
eries, restaurants,  barber  shops,  etc.  Most  saloon  properties  were  remodeled 
and  improved  and  in  most  cases  landlords  are  receiving  rentals  in  excess  of 
those  paid  by  the  saloonkeeper.  Some  time  since  the  president  of  the  District 
Real  Estate  Association  stated  that  in  the  summer  of  1917,  just  before  Pro- 
hibition went  into  effect,  there  were  more  than  two  thousand  vacant  build- 
ings in  the  city,  now  there  is  not  one.  The  increase  in  the  number  of  stores 
has  been  phenomenal. 

So  far  as  can  be  learned,  all  former  employees  of  breweries  and  saloons 
have  found  work  elsewhere,  and  most  of  them  are  receiving  increased  pay  in 
their  new  positions. 

Prohibition  did  not  cause  a  single  hotel  to  close  its  doors.  In  fact  sev- 
eral new  hotels  have  been  opened  since  Prohibition  came.  Two  additional 
hotels,  each  costing  approximately  $10,000,000  are  soon  to  be  erected  to  meet 
the  growing  demands.  Indeed,  since  the  advent  of  Prohibition  Washington's 
hotels  have  enjoyed  remarkable  prosperity,  although  it  is  believed  they  strictly 
observe  the  Prohibition  laws. 

In  fact  all  businesses  have  prospered  in  the  city  of  Washington  under 
Prohibition.  No  merchant  has  been  heard  to  complain  that  Prohibition 
"killed  trade"  as  was  so  freely  predicted  would  be  the  case  by  those  who  op- 
posed Prohibition.  The  fears  of  the  business  men  that  such  a  policy  would 
ruin  the  city  in  a  business  way  have  been  thoroughly  allayed.  Prohibition 
has  surprised  and  pleased  them. 

Never  have  the  banks  of  the  city  been  so  prosperous  as  they  now  are. 
The  increase  in  the  number  of  banking  accounts,  especially  savings  accounts, 
has  been  noteworthy.  Eight  or  ten  new  banks  have  entered  the  field  to  aid  in 
caring  for  the  people's  earnings.  It  is  evident  that  money  formerly  spent 
for  liquor  now  goes  into  the  banks.  With  money  in  bank  the  people  are 
happier  and  more  contented.  They  and  their  children  are  better  fed  and 
better  clothed. 

The  number  of  home  owners  has  rapidly  increased,  indicating  the  thrift 
of  the  people  as  never  before.  During  the  past  ten  months  there  were  more 
dwellings  erected  in  the  district  than  during  any  similar  period  in  the  city's 
history. 

The  prosperity  of  the  city  is  further  attested  by  the  number  of  automo- 
biles owned  by  its  citizens.  During  the  current  year  85,300  such  vehicles  have 
been  licensed,  approximately  one  for  every  five  of  the  population. 

The  social  clubs  of  the  city  have  increased  their  memberships  and  pros- 
pered under  Prohibition.  No  liquor  selling  club  was  forced  to  disband  be- 
cause the  privilege  was  denied  it  under  the  law.  One  such  club  has  increased 
its  membership  by  a  thousand  fold,  and  has  erected  an  attractive  and  com- 

376 


modious  home  in  the  heart  of  the  down-town  business   district.     It  is   now 
doing  commendable  civic  work. 

Prohibition  has  made  possible  the  attendance  at  school  of  a  large  number 
of  children  who,  under  the  license  system,  were  required  to  work  to  make  up 
for  the  loss  of  money  spent  in  saloons  by  adults  of  the  family.  There  are  at 
this  time  66,081  pupils  enrolled  in  the  public  schools.  In  1918  the  number 
was  58,728.  School  buildings  are  overcrowded.  There  are  not  enough  class 
rooms  to  accommodate  the  pupils,  nor  enough  teachers  to  teach  them.  Many 
temporary  buildings  are  in  use,  and  half-day  schools  are  common.  The  Con- 
gress is  planning  to  give  relief  in  order  that  the  ever-increasing  number  of 
children  seeking  entrance  to  the  city's  schools  may  be  properly  accommodated. 

It  is  not  claimed  that  the  Prohibition  laws  are  satisfactorily  enforced. 
There  is  still  much  liquor  being  brought  into  the  city,  and  there  is  much 
bootlegging.  Nevertheless  one  may  walk  the  streets  of  the  city  by  day  or  by 
night  without  seeing  an  intoxicated  person,  in  striking  contrast  with  pre- 
Prohibition  days  when  the  saloons  turned  out  their  drunken  victims  by  the 
thousands,  making  unsafe  the  streets  of  the  city. 

Compared  with  other  laws,  the  Prohibition  laws  are  well  enforced.  As 
their  beneficent  effects  become  more  and  more  apparent,  their  popularity  in- 
creases. The  enforcing  authorities,  both  federal  and  local,  are  ever  on  the 
alert  to  detect  and  punish  violators.  Undue  leniency  manifested  by  the  prose- 
cuting officers  and  the  courts  in  dealing  with  offenders  has,  however,  miti- 
gated against  satisfactory  enforcement.  Experience  has  shown  that  Prohi- 
bition laws  can  never  be  well  enforced  except  when  severe  penalties  are  con- 
sistently imposed  without  fear  or  favor  upon  all  offenders  alike. 

Persons  convicted  of  crime  in  the  district  and  sentenced  for  a  period  of 
one  year  or  less  are  sent  to  the  workhouse.  The  commitments  to  that  insti- 
tution from  1914  to  1920  will  indicate  whether  restrictive  and  Prohibition  laws 
have  had  any  effect.  The  figures  given  in  the  following  tables  are  official  for 
the  number  of  prisoners  committed  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30: 
1914  1915  1916  1917  1918  1919  1920  Decrease  from 

1914   87.36%. 
6590        6472        6458        5582        3232        2511          833 

In  that  period  the  population  of  the  District  of  Columbia  increased  ap- 
proximately 25  per  cent,  which  would  make  the  ratio  decrease  about  90  per 
cent. 

The  number  of  husbands  committed  for  non-support  were: 

1914        1915        1916        1918        1919        1920  Decrease  from 

1914   86.5%. 
134          120          130  98  25  18 

Two  classes  of  crimes  will  illustrate  the  tendency: 

Decrease 
1914       1919      1920         from  1914 

Assaults    , 551         168        70        87.3  per  cent 

Disorderly  conduct    1175         165        35        97.     percent 

377 


The  following  figures  showing  by  comparison  the  number  of  arrests  for 
drunkenness  during  the  first  month  of  Prohibition,  November,  1917,  and  the 
last  month  under  license,  October,  1917,  and  November,  1916,  are  illuminating: 
Nov.,   1916—200.          Oct.,   1917—228.          Nov.,   1917—16 

The  official  figures  from  the  reports  of  the  Associated  Charities  for  the 
years  1916,  the  last  wet  year,  and  1920,  ended  September  30,  show  as  follows: 

1916  1920 

Families  befriended    2767  998 

Alcoholic  problem  in  families  befriended  ....     527  35 

A  former  Chief  of  Police  in  commenting  on  the  Prohibition  law  of  March 
3,  1917,  said: 

"When  the  Sheppard  Prohibition  Bill  for  the  District  of  Columbia  passed 
there  was  in  the  minds  of  many,  the  belief  that  there  would  be  no  appreciable 
decrease  in  drunkenness  because  of  the  operation  of  the  new  law.  Even  the 
enemies  of  Prohibition  soon  learned,  however,  that  not  only  was  there  a  great 
decrease  in  drunkenness,  ranging  from  50  to  76  per  cent  under  the  amount  of 
drunkenness  during  the  same  periods  under  license,  but  also  that  there  was  a 
great  falling  off  in  cases  of  disorderly  conduct,  assaults,  housebreaking,  carry- 
ing concealed  weapons,  cruelty  to  animals  and  other  offenses  often  growing 
out  of  intoxication. 

"In  actual  figures,  from  November  1  to  July  1  (1919),  under  license,  there 
were  6,771  arrests  in  the  eight  months'  period.  In  the  same  period  under 
Prohibition,  there  were  only  2,863  arrests,  a  decrease  of  3,908  cases  or  nearly 
58  per  cent  decrease  for  the  eight  months. 

"Persons  who  are  open-minded  and  who  have  given  a  rasonable  amount 
of  time  to  observe  the  operations  of  the  law,  even  many  of  those  who  at  first 
opposed  the  enactment  of  the  Sheppard  law,  will  now  agree  that  Prohibition 
legislation  has  been  a  blessing,  and  is  perhaps  the  principal  factor  which  has 
contributed  to  the  lack  of  serious  disorder  or  riots  of  any  kind  in  the  National 
Capital  during  the  entire  period  of  the  war." 

The  above  statement  of  the  Chief  of  Police  was  made  before  Washington 
had  the  advantage  of  the  federal  Prohibition  law,  under  the  Eighteenth 
Amendment. 

While  it  must  be  admitted  that  in  recent  months  there  has  been  an  in- 
crease in  the  number  of  arrests  for  violations  of  the  Prohibition  laws,  that 
fact  may  be  attributed  to  the  activities  of  bootleggers  from  outside  the  city 
and  in  part  to  the  increased  vigilance  of  the  police  and  the  federal  enforce- 
ment agents  in  bringing  offenders  to  justice. 

The  present  Chief  of  Police  recently  stated  that  "the  arrests  for  viola- 
tions of  the  liquor  laws  appear  to  be  on  the  increase  rather  than  decrease. 
I  believe,  however,  that  as  time  goes  on  there  will  be  brought  about  greater 
respect  for  the  law  and  a  more  general  and  uniform  observance  thereof  by 
the  people,  which  will  have  the  effect,  of  course,  of  bringing  about  a  greater 
benefit  of  the  law  itself." 

David  Lawrence,  the  noted  newspaper  writer,  said  that  Washington  is 
the  cleanest  capital  in  the  world.  With  no  saloons,  no  vice  districts,  few 

378 


street  walkers,  the  people  find  it  easier  to  do  right  and  more  difficult  to  do 
wrong. 

In  its  annual  report  to  Congress  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1920, 
the  Board  of  Charities  of  the  District  of  Columbia  said,  with  respect  to  the 
workhouse,  which  is  a  place  for  the  confinement  and  employment  of  petty 
criminals,  sentenced  for  terms  of  one  year  or  less: 

"The  most  striking  fact  to  be  noted  in  connection  with  this  institution 
during  the  past  year  is  the  continued  decrease  in  the  number  of  prisoners. 
The  workhouse  was  organized  to  accommodate  about  700  prisoners,  and  for 
a  period  of  five  years — 1913-1917,  inclusive — it  had  a  daily  average  of  about 
640.  Since  that  time  there  has  been  a  marked  decrease  in  numbers.  The 
daily  average  number  for  the  fiscal  year  1918  was  373;  for  1919,  433;  and  for 
1920,  334.  .  .  .  The  first  marked  decrease  came  suddenly  following  the  going 
into  effect  in  November,  1917,  of  the  Sheppard  Prohibition  law  for  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia." 

In  his  report  to  the  Board  of  Charities  for  the  same  year  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  workhouse  said,  with  reference  to  the  effect  of  Prohibition  on 
the  institution,  that: 

"No  matter  what  the  belief  is,  it  is  a  certainty  that  Prohibition  enforce- 
ment is  something  of  a  crime  preventive  and  a  crime  cure.  The  record  has 
proved  it.  It  has  reduced  the  population  until  now  and  then  the  number  of 
prisoners  resembles  an  assemblage  responding  to  a  call  to  donate  money  to 
an  unpopular  cause.  While  it  has  greatly  reduced  the  working  force  here, 
it  has,  on  the  other  hand,  made  the  sun  shine  in  many  a  home  and  put  a  smile 
on  many  a  tear-stained  face." 

For  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1921,  in  its  annual  report  to  the  Con- 
gress, the  Board  of  Charities  again  invited  attention  to  the  decreasing  number 
of  prisoners  sent  to  the  institution,  in  the  following  language: 

"The  most  encouraging  fact  to  be  noted  in  connection  with  the  work- 
house is  that  during  the  year  the  daily  average  number  of  prisoners  was  only 
208  as  compared  with  334  the  preceding  year.  This  is  the  lowest  number 
recorded  since  the  establishment  of  the  new  workhouse  11  years  ago." 

With  reference  to  the  city  jail  the  Board  said  in  the  same  report: 

"The  average  population  of  the  jail  during  the  year  was  243  as  compared 
with  297  the  previous  year." 

It  is  therefore  manifest  that  the  general  effect  of  the  policy  of  Prohibi- 
tion in  the  District  of  Columbia  is  good  and  wholesome.  Under  it  the  con- 
sumption of  intoxicating  liquors  has  been  minimized,  property  values  have 
been  enhanced,  business  has  been  stimulated,  banking  accounts  have  been 
multiplied,  the  workers  have  better  wages  and  more  money  for  the  comforts 
of  life;  unemployment  has  disappeared;  charity  calls,  non-support  cases, 
drunkenness  and  crime  have  decreased;  more  people  attend  the  churches; 
more  men  are  in  the  Bible  classes;  more  children  are  in  the  Sunday  schools, 
and  more  in  the  day  schools.  Fewer  minors  are  compelled  to  work  and  none 
go  hungry. 

Prohibition  is  a  great  blessing  to  the  District  of  Columbia, 

379 


THE  RESULTS   OF  PROHIBITION  IN  FLORIDA 

By  REV.  C.  W.  CROOKE 
Superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Florida 

Location,  topography  and  the  peculiar  class  of  outlaws  in  the  state  of 
Florida  combine  to  furnish  the  hardest  battlefield  for  a  long-drawn-out,  des- 
perate, difficult  and  devastating  fight  against  the  venders  of  intoxicating  liq- 
uors, of  any  state  in  the  Union. 

The  location  of  this  state  being  near  the  Bahama  Islands,  Cuba  and 
Mexico,  makes  easy  the  smuggling  of  intoxicating  liquors  from  foreign  coun- 
tries. Florida  has  1,500  miles  of  coast  line,  indented  with  numbers  of  rivers, 
streams,  bays,  sloughs,  inlets,  and  if  we  had  1,500  men  (one  for  each  mile)  it 
would  be  impossible  through  the  hours  of  darkness,  and  also  perhaps  through 
the  hours  of  the  day,  completely  to  eliminate  the  smuggling  of  intoxicating 
liquors  into  our  territory. 

Florida  is  a  state  of  almost  level  lands — hilly  country  abounding  only 
along  the  central-northern  boundary  and  down  what  is  called  the  "back-bone 
of  the  state"  through  Suwanee,  Marion,  Polk  and  Highland  counties.  These 
hills  furnish  splendid  opportunity  for  the  sequestered  stills  in  the  densely 
wooded  sections,  but  even  these  locations  for  the  manufacture  of  "shine"  are 
not  so  difficult  of  detection  as  the  lowlands,  morasses,  palmetto  plains,  low 
hummock  stretches  and  everglades.  It  is  almost  impossible,  during  much  of 
the  year,  for  officers  of  the  law  to  locate  the  outlaws  in  these  vast  uninhabit- 
able and  often  impassable  stretches  where  even  iniquity  suffers  in  its  en- 
forced existence. 

Florida  has  a  class  of  the  old-fashioned  "crackers"  who  have  not  kept  up 
with  civilization  and  commercial  prosperity  and  who  fall  easy  prey  to  the 
temptation  of  high  prices  which  can  be  secured  from  .those  whose  appetites 
still  lure  them  on  to  the  drink,  and  this  class — feeling  the  security  of  a  well 
selected  location — become  obsessed  with  the  idea  that  the  world  owes  them  a 
living  and  they  can  collect  it  more  easily  through  the  high  prices  of  contra- 
band liquors  than  in  any  other  way;  this  class  of  outlaw  becomes  the  most 
dangerous  man  in  civilization  and  he  protects  his  means  of  livelihood  with 
the  gun.  Added  to  this  class  is  the  floating  filth  of  the  nation — attracted  to 
Florida  six  months  of  the  year  by  a  good  climate  and  a  tourists'  market  for 
the  outlaw  liquor  trade. 

Our  attempt  to  enforce  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  under  conditions  like 
these  would  be  utterly  hopeless  if  it  were  not  for  the  alert  citizens,  clean  in 
character  and  sturdy  in  determination  who  began,  with  the  advent  of  the 
Anti-Saloon  League,  a  running  fight  which  later  developed  into  a  siege  of  the 
whole  liquor  traffic  and,  after  years  of  county  local  option  victories,  finally 
culminated  in  state-wide  Prohibition  in  November  of  1918. 

But  notwithstanding  these  handicaps  almost  immeasurable  benefits  have 
come  as  the  result  of  the  prohibition  of  the  old-time  saloon  and  the  resultant 
diminution  of  drink. 

A   BETTER    CITIZENSHIP 

We  have  throughout  the  entire  state,  even  in  Key  West  where  only  one- 
third  of  the  population  is  Anglo-Saxon,  a  brighter,  brisker,  better  citizenship 

380 


than  in  the  old  saloon  days.  This  is  evident  on  election  days,  for  now  we 
have  the  anomaly  in  nearly  every  city  in  the  State  of  election  day  without 
drink  and  arrests.  It  is  evident  on  the  Lord's  Day,  for  we  do  not  see  groups 
of  men  standing  around  the  back  doors  of  liquor  saloons  getting  their  drinks 
as  soon  as  the  officer's  back  is  turned.  It  is  evident  in  the  church,  where 
clean-looking,  well-dressed,  bright  young  men  form  large  classes  in  Sunday 
Schools,  and  in  a  large  majority  of  our  churches  men  now  predominate  in 
number  over  the  opposite  sex,  whereas  in  the  old  days  it  was  a  common  ex- 
pression that  the  women  ran  the  churches.  This  is  also  evident  from  the 
thousands  upon  thousands  of  men  who  have  been  reclaimed  from  excessive 
drink — have  entered  the  prosperous  walks  of  life  and  now  fill  the  places  of 
honor  and  trust  in  the  ranks  of  trade  and  the  professions. 

WE  HAVE  MOKE  AND  BETTER  HOMES 

Countless  numbers  of  Florida  homes  were  stricken  with  the  blight  of 
drink  and  many  men  who  spent  their  entire  earnings  on  drink  had  no  domicile 
whatsoever  for  the  enjoyment  and  protection  of  their  families.  Now  all  this 
is  changed.  Since  drink  is  prohibited  and  liquors  are  difficult  of  access  thou- 
sands of  men  who  spent  all  in  dissipation  are  saving  their  wages  and  dressing 
their  families  respectably  and  have  rented  or  purchased,  on  terms,  a  little 
house  and  have  established  a  real  home,  where  the  love  of  wife  and  mother 
and  children  have  created  a  little  paradise  absolutely  unknown  before.  More 
in  evidence  even  than  this  are  the  thousands  of  homes  where  veiled  unhappi- 
ness  reigned  because  of  the  secret  vices  of  an  otherwise  good  provider,  hus- 
band and  father  who,  since  drink  is  far  removed  is  rejoicing  in  full  prosperity 
and  happiness  of  home  and  family. 

TRADE  AND  COMMERCE  IMPROVED 

Manufacturers  make  no  secret  of  their  joy  on  account  of  the  demise  of 
the  saloon  for  now  the  laborers,  unskilled  as  well  as  skilled,  are  on  hand  and 
ready  for  work  from  Monday  morning  throughout  the  week  with  brain  and 
muscle  clean  and  strong — ready  for  the  demands  of  the  hour.  Installment 
clothing  and  furniture  houses  are  high  in  their  praises  of  the  present  condi- 
tions because  the  installment  payments  upon  the  purchased  articles  are  more 
prompt  and  regular  and  more  often  in  full.  And  in  these  days  of  increased 
prosperity  and  largely  increased  deposits  in  our  banks  it  takes  the  grossest 
mismanagement  in  one  of  these  institutions  to  make  compulsory  on  the  part 
of  the  State  Comptroller  to  close  its  doors,  in  fact  in  Florida  there  have  been 
very  few  bank  failures  since  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  became  a  law. 

CRIME  AND  DELINQUENCY  DECREASED 

Taking  the  entire  state  the  average  decrease  in  crime  is  55  per  cent,  the 
average  decrease  in  arrests  for  drunkenness  is  70  per  cent  and  this  is  a  very 
fair  criterion  for  the  improvement  all  along  the  line.  Until  quite  recently  there 
had  not  appeared  a  case  of  delinquency  before  the  Probation  Officer  of  Duval 
county  on  account  of  drunken  parents.  Before  the  days  of  Prohibition  90  per 
cent  of  the  cases  coming  before  the  Juvenile  Court  of  Duval  county  were  the 
direct  result  of  liquor,  but  since  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  went  into  effect 
10  to  15  per  cent  of  these  is  the  result  of  drink. 

381 


One  of  the  great  arguments  against  Prohibition  was  that  the  closing  of 
the  saloons  and  breweries  in  Florida  would  leave  a  thousand  of  the  best  busi- 
ness houses  in  the  state  vacant  and  would  leave  the  great  brewery  buildings 
to  decay  with  the  passing  of  time.  Nothing  of  the  kind  has  happened — not 
one  room  in  Florida  formerly  used  as  a  saloon,  which  is  in  any  sense  fit  for 
occupancy,  is  now  vacant.  Almost  before  the  liquors  could  be  removed  the 
carpenters  had  begun  remodeling  the  vast  majority  of  the  old  saloon  build- 
ings for  men  in  other  lines  of  trade  who  were  eagerly  awaiting  the  oppor- 
tunity to  move  in.  The  old  saloon  buildings  are  now  occupied  as  dry  goods, 
clothing,  grocery,  furniture  and  automobile  sales  rooms  and  stores  or  elegant 
restaurants,  and  prosperity  is  everywhere  perched  upon  the  sites  of  the  old 
time  infamous  traffic.  The  breweries  are  not  decayed  but  were  immediately 
transformed  into  factories  of  soft  drinks  or  useful  commodities  such  as  ice, 
ice  cream  and  plate  glass. 

No,  the  direful,  doleful  lamentations  of  these  false  prophets  did  not 
materialize,  for  prosperity  is  today  the  happy  condition  of  every  section  of 
the  beautiful  state  of  Florida. 


PROHIBITION  AND  ENFORCEMENT  OF  LAW 
IN  GEORGIA 

By  REV.  C.  O.  JONES,  D.D. 
Superintendent  Georgia  Anti-Saloon  League 

The  State  Prohibition  Law  of  Georgia  became  effective  by  legislative 
enactment  on  January  1,  1908,  A  "joker"  was  inserted  permitting  near-beer 
to  be  made  in  the  state  or  imported  from  the  outside,  and  sold  in  saloons  and 
locker-clubs.  The  Prohibition  statute  immediately  closed  all  liquor  saloons 
as  such.  In  country  places  and  small  towns  the  legal  traffic  was  dead.  In 
the  larger  cities,  however,  the  places  where  hard  liquors  had  been  sold,  re- 
opened as  near-beer  saloons.  Licenses  in  most  cases  were  increased  by  mu- 
nicipalities. Objection  to  this  was  made  on  the  ground  that  high  licenses  shut 
out  small  dealers  and  gave  a  monopoly  to  rich  brewers.  In  one  city  of  8,000 
inhabitants,  about  equally  divided  between  whites  and  negroes,  our  friends  in 
the  council  asked  Prohibitionists  to  suggest  a  license  fee.  The  amount  sug- 
gested was  $1,000,  thinking  that  no  one  would  pay  such  a  fee,  and  the  council 
so  voted.  Hearing  that  a  brewery  in  another^city  desired  to  open  a  saloon, 
at  request  the  council  raised  the  license  to  $5,000  cash  in  advance.  The  agent 
of  the  brewery  stole  into  town  at  night  with  the  cash,  notified  the  city  clerk, 
who  was  sympathetic,  was  smuggled  into  his  office,  and  one  minute  after  mid- 
night on  January  1,  placed  the  money  on  the  table,  and  received  the  license. 
Three  minutes  after  midnight,  citizens  came  before  the  clerk  with  an  injunc- 
tion from  the  Superior  Court  judge  against  granting  the  license.  Said  citi- 
zens earnestly  requested  the  judge  to  sit  up  with  them  at  the  clerk's  office 
from  11  p.  m.  to  midnight,  but  "his  honor"  preferred  to  grant  the  injunction 
in  bedroom  slippers. 

The  near-beer  saloons,  as  intended  by  the  "joker,"  became  a  dirty  cloak 
for  intoxicating  liquors.  The  state  brewers  jumped  at  the  opportunity  and 
manufactured  all  kinds  of  drink,  save  whisky,  with  plenty  of  alcohol  in  every 

382 


drink.  Outside  breweries,  which  made  some  cities  "famous**  or  infamous 
according  to  the  point  of  view,  transported  train-loads  of  their  products  into 
Georgia.  Whisky  was,  of  course,  sold  and  served  in  beer  glasses  or  straight. 
Drunkenness  and  lawlessness  were  much  decreased;  but  the  situation  was  un- 
bearable to  law-abiding  citizens,  and  fraught  with  danger.  Georgia  was  90  per 
cent  dry  in  its  splendid  citizenship;  and  resolved  that  the  lawless  10  per  cent 
should  not  control  the  law. 

Various  legislatures  had  a  large  majority  of  drys  in  both  houses,  but  the 
whisky  lobby  had  influence  enough  in  appointments,  that  time  after  time  the 
rules  committee  pigeon-holed  dry  resolutions,  bills  and  enforcing  laws,  until 
it  was  too  late  to  call  them  up  before  adjournment. 

Public  indignation  grew  to  such  intensity  that  Governor  Nat.  E.  Harris, 
a  noble  Confederate  veteran,  against  tremendous  opposition,  called  a  special 
session  of  the  legislature,  specifying  that  the  modification  and  strengthening 
of  the  Prohibition  laws  must  be  the  chief  if  not  the  only  work  of  the  called 
session.  This  knocked  out  all  delays.  The  matter  had  to  be  considered  and 
settled. 

This  legislature  repealed  the  near-beer  law,  prohibited  liquors  containing 
any  alcohol,  forbade  liquor  advertisements,  and  prohibited  its  possession  even 
for  personal  use,  barred  it  from  the  state,  except  for  sacramental,  medicinal 
and  mechanical  purposes.  This  law  knocked  out  breweries,  near-beer  saloons 
and  locker-clubs.  It  was  signed  by  Governor  Harris  on  November  17,  1915, 
and  became  effective  at  once  as  a  part  of  the  organic  law  of  the  state.  No 
patriotic  citizen  desires  to  see  this  drastic  law  changed;  and  no  member  of 
either  house  of  the  legislature  would  venture  to  offer  a  bill  to  weaken  or  repeal 
the  bone  dry  statute  of  1915.  To  Governor  Harris  the  thanks  of  Georgia  and 
the  nation  are  due  for  his  courageous  determination  in  calling  a  special  session 
of  the  legislature  for  the  purpose  of  enacting  the  Prohibition  laws.  Having 
tried  near-beer  saloons,  as  a  substitute  for  whisky  saloons,  no  true  Georgian 
would  ever  consent  for  "light  wines  and  beers"  to  be  sold  legally  in  this  state. 
We  know  that  the  "beast"~has  the  same  teeth  and  claws,  by  whatever  name 
and  however  it  may  masquerade. 

RESULT  OF  THE  LAW 

From  1915  to  1920,  when  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  became  effective, 
the  state  law  was  weakened  by  the  issuance  of  federal  licenses.  This  gave 
countenance  to  moonshiners  and  bootleggers  who,  under  protection  of  the 
federal  license,  freequently  broke  the  state  law.  Illicit  dealers  could  not  be 
prosecuted  before  federal  courts,  if  they  had  a  federal  license.  This  made  the 
United  States  particeps  criminis,  and  aroused  righteous  indignation.  Never- 
theless, the  law  destroyed  public  traffic  in  alcoholic  drinks,  and  drove  makers 
and  users  of  illicit  liquors  into  hiding-places. 

Since  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  became  effective,  many  state  officers 
held  that  the  federal  government  should  thereafter  enforce  Prohibition  laws. 
As  there  were  and  are  few  federal  agents  in  each  state,  this  inertia  of  state 
officers  for  awhile  seriously  hurt  full  enforcement  of  law.  In  fact,  for  months, 
the  law  was  not  as  effective  as  under  state  Prohibition  alone.  In  the  past 
year,  however,  federal  agents  have  received  large  cooperation  from  sheriffs, 

383 


policemen  and  other  state  officers;  and  the  law  is  much  better  enforced  by 
this  cooperation. 

When  it  is  remembered  that  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  is  not  yet  three 
years  old,  that  the  whisky  and  beer  trade  had  been  entrenched  for  years,  tnat 
the  law  made  an  immediate  change  in  the  habits  of  many  people,  it  is  really 
wonderful  that  the  law  has  been  so  well  enforced.  It  is  generally  believed  that 
when  the  "old  topers"  die,  their  children  will  think  of  the  traffic  in  alcohol  as 
ancient  history. 

A   FEW   TESTIMONIES 

Judge  Warner  Hill  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Georgia  says:  "I  stand  for 
law  enforcement.  I  think  that  ought  to  be  preached  on  every  hilltop  and  in 
every  vale  throughout  this  beloved  country  of  ours. 

Judge  John  D.  Humphries,  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Atlanta,  says:  "I  am 
determined  to  uphold  the  law." 

Judge  John  B.  Hutcheson,  of  the  Stone  Mountain  Superior  Court,  says: 
"As  far  as  the  enforcement  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  is  concerned,  I  be- 
lieve from  coming  in  contact  with  it  in  the  court,  it  is  a  success.  When  people 
tell  you  the  Prohibition  law  is  a  farce,  and  is  not  being  enforced,  and  that 
more  liquor  is  drunk  today  than  ever  before,  it  is  one  of  two  propositions; 
they  are  not  informed,  woefully  ignorant,  or  wilfully  wicked  when  they  make 
the  statement.  They  don't  know  what  they  are  talking  about.  If  they  do, 
you  can  call  it  what  you  please.  To  amend  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  to 
allow  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  light  wines  and  beer  is  the  Trojan  horse 
the  liquor  crowd  is  trying  to  bring  into  the  state  of  Georgia.  They  want  to 
tear  down  our  walls.  If  they  ever  get  a  law  to  sell  light  wines  and  beer,  then 
good-bye  Prohibition.  It  will  set  us  back  forty  years." 

James  L.  Key,  Mayor  of  Atlanta,  says:  "Prohibition  is  a  social,  industrial 
and  racial  necessity  in  our  country.  We  could  scarcely  live  in  Georgia,  we 
can  not  maintain  society  without  a  Prohibition  law.  We  have  got  to  have  it. 
We  can  only  look  to  those  whose  business  it  is  to  see  that  it  is  enforced,  to 
build  it  up  and  uphold  it.  So  far  as  this  city  is  concerned,  those  who  are  en- 
trusted with  that  line  of  business  are  in  sympathy  with  the  law,  and  enforce 
it  as  far  as  they  can.  There  has  been  no  let  up,  no  slacking  up,  no  disposition 
to  slight  this  matter  at  all.  That  has  been  our  attitude  and  will  continue  to 
be."  James  L.  Beavers,  Chief  of  Police  of  Atlanta,  says:  "In  1907,  the  year 
before  the  Prohibition  law  went  into  effect,  the  population  of  this  city  was 
158,000.  The  number  of  arrests  made  for  drunkenness  that  year  was  6,508. 
In  1908,  when  Prohibition  went  into  effect,  the  number  was  2,650.  In  1917, 
due  to  the  rigid  enforcement  of  law  in  cooperation  between  our  police  force 
and  federal  agents,  that  liquors  might  be  kept  from  soldiers,  the  number  was 
2,268.  The  population  of  the  city  grew,  including  suburbs,  to  265,000.  In 
1919,  arrests  for  drunkenness  numbered  about  3,100.  In  1921,  the  number  in- 
creased to  4,491.  The  year  before  Prohibition  the  arrests  for  drunkenness  were 
a  little  over  4  per  cent  of  the  city  population.  Last  year,  notwithstanding 
world-wide  demoralization,  the  arrests  for  drunkenness  were  only  one  and 
seven-tenths  per  cent." 

James  I.  Lowry,  sheriff  of  Fulton  county,   in  which  Atlanta  is,  agreed 

384 


fully  with  Chief  Beavers  and  the  judges  who  had  given  their  testimony,  and 
said:  "I  am  for  Prohibition,  and  as  an  officer  of  the  county,  am  doing  every- 
thing I  can  to  enforce  that  law  and  all  others.  I  really  think  conditions  are 
better  today  than  they  have  been."  Hugh  M.  Dorsey,  former  Governor  of 
Georgia,  says:  "Atlanta  had  Prohibition  for  a  while,  then  high  license,  then 
the  locker  system,  then  state  Prohibition,  then  the  National  Amendment. 
Every  step  that  has  been  taken  has  been,  in  my  opinion,  a  progressive  step. 

"I  do  not  think  there  is  one-tenth  as  much  drunkenness  or  drinking  as 
there  was  before  Prohibition. 

"There  are  a  good  many  people  violating  this  law;  but  as  bad  as  it  is,  it  is 
infinitely  better  than  the  old  plans  under  which  we  operated.  We  are  making 
progress,  public  sentiment  is  responding,  the  courts  are  running,  and  I  pre- 
dict it  won't  be  long  until  whisky  will  be  almost  unknown." 

Savannah  is  the  chief  seaport  of  Georgia,  and  has  been  the  distributing 
point  for  whisky-smugglers  from  Cuba,  the  Bahamas,  and  other  islands.  W. 
J.  Pierpont,  former  Mayor  of  Savannah,  says:  "Shortly  after  the  enactment 
of  the  Prohibition  law  in  1915,  I  was  questioned  as  to  whether  I  would  enforce 
the  law  or  not.  I  issued  a  statement,  making  it  strong,  that  I  should  enforce 
this  law  and  all  laws  to  the  best  of  my  ability.  I  see  a  very  marked  change 
for  the  better  in  public  sentiment.  I  think  every  good  citizen  now  appreciates 
the  progress  that  has  been  made  in  better  citizenship  by  enforcement  of  law, 
and  particularly  by  enforcement  of  the  National  Prohibition  law.  I  think  the 
conditions  now  are  better  than  they  have  ever  been  before.  I  agree  fully  that 
moonshine  liquor  is  being  made,  sold  and  drunk,  but  in  proportion  to  what  was 
formerly  consumed  it  is  trifling." 

Dr.  Chas.  O.  Jones,  State  Superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of 
Georgia,  says:  "In  a  recent  interview  with  the  former  chief  wholesale  liquor 
dealer  in  Atlanta,  now  a  member  of  the  City  Council,  I  said:  'Tell  me,  you 
know  because  you  were  in  the  business,  what  proportion  of  moonshine  liquor 
is  now  sold  in  the  state  of  Georgia  and  the  city  of  Atlanta  compared  to  the 
old  time  saloon  days?'  He  said:  'I  don't  believe  it  is  more  than  2  per  cent.'" 

Similar  testimonies  could  be  given  by  many.  Atlanta  and  Savannah  are 
taken  as  the  largest  cities  in  Georgia.  In  smaller  places  and  country  sections 
the  law  is  being  even  better  enforced.  All  good  citizens  believe  that  it  will 
be  better  and  better  enforced;  and,  finally,  the  manufacture,  sale  and  use  of 
all  kinds  of  liquor  will  be  prohibited  as  well  as  crimes  against  the  person  and 
property. 


RESULTS  OF  PROHIBITION  IN  ILLINOIS 

By  F.  SCOTT  McBRiDE 
Superintendent  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Illinois 

Prohibition  has  brought  its  greatest  benefits  to  that  part  of  the  state  lying 
outside  of  the  city  of  Chicago.  Eighty-eight  per  cent  of  the  56,000  square- 
mile  area  and  46  per  cent  of  the  6,000,000  population  were  under  Prohibition 
by  local  laws  before  the  nation  went  dry.  Great  and  immediate  good  results 
came  to  the  remaining  wet  parts  of  the  state  outside  of  Chicago  when  Pro- 
hibition made  the  liquor  traffic  illegal  throughout  Illinois.  Seven  typical  Illi- 

385 


Hois  cities  wet  before  National  Prohibition  indicate  the  effect  of  National 
Prohibition  upon  drunkenness.  Statistics  covering  these  cities  were  obtained 
from  their  police  departments. 

ARRESTS   FOR  DRUNKENNESS 

Population      Last  Wet  Year  First  Dry  Year 

Peoria   ,  .  72,184  1,780  259 

Alton  23,783  338  19 

Joliet 38,549  251  43 

Kankakee 14,270  225  22 

Cairo 15,995  843  95 

Lelleville    21,154  97  23 

Granite   City 15,890  67  7 

201,825  3,601  468 

Figures  covering  four  of  the  above  cities  show  that  in  the  second  year 
under  Prohibition  there  was  a  slight  increase  in  drunkenness  compared  with 
the  first  dry  year,  but  that  the  number  of  drunks  is  still  far  below  the  figures 
for  the  last  wet  year. 

1919  1920  1921 

Joliet   15  7  9 

Granite   City   7  3  5 

Cairo   44  1  8 

Peoria 98  16  31 

A  striking  illustration  of  how  Prohibition  has  lessened  drunkenness  in  Illi- 
nois cities  is  shown  by  the  following  figures  giving  arrests  for  drunkenness  on 
Saturday  night  in  9  large  Illinois  cities.  Before  Prohibition  in  these  cities 
great  numbers  of  drunks  were  arrested  every  Saturday  night.  According  to 
police  reports  for  Saturday  night,  May  14,  1921,  arrests  for  drunkenness  were 
made  as  follows: 

Danville    0  Rock  Island   0 

Bloomington   5  Joliet    0 

Decatur 1  Granite   City  1 

Rockford    8  Cairo  1 

Peoria 0 

Other  indications  of  decreased  drinking  are  the  absences  of  drunks  when- 
indicate  the  decrease  in  drunkenness  in  Illinois  under  Prohibition  are  empty 
jails  in  scores  of  cities  and  counties.  In  Feb.,  1921,  the  Associated  Press 
asked  all  Illinois  sheriffs  whether  there  had  been  a  decrease  in  their  jail  pop- 
ulation. All  except  four  reported  a  decrease.  A  great  proportion  of  the  pris- 
oners at  this  time  were  violators  of  Prohibition  laws. 

Other  indications  of  decreased  drinking  are  the  absence  of  drunks  when- 
ever great  crowds  gather  on  holiday  and  special  occasions  such  as  the  Fourth 
of  July  and  county  fairs,  and  the  practical  disappearance  of  drunken  drivers 
from  our  highways  and  drunken  pedestrians  along  our  streets. 

Decreased  drinking  shown  by  a  decrease  in  drunkenness  is  reflected  in  the 
general  advance  in  the  direction  of  welfare  and  the  general  repression  of  evil 
under  Prohibition.  The  Illinois  Department  of  Paroles  and  Pardons  reports 

386 


a  decided  decrease  in  all  crimes  with  the  exception  of  traffic  violations 
throughout  the  state.  The  Illinois  Health  Department  reports  that  1921  was  the 
healthiest  year  in  the  history  of  the  state,  the  death  rate  being  only  11  per  thou- 
sand population  compared  with  13.6  the  average  for  the  five  preceding  years. 

The  greatest  test  of  Prohibition  came  in  Chicago,  a  city  containing  a  half 
of  the  population  of  the  state,  the  second  city  in  size  in  America,  a  city  in 
which  only  31  per  cent  of  the  population  are  American  whites.  Although 
encumbered  by  a  gigantic  liquor  traffic  entrenched  politically,  financially,  and 
in  the  customs  of  many  of  its  people,  handicapped  by  ineffective  enforcement 
nevertheless  Prohibition  has  tranformed  Chicago  immeasurably  more  than 
anything  since  the  great  fire  which  swept  away  the  old  and  permitted  the 
growth  of  a  physically  new  city.  The  most  apparent  change  and  to  some 
extent  the  most  important  has  been  the  substitution  of  restaurants,  stores, 
and  shops  catering  to  the  needs  of  the  people  for  the  saloons  which  formerly 
occupied  the  chief  corners  and  best  sites  along  the  principal  business  streets 
tempting  the  careless  and  the  weak  to  drinking,  drunkenness,  degradation  and 
death.  According  to  an  estimate  by  the  City  Collector  only  about  2,000  of  the 
seven  thousand  saloons  that  were  in  Chicago  before  Prohibition  remain  to 
supply  legal  or  illegal  beverages  to  the  public.  Like  wolves  retreating  before 
the  advance  of  pioneers,  the  lawless  saloons  are  gradually  disappearing  before 
the  advance  of  Prohibition  in  Chicago.  Over  480  saloons  have  been  closed  by 
injunction  process  under  the  state  and  federal  Prohibition  act.  The  proprie- 
tors of  several  have  retired  to  the  federal  prison  at  Leavenworth,  Kansas, 
and  others  have  been  transferred  from  behind  their  own  bars  to  more  or  less 
permanent  positions  behind  the  bars  of  the  city  jail. 

The  vast  good  that  has  come  from  the  transformation  of  Chicago  saloons 
is  illustrated  by  just  one  item.  In  1914  the  Chicago  South  Side  Club,  after  a 
thorough  investigation,  reported  that  the  back  rooms  of  445  saloons  contrib- 
uted to  the  delinquency  of  14,000  girls  every  twenty-four  hours. 

Investigation  of  the  District  Attorney's  office  in  Chicago  showed  that  com- 
pared with  other  districts,  Chicago  ranked  39th  in  number  of  Prohibition  cases 
commenced  and  45th  in  number  of  convictions  secured. 

But  in  spite  of  poor  preliminary  enforcement,  and,  in  spite  of  the  terrific 
force  of  the  great  after-war  wave  of  unrest  and  crime,  statistics  show  that 
even  in  Chicago  there  has  been  an  enormous  decrease  in  crime  and  drunken- 
ness. The  Chicago  Crime  Commission  has  published  the  following  com- 

nan*son:  Murder  Burglary  Robbery 

1919 330  6,108  2,912 

1920    194  5,495  2,782 

1921    190  4,774  2,588 

The  latest  available  Police  Department  figures  showing  arrests  for  drunk- 
mess  and  disorderly  conduct  show  the  following  comparison: 

Disorderly  Disorderly 

Conduct  Conduct 

1917 55,942  1919    35,608 

1918    45,414  1920    32,859 

387 


In  1918  there  were  10,124  admissions  to  the  House  of  Correction.  In  1919 
this  number  had  fallen  to  the  astonishing  figure  of  5,723.  In  1920,  the  first 
full  dry  year,  the  number  declined  further  to  4,681.  In  1921,  however,  the 
figures  rose  to  8,566,  almost  double  the  1920  rate,  but  still  far  below  the  rate 
for  the  last  wet  year,  and  still  further  below  the  average  for  the  period  of 
1912-1918,  which  was  13,924.  Especially  significant  is  the  fact  that  in  1918 
there  were  57  per  cent  of  recommitments,  and  in  1921  only  35  per  cent. 

While  it  has  been  impossible  to  make  a  complete  survey  of  the  marvelous 
improvement  brought  to  Chicago  by  Prohibition  or  to  even  measure  the  extent 
of  any  one  class  of  benefits  some  conception  of  changes  wrought  can  be  gained 
from  the  following: 

In  July,  1916,  there  were  535  deaths  from  sunstroke  in  Chicago.  In  1921 
there  were  23  during  the  same  month.  Dr.  Wm.  A.  Evans,  former  Health 
Commissioner  in  Chicago,  attributes  the  decrease  to  Prohibition. 

Chicago  now  has  the  lowest  death  rate  in  its  history;  11.08  per  thousand 
of  population;  the  previous  lowest  death  rate  on  record  was  in  1904,  13.85  per 
thousand  in  a  city  of  3,000,000.  This  means  a  saving  of  6,300  lives  a  year. 
Deaths  from  alcoholism  in  1917  numbered  160,  according  to  the  Coroner's 
report.  In  1918,  under  war-time  restrictions,  the  number  fell  to  45,  and  in 
1919  to  37.  The  average  for  the  last  seven  wet  years  was  114,  and  for  the 
two  entirely  dry  years  41.  Deaths  from  alcoholism,  not  limited  to  the  Cor- 
oner's statistics,  total  187  in  1917;  99  in  1921.  In  1918  there  were  7,000  deaths 
from  pneumonia;  in  1921,  2,177  which  substantiates  the  accepted  medical  opin- 
ion that  alcohol  is  a  major  causative  factor  in  pneumonia.  Back  as  far  as 
1912,  there  has  not  been  previous  to  Prohibition,  in  any  year,  less  than  3,800 
deaths  from  pneumonia.  Death  from  tuberculosis  of  the  lungs  fell  from  3,275 
'to  1,957  between  1918  and  1921.  The  average  for  the  years  1912-1918  was 
well  above  3,000.  The  total  number  of  deaths  in  1918  was  44,605;  in  1921, 
30,819. 

Former  Commissioner  of  Health,  John  Dill  Robertson,  said,  "Prohibition 
has  had  a  very  favorable  effect  on  the  health  of  the  city." 

The  United  Charities  reports  that  cases  under  its  care  during  1918  and 
1919  numbered  6,042  and  in  1920-21,  5,547.  Intemperance  as  a  cause  declined 
from  429  in  1918-19  to  61  in  1920-1921.  The  United  Charities  also  report  that 
in  1917,  625  families  came  under  their  care  in  cases  where  drink  was  a  factor, 
while  in  1921  there  were  only  61  such  families.  This  indicates  a  decrease  of 
86.7  per  cent  in  poverty,  caused  by  drink  in  the  city  of  Chicago. 

The  general  increase  in  prosperity  in  Chicago  is  shown  by  increased  sav- 
ings deposits. 

The  bank  clearings  in  1921  were  practically  the  same  as  in  1918,  the  last 
wet  year,  but  the  total  savings  deposits  increased  from  $249,436,913  to  $509,- 
086,968.  This  evidences  a  striking  increase  in  thrift  on  the  part  of  those  of 
moderate  means. 

John  Jay  Abbott,  of  the  Continental  and  Commercial  Bank,  said: 

"Since  the  date  on  which  National  Prohibition  went  into  effect  the  sav- 
ings deposits  of  this  bank  have  increased  approximately  $10,000,000,  or  30 
per  cent.  There  is  no  question  that  Prohibition  has  contributed  very  largely 

388 


to  the  increase  of  savings  in  the  United  States  and  is  of  great  economic  value 
to  the  country." 

The  Union  League  Boys'  Club  of  Chicago,  in  a  report  based  on  Juvenile 
records,  states  that  there  has  been  a  reduction  of  81  per  cent  in  Juvenile  de- 
linquency from  1919  to  the  end  of  1921. 

The  Washingtonian  Home,  after  having  treated  thousands  of  drunkards 
during  its  sixty  years  of  existence  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  closed  its  doors  soon 
after  the  nation  went  dry.  On  October  19,  this  year,  the  newspapers  reported 
that  the  Institution  would  remain  closed  unless  beer  and  wine  should  be  per- 
mitted. W.  P.  Goodsmith,  Medical  Director,  declared  that  the  records  of 
sixty  years  show  that  practically  every  patient  commenced  with  the  use  of 
intoxicants  of  a  low  alcoholic  content. 

The  state-wide  reduction  of  drunkenness  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the 
large  Keeley  Institute  building  at  Dwight,  Illinois,  has  been  leased  to  the 
United  States  Government  for  use  as  a  hospital.  The  comparatively  small 
number  of  drink  cases  are  now  cared  for  by  this  institution  in  a  small  building. 

One  of  the  greatest  benefits  of  Prohibition  thus  far  has  been  the  breaking 
up  of  the  groups  formerly  controlled  politically  by  the  neighborhood  saloon- 
keeper. Outside  of  Chicago  the  destruction  of  the  saloon  as  a  unit  of  political 
power  has  already  greatly  improved  local  and  county  government.  In  the 
city  of  Chicago,  itself,  the  break-up  of  the  saloon's  former  political  power  is 
already  apparent  and  will  inevitably  bring  better  municipal  government  in 
the  future. 

The  success  of  Prohibition  in  Illinois  is  reflected  in  the  recent  elections 
which  resulted  in  the  naming  of  more  drys  to  Congress  from  this  state  than 
ever  before.  In  the  legislative  election,  wherever  the  issue  was  clear  and  a 
fight  made  out  in  the  open,  candidates  endorsed  by  the  Anti-Saloon  League 
were  more  successful  than  ever.  The  vote  on  the  beer  and  wine  proposal 
which  appeared  on  the  ballot  at  the  recent  election  resulted  in  about  900,000 
votes  for  the  proposal,  out  of  a  total  of  2,000,000  voters  in  Illinois.  In  the 
campaign  preceding  the  election,  the  organized  dry  forces  of  the  state  made 
no  campaign  and  advised  the  drys  not  to  vote  at  all  on  the^  question.  This 
stand  was  taken  because  the  vote  could,  have  no  legal  effect  and  because  the 
drys  would  not  enter  into  a  campaign  based  on  the  assumption  that  the  Con- 
stitution could  be  nullified  by  a  majority  vote  wherever  Prohibition  is  unpop- 
ular. It  is  safe  to  say  that  on  any  clear-cut  question  involving  the  Eight- 
eenth Amendment,  Illinois  would  vote  against  the  return  of  the  liquor  traffic 
by  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  million  majority. 


PROHIBITION  IN  INDIANA 

By  REV.  E.  S.  SHUMAKEK 
Superintendent  Indiana  Anti-Saloon  League 

In  1853  Indiana's  Legislature  enacted  a  State  Prohibition  law.  The  courts 
became  hopelessly  confused  in  the  matter  of  the  constitutionality  of  said  law, 
and  in  1855  it  was  repealed.  In  1875  a  general  license  law  was  enacted  which 
was  in  force  for  forty-three  years.  In  1895  a  law  was  passed  enabling  ma- 
jorities of  citizens  by  remonstrance  in  townships  and  city  wards  to  prevent 

389 


the  licensing  of  individual  saloonkeepers.  In  1905  this  law  was  amended  to 
permit  majorities  in  such  political  units  to  remonstrate  in  writing  against  the 
traffic — said  remonstrances  barring  the  way  to  the  issuing  of  licenses  for  a 
period  of  two  years.  In  1908  in  a  special  session  of  the  legislature  a  county 
unit  local  option  law  was  passed.  In  1911  this  law  was  repealed.  In  1917  the 
legislature  passed  a  law  making  the  entire  state  dry  on  the  2nd  of  April,  1918. 
In  1919  the  legislature  by  an  overwhelming  vote  ratified  the  Eighteenth 
Amendment.  In  1921  through  what  was  known  as  the  Dunn  Act,  additional 
Prohibition  enforcement  provisions  were  written  into  Indiana's  statutes. 

Now  that  Indiana  has  been  under  Prohibition  for  a  little  over  four  years 
and  seven  months,  a  general  summary  of  the  results  obtained  under  Prohibi- 
tion is  of  interest  to  students  and  friends  of  the  Prohibition  cause. 

First,  consider  the  economic  results.  Business  men  and  manufacturers 
themselves  are  even  more  pronounced  and  radical,  so  to  speak,  in  favor  of 
Prohibition  than  are  the  advocates  of  Prohibition  who  fought  to  a  successful 
finish  this  issue  on  moral,  as  well  as  economic  grounds.  They  tell  us  of  the 
payments  of  bad  accounts,  of  business  now  being  on  a  better  cash  basis,  of 
better  comforts  in  the  home  lives  of  thousands,  of  greatly  increased  numbers 
of  bank  depositors  and  of  the  amounts  of  deposits,  of  working  men  being 
present  for  duty  six  days  in  the  week  instead  of  four  and  five  as  hitherto,  of 
better  work  being  done  and  better  salaries  being  drawn,  and  in  all  of  eco- 
nomic prosperity  under  Prohibition  that  never  did  smile  upon  our  people  as  a 
whole  while  the  saloon  was  in  existence.  The  most  remarkable  effect  of  Pro- 
hibition in  Indiana  has  been  the  almost  complete  transformation  of  what  has 
been  known  hitherto  as  the  submerged  tenth.  The  slums  in  Indiana  have 
almost  disappeared  and  will  in  another  decade  have  disappeared,  in  our  judg- 
ment, altogether.  Squalor  and  misery  on  account  of  poverty-ridden  condi- 
tions are  being  gradually,  but  surely  eliminated,  and  our  educators  tell  us  that 
the  transition  for  better  in  our  public  schools  has  been  little  short  of  miracu- 
lous. Children  are  better  clothed,  better  fed,  and  have  better  home  conditions 
now  than  under  the  regime  of  the  liquor  traffic. 

As  an  illustration  of  what  Prohibition  does  in  the  betterment  of  com- 
munities, I  cite  one  of  many  evidences  of  the  same  found  in  a  survey  of  the 
city  of  Indianapolis.  Indianapolis  at  one  time  had  over  700  saloons.  Fourteen 
months  were  given  the  liquor  interests  to  change  to  other  kinds  of  business 
between  the  enactment  of  Indiana's  dry  law  and  the  taking  effect  of  the  same. 
Yet  the  city  directory  of  Indianapolis  shows  that  on  the  first  of  April,  1918, 
the  last  day  of  the  licensed  saloon,  507  saloons  still  remained.,.  They  preferred 
to  continue  selling  booze  unto  the  last  rather  than  to  make  the  transition 
earlier.  What  has  become  of  these  507  bar  rooms?  Our  survey  shows  thai 
64  of  them  have  since  become  restaurants.  Our  people  feed  better  undei 
Prohibition  than  under  license.  Thirty-nine  of  these  old  time  saloons  are 
groceries,  fifteen  are  confectioneries — children  and  young  people  now  gettinj 
more  of  the  sweets  and  the  joys,  rather  than  the  sorrows  of  life.  Thirty-one 
are  now  used  as  billiard  and  pool  rooms,  which  are  not  as  bad  as  the  old  time 
saloon,  since  booze  has  been  eliminated.  Twelve  of  these  saloons  are  n 
furniture  stores  where  increased  prosperity  enables  former  drinking  people 

390 


come  and  purchase  furniture  rather  than  to  pawn  and  sell  it  for  booze. 
Eighteen  of  these  saloons  are  now  homes  where  people  live  in  comfort;  fifteen 
of  them  are  barber  shops.  Now  nine  of  these  one  time  saloons  are  used  as 
dry  goods  establishments.  Eight  more  have  become  drug  stores  where  heal- 
ing, rather  than  death,  is  given  to  suffering  humanity.  Seven  others  are  used 
as  auto  accessories  establishments,  eight  are  tailor  shops,  six  are  boot  and 
shoe  repair  shops,  four  are  used  as  hotels,  four  of  them  are  fruit  stores,  four 
more  are  tire  and  rubber  companies,  five  are  poultry  houses,  and  six  are  used 
for  banks  and  savings  deposits  institutions  where  laboring  men  can  deposit 
their  money  and  have  it  draw  interest  rather  than  exchange  it  for  that  which 
is  not  bread  and  which  satisfieth  not.  Four  more  of  these  old  saloons  are 
bakeries,  seven  are  cleaning  establishments,  three  are  used  as  gasoline  filling 
stations,  three  more  as  paint  and  color  companies,  three  are  machine  shops; 
then  there  are  three  hardware  stores,  three  real  estate  agencies,  three  laundries, 
two  second  hand  stores,  two  electric  supply  houses,  two  radiator  repair  shops, 
two  pattern  works,  two  motorcycle  places,  two  bond  brokers,  two  undertaking 
establishments  (we  needed  them  to  bury  John  Barleycorn),  two  cloak  stores, 
two  cigar  stores,  two  livery  barns  and  two  meat  markets. 

And  this  is  not  all.  One  of  the  big  Indianapolis  dailies  is  now  issued 
from  what  was  formerly  the  most  aristocratic  saloon  in  Indianapolis,  known 
as  the  Budweiser.  A  church  now  occupies  a  room  formerly  dedicated  to 
Gambrinus.  A  rescue  mission  station  occupies  another  saloon  that  was  still 
running  at  midnight  April  1,  1918.  An  ice  plant,  a  weekly  newspaper,  a  type- 
writing exchange  company,  a  candy  manufacturing  company,  a  brass  foun- 
dry, a  feed  store,  a  movie,  an  oil  refining  company,  a  roofing  establishment, 
a  music  house,  an  insurance  office,  an  adding  machine  company,  a  shoe  store, 
a  print  shop,  a  lumber  dealer's  office,  a  jewelry  store,  a  clothing  house,  a  glass 
store,  and  many  other  single  establishments  now  occupy  rooms  where  for- 
merly men  purchased  and  drank  liquor,  laid  drunk  in  back  rooms,  and  other- 
wise were  ruined  for  time  and  eternity  on  account  of  the  liquor  traffic. 

In  all,  over  400  of  these  old  time  saloons  have  been  transformed  into  in* 
stitutions  that  benefit,  instead  of  harm  humanity.  And  what  is  true  of  Indian- 
apolis has  also  been  shown  to  be  true  by  surveys  taken  in  Terre  Haute  and 
Evansville,  two  others  of  the  largest  cities  of  the  state.  Similar  surveys  in 
every  city  formerly  hurt  by  the  liquor  traffic  would  unquestionably  show 
similar  results  because  the  same  general  law  obtains  everywhere. 

But  we  do  not  stop  with  the  economic  benefits.  The  county  jails  in  In- 
diana on  Sept.  30,  1916,  showed  1,093  inmates.  In  1917,  the  last  full  wet  year, 
there  were  1,090  incarcerated  in  county  jails  on  Sept.  30th.  One  year  later 
after  the  state  had  been  under  Prohibition  for  six  months  our  county  jails 
housed  only  510  inmates.  On  Sept.  30,  1919,  451  numbered  the  inmates  in  all 
the  county  jails  of  Indiana.  On  Sept.  30,  1920,  our  jails  had  a  population  of 
563,  while  a  year  later  the  total  population  was  742.  This  being  a  decrease  of 
32  per  cent  from  the  number  housed  in  county  jails  on  Sept.  30,  1917,  the  last 
wet  year.  .  The  state  penal  farm  and  the  correctional  department  of  the 
woman's  prison,  also  showed  decreases  in  population — the  number  in  these 
institutions  on  Sept.  30,  1917,  was  804,  while  on  Sept.  30,  1921,  there  were  585. 

391 


Many  of  the  persons  confined  in  county  jails  and  on  the  state  penal  farm  are 
there  because  of  violations  of  the  state  and  federal  Prohibition  laws. 

On  Sept.  30,  1921,  over  one-half  of  Indiana's  jails  were  empty.  A  number 
of  those  that  h^d  inmates  had  fewer  than  five,  and  a  number  of  them  were 
insane  persons  and  not  criminals. 

Perhaps  no  other  institution  serves  as  so  delicate  an  indicator  of  the  bad 
effects  of  liquor  up*on  the  home  life  as  does  the  juvenile  court  in  any  city.  In 
the  city  of  Indianapolis,  Frank  J.  Lahr,  judge  of  the  juvenile  court,  says  that 
in  the  last  wet  year  in  Indiana,  619  cases  of  parents  brought  before  him  for 
delinquency  in  the  care  of  their  families  were  there  as  the  result  of  booze. 
During  the  first  dry  year  he  had  only  five  such  cases,  the  next  year  only 
seven.  Conditions  since  then  have  been  a  little  worse  on  account  of  so  many 
men  being  out  of  work.  But  last  year  not  over  ten  or  twelve  such  cases  have 
come  into  his  court  for  booze.  Of  cases  during  the  last  wet  year,  ninety  who 
were  heads  of  families  have  purchased  property  of  their  own  since  the  state 
has  gone  dry,  and  practically  all  of  them  are  providing  for  their  families 
better  than  they  diq\  in  the  old  saloon  days. 

Within  ninety  days  after  the  state  of  Indiana  went  dry,  the  county  com- 
missioners closed  the  workhouse  in  the  city  of  Indianapolis,  because  the  num- 
ber of  prisoners  had  continued  to  go  down  until  there  were  fewer  confined 
there  than  there  were  officials  employed  in  the  place.  Then  in  the  month  of 
August,  1918,  the  Keeley  Institute  for  drunkards  in  Plainfield,  which  had  been 
there  for  over  thirty  years,  closed  its  doors  after  selling  its  furniture  at  auc- 
tion and  going  out  of  business. 

About  the  most  unpopular  thing  that  can  now  be  said  of  any  candidate 
running  for  any  office,  practically  everywhere  in  the  state  of  Indiana,  is  the 
fact  that  he  is  wet.  The  people  of  Indiana  believe  in  Prohibition.  While  the 
liquor  interests  will  continue  to  fight,  and  while  they  will  continue  to  make 
more  or  less  trouble,  and  while  the  dry  forces  in  Indiana  dare  not  cease  their 
vigils  and  are  not  going  to  do  so,  yet  the  people  of  Indiana,  having  learned 
the  great  benefits  of  Prohibition,  are  not  going  back  to  the  old  booze  condi- 
tions and  Indiana  is  determined  to  hold  aloft  the  banner  of  Prohibition  until 
the  dream  and  vision  of  that  great  American,  Abraham  Lincoln,  whose  boy- 
hood was  spent  in  our  state,  is  realized,  of  a  world  with  neither  a  slave  nor  a 
drunkard  left  in  it. 

PROHIBITION  SUCCESS  IN  THE  STATE  OF  IOWA,  U.  S.  A. 

By  R.  N.  HOLSAPLE 
Superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Iowa 

When  Prohibition  became  a  law  in  Iowa  six  years  ago,  wise  men  foresaw 
a  long  and  arduous  journey  upon  a  path  beset  with  snares  and  pitfalls. 

"The  test  ojf  Prohibition  will  come  within  the  next  ten  years,"  it  was  said. 
Wet  resources  'are  not  exhausted.  Liquor  interests  have  at  their  command 
immense  hoards  of  wealth,  powerful  political  influence  and  inscrutable  legal 
craft. 

During  the  year  1915,  the  last  year  of  saloons  in  Iowa,  there  were  2,964 
arrests  for  drunkenness  in  Des  Moines,  the  capital  city.  In  the  first  year  of 

392 


National  Prohibition  there  were  only  1,949  arrests  for  drunkenness,  a  decrease 
of  1,015  or  66  per  cent  in  spite  of  an  increase  in  population  from  90,000  to 
135,000. 

Iowa  elected  on  November  7,  a  new  House  and  Senate,  new  state  and 
county  officers,  a  new  United  States  Senator  and  ten  out  of  eleven  Congres- 
sional Representatives  dry.  Shortly  before  the  election,  the  Iowa  Anti-Saloon 
League  sent  to  each  candidate  a  questionnaire  demanding  the  "wet"  and  "dry" 
sympathies  of  every  office-seeker  in  the  state.  The  replies  were  almost  unani- 
mously dry  proving  that  public  officials  are  either  personally  convinced  of  the 
value  of  Prohibition,  or  afraid  of  the  voice  of  the  people  if  they  belittle  it. 
In  either  case,  the  answer  is  flattering  to  Prohibition.  A  few  candidates  who 
made  so  bold  as  to  announce  themselves  (with  qualification)  friends  of  liquor, 
met  with  disappointing  responses  at  the  polls.  The  Anti-Saloon  League  was 
able  to  contribute  effectively  to  the  defeat  of  several  candidates  by  merely 
exposing  to  the  public  the  true  "wet"  sympathies  of  the  persons  in  question. 

Our  two  Senators  from  Iowa  are  dry.  Our  Congressional  representa- 
tives are  dry  as  are  likewise  all  our  office-holders  of  importance.  Is  not  this 
the  voice  of  Iowa  in  testimony  of  the  success  of  Prohibition? 

Responses  to  a  questionnaire  of  labor  leaders  regarding  the  effect  of  Pro- 
hibition upon  the  working  man  were  highly  encouraging.  Mr.  J.  R.  Crowell, 
secretary  of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Assembly  at  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  a  city  where 
immense  numbers  of  men  are  employed  in  large  packing  plants,  wrote  as 
follows: 

"I  am  fully  of  the  opinion  that  the  effect  of  Prohibition  on  the  average 
working  man  and  his  family  is  good,  as  evidenced  by  better  health  for  the 
man,  and  better  food,  clothing  and  general  living  conditions  with  an  oppor- 
tunity to  get  some  enjoyment  out  of  life.  The  average  tradesman  has  more 
money  to  live  on.  It  follows  as  a  matter  of  course  that  there  is  more  money 
saved.  I  find  large  numbers  of  the  workers  who  are  in  favor  of  retaining 
Prohibition  as  it  now  stands  and  would  vote  to  hold  it." 

Charles  C.  MacKay  of  the  Waterloo  Central  Labor  Union  replied: 

"I  believe  that  workingmen  and  all  other  men  and  women  and  children 
are  better  off  without  the  saloon  and  booze.  I  may  be  prejudiced." 

A.  E.  Hale  of  the  Mason  City  Trades  and  Labor  Assembly  replied: 

"There  is  no  question  but  that  Prohibition  has  been  of  great  benefit  to 
the  laboring  men  and  their  families.  I  believe  that  the  workingmen  would 
vote  to  retain  Prohibition  were  it  put  to  a  popular  vote." 

Manufacturers  report  similarly  from  the  employers'  point  of  view.  The 
Iowa  Anti-Saloon  League  sent  questionnaires  to  all  large  manufacturing  in- 
dustries asking:  "Has  Prohibition  increased  earning  capacity?  How  much? 
Has  it  imnroved  home  life?  Has  it  stimulated  business  generally?" 

The  Purity  Oats  Company  of  Davenport,  Iowa,  one  of  the  largest  indus- 
tries of  the  state,  reported  that  earning  capacities  had  increased  as  much  as  25 
per  cent  since  the  enactment  of  Prohibition. 

H.  N.  Straight  of  Adel,  Iowa,  member  of  a  company  owning  an  entire 
chain  of  Clay  Products  factories  added  this  note: 

"This  company  and  all  of  the  employes  are  strong  for  Prohibition  and 

393 


trust  that  the  day  will  come  when  there  will  be  no  booze  made  in  the  U.  S.  A." 

All  who  replied  answered  "yes"  to  the  question:  "Has  Prohibition  stim- 
ulated business?" 

•  The  vast  and  substantial  majority  of  Iowa's  citizenry  stands  firm  on  Pro- 
hibition. College  presidents  of  the  state  are  unquestionably  in  favor  of  Pro- 
hibition and  what  it  has  accomplished.  Bankers  support  it.  Insurance  com- 
panies say  it  has  decreased  death  risks  immeasurably. 

Ben  J.  Gibson,  Attorney-General  of  Iowa,  the  man  who  is  perhaps  in  the 
best  position  of  any  individual  in  the  state  to  judge  the  effectiveness  of  Pro- 
hibition and  the  work  of  Prohibition  agents,  has  written: 

"I  take  this  opportunity  of  assuring  you  of  the  deep  interest  which  I  feel 
in  the  work  of  your  League.  The  work  you  have  accomplished  in  this  state 
has  indeed  been  worth  while.  I  assure  you  of  the  confidence  which  I  feel  in 
your  help  in  this  matter  and  of  my  desire  that  your  work  be  continued." 

The  League  has  expressions  of  the  success  of  Prohibition  and  of  its  work 
in  Prohibition's  behalf  from  Governor  N.  E.  Kendall,  President  A.  Holmes  of 
Drake  University;  President  John  L.  Hillman  of  Simpson  College;  President 
E.  H.  Stranahan  of  Penn  College;  Mr.  Harvey  Ingham,  editor  of  the  Regis- 
ter-Tribune, the  largest  newspaper  in  Iowa;  Bishop  Homer  C.  Stuntz  of  the 
Omaha  area  of  the  Methodist  church,  numerous  members  of  the  Iowa  Gen- 
eral Assembly  and  ministers  of  the  state.  All  foresee  an  immediate  and  great 
future  for  Prohibition. 

Officers  of  the  Iowa  Anti-Saloon  League  have,  during  the  past  year,  con- 
ducted or  inspired  over  a  thousand  raids  on  bootlegging  and  hooch-making 
establishments.  These  raids  have  always  been  conducted  in  company  with 
regular  public  officials.  The  League  has  found  Federal,  State  and  County 
officers  of  the  law  ready  to  enforce  Prohibition  in  practically  every  instance. 
Whenever  bootlegging  establishments  are  cited,  raids  are  conducted  straight- 
way. 

The  Iowa  Pharmaceutical  Association  has  declared  itself  against  the 
druggist  who  violates  his  license  by  selling  liquor  as  a  beverage.  Iowa  law- 
yers and  doctors  are  similarly  pledged  by  the  American  Bar  Association  and 
the  House  of  Delegates  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

Church  conferences,  synods  and  presbyteries  have  gone  on  record  pro- 
claiming the  success  of  Prohibition  and  endorsing  steps  which  are  being  taken 
by  Iowa  Prohibition  organizations  to  maintain  it. 

All  this  is  to  prove  that  in  spite  of  hardy  opposition,  money  and  influence, 
Prohibition  is  waging  a  winning  fight.  The  reaction  to  the  Volstead  Act  is 
just  what  its  friends  expected.  The  fight  was  already  begun  with  the  incor- 
poration of  Prohibition  into  the  Constituion  of  the  United  States. 

Liquor  will  never  return  to  Iowa.  Thousands  of  sturdy  Iowa  farmers  and 
good  townspeople  will  never  consent  to  it.  What  better  friends  could  Pro- 
hibiion  have  than  bankers,  labor  leaders,  employers  and  educators?  What 
better  assurance  of  success  than  newspaper  editors  and  public  officials? 

Only  six  years  ago  the  saloon  was  the  seat  of  all  ward  politics,  laboring 
men  on  meager  salaries  cashed  Saturday  night  pay-checks  over  its  bar 

returned  to.  their  families  drunk  and  penniless, 

394 


Now  in  Iowa,  we  see  no  saloons.  If  we  see  a  drunken  man  we  remark 
about  it  as  a  curiosity.  Drunkenness  has  practically  ceased  to  be  a  cause  of 
dependency  upon  chanties.  Des  Moines  social  service  workers  have  testified 
that  liquor  to  them  is  no  longer  a  problem  of  any  grave  importance. 

Prohibition  has  succeeded  in  Iowa.  Iowa's  fondest  dream  now  is  Pro- 
hibition all  over  the  world. 


KANSAS,  THE  CHAMPION  OF  PROHIBITION 

DOCTOR  JULIUS  SMITH 
(Address  in  response  to  roll  call) 

Mr.  Chairman,  I  think  I  have  the  highest  honor  of  this  convention,  for 
I  speak  for  the  driest  commonwealth  on  earth.  Forty-two  years  ago  Kansas 
raised  the  prohibition  banner.  It  has  never  permitted  that  question  to  be 
again  submitted  to  a  popular  vote.  Twenty-eight  years  ago  one  party  tried 
to  resubmit  the  question,  but  it  was  always  beaten,  and  never  obtained  a  state 
office  until  it  abandoned  the  policy  of  resubmission  and  proclaimed  its  stand 
for  the  enforcement  of  prohibition. 

Every  Congressman,  every  United  States  Senator  from  Kansas,  for  years 
and  years,  has  stood  for  the  state  prohibition  law  and  for  national  prohibition. 
Every  member  of  the  state  legislature  has  been  for  years  a  prohibitionist  in 
fact.  No  man  can  hold  any  office  in  the  State  of  Kansas  today — no  man 
can  even  run  for  an  office — on  a  wet  ticket.  He  could  not  hold  the  office  if 
he  turned  wet  after  being  elected.  We  have  an  ouster  law  to  remove  faith- 
less officials.  That  law  simply  shoves  him  out  at  the  back-door — he  goes 
into  a  political  bottomless  pit  of  darkness  and  no  man  can  hear  him  strike 
bottom.  I  ;  .  j 

Not  long  ago,  a  skilful  friend  of  liquor  had  gotten  himself,  unknown, 
into  the  legislature.  He  was  not  known  as  a  liquor  man;  did  not  profess  to 
t4at  cause;  but  we  found  that  he  had  been  quietly  selling  liquor.  Thirty  days 
before  election  his  committee  said  to  him  "You  are  arrested  on  the  charge 
of  having  had  liquor  in  your  possession.  You  will  have  to  get  off  the  ticket. 
We  don't  know  whether  you  are  guilty  or  not,  but  we  do  know  that  we  can't 
have  our  ticket  go  before  the  voters  of  the  state  with  even  the  suspicion  of  a 
wet  candidate  on  it."  He  quit  the  race — withdrew  his  name.  KANSAS  BE- 
LIEVES IN  PROHIBITION  ! 


LOUISIANA 
REV.  A.  J.  BARTON,  D.D. 

Chairman,  Commission  on  Social  Service,  Southern  Baptist  Convention 
Louisiana  was  one  of  the  wet  states,  when  national  prohibition  went 
into  effect,  and  New  Orleans  was  the  wettest  of  the  wet  cities  in  America. 
Our  conditions  are  somewhat  peculiar.  The  northern  section  of  our  state  is 
made  up  almost  entirely  of  a  homogeneous  American  population.  The  south- 
ern section  of  the  state  is  largely  French.  We  have  in  the  northern  section 
almost  complete  prohibition.  We  had  it  before  national  prohibition  went  into 
effect.  Our  problem  is  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 


When  national  prohibition  came,  we  elected  a  governor  who  believed  in 
some  reforms  but  not  in  this  reform.  He  announced  that  any  kind  of  state 
legislation  on  this  subject  would  be  freak  legislation  because  of  the  fact  that 
the  federal  government  had  now  taken  over  the  whole  question.  But  in  the 
next  to  the  last  session  of  our  legislature  we  managed  to  pass  a  fairly  good 
dry  law,  and  now  between  the  state  law  and  the  federal  law  we  have  had 
fairly  good  enforcement  even  in  the  great  wet  city  of  New  Orleans,  which 
is  by  far  the  largest  city  in  the  South.  We  are  going  to  keep  on.  We  expect 
to  have  Louisiana  absolutely  dry,  and  we  are  going  to  help  work  for  a  dry 
world. 


MAINE 
By  REV.  C.  E.  OWEN,  D.D. 

Superintendent  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Maine 

The  state  of  Maine,  with  one  intermission,  for  seventy-six  years  has  con- 
tinuously maintained  a  Prohibition  policy.  Four  times  the  law  has  been  re- 
ferred to  the  people  and  each  time  it  received  their  endorsement.  It  is  safe 
to  say  that  at  no  time  in  the  past  have  the  law-abiding,  God-fearing  citizens 
of  this  state  stood  more  firmly  for  the  established  policy  than  in  this  year  1922. 
This  statement  is  warranted  by  the  fact  that  in  the  state  and  national  election 
of  last  September  no  candidate  of  any  party,  for  any  office,  national,  state  or 
county,  stood  before  the  voters  for  any  other  than  the  old,  established,  time- 
tested  Prohibition  policy. 

The  "Maine  Law,"  as  it  came  to  be  known  the  world  over,  was  at  first 
regarded  as  a  new  discovery  in  legislation.  It  sprang  out  of  the  necessity  of 
overcoming  shiftlessness,  inefficiency  and  home-wrecking  caused  by  drink 
which  were  rapidly  overspreading  the  state. 

In  1846,  seventy-six  years  ago,  after  repeated  failures  to  successfully  deal 
with  the  liquor  problem  by  moral  suasion,  the  first  legal  experiment  was  tried. 
A  mild  form  of  Prohibition,  with  no  search  and  seizure  process,  and  with  pen- 
alties so  insignificant,  in  comparison  with  present  day  penalties,  as  to  seem 
trifling,  was  enacted.  Such,  however,  were  the  results  of  the  enforcement  of 
even  this  law  that  the  value  of  legal  Prohibition  could  not  be  denied. 

In  1851  a  more  stringent  and  effective  prohibitory  law  was  passed.  Four 
years  later  while  the  slavery  question  was  the  all-absorbing  issue  the  enemies 
of  Prohibition  rallied  for  its  repeal  and  succeeded  in  placing  upon  the  statute 
books  a  license  law.  The  results  of  this  law  were  so  immediately  disastrous 
in  the  increase  of  drunkenness  and  debauchery  that  the  people  registered  their 
protest  at  the  next  opportunity  by  electing  a  legislature  of  entirely  different 
attitude  upon  the  question.  Five  only  out  of  ninety-six  who  voted  for  the  re- 
peal of  Prohibition,  were  elected. 

This  legislature  of  1858  not  only  re-enacted  the  prohibitory  law,  but  sub- 
mitted the  same  to  popular  vote  in  such  fashion  that  the  voters  could  choose 
between  the  license  law  under  which  they  had  been  living  for  two  years  and 
the  prohibitory  law  just  re-enacted.  The  people's  verdict  of  five  to  one  in 
favor  of  Prohibition  has  never  been  reversed,  although  repeated  attempts  have 
been  made. 

396 


For  sixty-three  years,  without  interruption,  the  prohibitory  law  has  re- 
mained in  the  statutes,  and  for  thirty-eight  years  the  prohibitory  principle  has 
been  embedded  in  the  fundamental  law  of  the  state. 

The  "Maine  Law"  prohibited  both  manufacture  and  sale.  The  thirteen 
distilleries  and  the  2,000  groggeries  for  400,000  people  went  out  of  business. 
As  the  means  of  communication  and  transportation  developed  the'  friends  of 
the  traffic  within  and  beyond  the  state  seized  upon  these  agencies  to  supply 
the  thirsty  and  keep  the  trade  alive.  The  United  States  mails  were  open  to 
liquor  firms  in  neighboring  states  for  soliciting  orders  and  the  transportation 
companies  were  permitted  to  deliver  the  goods. 

When  New  Hampshire  protected  her  own  people  against  the  open  saloon 
by  a  prohibitory  law  she  permitted  her  breweries  to  go  on  manufacturing  and 
sending  their  product  to  Maine  or  wherever  they  would. 

Our  friends  on  the  north  adopted,  with  splendid  results,  the  Prohibition 
policy  as  to  the  local  sale  and  importation  of  intoxicants.  "Ontario's  Six 
Years  Dry"  is  an  inspiring  record  of  marvelous  achievement  of  which  the  tem- 
perance forces  of  Ontario  are  justly  proud.  The  State  of  Maine  extends  con- 
gratulations. But  Ontario's  six  distilleries  and  thirteen  breweries  are  still 
manufacturing  and  exporting,  without  violation  of  law,  their  poisonous  pro- 
duct to  neighboring  states  and  provinces.  This  inreaching  of  the  traffic  from 
all  directions  is  a  fair  sample  of  the  conditions  under  which  Maine  has  admin- 
istered Prohibition  for  many  years. 

Until  the  government  of  the  United  States  denied  the  use  of  the  mails  to 
the  liquor  traffic  for  transportation  of  liquor  and  later  for  soliciting  orders  in 
Prohibition  territory,  and  in  1913  an  act  of  Congress  put  intoxicants  under 
the  ban  as  an  article  of  interstate  commerce,  the  state  of  Maine  had  been 
practically  helpless  against  the  continuous  and  persistent  effort  of  the  traffic 
to  flood  our  state  with  contraband  liquor. 

The  adoption  of  National  Prohibition  has  brought  infinite  relief  on  one 
side  by  stopping  the  manufacture  and  forbidding  the  transportation,  importa- 
tion and  exportation  of  all  intoxicants  for  beverage  purposes;  but  on  another 
side  the  passion  for  easy  money  on  the  part  of  our  near  neighbors  on  the 
north,  and  our  more  distant  neighbors  across  the  sea,  responding  to  the  appe- 
tite for  booze  among  certain  classes  of  our  people,  is  causing  us  trouble,  and 
nullifying  to  a  degree  the  normal  results  of  Prohibition. 

The  present  rum-running  situation  on  sea  and  land  and  in  the  air  is  his- 
tory repeating  itself  on  a  national  scale,  and  impresses  us  who  have  fought  on 
the  defensive  so  long  that  the  United  States  must  prepare  to  fight  a  never- 
ending  defensive  battle  to  keep  herself  from  being  submerged  in  a  deluge  of 
rum  from  across  the  sea,  or  join  with  her  friends  of  other  nations  in  an  ag- 
gressive campaign  to  win  world  Prohibition. 

But  for  Maine,  isolated  as  she  has  been,  ostracised  for  years  so  far  as  her 
attitude  toward  the  liquor  traffic  is  concerned  by  all  her  neighbors,  helpless  to 
overcome  the  handicap  of  federal  rules  and  regulations  in  regard  to  mails  and 
interstate  commerce,  no  sane  person  knowing  Maine's  history  from  the  be- 
ginning will  question,  for  a  moment,  that  Prohibition  has  been  worth  to  her 
many  times  its  cost. 

These  handicaps  have  unquestionably  impeded  her  progress  and  made  the 

397 


battle  at  times  seem  dubious.  It  could  not  be  otherwise,  but  the  unconquer- 
able conviction,  that  the  prohibitory  policy  was  right  and  absolutely  necessary 
for  the  welfare  of  the  state,  which  inspired  the  consciences  of  our  fathers  four 
generations  ago,  has  never  been  uprooted. 

This  conviction  of  the  moral  Tightness  of  the  prohibitory  policy  has  been 
re-enforced  as  years  passed,  by  the  growing  conviction  that  Prohibition  is 
also  an  economic  asset.  The  former  poverty  stricken  condition  of  the  state, 
isolated  in  summer,  and  as  some  one  has  said  ice-olated  in  winter,  gradually 
gave  way  under  the  reign  of  Prohibition  to  prosperous  conditions. 

Maine  has  thrift.  From  the  agricultural  standpoint,  Maine  or  even  New 
England  is  not  to  be  compared  with  the  rich  farm  lands  of  the  west;  but, 
comparing  Maine  with  the  rest  of  New  England,  a  study  of  the  last  census 
reports  reveals  the  fact  that  Maine  has  a  larger  percentage  of  farms  unen- 
cumbered by  mortgage  than  any  other  New  England  state,  larger  even  than 
any  of  the  twenty-one  northern  states.  This  proportion  applies  also,  accord- 
ing to  the  latest  available  statistics,  to  the  homes  throughout  the  entire  state. 
A  larger  percentage  of  the  homes  of  Maine  than  of  any  other  northern  state 
are  owned  by  those  who  live  in  them. 

Maine,  despite  the  thinness  of  her  soil,  the  rigor  of  her  climate,  and  the 
scantiness  of  her  natural  resources,  measures  up  well  with  other  states  in 
financial  credit.  The  last  report  of  the  bank  commissioner  shows  that  Maine 
has  more  depositors  in  her  savings  institutions  than  she  has  voters,  male  and 
female,  and  that  the  average  amount  to  the  credit  of  each  depositor  is  over 
six  hundred  dollars. 

The  abandoned  farms  of  Maine  are  often  mentioned  to  show  that  Pro- 
hibition seriously  impedes  the  agricultural  development  of  the  state.  The  fact 
is  the  abandonment  of  these  hilly,  rocky,  inaccessible  farms,  after  the  lumber 
is  removed,  is  evidence  of  enterprise  on  the  part  of  the  owners,  for  these  farms 
may  more  profitably  be  turned  back  to  the  production  of  lumber  for  which 
they  are  much  better  adapted.  Lumber  is  a  staple  article  and  a  highly  profit- 
able crop  to  the  country  that  can  wait  for  it  to  grow. 

Maine's  slow  growth  in  population  is  attributed  by  some  to  her  persistent 
hold  upon  Prohibition.  It  is  true  Maine's  population  has  scarcely  doubled  in 
half  a  century,  but  it  should  be  noted  that  the  constant  drain  of  young  blood 
from  the  rugged  hills  of  rural  Maine  to  the  attractive  centers  of  population 
in  other  states  means  that  literally  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  sturdy 
men  and  women,  bred  and  trained  under  Prohibition  and  loyal  to  its  princi- 
ples, scattered  over  this  broad  land,  have  been  brave  boosters  for  Prohibition 
everywhere.  God  only  knows  how  much  this  country  owes  to  the  Prohibi- 
tion missionaries  to  other  states  that  have  gone  forth  during  the  last  half 
century  from  the  old  pioneer  Prohibition  state. 


MASSACHUSETTS 

By  ARTHUB  J.  DAVIS 

Superintendent  Massachusetts  Anti-Saloon  League 

A  survey  of  conditions  in  Massachusetts,  over  a  period  of  ten  years,  cov- 
ering Prohibition  and  license  periods,  made  by  the  Scientific  Temperance  Fed- 

398 


eration  of  Boston,  showed  that  Prohibition  in  Massachusetts,  even  though  im- 
perfectly enforced,  had  made  a  distinct  contribution  to  the  physical  comfort 
and  social  and  moral  well-being  of  the  people  of  that  commonwealth. 

A  mass  of  official  statistics,  with  38  tables,  shows  the  following  results  to 
the  credit  of  the  Prohibition  policy: 

Arrests  for  drunkenness  less  than  one-half. 

Arrests  for  drunkenness  of  women  less  than  one-third. 

Marked  decline  in  arrests  for  offenses  against  chastity. 

Commitments  to  the  State  Farm  only  one-quarter. 

Total  prison  population  less  than  one-half. 

Great  decrease  in  neglected  children  before  Courts. 

Where  before  Prohibition  18  per  cent  of  the  dependent  children  had 
drunken  fathers  and  3  per  cent  drunken  mothers,  now  only  1  per 
cent  have  drunken  fathers,  and  there  were  no  drunken  mothers 
of  dependent  children  in  either  1920  or  1921. 

School  attendance  improved. 

Children  better  fed  and  better  clothed. 

Two  funds  for  buying  clothes  for  children  who  needed  clothing  to  go 
to  school  had  no  applicants  last  winter. 

The  family  man  has  largely  dropped  out  from  the  drinkers'  ranks. 

Great  decrease  in  sex  diseases. 

Marked  gain  in  general  health  of  the  community. 

Increase  in  savings  deposits  despite  industrial  depression. 

Almshouse  population  about  half. 

Alcoholic  insanity  cut  in  two. 

Deaths  from  alcoholism  more  than  cut  in  two. 

It  all  may  be  summed  up  in  the  words  of  President  Charles  W.  Elliot: 

"Evidence  has  accumulated  on  every  hand  that  Prohibition  has  promoted 
public  health,  public  happiness,  and  industrial  efficiency.  This  evidence  comes 
from  manufacturers,  physicians,  nurses  of  all  sorts,  school  and  factory,  hospi- 
tal and  district,  and  from  social  workers  of  many  races  and  religions  laboring 
daily  in  a  great  variety  of  fields.  These  results  are  obtained  in  spite  of  the 
imperfect  enforcement.  This  testimony  also  demonstrates  BEYOND  A 
DOUBT  that  PROHIBITION  IS  ACTUALLY  SAPPING  THE  TER- 
RIBLE FORCE  OF  DISEASE,  POVERTY,  CRIME  AND  VICE." 

AEEESTS 

Arrests  for  drunkenness,  for  all  causes,  for  serious  offenses,  despite  un- 
employment and  unrest  following  the  war,  were  all  far  lower  in  1921 — from 
12  to  69  per  cent — than  in  the  wet  period,  either  absolutely  or  in  proportion 
to  the  population.  Arrests  for  drunkenness  had  steadily  mounted  in  Massa- 
chusetts until  in  1917"  there  were  129,455.  In  1921  there  were  but  59,595. 
Arrests  for  all  offenses  had  averaged  178,072  annually  in  Massachusetts  in  the 
wet  years  of  the  decade.  In  1921  there  were  152,066.  Boston  figures  show 
that  arrests  for  drunkenness  among  the  foreign-born  fell  off  60  per  cent,  while 
the  general  decrease  was  55  per  cent. 

The  population  of  the  penal  institutions  was  from  9  to  64  per  cent  lower 
in  1921  than  in  the  average  wet  year;  3,252  (September  30,  1921),  as  compared 

399 


with  an  average  of  5,839  in  the  seven  wet  years.  The  State  Farm,  which, 
until  Prohibition  came,  was  "one  of  the  most  populous  prison  farms  for 
drunkards  and  vagrants  in  the  United  States"  (Kelso),  had  only  440  prisoners 
September  30,  1921,  as  compared  with  an  average  of  1,258  in  the  wet  years. 
Five  jails  closed  in  1920.  During  the  wet  period  the  courts  sent  to  the  Boston 
House  of  Correction  an  average  of  4,281  offenders  for  drunkenness  a  year;  in 
1921  the  cases  numbered  665.  The  total  commitments  to  this  institution 
dropped  from  an  average  of  6,339  in  the  wet  years  to  an  average  of  1,023  in  the 
dry  years — 83  per  cent.  In  early  1919  the  women's  quarters  were  seriously 
overcrowded;  10  months  later  the  board  reported  "there  were  nearly  as  many 
matrons  as  inmates,"  and  the  building  was  soon  closed. 

CONDITIONS   OF   HOME  AND  CHILDREN 

Arrests  of  women  for  all  offenses  in  Massachusetts  decreased  39  per  cent 
as  compared  with  a  general  decrease  of  24  per  cent.  In  arrests  for  drunken- 
ness, the  decrease  among  women  was  69  per  cent  as  compared  with  a  general 
decrease  of  55  per  cent.  There  were  but  314  women  in  the  penal  institutions 
of  the  state  September  30,  1921 ;  the  average  for  wet  years  was  732.  There 
were  839  in  the  preceding  hard-times  year,  1915. 

Total  arrests  for  offenses  against  chastity  in  Boston  (both  sexes)  were 
1,881  in  1921,  a  smaller  number  than  in  any  of  the  seven  wet  years. 

The  number  of  children  under  15  years  of  age  arrested  in  Boston  was  the 
smallest  of  the  decade,  600  fewer  than  the  wet  years'  average.  There  was  the 
smallest  number  of  neglected,  wayward,  and  delinquent  children  arrested  in 
Boston  (2,442),  a  decrease  of  almost  700  from  the  wet  years'  average.  The 
Boston  juvenile  court  saw  the  fewest  cases  begin  in  the  decade  except  in  1916. 
Probation  officers  ascribe  the  improvement  to  better  conditions  in  the  homes 
due  to  Prohibition.  Parental  drunkenness  is  nearly  absent  in  cases  of  de- 
pendent and  neglected  children  .given  into  the  care  of  the  Boston  Child  Wel- 
fare Division.  The  number  of  neglected  children  thus  admitted  was  smaller 
in  1921,  as  was  the  number  of  neglected  children  before  the  Massachusetts 
lower  courts  and  the  Boston  juvenile  court. 

The  Massachusetts  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children 
showed  in  1921  a  decrease  of  two-thirds  in  the  proportion  of  cases  in  which 
intemperance  was  an  important  factor  in  cases  of  cruelty  to  children  as  com- 
pared with  1916.  The  Boston  Family  Welfare  Society  found  intemperance 
a  conspicuous  factor  in  only  about  four  cases  in  one  hundred  in  1921  as  com- 
pared with  twenty-seven  per  one  hundred  in  1917. 

HEALTH  AND   MORTALITY 

Deaths  from  alcoholism  in  Boston  and  in  Massachusetts  in  1921  were  the 
fewest  of  the  decade  except  for  1919  and  1920,  both  Prohibition  or  part  Pro- 
hibition years — 97  deaths  from  this  cause  in  Massachusetts  in  1921;  the  wet 
years'  average  was  225.  In  Boston  the  number  of  deaths  from  accidents  in 
1921  was  the  smallest  in  the  decade;  of  homicides,  one  less  than  the  wet 
years'  average.  There  were  102  suicides;  the  average  number  in  the  wet 
years  was  126;  in  the  previous  hard-times  year,  1915,  there  were  140.  The  694 
alcoholics  admitted  to  the  Washington  Home  in  1921  represents  a  genuine  gain 
over  the  average  of  955  admissions  in  the  seven  wet  years  during  which  about 

400 


the  same  number  were  entering  the  former  State  Inebriate  Hospital,  which  is 
now  discontinued  and  used  for  injured  soldiers.  There  were  also  formerly  11 
small  private  hospitals  for  inebriates  in  Massachusetts;  now  there  are  but  two. 
In  the  Boston  city  hospital  cases  of  delirium  tremens  in  1921  were  the 
fewest  since  1915.  The  number  of  admissions  of  alcoholics  presents  the  only 
conspicuously  unfavorable  table  of  the  report.  But  there  are  no  comparable 
figures  for  the  full  seven  years  of  the  wet  period,  as  the  hospital's  policy  in 
handling  and  recording  alcoholics  was  changed  in  1916.  The  patients  are 
largely  confirmed  drinkers,  a  legacy  from  pre-Prohibition  days,  many  of  them 
idlers  and  ne'er-do-wells.  The  present  number  suggests  an  illegal  source  of 
liquor  supply,  one  of  the  results  of  absence  of  a  Prohibition  enforcement  law 
in  Massachusetts,  while  the  effect  of  liquor  and  the  methods  of  drinking  seem 
now  to  make  the  drinker  in  the  class  taken  to  the  hospital  not  only  drunk  but 
sick.  The  women  drunkards  who  used  to  be  sent  to  the  city  hospital  from 
dance  halls  and  cheap  hotels  have  practically  disappeared. 

ALCOHOLIC  INSANITY 

Alcoholic  insanity  was  responsible  for  but  151  first  admissions  to  public 
and  McLean  hospitals  in  1921;  there  was  an  annual  average  of  340  in  the 
seven  wet  years.  The  total  number  of  first  admissions  of  all  insane  was  the 
lowest  since  1912,  except  for  1920,  also  a  Prohibition  year.  Alcoholic  insanity 
was  responsible  for  10.3  per  cent  of  all  first  admissions  in  the  average  wet 
year;  the  two  dry  years'  average  was  4.24  per  cent. 

"Evidently  bad  liquor  does  not  kill  so  many  as  we  have  been  led  to  sup- 
pose. From  the  health  standpoint,  the  lessening  of  deaths  from  alcohol  and 
accidents  goes  hand  in  hand  with  the  decrease  of  alcoholic  insanity  and 
chronic  alcoholism,"  says  Dr.  Richard  C.  Cabot,  of  Harvard  University,  in  a 
foreword  to  the  report. 

THRIFT 

Total  deposits  increased  in  Massachusetts  savings  banks  2.5  per  cent  in 
1921,  although  withdrawals  had  been  heavy  owing  to  hard  times.  An  increase 
of  even  2  per  cent  for  all  New  England  was  declared  by  the  Federal  reserve 
bank  "a  remarkably  good  performance  in  view  of  the  depressed  industrial 
conditions."  Cooperative  banks  made  the  largest  gain  in  any  one  year  and 
their  assets  reported  were  the  greatest  in  their  history.  Credit  unions,  in  spite 
of  heavy  withdrawals,  were  reported  by  the  bank  commissioner  as  more  sub- 
stantially established  than  at  any  period  since  they  began  in  the  state.  For- 
eign banks,  which  serve  foreign-born  desiring  to  send  money  home,  forwarded 
over  $15,000,000  to  other  countries  in  1921;  in  the  three  years  1919-1921,  over 
$49,000,000.  The  largest  amount  sent  previous  to  1919  had  been  $10,000,000. 
Through  the  school  savings  banks,  children's  pennies  turned  into  the  regular 
savings  banks  of  Massachusetts  over  $243,000  in  1921.  One  Boston  teacher 
remarked  that  children's  savings  were  now  going  into  the  savings  bank  from 
homes  that  before  Prohibition  had  drawn  on  children's  pennies  and  dimes  to 
help  pay  the  family  grocery  bill. 

PAUPERISM  AND  POVERTY 

The  latest  figures  available  on  pauperism  tand  poverty,  those  for  1921, 
show  a  marked  improvement  over  the  wet  period.  After  the  winter  of  1921, 

401 


when  unemployment  had  been  the  worst  of  the  decade,  the  state  and  local 
almshouses  had  on  March  31,  1921,  the  smallest  population  of  the  decade;  it 
was  only  about  one-half  that  for  the  seven  wet  years,  three  of  which  had  been 
years  of  full  employment  and  high  wages.  Outside  relief  was  given  by  cities 
and  towns  in  the  year  1920-21  to  nearly  10,000  fewer  cases  than  in  the  average 
wet  year  and  to  34,000  fewer  cases  than  in  the  previous  hard-times  winter  of 
1915.  Outside  relief  was  given  by  the  state  to  only  543  persons  per  100,000 
population,  as  compared  with  638  per  100,000  population  in  1915. 

"The  outstanding  conclusion  from  this  report  is,  I  think,  that  to  the  poor 
Prohibition  in  Massachusetts  has  been  a  signal  blessing.  The  rich  may,  for 
all  we  know,  be  as  foolish  as  ever,  but  beyond  any  question  the  poor  are  better 
off,"  says  Dr.  Richard  C.  Cabot. 


RESULTS  OF  PROHIBITION  IN  MICHIGAN 

By  W.  V.  WALTMAN 
Superintendent  Michigan  Anti-Saloon  League 

A  story  justifying  Prohibition  in  Michigan  can  be  one  of  a  family  which 
now  has  money  in  the  bank,  plenty  to  eat,  an  equity  in  a  pretty  cottage,  good 
clothes.  For  years  the  money  which  has  been  turned  into  these  things  went 
over  the  bar  of  a  saloon. 

Or  the  story  of  Prohibition  may  be  written  in  terms  of  increased  bank 
deposits,  satisfactory  employment  figures,  court  statistics  showing  decreases 
in  major  and  minor  crimes,  reports  showing  more  home  owners,  less  poverty, 
better  health  conditions,  improved  influences  in  government. 

The  conclusion  of  either  story  is  that  Michigan  is  a  better  place  to  live 
than  it  was  in  the  days  when  there  was  a  saloon  on  every  corner. 

There  were  9,207  saloons  in  Michigan  in  1907.  In  1911,  after  local  option 
had  been  adopted  in  38  counties,  there  were  still  4,511  liquor  shops  in  the 
state.  Wayne  county  alone  had  1,785  saloons.  Today,  in  virtually  every  city 
and  town  in  Michigan,  business  locations  are  at  a  premium.  Where  saloons 
once  stood  as  a  blot  on  a  community's  decency,  there  now  stands  a  business 
place  which  is  a  credit  to  the  city.  Shoes,  candy,  groceries,  clothing  are  the 
stock  in  trade  of  these  business  places  where  once  booze  was  the  only  article 
of  merchandise. 

Not  a  Michigan  city  has  a  red-light  district.  Not  many  years  ago,  there 
was  not  a  community  without  a  district  in  which  the  liquor  business  and  red- 
light  houses  did  not  flourish  like  a  cancer  on  the  decency,  morals  and  health 
of  the  community. 

The  breweries  of  the  state  in  most  instances  have  been  turned  into  re- 
spectable places  of  business  where  more  men  are  employed,  greater  capital  is 
in  use  and  the  community  better  served.  Storage  houses,  auto  body  plants, 
food  product  and  ice  establishments  are  using  to  better  purpose  the  old  beer 
plants.  One  brewery  in  Flint,  Michigan,  has  been  converted  into  a  church. 
One  brewery  in  Lansing,  Michigan,  is  now  given  over  to  the  manufacture  of 
automobile  bodies  and  more  men  are  employed,  the  value  of  the  product  is  a 
hundred  times  greater,  the  pay  roll  is  immensely  larger  and  the  community  is 
better  served. 

402 


A  better  government  is  a  feature  of  Prohibition  in  Michigan.  In  the  old 
days,  candidates  for  office  were  chosen,  put  in  office  and  ruled  from  the  saloon. 
The  saloon  was  the  gathering  place  of  the  element  which  made  for  poor  gov- 
ernment. The  wet  interests,  themselves  law  violators,  encouraged  and  fos- 
tered law  violation.  Today,  candidates  for  office  look  to  business,  clubs, 
churches,  the  decent  organizations  of  a  community  for  their  support.  And  a 
man  must  be  pretty  clean  to  win  and  hold  the  endorsement  of  his  community. 

A  typical  example  of  the  new  order  of  things  is  found  in  Michigan  in 
Delta  county,  in  the  upper  Peninsula,  where  in  1911  there  were  148  saloons,  or 
one  saloon  to  every  203  men,  women  and  children  in  the  community. 

Crime,  booze  and  disorder  flourished.  Saloons,  disorderly  houses,  gam- 
bling dens,  crime,  graft  and  poor  county  government  prevailed.  Since  the 
advent  of  Prohibition,  this  situation  has  been  cleared  up  and  today  the  mayor 
of  the  city  is  a  church-goer  with  the  respect  of  his  community;  the  saloons 
and  red-light  districts  and  gambling  dens  are  gone.  It  is  a  place  in  which  to 
live  a  decent  life,  a  place  to  enjoy  prosperity,  raise  children  under  the  proper 
influences  and  enjoy  one's  privileges  of  citizenship. 

The  saloon  has  been  taken  out  of  politics  in  other  communities  as  it  has 
in  Delta  county,  and  the  influences  in  politics  and  government  have  ceased  to 
be  those  of  evil,  graft  and  lawlessness. 

It  is  alarming  to  consider  the  safety  of  yourself  and  neighbor  with  the 
number  of  automobiles  if  it  were  not  for  Prohibition.  With  thousands  and 
thousands  of  automobiles  in  Michigan,  it  would  not  be  safe  to  be  on  the  streets 
were  there  a  saloon  on  every  corner  and  hundreds  of  drunken  men  in  cars  on 
the  highways. 

Court  records  afford  an  interesting  check  on  the  favorable  results  of  Pro- 
hibition. Records  compiled  from  the  various  cities  of  Michigan  show  a  sub- 
stantial decrease  in  the  number  of  major  crimes  committed.  The  arrest  of 
women  on  various  charges  has  decreased.  There  is  less  delinquency  among 
children.  The  number  of  arrests  for  drunkenness  has  decreased  900  per  cent 
in  some  communities.  And  the  trend  is  more  favorable.  With  the  home 
brewing  fad  fast  dying  out  and  a  lot  of  bootleggers  becoming  so  discouraged 
that  daily  scores  are  turning  to  legitimate  undertakings,  the  course  in  the 
future  will  be  more  favorable  in  the  direction  of  law  and  order. 

An  interesting  slant  on  the  change  in  police  court  figures  from  the  days 
of  the  saloon  is  contained  in  a  report  of  the  attorney  general  of  Michigan. 

Each  year  in  the  past,  figures  were  compiled  on  court  cases.  A  change  in 
the  law  requires  the  compilation  of  these  figures  every  two  years  now.  In  a 
record  of  drunkenness,  including  drunkenness  classified  as  disorderlies,  the 
report  for  1917,  the  last  year  the  state  was  wet,  shows  14,806  cases  in  the 
Michigan  courts.  For  the  year  ending  June  30,  1920,  this  has  been  cut  to 
8.961.  The  total  for  the  next  two  years,  ending  June  30,  1922,  was  19,937,  or 
but  a  small  increase  over  a  single  year's  total  during  the  last  year  of  the  wet 
regime  in  Michigan.  When  it  is  considered  that  in  the  old  days,  a  man  had 
to  be  creating  a  nuisance  or  unable  to  take  care  of  himself  before  he  was 
arrested  whereas  now  he  is  taken  into  custody  if  he  shows  the  faintest  signs 
of  intoxication,  the  true  significance  of  these  figures  is  realized. 

403 


In  a  record  of  disorderlies  in  court,  the  figures  including  non-support, 
vagrancy  and  begging  cases,  9,499  were  reported  in  1917,  the  last  wet  year. 
This  was  cut  to  5,163  in  1920  and  in  the  two  years  ending  June  30,  1922,  there 
were  but  4,895  in  the  state,  or  a  decrease  of  50  per  cent  in  a  two  years'  period 
under  a  single  year  when  it  was  wet. 

In  1917  there  were  225  wife  and  child  abandonment  cases.  In  two  years 
after  Prohibition,  there  were  299  cases,  or  but  54  more  cases  in  two  years 
than  in  a  single  year  before  Prohibition.  There  were  1,280  cases  of  non- 
support  in  one  wet  year.  The  total  for  two  years  under  Prohibition  was  1,348. 
Normal  population  gains  should  be  taken  into  consideration  in  these  reports. 
Prior  to  the  last  election,  the  Michigan  Anti-Saloon  League  conducted  a 
canvass  of  candidates  throughout  the  state  as  to  their  stand  on  the  Prohibi- 
tion issue.  Candidates  for  every  office  having  to  do  with  law  making  or  law 
enforcement  were  questioned. 

Of  the  506  candidates  in  Michigan  to  receive  questionnaires,  358  returned 
favorable  replies — signified  they  were  dry,  in  favor  of  law  enforcement  as  it 
applied  to  the  Eighteenth  Amendment.  They  pledged  themselves  to  fight  the 
wet  interests. 

This  is  better  than  70  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  candidates  in  the 
state.  Of  the  30  per  cent  not  listed  as  favorable,  less  than  10  per  cent  of  the 
entire  number  replied  that  they  were  wet.  The  other  20  per  cent  failed  to 
reply  and  may  have  been  either  wet  or  dry. 

It  is  interesting  to  consider  just  how  successful  such  a  poll  of  candidates 
would  have  been  in  the  wet  days.  In  county  after  county,  the  listing  of  a 
candidate  as  doubtful  or  unfavorable,  has  brought  out  a  fight  which  resulted 
in  a  complete  victory  for  the  dry  faction.  Defeat  after  defeat  in  both  pri- 
maries and  elections  can  be  traced  to  the  fact  that  a  man  was  not  lined  up 
on  the  dry  side  of  the  ledger  in  his  campaign. 

As  elections  pass  in  Michigan,  candidates  are  coming  to  realize  more  and 
more  the  fact  that  they  must  stand  for  law  and  order  and  be  ready  to  protect 
their  constituents  against  the  designs  of  the  liquor  interests  if  they  expect  to 
have  the  backing  of  the  majority  in  their  communities  and  their  support  at 
the  polls. 

Michigan  cities  are  becoming  cities  of  home  owners.  The  records  of 
building  and  loan  associations  show  that  thousands  of  new  accounts  are  being 
opened  by  people  who  can  save  something  weekly  and  want  to  turn  it  into 
their  own  homes. 

Bank  deposits  are  showing  substantial  increases  despite  the  fact  that  the 
end  of  an  economic  cycle  making  for  smaller  savings  instead  of  larger  is  just 
passing. 

Industrial  accidents  are  on  the  wane  because  more  safeguards  are  being 
installed  in  plants  and  because  workers  now  have  clear  heads  when  they  work. 
Men  once  came  to  work  in  plants  in  such  shaken  condition  as  a  result  of  de- 
bauches in  saloons  that  they  were  a  menace  to  their  own  safety  and  that  of 
their  fellow  workers. 

These  are  but  some  of  the  material  sides  of  the  first  years  of  Prohibition. 
Volumes  could  be  written  of  the  humanitarian  side  of  the  issue — of  the  new 

404 


happiness  in  families  because  the  saloon  is  no  more.  Volumes  more  could  be 
written  of  the  sadness  which  once  upon  a  time  was  written  in  mothers'  hearts 
as  they  saw  their  boys  and  girls  drift  deeper  and  deeper  into  the  things  having 
inception  in  the  saloon. 

The  results  of  Prohibition  in  M/ichigan  are  so  satisfactory  to  the  bulk  of 
the  voters  that  they  want  it  continued.  The  state  primaries  and  elections  dur- 
ing the  past  two  months  have  given  them  a  full  realization  of  the  advan- 
tages of  the  present  order  of  things  over  "what  used  to  be"  and  in  13  congres- 
sional districts  at  the  last  election,"  the  dry  faction  was  victorious  in  all  except 
two.  The  wet  element  was  apparently  in  the  majority  in  this  one  Detroit  dis- 
trict, which  is  as  cosmopolitan  as  any  in  the  country  and  the  strength  of  the 
foreign  element  was  decisive.  Prohibition  makes  for  better  citizenship,  and 
given  a  fair  trial,  better  citizenship  in  this  same  locality  eventually  will  result 
in  it  too  acclaiming  its  approval  of  Prohibition. 


MISSOURI 
REV.  W.  C.  SHUPP 

Superintendent  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Missouri 

1  rather  resented,  if  I  may  use  the  term,  the  claim  my  good  brother  from 
Wisconsin  made,  of  having  the  biggest  beer  city  in  the  world.  I  am  from 
St.  Louis  and  from  Missouri  and  have  to  be  "shown."  We  have  such  a  beer 
reputation  that  wherever  I  go,  when  I  say  I  am  from  St.  Louis,  they  say, 
"Oh,  that  is  where  the  big  breweries  are,"  and  our  reputation  has  gone 
around  the  world.  I  want  to  announce  that  our  breweries  in  St.  Louis  are 
extinct,  with  the  emphasis  on  ''ex",  and  we  are  seeing  to  it  that  they  stay 
"ex." 

The  federal  government  has  been  giving  us  splendid  co-operation  in  see- 
ing that  the  lid  is  kept  on  the  big  breweries  of  St.  Louis.  Two  of  them  have 
tried  to  violate  the  law  since  national  prohibition  came  in,  and  they  got  along 
so  far  as  the  St.  Louis  city  authorities  were  concerned,  but  didn't  have  any 
luck  in  defying  Uncle  Sam. 

Some  of  these  breweries  are  making  soft  drinks.'  One  of  the  largest  has 
been  turned  into  a  great  butter  factory;  still  others  into  this,  that  and  the 
other.  Three  or  four  of  the  largest  are  holding  on  like  grim  death,  believing 
that  you  people  of  the  other  states  are  going  to  play  the  fool  and  let  real 
beer  come  back.  Sometimes  St.  Louis  seems  to  dominate  the  state,  with  its 
beer  stupefying  influence,  politically  and  in  many  other  ways.  The  Anti- 
Saloon  League  and  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  are  working 
side  by  side,  everlastingly  hammering  away,  and  we  believe  if  the  test  comes, 
which  is  likely  to  come  to  that  state  in  another  two  years,  we  will  be  able 
to  record  a  popular  majority  against  the  return  of  light  wines  and  beer. 
We  are  going  to  put  a  few  more  teeth  in  the  bone-dry  law  for  the  state,  and 
help  finish  the  job  in  Missouri,  and  help  the  world  toward  world-wide  prohibi- 
tion. 

405 


MONTANA 

By  REV.  JOSEPH  POPE 

Superintendent  Montana  Anti-Saloon  League 

Prohibition  went  into  effect  in  Montana,  December  30,  1918.  Four  years 
have  thus  elapsed  since  its  adoption.  We  believe  a  careful  study  of  the 
statistics  relating  to  crime,  disease  and  education,  comparing  conditions  be- 
fore and  since  the  adoption  of  prohibition,  will  convince  fair-minded  persons 
that  notwithstanding  lax  enforcement  the  law  has  been  most  beneficial. 

I.    Jail    Incarcerations 

1916  1917  1918  1919 

13,788  13,977  11,004  8,042 

II.     Inmates  of   State   Prison 

1916  1917  1918  1919  1920  1921  1922 

594  679       *       590  515  400  352  331 

I 
III.     Information  Relating  to  Major  Crimes 

1915-6  1917-8  1919-20  1921-22 

Arson    12  13  9  16 

Assault   270  267  184  69 

Burglary     309  200  199  146 

Robbery   122  74  52  35 

Grand  Larceny    495  528  368  349 

Statutory  Offenses    116  101  82  79 

Murder   101  120  72  51 

Manslaughter    8  8  6  6 

Forgery    101  130  96  75 

Family  Desertion    0  15  37  0 

The  marked  decrease  in  murder,  burglary,  robbery,  statutory  offenses  and 
forgery  is  significant. 

IV.     Deaths   From   Diseases   Commonly  Associated  With  Excessive  Use  of 

Alcoholic  Liquors 

i Per    100,000    of    Population N 

1916  1917          1918          1919  1920         1921  1922 

Bright's  Disease  .     73.8          71.7          61.7          49.1          48.9          49.5 
Tuberculosis    ....   113.4        102.8          90.9          90.3          56.6          61.8 

Alcoholism   86.0        124.0          60.0          10.0          10.0          22.0 

Heart    Disease    ..     94.4          94.6          93.3          83.0          76.7 

Upon  an  estimated  population  of  600,000  there  died  in  Montana  during 
the  last  three  wet  years  from  alcoholism  1,520  persons;  during  the  first  three 
dry  years  252  died  of  alcoholism.  Prohibition  saved  the  lives  of  1,268  per- 
sons in  three  years.  From  1915  to  1918,  98  more  murders  were  committed 
than  from  1919  to  1921. 

406 


V.     Statistics  Obtained  From  the  State  Department  of  Education 


School    Census    

1912 
103,403 

1914 
114032 

1916 

135  865 

Enrollment 

68335 

85782 

102  768 

Average  Daily  Attendance 

49330 

63  686 

75241 

Number  of  Teachers 

2805 

3778 

4731 

Number   College   Graduates 

432 

591 

646 

Normal  Graduates 

842 

1  002 

1  41  ^ 

School  Census 

1918 

159,552 

1920 

161  626 

1922 
160  221 

Enrollment 

118  189 

126  238 

122  380 

Average  Daily  Attendance 

87666 

91,744 

99815 

Number  of  Teachers   .  . 

5600 

6215 

6096 

Number  College   Graduates 

867 

880 

1  062 

Normal  Graduates 

1  560 

1  679 

1  308 

High  School  Attendance  .  .  . 

1915-6              1917-8 

6,516               12,576 

1919-20 

13,352 

1921-22 
18,513 

THE  SUCCESS  OF  PROHIBITION  IN  NEBRASKA 

BY  KEV.  F.  A.  HIGH 
Superintendent  Nebraska  Anti-Saloon  League 

The  state  of  Nebraska  is  under  both  National  and  State  Prohibition. 
State-wide  Prohibition  has  been  in  operation  since  May  1,  1917. 

In  1917  the  Legislature  adopted  a  comprehensive  law  enforcement  code. 
This  code  is  very  comprehensive  and  contains  many  drastic  provisions. 

On  January  13,  1919,  the  lower  House  of  the  state  Legislature  unani- 
mously ratified  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  and  three  days  later  on  the  16th 
it  was  ratified  by  the  Senate  by  a  vote  of  thirty-one  to  one. 

From  the  very  first  Prohibition  has  been  a  success  in  Nebraska.  This 
was  true  even  under  local  option. 

Great  efforts  have  been  made  by  the  wets  to  nullify  the  law  and  bring 
Prohibition  into  disrepute  and  disfavor,  yet  nevertheless  the  sentiment  in 
favor  of  it  has  steadily  increased.  This  increase  in  sentiment  is  due  to  the  fact 
that  thinking  men  and  women  look  upon  Prohibition  as  a  great  success. 

Mr.  A.  W.  Miller,  Chief  Probation  Officer  in  Omaha  from  1914  to  1918 
says: 

"During  the  days  of  the  saloon  many  workmen — heads  of  families — spent 
their  earnings  in  the  saloons  leaving  grocery  and  other  bills  unpaid  and  their 
families  in  need.  It  was  a  very  common  sight  to  see  drunken  men  upon  the 
streets,  and  during  my  frequent  visits  to  the  police  station  it  was  the  com- 
monest of  sights  to  see  drunken  men  brought  to  the  station  in  the  patrol 
wagon. 

"After  Prohibition  went  into  effect  the  police  records  show  that  arrests 

407 


for  drunkenness  decreased.  Street  brawls  were  not  so  common.  Buildings 
vacated  by  the  saloons  were  soon  occupied  by  industries  and  stores  which 
were  of  benefit  to  the  neighborhood  in  which  they  were  located.  Storekeepers 
reported  that  bills  were  being  met  more  promptly. 

"I  wish  to  state  most  particularly  that  it  was  my  observation  that  in  homes 
in  which  there  had  been  need,  after  Prohibition  went  into  effect  the  children 
of  these  homes  were  better  fed,  better  dressed  and  went  to  school  in  better 
condition  than  when  their  fathers  spent  their  earnings  in  the  saloons. 

"As  the  chief  probation  officer  I  would  not  hesitate  to  state  that,  in  my 
opinion,  Prohibition  is  a  most  wonderful  thing  for  the  working  men." 

Mr.  E.  A.  Benson,  president  of  a  well  known  real  estate  firm,  of  Omaha, 
says:  ' 

"We  have  carried  on  our  books,  for  years,  on  an  average  of  one  thousand 
men  who  were  paying  for  homes  by  monthly  installments.  During  the  time 
we  had  saloons  in  Omaha,  there  was  on  an  average,  10  per  cent  of  the  above 
number  who  were  always  in  arrears  on  their  payments. 

"Upon  investigation  we  found  that  in  practically  every  case  where  a  party 
would  get  behind  in  his  monthly  payments  it  was  due  to  his  spending  his 
money  for  intoxicating  liquors.  Since  we  have  had  Prohibition  our  delin- 
quents are  less  than  one  per  cent." 

Mr.  John  Bekins,  president  of  Bekins  Omaha  Van  and  Storage  Company, 
says-: 

"Before  state-wide  Prohibition  went  into  effect,  our  drivers  and  helpers 
would  spend  a  large  portion  of  their  time  in  the  saloons,  making  themselves 
unfit  to  handle  our  goods,  causing  considerable  damage  and  claims. 

"We  are  happy  to  say  that  at  the  present  time  it  is  very  seldom  that  any 
of  our  men  are  intoxicated.  Prohibition  certainly  has  been  a  wonderful  in- 
vestment to  us,  and  we  hope  that  it  is  a  permanent  institution  in  our  economic 
system." 

Mr.  J.  E.  Miller,  president  of  Miller  &  Paine  Company,  one  of  the  largest 
department  stores  in  the  city  and  mayor  of  the  city  from  1917-1921,  says: 

"To  my  mind,  the  benefits  from  Prohibition  in  this  city  are  so  evident  that 
there  is  no  room  for  argument. 

"Prohibition  has  not  settled  all  social  problems  and  it  has  not  brought 
success  to  every  commercial  venture,  but  no  one  but  overwrought  enthusiasts 
expected  it  to  bring  the  millennium. 

"The  bootlegger  is,  of  course,  at  work,  as  a  rule  from  headquarters  in  a 
larger  city;  but  after  making  full  allowance  for  all  he  sells  and  for  all  that  was 
carried  over  in  the  homes  of  our  people,  I  am  confident  that  the  present  con- 
sumption of  strong  liquor  is  not  ten  per  cent  of  that  of  pre-Prohibition  days." 

Finally,  as  the  result  of  Prohibition  in  Nebraska  there  is  less  drunkenness, 
fewer  street  brawls,  less  poverty,  less  crime,  fewer  wife  desertions;  wages  once 
spent  for  intoxicating  liquors  are  now  being  spent  for  the  support  of  the  home 
and  as  a  result  men,  women  and  children  are  better  fed,  better  clothed,  and 
better  housed.  Besides  all  this  millions  of  dollars  every  year  are  being  put 
aside  in  saving  banks  and  elsewhere  that  used  to  be  spent  for  intoxicants. 

408 


REPORT  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEVADA 

From  the  Organization  of  the  Nevada  Anti-Saloon  League  in  1917, 

When  There  Was  One  Saloon  to  Every  Eighty  People, 

to  the  Present 

By  E.  F.  JONES 

Superintendent  Nevada  Anti-Saloon  League 

April  1,  1917,  I  stepped  off  the  train  at  Reno,  Nevada,  fresh  from  twelve 
years'  service  as  Legislative  Superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of 
Missouri,  to  organize  the  Nevada  Anti-Saloon  League  and  assume  the  duties 
as  State  Superintendent.  The  first  sign  that  attracted  my  attention  was  on 
the  front  of  a  saloon  across  the  street  from  the  depot.  Coming  directly  from 
St.  Louis  it  made  me  feel  much  at  home,  it  being  the  eagle  sign  of  the  An- 
heuser-Busch Brewing  Company,  the  largest  brewery  in  the  world. 

Nevada  had  at  that  time  a  saloon  for  every  80  inhabitants,  gambling 
running  wide  open  and  drunks  lining  the  side-walks,  a  red-light  district  in 
every  camp  and  city  of  over  50  inhabitants.  At  the  November  election  in 
1918  after  a  warm  campaign  of  nineteen  months  extending  through  a  flu  epi- 
demic, with  a  vote  of  23,000  in  the  state,  liquor  was  voted  out  by  a  majority 
of  4,188.  Then  began  the  work  of  reconstruction  and  law  enforcement. 

At  the  1918  election  we  also  elected  a  legislature  which  at  the  session  held 
two  months  later  ratified  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  to  the  National  Consti- 
tution with  only  one  negative  vote  in  the  State  Senate  and  three  in  the  As- 
sembly. Our  state  was  so  small  in  population  and  so  magnificent  in  area,  it 
was  1920  before  a  Prohibition  Director  was  even  appointed  for  Nevada,  and 
he  was  wet.  He  served  a  short  time  and  then  resigned  to  run  for  Congress 
that  year.  The  United  States  District  Attorney  was  wet  and  no  effort  was 
made  to  do  anything  by  the  government  except  to  empower  the  clerical  man 
in  the  office  to  issue  permits  to  druggists  and  doctors,  and  direct  the  field 
force  consisting  of  three  men  a  part  of  the  time. 

Late  in  the  year  1921  a  Prohibition  Director  was  appointed,  and  the  field 
force  increased.  Since  then  the  monshine  stills  have  been  brought  to  a  mini- 
mum and  driven  from  the  cities  and  towns  to  old  deserted  mines  and  canyons. 
The  approach  to  a  large  per  cent  of  them  for  all  supplies  is  by  pack  mules. 
The  drunks  are  off  the  roads  and  streets.  The  charity  baskets  for  the  poor 
are  not  called  for  as  of  old  on  Thanksgiving  and  Christmas  occasions.  They 
are  a  thing  of  the  past. 

April,  1922,  gave  us  a  new  appointment  of  United  "States  District  Attor- 
ney, a  dry  man  who  believes  in  the  enforcement  of  the  law,  and  who  in  addi- 
tion to  obtaining  more  than  a  hundred  convictions,  has  filed  suits  in  abate- 
ment of  one  third  that  number  which  closes  the  buildings  for  one  year  in 
which  business  has  been  run  in  violation  of  the  Volstead  Act.  This  act  in 
this  state  of  high  rents  and  scarcity  of  business  houses  practically  promises 
to  finish  the  dive-keeper.  We  have  only  one  United  States  District  Court.  It 
is  presided  over  by  one  of  the  best  United  States  District  Judges  in  the  land, 
thus  materially  aiding  the  efficient  work  of  the  United  States  District  Attor- 
ney and  Commissioners. 

409 


State  law  is  well  enforced  in  some  counties,  and  poorly  in  others.  The 
wet  official  is  a  failure  in  law  enforcement,  and  the  dry  officer  a  success. 

All  kinds  of  direful  conditions  were  prophesied  by  the  wets  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1918  for  the  city  of  Reno,  the  metropolis  of  the  state,  when  we 
closed  the  114  places  where  liquor  was  sold.  There  are  no  vacant  buildings 
in  Reno,  and  scores  have  been  built  since  that  time.  Clothing,  millinery,  gro- 
cery and  all  kinds  of  legitimate  business  occupy  the  former  saloon  buildings, 
and  like  all  other  cities  that  are  dry,  the  streets  that  ladies  shunned  in  saloon 
days  are  many  of  them  now  the  family  promenades.  What  is  true  of  Reno 
is  true  of  every  other  city,  town  and  camp  in  the  state. 

The  "holdover"  at  the  city  hall  and  jail,  which  was  formerly  used  as  a 
place  to  sober  up  drunks,  now  has  a  street  entrance  and  is  occupied  by  the 
Young  Woman's  Christian  Association  headquarters. 

In  saloon  days  if  25  did  not  face  the  police  judge  it  was  called  a  dull  day 
in  police  circles.  Now  the  bastile  is  frequently  empty,  and  to  have  five  on 
Monday  morning  calls  for  a  write-up  in  the  daily  papers.  Signs  of  Prohibi- 
tion are  everywhere  noticeable  in  well-dressed  men,  women  and  children,  en- 
joying health  and  showing  by  their  bright  faces  that  they  are  glad  they  are 
alive.  Many  business  men  are  converts  to  Prohibition  because  of  increase  in 
business  and  decrease  in  bad  accounts. 

The  red-light  or  restricted  district,  has  been  banished  from  Reno  lately 
by  ordinance.  This  may  be  something  new,  but  under  a  determined  mayor 
and  city  council  that  stand  for  a  clean  city,  it  is  progressing  nicely.  Our 
valleys  are  so  narrow  and  mountains  so  high  it  is  impossible  to  find  a  spot  in 
the  state  where  both  are  not  in  evidence.  The  roads  through  the  valleys  are 
good  and  through  the  passes  are  scenic  and  combined  are  suited  to  business 
or  pleasure,  and  since  the  saloons  were  banished  the  automobile  and  Ford 
owners  have  climbed  to  the  imposing  ratio  of  one  machine  to  every  six  in- 
habitants. 

Many  a  miner  that  once  trudged  from  camp  to  camp  with  his  bedding  on 
his  back,  while  the  saloonkeeper  counted  his  hard-earned  cash,  now  rides  by 
gasoline  power,  and  takes  his  family  or  some  of  his  pals  with  him.  No  can- 
didates can  be  elected  to  office  by  rounding  up  the  slum  vote  and  making 
them  drunk  in  Nevada,  as  every  saloonless  election  has  exemplified. 

The  United  States  Senators  and  Congressmen  are  dry. 

There  is  a  large  per  cent  of  our  population  that  are  of  hardy  pioneer  type, 
that  force  the  mountains  to  give  up  their  rich  minerals  and  the  deserts  to 
blossom  as  the  rose.  This  type  cannot  be  deceived  by  the  light  wine  and  beer 
ruse,  talked  by  the  wets,  but  denounce  it.  Nevada's  people  are  cosmopolitan. 
There  is  no  country  or  people  that  is  not  represented,  and  one  can  hear  almost 
every  language  and  dialect  spoken,  nevertheless,  the  sentiment  for  Prohibition 
and  enforcement  of  law  is  growing,  not  only  in  the  centers  of  population,  but 
on  the  ranches  and  in  the  mining  camps. 

Of  those  who  are  punished  for  breaking  the  Prohibition  laws,  less  than 
five  dut  of  every  hundred  are  English  speaking  people.  The  Italian  and 
Basque  predominate.  Many  are  sheep-herders  and  miners  who  know  the 
country  in  which  they  operate  and  give  the  officers  much  trouble  on  that 

410 


account.  The  fact  remains,  however,  that  the  question,  is  he  wet  or  dry, 
comes  up  in  regard  to  every  candidate  for  a  national  or  state  office,  and  it  is 
a  rare  incident  for  a  wet  candidate  to  be  elected  to  that  office  to  which  he 
aspires.  If  we  do  not  get  them  at  the  primary,  we  do  in  the  general  election. 
Some  candidates  try  to  deceive,  but  our  people,  who  number  less  than  100,000, 
will  speak  out  and  tell  what  they  know  when  the  good  of  the  state  is  the 
issue. 

The  law-breakers,  moonshiners  and  bootleggers,  are  organized,  but  on 
account  of  the  heavy  jail  sentences  imposed  by  the  court,  and  abatement  pro- 
ceedings instituted  by  the  United  States  Attorney,  and  a  penitentiary  sentence 
for  conspiracy,  the  number  is  getting  smaller,  but  more  vicious.  One  culprit, 
when  charged  with  conspiracy,  said,  "me  no  understan  dis  conspeer,  dat  is 
bad."  Our  enforcement  officers  under  the  efficient  Prohibition  Director  have 
them  on  the  run. 


NEW   HAMPSHIRE 

By  REV.  J.  H.  BOBBINS,  D.D. 

Superintendent  Anti-Saloon  League  of  New  Hampshire 

New  Hampshire  is  a  tiny  spot  on  the  map  in  comparison  with  the  great 
provinces  of  Canada  and  the  large  states  of  the  United  States,  but  New 
Hampshire  is  bone  dry.  Our  state  prohibition  law  went  into  operation  in 
1918.  We  are  now  giving  attention  to  official  co-operation  in  enforcement. 
The  Governor  of  the  State,  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  Attorney  General,  and 
the  United  States  Commissioners,  the  United  States  district  judge,  the  district 
attorney,  the  Federal  Prohibition  Director,  and  every  prohibition  agent  are 
hand-picked,  bone-dry.  The  State  Enforcement  Commissioners,  the  Attorneys, 
every  county  attorney  and  sheriff,  the  chief  of  police  and  the  entire  force  of 
police  in  every  city  are  in  hearty  co-operation  and  enthusiastically  working  to- 
gether for  the  enforcement  of  prohibition. 

When  a  raid  is  to  be  made  the  officers  work  together.  They  make  up  a 
squad,  the  federal  prohibition  director  and  some  of  his  agents,  the  state  prohi- 
bition enforcement  officer  and  some  of  his  deputies,  the  county  attorney  or 
sheriff,  or  both,  and  a  squad  of  police.  They  make  the  raid,  they  catch  the 
bootlegger  or  the  New  York  rum-runner  carrying  whisky  from  Canada  to  New 
York  and  New  Jersey,  they  take  him  before  a  local  board,  and  if  it  is  mid- 
night they  call  the  judge  from  his  bed  and  hold  the  court.  If  it  is  a  country 
district  they  hold  the  court  in  the  street.  It  is  considered  the  part  of  prudence 
for  the  guilty  man  to  plead  guilty  and  throw  himself  on  the  mercy  of  the  court. 
He  is  sentenced.  The  federal  officer  is  there  and  gives  him  his  choice,  to  go 
voluntarily  to  the  capital  and  appear  before  the  United  States  commissioner 
or  be  held  in  jail  until  the  federal  marshal  comes  with  a  warrant.  He  usually 
goes  before  the  United  States  commissioner;  and  every  csse  brought  by  the 
federal  director  has  been  held  for  the  grand  jury.  The  grand  jury  has 
indicted  97  per  cent  of  these  cases,  and  the  court  has  convicted  99  per  cent. 
Five  cases  appealed  to  jury  trial  at  the  last  term.  Four  were  convicted. 

The  results  of  the  prohibition  policy  in  our  state  may  be  summed  up  in 
the  following  letter  which  was  received  by  the  Superintendent  of  the  New 

411 


Hampshire  Anti-Saloon  League  within  the  past  few  weeks.  It  should  be 
stated  that  Manchester  is  a  manufacturing  city  of  over  78,000  population,  a 
majority  of  its  people  being  of  foreign  descent: 

"POLICE   HEADQUARTERS 

"Manchester,   N.   H. 

"Nov.  15,  1922. 
"Rev.  J.  H.  Robbins, 
"Concord,  N.  H. 
'  Dear  Sir: — 

"As  you  undoubtedly  know,  I  have  been  connected  with  the  Manchester 
Police  Department  thirty-five  years,  thirty-one  of  these  as  Chief  of  Police. 

"I  have  seen  a  state  prohibitory  law  in  force  fifteen  years,  a  state  license 
law  in  force  fifteen  years,  and  a  prohibitory  law  in  force  again  about  five 
years. 

"Since  1918,  I  have  seen  so  many  men,  who  never  had  a  dollar,  now  carry- 
ing a  roll,  well-clothed,  neat  and  clean.  So  many  families  that  were  in  need, 
now  apparently  well  contented  and  happy.  The  father  spending  his  time  with 
his  family,  instead  of  in  the  bar-room.  And  from  what  I  have  seen  from  the 
experience  I  have  had,  during  the  above  years,  I  am  for  Prohibition. 

"Very  truly  yours, 

"M.  J.  HEALY, 
"Chief  of  Police." 


THE  EFFECT  OF  PROHIBITION   IN   NEW  YORK  STATE 

By  WILLIAM  H.  ANDERSON 
Superintendent  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  New  York 

In  connection  with  the  following  condensed  report  it  is  necessary  to  state 
a  few  general  facts  that  indicate  that  there  has  been  no  change  in  the  senti- 
ment of  New  York  State  notwithstanding  wet  exploitation  of  some  recent 
events. 

The  Literary  Digest  poll  was  exploited  as  showing  public  sentiment 
adverse  to  prohibition*.  The  Literary  Digest  sent,  by  its  own  statement,  more 
than  a  million  ballots  in  New  York  State  and  only  about  75,000  of  the  persons 
receiving  them  were  interested  enough  to  vote  either  for  complete  repeal  or 
in  favor  of  the  misleading  suggestion  of  unconstitutional  amending  of  the 
federal  enforcement  code  in  behalf  of  beer. 

The  fact  that  only  some  30,000  are  recorded  against  repeal  or  amendment 
is  explained  by  the  fact  that  a  poll  of  the  congregations  of  the  churches  of 
New  York  State  by  their  pastors  showed  that  instead  of  38.7  per  cent  of  the 
church  voters  receiving  ballots  as  the  Digest  claimed  to  have  sent,  only  6.7 
per  cent  received  them,  and  instead  of  all  church  voters  who  are  telephone 
subscribers  receiving  ballots  as  claimed  to  have  been  sent,  fewer  than  one- 
fifth  of  such  church  telephone  subscribers  even  had  a  chance  to  vote. 

The  election  by  an  overwhelming  majority  of  the  wet  Tammany  candidate 
for  Governor  on  a  beer  plank  proves  nothing,  for  the  reason  that,  whether 

412 


stupidly,  or  treacherously,  most  of  the  local  leaders  of  the  party  of  the  enforce- 
ment governor  who  was  seeking  reelection  gave  him  no  effective  support,  and 
both  he  and  his  party  refused  to  recognize  that  enforcement  was  an  issue. 
The  beer  plank  of  the  successful  candidate  was  a  mere  vote-catching  device 
which  cannot  possibly  be  carried  into  effect. 

(1)     The  Amount  of  Drinking  and  the  Deaths  From  Alcohol 

Mr.  Henry  Rood,  writing  in  the  wet  New  York  World  of  March  26,  1922, 
quoted  the  official  figures  of  the  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics  of  the  New  York 
City  Health  Department  showing  that  the  total  of  deaths  from  alcoholism 
including  others  by  wood  alcohol  and  alcohol  poison  had  dropped  from  690  in 
1916,  the  last  full  license  year,  to  127  in  1920  and  141  in  1921,  an  average  of 
134  for  the  two  dry  years  as  against  an  average  of  634  per  year  for  the  last 
seven  wet  years,  and  said  "in  former  years  under  the  liquor  license  system 
deaths  from  alcohol  in  New  York  City  were  between  four  hundred  and  five 
hundred  per  cent  more  numerous  than  in  1920  or  in  1921  under  prohibi- 
tion." 

Speaking  for  the  Literary  Digest  of  October  8,  1921,  Commander  Evange- 
l:ne  Booth  of  the  Salvation  Army  said,  "Boozers  day  has  been  an  established 
Army  institution  in  New  York  City  for  a  long  time.  Year  by  year  we  have 
celebrated  Thanksgiving  collecting  the  drunks  from  the  park  benches,  feeding 
them,  and  sobering  them  up,  and  saving  them.  .  .  .  But  last  year  they 
were  not  there  so  we  gave  the  day  to  the  poorest  children  of  the  great 
city.  ...  It  means  that  in  the  future  we  shall  have  less  to  do  with  the 
grave  and  more  to  do  with  the  cradle;  less  binding  up  of  life's  broken  plants 
and  more  training  of  life's  untrammeled  vines." 

The  report  of  the  New  York  State  B6ard  of  Charities  for  1920  giving 
the  result  of  inquiries  as  to  the  effects  of  prohibition  sent  to  several  of  the 
institutions  under  its  care,  and  reporting  the  answer  of  the  superintendent  of 
one  large  city  hospital  as  representative  of  the  replies,  speaks  of  the  absence 
of  the  intoxicated  lodging  house  type  and  a  marked  decrease  in  admissions  for 
alcoholism  and  a  marked  change'  for  the  better  in  the  appearance  and  conduct 
of  hospital  employees  as  the  result  of  prohibition. 

According  to  figures  supplied  by  Dr.  M.  S.  Gregory,  Director  of  the 
Psychopathic  Department  of  Bellevue  Hospital,  New  York  City,  the  sufferers 
from  alcoholism  received  during  the  two  wet  years  1916  and  1917  numbered 
17,503,  whereas  in  the  two  dry  years  1920  and  1921  the  number  dropped 
to  4,474. 

The  Finger  Print  Bureau  of  New  York  City  reported  16,655  finger  print- 
ings of  those  arrested  for  public  intoxication.  In  1920  the  report  was  5,637 
and  in  1921,  6,278. 

(2)     Economic 

During  the  year  from  June  30,  1920,  to  June  30,  1921,  spoken  of  by  the 
wet  Brooklyn  Eagle  as  "not  a  cheerful  year  in  American  economics,"  the 
deposits  in  New  York  Savings  Banks  increased  $250,000,000. 

Business  men  have  repeatedly  commented  upon  the  striking  spending 
power  of  the  people  during  a  period  which  has  been  economically  adverse. 
This  has  not  been  confined  to  the  smaller  cities  but  includes  Mr.  H.  A.  Saks 

413 


of  Saks  and  Company,  one  of  New  York  City's  largest  department  stores, 
who  stated  in  the  New  York  Times  of  January  1,  1922,  that  it  was  entirely 
possible  for  the  elimination  of  intoxicating  liquors  to  have  contributed  to  the 
increase  in  the  amount  of  business  experienced  by  the  merchants.  Mr.  Edward 
L.  Hengerer,  president  of  the  William  Hengerer  Company  of  Buffalo,  repre- 
sents those  of  even  more  positive  opinion,  saying  to  the  Buffalo  Express: 
"Money  formerly  spent  on  intoxicants  is  now  put  towards  the  purchase  of 
necessities." 

The  chefs  of  New  York  hotels  have  stated  that  the  passing  of  the  open 
saloon  has  more  than  doubled  the  consumption  of  pastry  and  sweets  in  big 
hotel  dining  rooms.  The  Childs  chain  restaurants  management  reported 
'  through  the  American  Magazine  for  November,  1921,  that  their  restaurant 
business  had  felt  the  increase  of  eating  due  to  the  absence  of  so  much 
drinking. 

The  head  of  a  school  savings  bank  in  the  Borough  of  Richmond,  New 
York  City,  states  that  he  knows  by  inquiry  from  the  children  themselves  that 
prohibition  was  chiefly  responsible  for  the  number  of  pupil  savings  bank 
depositors  in  his  school  from  197  in  1919  to  520  in  1920  and  769  in  1921,  with 
an  increase  in  the  amount  deposited  each  year  from  $590  in  1919  to  $2,845  in 
1920  and  $3,125  in  1921.  He  states  that  the  depositors  in  1921  represented 
four  hundred  homes  "many  of  which  saved  no  money  before  prohibition  be- 
came a  law."  One  New  York  City  school,  Public  School  109,  has,  under  the 
prohibition  regime,  one  hundred  per  cent  of  its  5,132  pupils  depositing  money 
in  the  East  New  York  Savings  Bank. 

(3)     Crime 

The  commitments  to  all  the  penal  institutions  in  the  state  in  the  last 
two  years  prior  to  prohibition — and  they  were  partial  prohibition  years — were 
218,734.  In  the  first  two  years  of  prohibition  (1920-1921)  they  decreased  to 
132,980,  a  reduction  of  85,754. 

In  the  first  two  years  of  prohibition  the  total  arrests  for  intoxication 
in  twenty-six  of  the  largest  cities  of  the  state  numbered  50,789  less  than  in 
the  last  two  years  prior  to  prohibition  and  those  years  were  years  of  liquor 
restriction.  The  arrests  for  all  causes  in  twenty-five  of  these  cities  decreased 
during  the  same  period  35,296.  The  Police  Commissioner  of  New  York  City, 
reported  to  the  newspapers  on  February  6,  1922,  that  there  was  less  crime 
proportionately,  then  in  New  York  City  than  at  any  time  in  the  city's 
history.  The  District  Attorney  of  New  York  county  made  corroborating 
statements. 

The  average  commitments  to  state  prisons,  reformatories,  penitentiaries, 
county  jails  and  New  York  City  institutions  ran  from  120,000  to  130,000  the 
last  three  full  license  years.  In  1920,  under  prohibition,  they  were  59,033  and 
in  1921,  73,947.  Jails  in  various  New  York  counties  have  repeatedly  been 
reported  empty  and  on  several  different  occasions  individual  police  courts  have 
convened  in  New  York  City  and  found  under  prohibition  for  the  first  time 
in  their  history  there  was  no  business  to  transact.  The  admissions  to  the 
county  jails  of  the  state  for  intoxication  on  the  part  of  men  dropped  from 
12,945  in  1917  to  1,537  in  1920. 

414 


The  Federal  Census  Bureau  this  month  announces  a  decrease  of  14.8  per 
cent  in  the  prison  population  of  New  York  State  on  July  1,  1922,  as  compared 
with  July  1,  1917. 

(4)     Home  and  Family 

Those  having  charge  of  the  placing  of  children  available  for  adoption 
have  reported  a  sharp  falling  off  in  the  number  of  such  children  available 
and  the  wet  Brooklyn  Daily  Eagle  of  May  21,  1922,  said  "all  workers  agree 
that  prohibition  played  a  large  part  in  effecting  this  result."  The  principal 
oi  the  Brooklyn  Boys  Commercial  High  School,  speaking  of  the  three  thousand 
pupils  under  him,  stated  that  their  clothes  and  appearance  in  general  had 
distinctly  improved. 

Commander  Booth  of  the  Salvation  Army  says  "many  a  woman  has  come 
to  me,  and  showing  me  a  handful  of  money  has  said:  'for  the  first  time  in 
our  married  life  my  husband  has  given  me  his  wages.' "  The  head  of  St. 
Christopher's  Home  at  Dobbs  Ferry,  said  in  the  Christian  Advocate  of 
April,  1921,  "probably  there  has  never  been  a  year  when  our  records  have 
reported  so  many  homes  reestablished  and  so  many  fathers  or  mothers  or 
other  kindred  able  to  resume  care  of  their  children."  The  Charities  Organiza- 
tion Society  of  Buffalo  found  that  while  prior  to  the  coming  of  prohibition 
twenty-seven  per  cent  of  the  cases  of  poverty  requiring  the  Society's  atten- 
tion resulted  from  liquor,  by  the  fore  part  of  1922  this  had  decreased  to  four 
per  cent. 

Magistrate  Simms,  of  New  York  City,  said  through  the  New  York 
Evening  World  of  December  3,  1921,  "I  can  say  emphatically  and  without 
doubt  that  prohibition  has  been  a  benefit.  The  records  of  police  courts 
show  this  and  speaking  from  an  experience  of  thirty  years  in  observing 
conditions.  Not  only  in  police  courts  is  the  change  noted  but  also  in  the 
domestic  relations  court." 

Robert  H.  Todd,  superintendent  of  the  State  Industrial  School  said  in 
Rochester  on  April  7,  1922,  that  they  could  trace  directly  to  the  enforcement 
of  the  Volstead  act  a  decided  decrease  in  the  number  of  boys  sent  to  their 
institution. 

Libraries,  including  the  New  York  City  Public  Library,  have  felt  the 
stimulus  to  reading  due  to  prohibition  and  have  publicly  acknowledged  it. 

(5)     Health  and  Life 

As  compared  with  the  average  for  five  wet  years  between  1913  and  1917, 
the  New  York  State  Vital  Statistics  for  1921  showed  that  while  New  York 
City  had  increased  in  population  more  than  ten  per  cent,  the  death  rate  had 
decreased  over  twenty-three  per  cent,  from  an  average  of  14.57  per  1,000  of 
population  during  the  wet  years  1915  and  1916,  to  12.05  during  the  dry  years 
1920  and  1921.  The  death  rate  of  children  under  five  years  of  age  has  decreased 
over  thirty-seven  per  cent.  The  decrease  in  the  death  rate  in  the  state  at  large, 
exclusive  of  New  York  City,  is  over  fourteen  per  cent  and  the  decrease  in  the 
death  rate  of  children  under  five  years  of  age  over  twenty-two  per  cent. 

Doctor  Alexander  Lambert  of  New  York  City  told  the  American  Medical 
Association  that  the  thoroughly  poisoned,  chronically  soaked  alcoholic  patient 
is  no  longer  seen  in  Bellevue  Hospital  though  formerly  one-third  of  the  forty 

415 


thousand  patients  were  in  the  alcoholic  wards  with  or  without  delirium  tremens. 
Doctor  Russell  L.  Cecil,  speaking  in  conjunction  with  Doctor  Lambert,  said 
"in  Bellevue  Hospital  the  pneumonia  death  rate  before  prohibition  was  from 
forty  per  cent  to  fifty-five  per  cent,  but  the  present  pneumonia  death  rate 
is  only  twenty-eight  per  cent." 

In  explanation  of  the  remarkable  decline  in  tuberculosis  morbidity  in  New 
York  City,  (four  times  as  great  a  drop  in  the  dry  years  1920  and  1921  as 
the  average  decrease  for  the  preceding  21  years)  the  bulletin  of  the  New 
York  Tuberculosis  Association  for  January-February,  1922,  says,  "there  is, 
first,  the  advent  of  prohibition,  with  its  accompanying  results  of  less  misery 
and  more  money  available  for  food,  clothing  and  shelter." 

As  to  the  growing  acceptance  of  the  new  order  by  the  people  it  is  only 
necessary  to  state  that  of  the  4,205  cases  of  violation  of  prohibition  laws 
disposed  of  in  the  State  of  New  York  during  the  year  1921,  the  percentage 
of  convictions  in  the  federal  courts  was  eighty  and  in  the  state  courts  eighty- 
five.  In  the  cases  disposed  of  by  juries  only  five  and  two  -tenths  per  cent 
were  acquittals  in  the  state  courts  and  only  two  and  two-tenths  per  cent  in 
the  federal  courts. 

While  there  is  violation  and  there  are  many  places  where  liquor  is  sold 
illegally,  there  are  fewer  places  now  than  the  number  of  illegal  places  that 
existed  under  "regulation"  in  addition  to  all  the  legal  places.  And  these 
joints  are  selling  far  less,  and  in  the  main  only  to  persons  who  are  known. 
Some  of  the  "joy  palaces"  on  Broadway  that  are  violating  the  law,  hoping 
against  hope,  are  dreary  places  and  most  of  them  unprofitable. 

Notwithstanding  imperfect  enforcement  and  many  scandals,  the  fact  re- 
mains that  the  prohibition  law  in  New  York  is  being  enforced  far  better 
than  the  law  providing  for  high  license  and  so-called  regulation,  and  many 
more  convictions  have  been  secured  under  it  and  a  far  larger  percentage  of 
convictions.  The  sentiment  against  the  return  of  the  saloon  is  overwhelming 
and  in  spite  of  wet  propaganda  and  a  majority  of  wet  newspapers,  the  public 
is  gradually  comprehending  that  any  breach  in  prohibition  through  attempted 
legalization  of  beer  would  mean  the  return  of  the  saloon,  and  also  that  beer 
cannot  be  brought  back  legally  without  repeal  or  modification  of  the  Eighteenth 
Amendment  itself. 


THIRTEEN  YEARS   OF  PROHIBITION  IN  NORTH 
CAROLINA  AND  WHAT  IT  HAS  WROUGHT 

By  REV.  R.  L.  DAVIS 

Superintendent  North  Carolina,  Anti-Saloon  League 

After  five  years  under  local  option  the  people  of  North  Carolina  in  the 
state-wide  election  on  May  26,  1908,  voted  "against  the  manufacture  and  sale 
of  intoxicating  liquors."  The  majority  was  44,196.  The  law  became  effective 
January,  1909.  Under  local  option  many  towns  and  counties  had  abolished 
the  traffic,  which  made  possible  the  state-wide  victory.  Since  then  the  state 
has  had  thirteen  years  of  Prohibition.  What  can  we  learn  by  a  study  of  the 
progress  of  the  state  through  these  thirteen  years? 

416 


Let  me  remind  you  that  only  six  states  enjoyed  state-wide  Prohibition 
when  the  people  of  North  Carolina  added  another;  that  sentiment  was  too 
weak  to  stand  for  first  rate  Prohibition;  that  the  Prohibition  laws  of  all  dry 
states  were  very  imperfect  and  defective;  and  that  the  Prohibitionists  had 
not  learned  how  to  fight  the  liquor  traffic  to  the  best  advantage.  Yet  under 
all  these  handicaps  Prohibition  was  a  success  from  the  start.  Judge  George 
P.  Pell,  for  some  years  judge  on  the  Superior  Court  bench,  and  for  the  past 
ten  years  one  of  the  three  corporation  commissioners,  writes: 

"I  am  happy  to  state  that  Prohibition  has  wrought  wonders  for  North 
Carolina.  While  it  has  done  its  greatest  work  in  the  improvement  of  the 
morals  and  happiness  of  the  people,  its  worth  to  the  state  in  material  things 
has  been  wonderful.  Since  Prohibition  became  effective  in  this  state  we  have 
grown  by  leaps  and  bounds  in  every  way.  In  the  mountain  sections  where 
once  we  could  not  afford  to  build  anything  but  log  cabins  for  school  houses 
and  certainly  could  not  afford  to  put  any  windows  in  them  because  passing 
drunkards  would  shoot  them  out  on  moonlight  nights,  we  now  have  splendid 
school  buildings.  Our  savings  bank  deposits  have  been  multiplied  by  eight. 
No  state  in  the  entire  Union  has  made  greater  progress  along  every  line  of 
endeavor.  If  Prohibition  was  submitted  to  the  people  of  North  Carolina 
today  it  would  carry  by  a  majority  of  two  hundred  thousand." 

HOW  HAS  PROHIBITION  AFFECTED  THE  CHURCH? 

From  a  mass  of  matter  reported  from  all  denominations  we  give  you  the 
figures  collected  by  the  Baptist  State  Convention  and  the  North  Carolina 
Conference  of  the  M.  E.  Church  South,  to  answer  this  question.  We  have  no 
doubt  that  the  statistics  of  other  churches  will  parallel  these: 

BAPTIST  STATE  CONVENTION 

1908  1921 

Number  of  members   . . . 212,879  316,138 

Number  of  churches    1,901  2,253 

Value  of  churches  and  parsonages   $2,036,583  $9,623,830 

Contributions  for  all  purposes  i 644,735  2,959,304 

NORTH   CAROLINA   CONFERENCE 

1908  1921 

Number  of  members 74,548  102,705 

Number  of  churches   710  763 

Value  of  churches  and  parsonages  $1,900,458  $5,374,650 

Total   contribution 455,723  1,413,025 

The  growth  in  Sunday  Schools  has  been  even  larger  than  the  growth  in 
the  church. 

HOW  HAS   EDUCATION   BEEN   AFFECTED? 

In  1908  one  of  the  arguments  offered  by  the  wets  with  fervency,  fluency, 
and  effect  was  that  the  liquor  license  was  necessary  to  support  the  schools, 
and  that  without  this,  the  children  would  grow  up  in  ignorance.  At  our  re- 
quest, Dr.  E.  C.  Brooks,  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  furnishes 
these  statistics: 

417 


STATISTICS  ON   SCHOOL  PROGRESS 

Items  1910 

Total   school   expenditures    $3,178,950.50 

Expenditures  for  new  schoolhouses  i. .        667,695.92 

Amount  for  operating  expenses    2,551,254.58 

Value  of  school  property 5,862,969.00 


1921 

$17,658,393.47 
3,969,033.78 
13,689,359.69 
28,202,133.00 
3,569.42 
90.00 
55.00 
13 

137.6 
860,328 
707,762 
494,887 
592 
45,085 

$  4,120,000.00 
1,282,200.00 
13.5 


Average  value  for  each  schoolhouse 770.53 

Average  monthly  salary  paid  white   teachers  37.02 

Average  monthly  salary  paid  negro  teachers  25.26 

Number  of  log  houses 263 

Average  length  of  school  term  in  days  101.9 

Total  school  population   735,188 

Total   school   enrollment    520,404 

Average  daily  attendance    331,335 

Number  of  public  high  schools  170 

Enrollment  in  public  high  schools   14,401 

Permanent   improvements    $    151,350.00 

Maintenance   267,250.00 

Per  cent  illiteracy  for  state  18.5 

Can  anything  speak  more  eloquently  advocating  Prohibition  as  an  aid  to 
education  and  condemning  the  license  system  as  the  handmaid  of  ignorance? 

BOOZE  AND  BUSINESS 

In  1908  many  who  favored  and  voted  for  Prohibition  feared  the  effect  on 
business.  At  that  time  big  business  was  taking  a  leap  in  the  dark  to  stand  for 
it..  It  required  faith  in  God  and  love  for  fellow  man  to  enable  leaders  of  com- 
merce in  this  state  to  vote  dry.  Have  they  lost  by  the  transaction?  Do 
men  ever  lose  who  prove  their  faith  in  God  by  their  good  works  to  help  their 
fellow  men?  Judge  Pell,  our  corporation  commissioner,  whom  we  quoted 
above,  furnishes  us  these  bank  statistics: 

1908  1921 

Total  number  of  banks 375  640 

Deposits    $56,537,308.92  $269,834,655.49 

The  Building  and  Loan  Associations  in  1907  were  sixty,  with  assets  of 
$5,000,000.  In  1921,  the  associations  were  200,  with  assets  of  $37,666,450. 

After  these  years  of  experience,  I  believe  99  per  cent  of  our  bankers  be- 
lieve in  Prohibition.  GROWTH  IN  INDUSTRIES 

In  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods  North  Carolina  maintains  her  lead 
over  the  other  southern  states,  and  ranks  second  only  among  all  the  states  of 
the  Union.  This  industry  ranks  first  among  the  state's  manufacturies  in  the 
number  of  wage-earners,  the  amount  paid  in  salaries  and  wages,  in  value  of 
products,  and  in  value  added  by  manufacture. 

Cotton  manufacturing  has  experienced  a  steady  growth  throughout  the 
years  for  which  statistics  are  available,  the  value  of  products  having  increased 
during  the  past  decade  from  $52,868,689  in  1912  to  $229,670,691  in  1922. 

Capital  employed  and  authorized  ten  years  ago  was  $52,108,250;  for  1922, 
$146,894,172. 

418 


The  total  number  of  employees  engaged  in  the  industry  in  1912  was  54,710; 
number  reported  June  30,  1922,  78,972. 

Approximate  amount  of  raw  material  used  in  1912,  328,407,879  pounds;  in 
1921-22,  531,768,116  pounds,  or  1,063,536  bales  of  cotton  weighing  500  pounds 
per  bale.  The  percentage  of  increase  in  the  quantity  of  raw  materials  con- 
sumed by  the  industry  is  found  to  be  relatively  greater  than  that  of  any  other 
state  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods. 

Measured  by  the  number  of  establishments,  the  amount  of  capital  in- 
vested, the  value  of  products,  equipment  employed,  the  quantity  of  materials 
used,  and  the  number  of  employees,  the  hosiery  and  knit  goods  industry  is 
second  in  importance  of  the  textile  group.  In  each  of  these  particulars,  estab- 
lishments engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  knit  goods  have  more  than  doubled 
in  the  past  ten  years,  and  today  there  are  142  mills. 

This  industry  is  largely  an  outgrowth  of  the  remarkable  increase  in  the 
manufacture  of  cotton  goods  in  the  state.  The  principal  products  are  cotton 
hose,  half-hose,  shirts,  drawers,  and  union  suits.  There  is  a  steady  develop- 
ment toward  the  higher  grades  of  these,  considered  now  to  be  the  equal  of 
like  articles  produced  in  any  section  of  the  country. 

The  industry  shows  an  especially  gratifying  progress  during  the  past 
decade,  the  value  of  products  having  increased  from  $6,082,360  in  1912  to 
$27,352,354  in  1922,  or  349  per  cent.  The  amount  of  capital  invested  and  au- 
thorized in  1912  was  $3,876,360;  in  1922,  $34,786,500,  an  increase  of  797  per  cent. 

The  quantity  of  materials  used  in  1912  was  13,149,423  pounds;  in  1922  the 
amount  reported  is  31,038,470. 

The  growth  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  has  been  steady  and  con- 
sistent the  past  decade,  the  percentage  of  increase  in  the  yearly  output  dur- 
ing this  period  being  107;  in  capital  invested,  99;  in  the  annual  payroll, 
230  per  cent. 

In  1910  the  value  of  yearly  output  of  83  factories  was  $11,232,000;  for 
1921-22,  107  establishments  report  the  value  of  products  at  $30,288,761.  Capi- 
tal invested  has  increased  during  the  decade  from  $3,283,246  to  $6,525,102;  the 
value  of  plants  from  $2,404,769  to  $8,384,530;  yearly  payroll  for  1910  was  $1,- 
618,150;  for  1921-22,  $5,467,614.  Today,  after  thirteen  years  of  Prohibition, 
North  Carolina  has  the  biggest  knitting  mill  in  the  world;  the  biggest  towel 
factory  in  the  world,  and  the  biggest  tobacco  factory  in  the  world.  In  addi- 
tion to  its  industries,  it  ranks  fifth  in  the  states  of  the  Union  in  the  value  of 
agricultural  products.  In  1908,  "the  last  license  year,  the  state  taxes  were 
$2,866,439;  in  1921,  they  were  $13,087,957.  In  revenue  for  the  government,  she 
ranks  as  the  eighth  state  of  the  Union.  Only  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Massa- 
chusetts, Ohio,  Illinois,  Michigan  and  California  pay  more.  In  1921  she  paid 
to  the  government  $123,000,000,  of  which  $33,000,000  was  income  tax;  whereas 
in  1910  she  paid  less  than  $6,000,000.  In  the  days  of  license  the  liquor  rev- 
enue was  never  over  10  per  cent  of  the  total,  so  that  with  the  liquor  revenue 
added,  less  than  $7,000,000  was  then  paid  as  against  $123,000,000  now.  Prohi- 
bition in  North  Carolina  has  been  "weighed  in  the  balance  and  found  NOT 
wanting."  It  is  endorsed  today  by  at  least  85  per  cent  of  the  total  popula- 
tion, and  this  paper  gives  the  reasons  why. 

419 


NORTH  DAKOTA 

By  F.  L.  WATKINS 

Superintendent  North  Dakota  Enforcement  League 

North  Dakota  was  admitted  into  the  union  of  states  in  1889.  Article  20 
of  her  Constitution  provided  for  state-wide  Prohibition.  This  article  was 
voted  on  separately  so  as  to  give  the  people  a  chance  to  express  their  senti- 
ment on  Prohibition.  The  vote  was  18,552  for  and  17,393  against.  The  Con- 
stitution went  into  effect  November  2,  1889,  and  Prohibition  has  been  main- 
tained for  33  years.  Maine,  Kansas  and  North  Dakota,  in  the  order  given, 
adopted  Prohibition  and  have  retained  it  through  the  years  to  the  present 
time.  These  three  states  were  the  pioneers  and  have  been  pointed  to  by  tem- 
perance orators  and  organizations  and  became  great  arguments  for  Prohibition. 
From  the  first  it  became  evident  that  Prohibition  would  be  beneficial.  It  was 
somewhat  an  experiment  in  that  day.  But  facts  began  to  stand  out  in  statis- 
tics that  could  not  be  refuted.  Prohibition  was  considered  a  joke  and  the 
liquor  interests  treated  it  as  a  joke  and  poked  fun  at  North  Dakota.  Later 
the  facts  became  serious.  The  North  Dakota  Enforcement  League  had  calls 
from  every  state  in  the  Union,  from  Australia,  Canada,  Norway,  Sweden,  Ire- 
land, Scotland,  England  and  Mexico  for  Prohibition  facts. 

The  Prohibition  policy  adopted  by  the  state,  proceeded  under  the  largest 
possible  handicap.  Nearby  states  and  Canada  had  saloons  and  wholesale 
houses.  Organized  effort  within  and  from  without  did  everything  possible  to 
hinder  the  enforcement  of  the  law.  The  United  States  Government  through 
Congress  had  complete  control  of  interstate  commerce  and  protected  interstate 
shipment  of  intoxicating  liquor  intended  for  illegal  purposes  and  to  violate 
the  laws  of  North  Dakota;  and  tbe  state  could  not  binder  the  coming  of  train 
loads  of  intoxicating  liquor.  This  was  true  until  1913,  when  the  Webb-Kenyon 
Act  was  passed  by  Congress.  In  spite  of  this  handicap,  beneficial  results  im- 
mediately showed.  The  first  benefit  was  the  cutting  down  of  the  amount  of 
linuor  coming  into  the  state.  This  was  very  marked.  Large  numbers  of 
citizens  quit  drinking.  They  would  not  hunt  out  the  hidden  speakeasies. 
County  jails  and  the  state  penitentiary  showed  decrease  of  inmates  and  many 
county  jails  were  empty  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  This  proved 
conclusively  to  the  people  that  a  little  liquor  is  better  than  much  liquor;  that 
secret  blind  pigs  where  the  business  is  hidden  is  a  great  improvement  over  the 
open  saloon. 

The  following  table  taken  from  the  Year  Book  of  the  United  States  Brew- 
ers' Association,  1911,  shows  the  per  capita  consumption  of  liquor  in  North 
Dakota  and  two  adjoining  states.  The  figures  may  not  well  be  denied  by 
liquor  interests  since  they  are  taken  from  their  own  Year  Book: 

North  Dakota  (dry)  per  capita  consumption 1.35  gallons 

Montana  (wet)  per  canita  consumption 13.73  gallons 

Minnesota   (wet)   per  capita  consumption 23.58  gallons 

Production  of  fermented  liquors  as  shown  by  the  same  Year  Book  for  the 
three  states  are  as  follows: 

420 


North  Dakota   None 

Montana    241,385  barrels 

Minnesota    1,652,184  barrels 

The  number  of  brewers  and  wholesalers  for  the  year  1910  are  shown  as 
follows : 

North   Dakota  brewers     none        wholesalers      40 

Montana     brewers         24        wholesalers     241 

Minnesota brewers          72         wholesalers     670 

The  following  table  shows  the  decrease  in  government  licenses  or  those 
who  paid  the  government  tax  through  a  period  of  years.  The  government 
revenue  department  required  any  person  selling  liquor  in  any  state  to  pay  the 
government  tax  whether  in  a  wet  or  dry  state. 

1909       1910       1911     1912     1913     1914    1915     1916 

Retail  liquor  licenses 1,830      1,470       1,014      981       593      291       142        42 

Wholesale  liquor  licenses.        65  40  15         10         10          4          0          0 

These  statistics  show  that  all  breweries  in  the  state  had  been  closed, 
and  that  there  was  a  rapid  decrease  in  violators  of  the  law  and  a  very  small 
amount  of  liquor  consumed  as  compared  with  adjoining  high  license  states. 
These  statistics  became  an  unanswerable  argument  that  every  step  toward 
Prohibition  improves  the  conditions  and  lessens  the  evils  created  by  the  saloon 
and  drink.  Prohibition  even  poorly  enforced  greatly  reduces  consumption  of 
liquors,  reduces  crime  and  betters  economic  conditions. 

The  following  table  taken  from  the  same  Brewers'  Year  Book  shows  the 
relative  improvement  brought  about  by  Prohibition,  and  local  option,  as  com- 
pared with  high  license:  1910  1911 

Nine  Prohibition  states  average  per  capita 1.35  gal.  .62  gal. 

Fifteen  local  option  states  average  per  capita 4.37  gal.          4.43  gal. 

Twenty-seven  license  states  average  per  capita 25.23  gal.        25.94  gal. 

The  first  great  and  most  important  benefit  resulting  from  Prohibition  was 
relief  to  the  farmers  and  small  towns  in  the  fall  while  harvest  and  threshing 
was  on.  North  Dakota  had  very  large  acreage  of  small  grain  and  was  de- 
pendent on  transient  laborers  to  harvest  and  thresh  in  the  fall.  This  brought 
thousands  of  laborers  to  th«  state  and  along  with  them  came  the  thugs,  hold-up 
men,  and  gamblers.  Most  of  these  laboring  men  were  drinkers  and  on  rainy 
days  would  go  into  the  small  towns  and  at  the  saloons  become  intoxicated,  and 
there  ensued  altercations,  fights,  cutting  affrays,  shooting  scrapes  and  often 
murder.  When  the  farmer  could  thresh  again  he  had  much  difficulty  in 
getting  his  crew  together  and  the  men  were  ugly  from  drink.  In  the  west  part 
of  the  state,  the  cowboys  would  ride  into  the  small  towns  Saturday  night,  get 
drunk  and  shoot  up  the  town.  Fights  and  often  killings  ensued.  These  condi- 
tions were  generally  credited  as  being  the  greater  reason  for  the  adoption  of 
Prohibition  in  North  Dakota.  Almost  immediately  relief  was  felt  and  as  the 
years  passed  the  difficulties  largely  disappeared. 

The  absence  of  the  saloon  and  the  cutting  down  of  the  amount  of  intoxi- 
cating liquor  consumed  by  the  people  soon  began  to  bring  far-reaching  results. 
The  following  tables  are  taken  from  the  Second  Biennial  Report  of  the  Board 
of  Control  of  Charitable  and  Penal  Institutions  of  North  Dakota  for  1913-1914: 

421 


No.  Insane 

North  Dakota   942 

South  Dakota 933 

Montana    941 

Minnesota    ' 5,340 


No.  per. 
1,000  Pop. 
1.36 
1.42 
1.56 
2.32 


Ratio 

1  for  each  731  people 
1  for  each  702  people 
1  for  each  637  people 
1  for  each  430  people 


PENITENTIABY  POPULATION   IN    1914 


Per  cent 
of  Pop. 

.29 

.31 
1.04 

.63 


Ratio 

1  to  each  3,349  pop. 
1  to  each  3,164  pop. 
1  to  each  953  pop. 
1  to  each  1,586  pop. 


No.  Inmates 

North  Dakota  206 

South  Dakota 207 

Montana    629 

Minnesota 1,450 

Out  of  292  sent  to  the  penitentiary  in  1913-1914,  165  were  residents  of  the 
state  and  127  were  transients,  the  latter  the  product  of  other  and  saloon  states 
who  came  to  North  Dakota  during  the  harvest  season.  In  1917  the  National 
Bone  Dry  law  went  into  effect  and  outside  liquor  was  thereby  stopped  at  the 
border,  and  the  prison  population  dropped  in  one  year  and  four  months  from 
208  to  105.  This  is  15  to  each  100,000  population.  In  1914,  North  Dakota  had 
fewer  inmates  in  penitentiary  than  any  other  state  in  the  Union  and  less  num- 
ber per  capita.  This  was  also  true  of  the  Reform  School. 

The  report  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Census,  Washington,  D.  C.,  for  1910 
shows  the  number  in  almshouses  as  follows: 

North  Dakota  had  in  almshouses  a  total  of  81  people. 

South  Dakota  had  in  almshouses  a  total  of  145  people. 

Montana  had  in  almshouses  a  total  of  415  people. 

Minnesota  had  in  almshouses  a  total  of  689  people. 

The  old  claim  that  saloons  are  necessary  for  a  town  to  be  successful  in 
business  is  disproved  by  the  following.  Minnesota  is  separated  from  North 
Dakota  by  the  Red  river  and  where  a  city  or  a  town  is  on  one  side,  there  is 
one  on  the  opposite  side.  The  towns  on  the  Minnesota  side  had  saloons. 
Those  on  the  North  Dakota  side  were  dry: 


Cities  in  North  Dakota 

Pembina    729  pop. 

Grand  Forks 13,297  pop. 

Wahpeton    3,045  pop. 

Fargo    20,125  pop. 

Fargo  had  32  grocery  stores. 

Fargo  had  no  saloons. 


Cities  in  Minnesota 

St.  Vincent    329  pop. 

East  Grand  Forks 2,987  pop. 

Breckenridge  2,123  pop. 

Moorhead  5,132  pop. 

Moorhead  had  8  grocery  stores. 
Moorhead  had  28  saloons. 
After  10  years  of  Prohibition,  Fargo  had  one  mile  of  paved  streets  for 
each  676  population,  one  mile  water  mains  to  each  270  population,  one  mile 
sewer  for  each  338  population,  city  debt  was  $19.50  per  capita,  ratio  city  debt 
to  assessed  valuation  7.8  per  cent,  city  tax  ratio  15.98  mills.     Moorhead,  just 
across  the  river  in  Minnesota  had  28  licensed  saloons,  1  mile  of  paved  streets 
for  each  3,868  population,  one  mile  water  mains  for  each  702  population,  1  mile 
sewer  for  each  858  population,  city  debt  $44.79  per  capita,  city  debt  to  assessetf 
valuation,  20.5  per  cent,  city  tax  rate,  21.83  mills. 

42? 


North  Dakota  and  South  Dakota  were  admitted  to  the  Union  at  the  same 
time  as  Prohibition  states.  South  Dakota  went  back  to  high  license  after  two 
years.  When  admitted,  South  Dakota  had  a  population  of  348,600  and  North 
Dakota  had  190,983.  From  1890  to  1900  North  Dakota  increased  in  popula- 
tion at  the  rate  of  66.1  per  cent  as  compared  to  15.2  per  cent  for  South  Da- 
kota, or  more  than  four  times  as  fast.  From  1900  to  1910  North  Dakota  in- 
creased in  population  80.8  per  cent  as  against  45.4  per  cent  in  South  Dakota. 

North  Dakota  led  every  state  in  the  Union  in  1913  in  railroad  building. 
The  agricultural  wealth  of  the  state  exceeds  that  of  six  combined  New  England 
states.  With  the  exception  of  Texas,  it  exceeds  in  value  any  of  the  16  southern 
states,  all  of  which  except  Delaware  and  Florida,  have  more  than  three  times 
North  Dakota's  population.  North  Dakota  had  no  saloons,  but  had  one  bank 
for  every  749  population.  From  1898  to  1913  the  bank  deposits  in  the  state 
increased  1,000  per  cent.  The  per  capita  bank  deposits  is  $252  in  1922.  The 
estimated  per  capita  wealth  is  $2,047.  There  is  one  automobile  in  the  state  to 
every  seven  inhabitants.  Seventy-two  and  six-hundredths  per  cent  of  the 
families  of  the  state  own  their  own  homes.  Of  the  native  white  population, 
only  four-tenths  of  1  per  cent  is  illiterate.  Only  one  and  six-tenths  per  cent 
of  the  whole  population  are  illiterate,  which  includes  native  Indians,  also 
Russians,  Italians  and  other  foreigners  who  have  come  into  the  state  in  re- 
cent years  to  live.  Plans  are  working  out  to  completely  eliminate  illiteracy 
within  five  years. 

For  33  years  the  people  of  the  state  have  maintained  Prohibition.  A  mi- 
nority fought  desperately  to  repeal  the  law  in  the  early  years.  Such  effort  has 
not  even  approached  success.  One  candidate  at  the  primaries  seeking  the 
nomination  for  Governor  in  1914  announced  himself  and  made  his  campaign 
on  a  repeal  platform.  He  secured  only  14,000  out  of  a  total  of  85,000  votes. 
No  candidate  for  a  state  office  has  since  chosen  a  wet  plank  in  his  platform. 
No  political  party  in  33  years  has  had  a  repeal  plank  in  its  platform. 

There  is  no  state  in  the  Union  where  the  sentiment  and  feelings  of  the 
people  are  more  readily  expressed  at  the  polls  than  in  this  state.  Complete 
political  changes  are  made  repeatedly.  If  the  people  of  this  state  concluded 
that  Prohibition  was  not  a  good  thing  they  would  have  long  since  repealed 
the  law.  It  has  stood  the  test  through  all  the  years.  There  has  not  been  a 
single  backward  step  since  Prohibition  was  adopted.  Each  succeeding  legis- 
lature has  made  the  laws  more  rigid  and  each  administration  enforced  them 
more  aggressively.  Aggressive  action  for  enforcement  has  quickly  raised  men 
tc  the  highest  offices  of  the  state  while  failure  to  do  their  duty  in  enforcing 
the  laws,  has  brought  defeat. 

North  Dakota  is  not  only  free  from  the  saloon  but  the  passing  of  the 
saloon  and  the  protection  which  the  saloon  and  liquor  interests  throw  about 
gambling,  the  red-light  and  other  evils  has  made  possible  the  passage  of  laws 
which  have  in  a  very  large  way  done  away  with  red-light  houses  and  slot  and 
gambling  machines. 

The  Prohibition  law  in  North  Dakota  is  as  well  enforced,  possibly  better 
enforced,  than  in  most  states  of  the  Union.  Her  people  earnestly  look  for- 
ward to  the  extending  of  this  blessing  to  the  nations  and  peoples  of  the  world 
and  fully  expect  that  day  to  come. 

423 


REPORT  OF  THE  STATE  OF  OKLAHOMA,  U.  S.  A. 

By  H.  T.  LAUGHBAUM 
Superintendent  Oklahoma  Anti-Saloon  League 

Oklahoma  has  an  area  of  69,414  square  miles.  The  population  in  1907 
when  Oklahoma  was  admitted  into  the  Union  a  Prohibition  state  was  1,414,- 
177.  In  1910,  it  was  1,657,155,  and  in  1920,  2,028,283. 

About  85  years  ago  what  is  now  Oklahoma  was  set  aside  by  the  United 
States  for  the  Indians,  and  was  called  Indian  Territory,  and  Congress  enacted 
a  Prohibition  law  to  cover  this  territory  prohibiting  the  manufacture,  sale  and 
introduction  of  intoxicating  liquors  therein. 

On  April  22,  1889,  part  of  this  territory  was  opened  to  white  settlement 
when  the  liquor  men  came  along  into  the  country,  and  established  saloons 
without  any  authority  of  law.  On  May  2,  1890,  Indian  Territory  was,  by  act 
of  Congress,  cut  in  two  about  the  center,  and  that  part  east  of  this  line  con- 
tinued as  Indian  Territory  and  under  Federal  Prohibition  law,  and  that  part 
west  of  the  line  was  organized  as  Oklahoma  Territory.  The  first  Legislature 
enacted  a  law  legalizing  the  saloon,  and  from  this  time  until  November  16, 
1907,  when  Oklahoma  became  a  state,  King  Alcohol  ran  riot  throughout 
Oklahoma  Territory,  and  breweries,  distilleries  and  saloons  sprung  up  every- 
where. 

The  summer  of  1898,  Dr.  Howard  H.  Russell,  then  General  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America  came  to  Oklahoma  and  organ- 
ized the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Oklahoma,  being  the  first  general  organ'za- 
tion  against  the  saloon  in  what  is  now  the  state  of  Oklahoma.  Sjnce  then 
.the  Anti-Saloon  League  has  carried  on  an  active  and  aggressive  fight  against 
the  liquor  traffic  in  Oklahoma.  Sentiment  was  being  built  and  in  June,  1906, 
Congress  passed  the  Enabling  Act  permitting  Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territo- 
ries to  elect  a  Constitutional  Convention,  write  a  Constitution,  adopt  the 
same  and  be  admitted  as  a  state.  The  Anti-Saloon  League  put  up  an  active 
fight  to  elect  a  DRY  Constitutional  Convention,  and  succeeded  in  electing 
enough  delegates  to  submit  Constitutional  Prohibition  to  the  voters  by  almost 
unanimous  vote  in  the  Convention.  On  September  17,  1907,  the  people  of 
Oklahoma  for  the  first  time  had  an  opportunity  to  express  themselves  upon 
the  saloon  question,  and  did  so  in.no  uncertain  terms,  adopting  Constitutional 
Prohibition  by  18,103  majority.  On  November  8,  1910,  the  wets  brought  on 
another  vote  on  a  proposed  saloon  amendment  to  the  Constitution,  and  the 
people  of  Oklahoma  defeated  it  by  a  majority  of  21,077.  Since  then  senti- 
ment has  been  so  strong  that  the  liquor  element  has  been  unable  to  secure  re- 
submission  of  the  question. 

The  first  Legislature  passed  a  Prohibition  code,  fixing  one-half  of  1  per 
cent  alcohol  as  the  standard,  being  the  first  time  it  was  ever  enacted  into 
law.  The  code  carries  a  penalty  of  both  fine  and  imprisonment. 

Bank  deposits  are  barometers  of  business  prosperity.  Many  of  the 
strongest  banks  in  Oklahoma  secretly  or  openly  opposed  the  adoption  of  Pro- 
hibition. Liquor  men  made  threats  of  withdrawals.  They  prophesied  a  busi- 
ness demoralization  that  was  sure  to  follow  the  adoption  of  Prohibition.  Bui 

424 


Prohibition  was  adopted  and  business  did  not  cease.  But  on  the  contrary 
an  era  of  prosperity  immediately  set  in.  In  1906  the  last  full  year  of  the 
saloon,  the  bank  deposits  of  the  state  amounted  to  $37,278,174.21  and  at  the 
present  time  they  are  over  $325,000,000,  an  increase  of  almost  900  per  cent. 
The  banks  that  formerly  occupied  second-rate  store  rooms  now  are  on  the 
choice  corners  formerly  occupied  by  saloons,  where  magnificent  sky-scrapers 
have  been  built.  The  bank  deposits  now  in  Oklahoma  City  alone  amount  to 
$58.392,000,  and  in  Tulsa  $70,000,000.  The  Exchange  National  Bank  of  Tulsa 
with  about  $30,000,000  resources  occupies  an  eleven-story  building  that  cost 
three-quarters  of  a  million  dollars  at  pre-war  prices.  Robinson  street  in 
Oklahoma  City  before  statehood  was  lined  with  saloons  and  doggeries,  it  is 
now  the  financial  center  of  the  state  lined  with  skyscrapers.  Two  banks  on 
this  street  occupy  twelve-story  buildings.  There  was  not  a  building  in  the 
state  of  Oklahoma  before  statehood  over  five  stories  high.  No,  Oklahoma 
has  not  gone  to  the  bow-wows  financially  under  Prohibition. 

Magnificent  churches  have  been  built  in  Oklahoma  since  Prohibition.  On 
Robinson  street  in  Oklahoma  City  from  4th  street  to  12th  street  are  six 
magnificent  churches  built  since  statehood  at  a  cost  of  over  one  million  dol- 
lars, one  is  building  an  addition  now  at  a  cost  of  $100,000  and  another  is  build- 
ing an  addition  at  a  cost  of  $50,000.  Even  the  churches  did  not  fail  when  the 
saloons  closed. 

Oklahoma  City,  the  State  Capitol  city,  had  over  60  saloons,  a  dozen  whole- 
sale liquor  houses,  and  two  breweries  when  statehood  came,  with  a  population 
of  32,452,  and  three  years  later,  in  1910,  the  population  was  64,205  and  in  1920, 
91,295. 

Three  thousand  five  hundred  new  school  houses  were  built  in  Oklahoma 
the  first  three  years  following  statehood,  at  an  average  cost  of  $10,000,  in  spite 
of  the  fact  there  was  no  saloon  license  money  in  the  school  fund..  Fine,  up- 
to-the-minute  school  houses  are  still  being  built  in  the  state.  The  total 
school  enrollment  in  1910  was  415,116,  and  the  enrollment  for  the  fiscal  year 
ending  June  30,  1921,  was  609,767;  with  a  total  number  of  teachers  being  16,- 
611.  The  value  of  school  property  in  1910  was  $13,310,039.75  and  the  present 
value  is  $40,000,000. 

Oklahoma  pays  the  Federal  Government  an  income  tax  of  about  $24,000,- 
000  yearly. 

Sentiment  is  growing  in  favor  of  Prohibition  and  its  enforcement.  The 
Prohibiton  laws  are  better  enforced  than  any  other  law  when  everything  is 
taken  into  consideration.  When  Oklahoma  adopted  Prohibition  there  was 
about  40  per  cent  of  the  voters  against  it.  If  we  had  a  population  40  per  cent 
of  which  was  opposed  to  a  law  prohibiting  horse  stealing,  and  many  of  them 
horse  thieves  themselves,  and  in  addition  thereto  officers  of  the  law  were,  in 
some  places,  elected  who  bought  sto^n  horses  from  horse  thieves,  we  believe 
the  horse  stealing  laws  would  not  be  near  as  well  enforced  as  Prohibition 
laws.  It  would  be  necessary  to  raise  up  a  generation  opposed  to  horse  steal- 
ing in  order  to  secure  the  best  of  law  enforcement.  In  the  passing  of  the 
present  generation  and  the  oncoming  of  a  new  generation,  born  and  reared 
under  Prohibition  laws  liquor  law  violation  will  have  almost  entirely  passed 

425 


away  with  the  passing  of  this  generation  which  was  born  and  reared  under 
the  regime  of  the  legalized  saloon. 

The  cohorts  of  wines  and  beer  made  no  impression  on  the  voters  in  Okla- 
homa at  the  election  this  month,  for  as  has  been  the  custom  since  statehood, 
Oklahoma  elected  a  solid  delegation  to  Congress  opposed  to  the  beer  and  wine 
program. 

We  are  proud  of  the  fact  that  our  state  was  born  a  sober  and  a  saloon- 
less  state.  The  star  we  planted  in  Old  Glory  to  represent  our  state  has  never 
floated  over  a  legalized  saloon,  brewery  or  distillery  in  Oklahoma,  and  we  re- 
joice in  the  fact  that  this  star  no  longer  floats  over  a  legalized  saloon,  brewery 
or  distillery  in  the  United  States  of  America. 


OREGON 

W.  J.  HEBWIG 
Superintendent 

The  Constitutional  Amendment  prohibiting  the  liquor  traffic  was  proposed 
by  the  people  by  the  initiative  petition  and  approved  by  a  majority  of  votes 
cast  at  the  General  Election  held  November  3,  1914.  There  were  136,842  votes 
cast  for  the  amendment  and  100,362  against  it. 

The  amendment  went  into  effect  January  1,  1916. 

The  Legislature  of  1917  enacted  an  exceptionally  strong  prohibition  code, 
making  it  unlawful  for  any  person  to  receive,  import,  possess,  transport, 
deliver,  manufacture,  sell,  give  away  or  barter  any  intoxicating  liquor. 

In  the  State  Primaries  held  in  May,  1922,  a  certain  Republican  candidate 
for  Congress  from  the  First  Congressional  District  of  Oregon,  comprising  the 
City  of  Portland  with  a  population  of  300,000  people,  made  his  campaign  on  a 
beer  and  wine  platform.  After  conducting  an  aggressive  campaign  making  a 
frantic  appeal  for  wine  and  beer,  and  using  considerable  newspaper  space, 
he  received  2,214  votes  of  a  total  of  42,438  votes  cast  for  all  Republican 
candidates. 

During  the  past  year  upward  of  two  hundred  Law  Enforcement  Con- 
ferences and  Public  Mass  Meetings  have  been  held  to  stimulate  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  prohibition  law.  Law  enforcement  officials  generally  are  enforc- 
ing the  law  and  judges  are  co-operating  in  pronouncing  heavy  jail  sentences 
for  the  violation  of  the  prohibition  statutes. 

At  a  recent  extended  strike  where  thousands  of  laborers  were  involved, 
there  was  at  no  time  any  disorder  or  disturbances,  which  generally  are  found 
during  strike  periods  when  saloons  are  open. 

Although  Oregon  has  had  Prohibition  since  1917  and  we  have  the  Initiative 
and  Referendum  by  which  the  people  on  their  own  account  can  initiate  a 
referendum  on  any  measure,  no  effort  has  ever  been  made  to  repeal  or  even 
weaken  the  Prohibition  Law. 

Arrests  in  Portland 

Portland  had  a  population  of  200,000  when  Prohibition  came  into  effect, 
closing  some  three  hundred  saloons  and  several  large  breweries. 

426 


Total  Arrests  Drunkenness 

Wet                  Wet  Dry  Wet  Wet  Dry 

1915                  1916*  1917  1915  1916  1917 

20,247                12,064  11,110  6,727  2,337  1,122 

Vagrancy  Men  provided  with  lodgings  for  night 

at  Police  Headquarters 

Wet  Wet  Dry  Wet  Wet  Dry 

1915  1916  1917  1915  1916  1917 

3,314  1,216  1,093  2,068  618  234 

*  Last  Year  Wet. 

Included  in  the  total  arrests  for  1917  are  2,000  arrests  for  violations  of 
the  traffic  ordinance.  Included  in  the  vagrancy  arrests  for  1917  are  the  arrests 
made  in  the  general  raids  which  have  occurred  several  times  during  the 
year. 

State  Prison 

Report  of  Board  of  Control  showed  number  of  inmates  September  30, 
1915,  as  487.  Number  of  inmates  November  30,  1917,  343 — decrease  of  143 
during  the  period. 

Gain  in  Bank  Deposits 

Total  deposits  of  banks  of  the  state  as  shown  by  the  report  of  superin- 
tendent of  banks.  , 

Wet,  1915 $122,344,843.76  —  September    2,  1915 

Wet,  1916 164,096,980.74  —  November  17,  1916 

Dry,  1917   198,958,775.40  —  November  20,  1917 

Portland  Postal  Receipts  by  Months  in  1916  and  1917 

Wet  Dry 

January $101,448.28  $107,387.22 

February  92,910.71  94,128.93 

March   106,724.90  110,968.62 

April    97,072.99  107,125.45 

May  99,810.28  106,735.25 

June  100,243.92  100,482.17 

July    90,184.21  95,987.42 

August    97,517.22  103,230.90 

September   100,697.78  96,701.99 

October    103,046.56  113,199.24 

November    97,915.39  130,820.48 

December     132,915.55  160,000.00 


PENNSYLVANIA 
By  REV.  HOMER  W.  TOPE,  D.  D. 

Superintendent  Pennsylvania  Anti-Saloon  League 

When  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  was  adopted,  Pennsylvania  had  10,512 
saloons,  1,386  wholesale  liquor  stores  and  207  breweries.  In  1917  the  per 
capita  consumption  of  fermented  liquors  was  almost  thirty  gallons.  For  the 

427 


ten-year  period  ending  in   1917,   the  average  yearly  production  of  beer  was 
7,550,000  barrels. 

We  had  no  local  option  law  whereby  the  people  could  directly  express 
their  opinions,  excepting  in  a  few  small  townships  and  boroughs.  The  organ- 
ized liquor  interests  of  the  state  constituted  the  most  powerful  political  group 
in  the  commonwealth.  Moreover,  they  maintained  a  grip  on  the  financial  in- 
terests of  the  state  which  led  them  to  believe  they  could  never  be  conquered. 
At  no  time  previous  to  1918  were  the  dry  forces  able  to  command  the  support 
of  more  than  40  per  cent  of  the  members  of  either  branch  of  the  Legislature. 
Such  in  brief  were  some  of  the  conditions  existing  when  the  all  powerful  liquor 
interests  of  the  state  found  themselves  compelled  to  reckon  with  National 
Prohibition. 

It  is  only  fair  to  say  that  in  Pennsylvania  Prohibition  has  had  less  than 
half  a  chance.  Our  state  law  provides  for  a  license  system  of  near-beer. 
That  has  led  most  of  the  crafty  saloonkeepers  of  other  days  to  stay  in  the 
business.  It  is  the  testimony  of  federal  investigators  that,  with  rare  excep- 
tions, they  are  simply  bootlegging  establishments,  carrying  on  their  dastardly 
business  under  the  cloak  of  a  license  granted  them  by  the  state. 

In  some  counties  of  the  state  where  the  courts  are  exceptionally  friendly 
to  Prohibition,  the  judges  have  refused  to  grant  license.  Where  district 
attorneys  have  been  aggressive,  it  has  been  found  possible  to  accomplish  great 
good  in  spite  of  all  our  handicaps.  The  Federal  Enforcement  Bureau  main- 
tained in  the  state  is  very  inadequate  as  to  the  number  of  men  and  efficiency 
of  the  bureau  is  greatly  hampered  through  the  efforts  of  politicians  to  use  it 
for  their  personal  advantage.  And  yet  notwithstanding  these  handicaps  it  is 
accomplishing  great  good. 

In  the  recent  election  the  voters  selected  as  the  next  Governor  of  the  state 
Gifford  Pinchot,  for  seven  years  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Anti-Saloon  League  and  one  of  the  most  outstanding  advocates 
of  Prohibition  in  all  the  commonwealth.  At  the  same  time  they  elected  two 
dry  United  States  Senators  and  nineteen  out  of  thirty-six  members  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  at  Washington.  For  the  first  time  in  our  history, 
we  have  a  Legislature  which  is  friendly  to  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  by  a 
decisive  majority  in  both  branches. 

If  there  is  any  meaning  in  the  recent  election  in  this  state,  it  is  this: 
From  what  they  have  already  seen,  our  people  are  convinced  of  the  wisdom  of 
Prohibition  and  are  determined  to  go  forward  to  the  attainment  of  the  highest 
possible  degree  of  perfection  therein.  In  the  following  paragraphs  we  shall 
simply  give  a  few  illustrations  which  could  be  endlessly  multiplied.  These 
are  the  things  which  have  created  friendship  for  Prohibition  in-  the  minds  of 
the  masses  of  our  people. 

Our  enemies  have  been  giving  extended  publicity  to  certain  statistics  in 
which  they  compare  arrests  in  1920  with  arrests  in  1921.  We  are  very  frank 
to  acknowledge  that  in  many  of  our  larger  Pennsylvania  cities,  there  was  a 
decided  increase  in  the  number  of  arrests  for  drunkenness  in  1921  as  compared 
with  1920.  But  the  unfairness  of  such  a  comparison  is  apparent  and  needs 
no  refutation.  Here  are  some  facts  from  Philadelphia: 

428 


The  average  arrests  for  "intoxication"  in  the  last  two  full  years  before 
Prohibition,  1917  and  1918,  was  29,759.  The  average  for  the  same  offense  in 
the  first  two  full  years  of  Prohibition,  1920  and  1921,  was  18,081,  or  a  falling 
off  of  37  per  cent.  Under  the  heading  of  arrests  for  "drunkenness  and  dis- 
orderly conduct"  there  was  a  falling  off  from  9,456  in  1917  to  5,232  in  1921, 
or  a  decrease  of  51  per  cent.  In  1917  there  were  562  arrests  of  habitual 
drunkards.  This  decreased  to  34  in  1921.  Whereas  there  were  927  arrests 
of  prostitutes  for  public  solicitation  in  1917,  there  were  but  229  for  the  same 
offense  in  1921. 

In  1917  in  the  city  of  Pittsburgh,  3,970  persons  were  committed  to  jail  for 
drunkenness.  In  1921  the  number  committed  for  the  same  cause  was  924,  a 
reduction  of  76  per  cent. 

Our  county  jails  are  used  for  the  confinement  of  two  classes  of  prisoners: 
Those  who  are  under  indictment  awaiting  trial,  but  are  unable  to  furnish  bail 
and  those  who,  having  been  convicted,  have  been  sentenced  to  a  short  im« 
prisonment  in  the  jail.  After  Prohibition  had  been  in  effect  ten  months,  the 
Anti-Saloon  League  made  a  comprehensive  survey  of  the  county  jails  and 
found  that  the  prison  population  had  been  cut  to  exactly  half  of  what  it  was 
two  months  before  war-time  Prohibition  was  established.  During  the  second 
week  of  November,  1922,  we  again  asked  the  sheriffs  for  a  report  on  the  prison 
population.  With  returns  from  a  few  of  the  counties  missing,  we  find  that 
the  present  prison  population  is  approximately  45  per  cent  of  what  it  was 
two  months  before  Prohibition  became  effective,  that  is,  in  May,  1919. 

But  there  is  this  difference  in  the  character  of  the  jail  population:  Before 
Prohibition,  those  who  were  either  convicted  or  were  awaiting  trial  for  viola- 
tion of  the  liquor  law  constituted  an  almost  negligible  percentage  of  the 
prisoners.  At  the  present  time  approximately  one-third  of  our  jail  population 
is  made  up  of  prisoners  either  convicted  of  or  awaiting  trial  for  violation  of 
the  liquor  laws.  Deducting  those  who  are  in  prison  for  liquor  law  violation, 
we  find  that  our  jail  population  is  slightly  less  than  30  per  cent  of  what  it  was 
prior  to  war-time  Prohibition. 

Before  us  lies  the  annual  report  of  the  Philadelphia  Society  for  Organizing 
Charity.  This  is  the  great  family  welfare  organization  of  the  city.  This 
report  shows  the  total  number  of  families  cared  for  to  a  greater  or  lesser  ex- 
tent by  this  society  during  the  various  years.  It  shows  that  alcoholism  was 
a  serious  problem  in  the  case  of  approximately  23  per  cent  of  the  families 
cared  for  by  this  organization  in  the  two  years  ending  September  30,  1917. 
During  the  first  two  years  of  Prohibition,  the  average  number  of  families  in 
which  alcoholism  was  a  factor  was  approximately  4  per  cent.  To  give  actual 
figures  there  was  a  reduction  from  534  cases  in  1918  to  82  cases  in  1921. 

A  large  percentage  of  domestic  relations  cases  of  Philadelphia  are  handled 
by  the  Municipal  Court.  The  report  of  that  court  shows  that  in  1916  it  was 
called  upon  to  deal  with  3,556  cases  of  trouble  between  husband  and  wife.  It 
reports  that  in  1,474  of  these,  liquor  was  the  most  important  factor  leading  up 
to  the  trouble.  This  was  41  per  cent.  In  1920,  the  number  of  cases  in  which 
liquor  was  the  most  important  factor  had  fallen  to  6l/2  per  cent. 

The  Philadelphia  General  Hospital  is  one  of  the  biggest  institutions  of  its 

429 


kind  in  America.  In  the  old  days  when  the  liquor  traffic  flourished,  the  cafe 
of  alcoholics  was  one  of  the  General  Hospital's  biggest  burdens.  In  1918  the 
number  of  such  cases  admitted  to  the  hospital  was  2,326.  These  cases  fell  oft 
to  743  in  1920  and  702  in  1921.  During  the  first  ten  months  of  the  present 
year,  the  number  of  alcoholic  cases  treated  by  the  hospital  was  499,  indicating 
that  this  year  is  likely  to  show  better  results  than  either  of  the  two  preceding 
years. 

As  an  indication  of  what  has  been  happening  all  over  the  state  in  an 
economic  way,  we  cite  the  following  facts:  The  manufacturing  center  of 
Kensington  and  Frankford,  Philadelphia,  was  one  of  the  worst  rum-cursed 
sections  in  the  entire  state.  Within  that  territory  there  are  six  banks.  In 
January,  1917,  these  banks  had  savings  deposits  to  a  total  of  $8,965,000.  In 
January,  1922,  when  we  were  at  the  depths  of  the  financial  depression,  and 
after  this  very  territory  had  suffered  from  a  prolonged  strike,  these  same 
banks  had  a  total  savings  deposits  of  $19,494,000.  It  is  true  that  a  consider- 
able percentage  of  that  increase  was  piled  up  in  the  boom  times  immediately 
after  the  war,  but  from  some  of  these  banks  we  are  able  to  give  illuminating 
statistics,  showing  the  part  that  Prohibition  has  played  in  this  great  prosperity. 
Savings  deposits  in  the  Kensington  Trust  Company  between  January,  1920, 
and  November,  1921,  increased  in  the  sum  of  over  one  million  dollars.  During 
the  first  ten  months  of  1921,  when  the  financial  depression  was  at  its  worst, 
savings  deposits  in  the  Textile  National  Bank  increased  in  the  sum  of  $1,- 
400,000. 

Banks  throughout  the  state  with  few,  if  any,  exceptions  bear  eloquent 
testimony  to  the  influence  of  Prohibition  on  the  savings  of  the  people. 

Most  of  these  illustrations  have  been  taken  from  our  largest  city,  where 
enforcement  is  confessedly  the  most  difficult.  To  see  Prohibition  under  other 
environments,  we  have  chosen  to  give  some  facts  from  one  of  our  largest  and 
most  difficult  rural  counties. 

In  1916  Lancaster  county  had  260  retail  and  39  wholesale  liquor  establish- 
ments. These  were  widely  distributed  and  practically  every  township  and 
borough  had  its  quota  of  them.  It  was  among  the  wettest  counties  of  the 
state. 

In  order  to  get  light  on  the  present  situaion,  John  H.  Landis,  a  former 
senator  of  that  county,  sent  a  questionnaire  to  a  thousand  prominent  men 
representing  every  borough  and  township,  asking  them  a  number  of  questions. 
He  received  replies  from  about  three-fourths  of  them.  The  following  are 
samples  of  the  questions  asked: 

"Is  there  as  much  drinking  of  intoxicants  in  your  township  or  borough 
as  there  was  two  years  ago?"  Thirty-three  answered  "yes"  and  704  answered 
"no." 

"Is  there  as  much  drunkenness  as  before?"  Nineteen  answered  "yes"  and 
718  said  "no." 

"Is  the  moral  standard  of  your  community  any  higher?"  Five  hundred 
and  sixty-nine  answered  "yes"  and  106  answered  "no." 

From  the  answers  received,  Senator  Landis  claims  the  following  results: 

Public  treating  has  disappeared. 

430 


Public  drinking  reduced  over  eighty  per  cent. 

Fighting  and  quarreling  very  rare. 

Bills  paid  much  more  promptly. 

School  attendance  increased  and  children  better  clothed. 

Marked  increase  in  church  and  Sunday  School  attendance. 

Use  of  liquor  in  elections  greatly  reduced. 

Public  sentiment  against  vice  in  every  form  growing  stronger. 

As  further  evidence  in  the  recent  election  the  dry  Congressman  was  re- 
elected,  and  three  out  of  four  new  Assemblymen  are  dry. 

In  days  of  old  the  question  was  frequently  asked  as  to  what  would  be 
done  with  the  bar-room  in  the  event  Prohibition  were  adopted.  Our  enemies 
drew  dark  pictures  of  vacant  rooms,  idle  men  and  grass  growing  in  the  street. 
Recently  our  editor  made  a  survey  of  the  heart  of  Philadelphia,  within  a  cir- 
cumference of  five  hundred  yards  of  City  Hall.  Here  there  flourished  a  few 
years  ago,  eighty  saloons  and  liquor  stores.  Today  about  one-half  of  these 
are  used  as  soft  drink  establishments,  mostly  in  connection  with  restaurants 
or  hotels.  In  the  other  half  of  them  all  evidence  of  the  old  booze  days  has 
disappeared.  Where  the  sale  of  drink  has  entirely  ceased  and  the  barroom  has 
been  transformed,  we  find  the  following  substitutes:  Eleven  restaurants,  five 
cigar  stores,  three  gents'  and  two  ladies'  furnishing  stores,  three  candy  stores, 
two  banks  and  one  each  of  the  following:  railroad  office,  typewriter  office, 
wholesale  grocery,  church  supply  store,  shoe  shine  parlor,  shoe  store,  shoe 
repair  shop,  pawn  shop.  Five  are  in  process  of  repair  or  rebuilding.  Five 
others  were  wiped  out  by  the  new  Parkway. 

Gradually  the  breweries  are  ceasing  the  manufacture  of  beer  and  under- 
going transformation  for  other  purposes.  One  of  the  largest  Philadelphia 
breweries  is  now  the  plant  of  the  Colonial  Ice  Cream  Company.  What  was 
formerly  a  large  brewery  in  Johnstown  is  today  a  busy  meat  packing  house. 
In  the  town  of  Charlerois  a  brewery  which  formerly  manufactured  one  hun- 
dred barrels  of  beer  per  day  has  been  transformed  into  an  ice  cream  plant  and 
is  now  making  1,200  gallons  per  day.  Machinery  is  being  installed  to  increase 
this  to  3,000  gallons  per  day. 

Thus  little  by  little  these  poison  factories  of  the  old  day  are  being  trans- 
formed into  plants  which  minister  to  the  health  and  happiness  of  the  people. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA'S  STRUGGLE  FOR  PROHIBITION 

By  E.  M.  LIGHTFOOT 

Superintendent  South  Carolina  Anti-Saloon  League 

South  Carolina  has  tried  to  manage  the  beer,  wine  and  whisky  business,  in 
every  possible  way.  For  years  we  had  the  saloon,  together  with  the  com- 
bination of  grocery  shop  and  old  time  bar.  The  cities,  of  which  there  were 
very  few  in  those  days,  had  the  usual  problems  connected  with  the  dispensing 
of  malt  and  spirituous  beverages. 

The  Palmetto  State,  as  we  love  to  call  it,  has  only  two  cities  of  over 
25,000  population,  Charleston  and  Columbia.  These  have  had  marvelous  de- 
velopment the  last  twenty  years.  Columbia  has  not  less  than  40,000  popula- 
tion, while  Charleston  h^s  about  68,000.  The  last  United  States  census  gives 

431 


us  but  three  towns  with  from  10,000  to  25,000  population.  From  this  it  will 
be  seen  that  we  are  a  rural  people.  The  bulk  of  our  population  of  1,683,257 
is  in  communities  with  no  more  than  10,000  people.  The  two  races  are  divided 
as  follows:  Whites  818,538,  negroes  864,719.  Hence,  our  problems  are  not 
only  rural  but  very  complex.  While  the  vast  majority  of  the  negroes  are 
reliable  and  peaceable,  yet,  during  the  days  of  the  cross-roads  barroom,  the 
highways  were  dangerous  to  all  travelers.  In  the  old  days  the  saloon  in  both 
town  and  country  proved  a  serious  menace  to  the  welfare  of  both  white  and 
negro.  The  two  races  would  have  a  few  men  who,  when  under  the  influence 
of  strong  drink,  became  trouble  makers.  The  saloon  appealed  so  strongly  to 
the  baser  passions  of  men,  decreased  the  value  of  property,  both  where  it  was 
sold  and  contiguous  thereto,  and  created  social  problems  that  were  unneces- 
sary, that  South  Carolina  did  away  with  the  saloon  and  adopted  a  State  Dis- 
pensary System. 

It  is  not  my  purpose  to  discuss  the  Dispensary  System,  but  to  show  that 
it  was  a  failure  in  attempting  to  control  the  beer  and  whisky  business,  just  as 
the  saloon  was  a  deplorable  failure.  Under  the  State  Dispensary  System, 
Commissioners  were  appointed,  who  bought  all  alcoholic  beverages  for  the 
retail  dispensaries  throughout  the  state.  These  retail  establishments  could 
buy  only  from  the  state.  The  men  having  charge  of  these  dispensaries  were 
far  superior  in  every  way  to  the  saloonkeeper.  Many  of  them  were  splendid 
business  men.  The  people  who  wanted  their  beer,  wine  or  spirituous  bev- 
erages bought  from  the  retail  places,  there  being  one  or  more  in  every  town 
of  any  size.  There  were  several  in  each  county.  No  one  could  drink  on  the 
premises  where  the  liquors  were  sold.  The  Dispensary  System  was  spoken 
of  as  the  ''Great  Moral  Reform  Institution." 

There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  the  men  who  inaugurated  the  Dispensary 
believed  it  was  a  wise  move  in  the  right  direction;  that  it  would  control  the 
ruinous  business  and  save  many  a  human  being  from  the  drunkard's  grave 
through  restricting  the  amount  of  alcoholic  beverages  purchased  by  each  indi- 
vidual, and  also  refusing  alcoholic  beverages  to  the  inebriate.  There  were 
many  who  believed  that  the  profits  derived  from  this  state  institution  would 
reduce  taxes  and  enable  the  towns  and  cities  to  pave  streets  and  have  better 
schools.  The  facts  are,  that  people  resented  the  use  of  the  money  that  came 
from  this  institution  for  material  improvements  and  educational  work.  They 
saw  human  life  for  sale.  They  wearied  of  the  corruption  of  prominent  citi- 
zens of  our  state  and,  after  a  successful  trial  of  the  state  engaging  in  the 
whisky  business,  began  voting  on  the  question  as  to  whether  they  would  have 
dispensaries  in  their  respective  counties.  The  law  gave  them  this  right.  Very 
soon  county  after  county  voted:  No,  we  will  not  have  the  Dispensary  System. 
Finally,  the  question  of  State  Prohibition  was  voted  on,  and  in  1915,  South 
Carolina  cast  58,544  votes  on  this  question,  giving  a  majority  of  24,926  for 
Prohibition.  One  can  readily  see  that  the  Dispensary  System  had  but  few 
friends. 

The  question  naturally  arises:  How  did  this  affect  property  values?  Here 
a  brief  statement  must  be  made  as  to  our  farming  conditions.  Unfortunately 
our  people  have  followed  the  one-crop  idea.  "Cotton  is  King,"  has  been  our 

432 


cry,  and  now,  following  the  dethronement  of  all  kings,  the  boll  weevil  has  cut 
the  production  of  cotton  from  1,700,000  bales  in  1920  to  about  600,000  bales 
in  1922  in  our  state.  This  means  a  reduction  of  property  values  everywhere. 
Yet,  our  state  has  made  more  improvements  materially,  educationally,  morally, 
and  in  religious  life  during  the  last  ten  years  than  in  the  preceding  twenty 
years.  Most  of  our  small  towns  have  fine  water,  sewerage  and  electric  light- 
ing systems  for  which  they  have  had  no  difficulty  to  sell  bonds.  One  can  enter 
many  towns  of  from  2,000  to  8,000  population  and  find  miles  of  concrete  walks 
and  the  latest  street  paving.  The  "White  Way"  has  driven  darkness  away  and 
the  electric  display  signs  are  as  attractive  as  you  will  find  anywhere  in  busi- 
ness sections  of  towns  and  cities  of  similar  size.  All  of  this  is  at  a  reasonable 
cost  to  the  consumer  and  has  been  accomplished  since  state  Prohibition  went 
into  effect. 

Owing  to  the  criticisms  that  National  Prohibition  has  decreased  property 
values  and  caused  many  stores  to  be  vacant,  I  made  an  investigation  of  these 
conditions  in  Columbia,  our  capital  city.  This  place  was  selected  because  it 
was  here  that  the  State  Dispensary  had  its  warehouse  and  bottling  plants.  I 
find  that  notwithstanding  the  hard  times,  we  have  no  vacant  stores.  The  old 
building  used  as  a  warehouse  for  the  Dispensary  System  shows  the  least  in- 
crease in  value,  yet,  we  must  add  33  per  cent  to  its  value.  Stores  that  were 
used  for  retail  dispensaries  are  now  occupied  by  legitimate  business  establish- 
ments which  are  paying  from  100  per  cent  to  300  per  cent  more  rent  than  was 
paid  by  the  retail  dispensaries.  There  was  one  block  in  our  city,  on  which 
was  a  retail  whisky  establishment,  that  was  shunned  by  many  excellent  people, 
especially  the  ladies,  because  of  intoxicated  men.  This  street  is  now  becoming 
one  of  our  leading  business  thoroughfares.  The  old  sand-clay  road  has  been 
replaced  with  asphalt  during  the  last  three  years.  These  changes  can  be  dupli- 
cated all  over  our  state.  Our  educational  system,  including  the  graded  schools, 
colleges  or  universities,  is  better  equipped,  while  all  of  the  teachers  are  better 
paid  than  ever.  Our  state  schools,  including  the  splendid  Clemson  College, 
the  beautiful  and  eminently  successful  Winthrop  College,  where  thousands  are 
being  trained  for  teaching  and  many  other  useful  walks  of  life,  are  pre-eminent 
for  their  attractive  grounds,  equipment  and  splendid  corps  of  specialists  than 
whom  there  are  none  better.  Citadel  Academy  is  the  justly  boasted  pride  of 
all  that  is  best  in  science  and  military  life  in  our  state.  The  University  of 
South  Carolina  is  constantly  adding  new  departments  and  is  well  known  be- 
cause of  her  glorious  history  and  splendid,  useful  men  in  all  professions, 
especially  that  of  law.  All  of  these  institutions  of  learning  are  in  better  shape 
today  than  at  any  time  during  the  dispensary  days. 

Our  denominational  schools  are  probably  a  better  test  of  the  growth  of 
Prohibition  sentiment.  If  the  parent  has  no  money,  or  wastes  what  he  has, 
the  young  people  can  not  attend  the  higher  institutions  of  learning.  The 
lofty  ideals  that  have  come  to  us  since  we  broke  the  bonds  of  local  and  state 
alcohol  business,  are  revealed  in  the  fact  that  these  schools  have  anywhere 
from  50  per  cent  to  100  per  cent  more  pupils  than  they  had  ten  years  ago. 
Their  equipment  is  far  superior.  Their  endowments  have  increased  wonder- 
fully, while  the  colleges  have  increased  their  faculties  50  to  100  per  cent. 

433 


These  colleges  are  paying  better  salaries  than  ever.  A  few  years  ago  $1,500 
or  $2,500  was  a  big  salary  for  a  college  instructor.  Now  I  know  of  none  pay- 
ing less  than  $2,000  per  year,  and  the  majority  are  paying  salaries  from  $3,000 
to  $6,000  per  year.  Of  course,  college  presidents  are  included  in  the  last 
figures  especially.  There  are  at  least  two  physical  directors  connected  with 
state  and  denominational  colleges  who  get  a  larger  salary  than  many  presi- 
dents of  such  institutions. 

One  must  not  think  we  have  no  problems  or  that  the  laws  are  absolutely 
enforced.  There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  sentiment  for  law  enforcement  is 
growing.  It  is  common  to  hear  prominent  men  say:  "I  must  abide  by  the 
law.  I  can  not  afford  to  be  a  law  breaker,  so  will  not  buy  alcoholic  bever- 
ages." They  are  among  our  leaders  in  demanding  rigid  enforcement.  Their 
love  of  country  prompts  them  to  do  so.  Convictions  are  growing  that  nothing 
but  Prohibition  will  satisfy.  One  leader  of  political  life  in  our  state  recently 
said  that  if  our  state  were  to  vote  on  Prohibition  again,  not  less  than  65  per 
cent  of  our  people  would  favor  it.  While  another  leader  who  is  a  cool,  calcu- 
lating business  man,  gives  it  as  his  judgment  that  85  per  cent  of  our  people 
would  vote  for  it. 

The  recent  state  primary  was  fought  out  along  the  lines  of  law  enforce- 
ment, and  gave  a  majority  of  15,000.  The  question  of  Prohibition  is  regarded 
by  us  as  settled.  Economically  it  pays.  Morally  it  is  the  salvation  of  many. 
Everything  good  can  be  said  about  it.  This  is  nowhere  more  evident  than  in 
our  amusements.  The  South  Carolina  State  Fair  draws  thousands  from  all 
parts  of  our  state.  The  big  day  is  when  the  South  Carolina  University  foot- 
ball team  meets  the  Clemson  College  team,  in  their  annual  contest.  This  year 
the  fair,  together  with  the  "Game  Cocks"  and  the  "Tigers,"  drew  about  30,000 
people,  and  yet  no  drunks  were  to  be  seen.  This  was  true  of  the  streets  of 
the  capital  city  during  fair  week.  Our  police  department  informs  us  that  it 
was  the  quietest  fair  week  in  the  history  of  the  police  department. 

The  awakening  is  coming.  The  past  year  has  witnessed  rapid  changes 
for  the  better  in  our  state.  The  present  state  executive,  Governor  Wilson  G. 
Harvey,  is  acting  on  the  principle  that  the  Prohibition  laws  can  be  enforced. 
Several  magistrates  and  constables  who  have  been  derelict  in  their  duty  have 
been  removed.  This  new  impulse  in  our  state  has  so  caught  our  people  that 
juries  are  convicting  more  violators  where  the  evidence  warrants  it,  than  ever 
before.  Our  Circuit  Court  judges  have  given  prison  or  chain-gang  sentences 
with  no  alternative  of  a  fine.  The  future  outlook  of  South  Carolina  for  law 
enforcement  is  bright. 


PROHIBITION  IN  SOUTH  DAKOTA 

By  REV.  H.  E.  DAWES 

Superintendent  South  Dakota  Anti-Saloon  League 
Prohibition  has  emptied  our  jails  and  filled  our  savings  banks. 
It  has  given  us  better  attendance  in  our  schools  and  the  pupils  are  better 
clothed,  fed  and  nourished. 

There  are  better  domestic   conditions   in   the  homes;   better  furnishings, 
more  comforts  and  luxuries. 

434 


There  are  less  violations  of  law;  less  moonshining  and  less  bootlegging* 

Greater  respect  for  all  law  and  greater  respect  for  the  officers  who  entorce 
the  law. 

Judges  are  giving  both  a  fine  and  a  jail  sentence  and  refusing  to  suspend 
the  jail  sentence. 

The  liquor  people  have  been  driven  out  of  control  in  our  political  affairs. 

Spencer,  a  city  of  seven  hundred  people,  boasts  that  there  has  not  been 
a  drunken  person  there  since  National  Prohibition  went  into  effect.  Many 
other  of  our  smaller  cities  and  towns  have  similar  records. 

It  is  an  event  in  the  life  of  a  man  when  he  gets  a  drink  of  red  liquor  and 
he  is  liable  to  get  his  name  in  black-faced  type  on  the  front  page  of  the 
newspaper. 

The  city  library  of  Mitchell  shows  that  comparing  its  work  during  the 
year  closing  June  30,  1915,  the  last  full  year  under  the  license  system,  with  the 
year  closing  J  une  30,  1922,  there  was  an  increase  of  the  number  of  books  of 
/9  per  cent;  the  use  of  these  books  increased  IOC  per  cent;  the  use  of  refer- 
ence books  increased  10.4  per  cent. 

The  growth  of  favorable  Prohibition  sentiment  is  well  shown  by  the  story 
of  the  man  who  said  "I  never  was  in  favor  of  Prohibition.  Before  the  law 
went  into  effect  I  bought  a  supply  of  liquor  for  my  own  use.  I  have  some 
now  on  my  sideboard.  Sometimes  I  take  a  little  drink  of  it,  but  when  1  do 
I  feel  like  a  thief."  This  man  is  beginning  to  feel  ashamed  to  do  the  thing 
that  has  been  made  unlawul  by  act  of  the  people,  even  though  he  had  a  legal 
right  to  buy  when  he  did  and  to  use  it  as  he  does. 

In  Minnehaha  county,  the  largest  in  the  state,  there  was  a  candidate  for 
the  legislature  on  a  wine  and  beer  platform  in  the  election  of  November  7, 
1922.  He  announced  in  his  platform  and  advertisements  that  he  wanted  only 
those  who  were  in  favor  of  this  platform  to  vote  for  him.  There  were 
twenty-three  candidates  for  the  seven  places  to  be  filled.  The  wine  and  beer 
man  was  third  low.  He  received  only  1,613  votes.  The  seven  winning  can- 
didates received  more  than  five  thousand  each. 

South  Dakota  adopted  its  Prohibition  amendment  to  the  Constitution  in 
the  election  of  1916  by  a  majority  of  less  than  twelve  thousand.  This  law 
was  to  be  effective  the  first  of  July,  1917.  The  legislature  of  1917  passed  a 
stringent  enforcement  measure  and  also  provided  for  the  office  of  state  sheriff. 
It  is  the  duty  of  this  officer  to  enforce  all  the  laws  of  the  state.  In  the  legis- 
lature of  1921  the  wets  initiated  a  law  for  the  repeal  of  the  state  sheriff  law. 
This  repeal  measure  came  on  for  a  vote  of  the  people  at  the  general  election 
of  1922.  The  majority  against  the  repeal  was  double  the  majority  that  Pro- 
hibition obtained  in  1916.  Since  this  was  a  subtle  attack  by  the  wets  on  the 
Prohibition  law  the  vote  shows  the  growth  of  public  sentiment  for  Pro- 
hibition and  law  enforcement. 

There  is  developing  in  South  Dakota  a  strong  feeling  of  community 
service.  Since  we  have  quit  supporting  the  liquor  traffic  we  are  trying  to 
work  out  constructive  programs  for  community  development,  life  and  growth. 
We  believe  that  the  community  itself  is  responsible  for  the  happiness,  welfare 
and  prosperity  of  its  members;  that  organized  society  has  no  moral  or  legal 

435 


right  to  allow  anything  to  come  into  that  organiatlon  that  would  destroy  or 
hurt  the  most  defenceless  member  of  society.  Therefore  one  of  the  principal 
functions  of  society  is  to  prevent  the  introduction  into  a  community  of  those 
things  that  tend  to  injure,  destroy  or  disgrace  the  individual  or  the  community 
as  a  whole.  And,  also,  to  properly  punish  those  who  undertake  to  do,  or 
accomplish,  such  an  evil  thing. 

Thus  we  guarantee  to  the  children  the  right  to  be  well  born,  to  grow  and 
develop  in  clean  surroundings,  and  to  live  and  work  in  a  healthy,  physical, 
mental  and  moral  atmosphere. 


UTAH 
By  GEORGE  A.  STARTUP 

Since  prohibition  was  given  us  by  the  legislature  of  1917,  some  remarkable 
advances  have  been  made,  notably  the  killing  of  the  close  alliance  between  the 
organized  liquor  traffic  and  a  corrupt  political  machine.  Many  who  were  in 
the  clutches  of  that  alliance  appear  to  have  been  freed  and  are  now  boldly 
working  for  law  enforcement. 

In  all  residence  towns  and  cities  in  Utah,  where  the  better  citizens  live 
and  give  expression  to  their  sentiments  in  elections,  prohibition  is  enforced 
to  practically  95  per  cent.  It  is  very  difficult  to  obtain  liquor  in  any  places 
outside  of  mining  camps  and  railroad  towns  and  Salt  Lake  City.  Even  in 
these  places  the  liquor  is  of  the  rank  kind,  and  what  traffic  there  is  is  mostly 
in  the  hands  of  foreigners.  If  our  state  government  would  really  use  a  tithe 
of  the  power  conferred  on  them  they  could  clean  out  every  blind  pig  in  the 
state.  There  really  are  no  blind  pigs  as  commonly  called,  in  any  of  the  resi- 
dence towns.  » Bootlegging  is  limited  for  most  part  to  moonshine  or  cider. 

The  economic  effect  of  prohibition  is  very  marked.  Men  who  formerly 
neglected  their  families  have  become  good  citizens  by  the  hundreds;  homes 
are  better  furnished  and  cared  for;  drunkenness  has  absolutely  disappeared 
from  all  the  streets,  and  the  open  saloons,  with  their  ill-smelling  environment 
and  disgusting  patrons  have  disappeared  completely,  and  are  replaced  with 
legitimate  business,  supplying  the  people  with  wholesome  merchandise.  Mur- 
ders have  practically  disappeared,  and  crimes  of  all  kinds  have  markedly 
decreased. 

PROHIBITION   IN   VIRGINIA,    1916-1920 

By  REV.  DAVID  HEPBURN 
The  Progress  of  Prohibition 

From  the  landing  of  the  first  English  settlers  on  Jamestown  Island  to 
the  present  the  temperance  question  has  been  and  is  a  live  issue  in  the  polit- 
ical and  religious  life  of  our  people.  The  first  General  Assembly  on  Ameri- 
can soil  met  in  the  church  at  Jamestown  in  1619,  and  assumed  control  of  the 
liquor  traffic,  and  enacted  laws  to  punish  drunkenness  and  prohibit  the  sale  of 
liquor  to  the  Indians  under  severe  penalties.  This  law  was  amended  and  its 
provisions  extended  by  succeeding  legislatures,  and  was  reasonably  enforced, 
as  the  old  records  give  the  names  of  many  who  were  punished  for  even  saying 
they  were  drunk. 

436 


The  first  Temperance  society  in  Virginia  and  the  second  in  the  United 
States,  was  organized  in  the  year  1826  in  the  Baptist  Church  at  Keysville  by  its 
pastor,  Rev.  A.  W.  Clopton.  These  societies  and  kindred  organizations  pros- 
pered and  spread  all  over  the  state.  In  the  year  1850  a  paper  was  published 
in  Richmond  in  the  interest  of  temperance  called  the  "Banner  of  Temperance." 

In  1854  the  leaders  of  the  temperance  societies  in  the  state  formed  a  State 
Convention,  and  through  its  effort  a  petition  signed  by  14,000  voters  was  pre- 
sented to  the  Legislature,  requesting  the  General  Assembly  to  enact  a  State- 
wide law  to  prohibit  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  ardent  spirits,  for  beverage 
purposes.  This  effort  on  the  part  of  the  temperance  people  failed.  But  in 
the  year  1886  they  secured  the  passage  of  a  Local  Option  law,  giving  to  the 
local  communities  the  right  to  legalize,  control,  or  abolish  the  liquor  traffic. 
Time  demonstrated  that  the  operation  of  the  local  option  principle  confined 
the  legal  activities  of  the  temperance  force  to  the  local  community,  while  the 
liquor  traffic  through  its  mail  order  houses  had  state-wide  privileges,  and 
without  regard  to  the  wish  of  the  maiority,  or  the  laws  enacted  to  protect  the 
towns  and  magisterial  districts  under  local  option,  flooded  these  communities 
with  liquor. 

In  1900  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Virginia  was  organized.  This  great 
organization  combined  the  moral  and  religious  forces  of  the  state  and  crystal- 
lized public  sentiment  into  organic  law.  Under  its  leadership  the  Mann  law 
was  passed  in  1904,  eliminating  the  saloons  from  those  sections  of  Virginia 
without  proper  police  protection.  The  Byrd-Mann  laws  were  enacted  in  1908 
which  eliminated  hundreds  of  distilleries  from  the  state.  All  along  the  years 
the  liquor  traffic  showed  its  contempt  for  law  and  all  restrictions,  and  organ- 
ized its  forces  to  control  politics,  dominate  business,  and  perpetuate  its  selfish 
interests.  The  saloons,  owned  in  a  large  part  by  the  brewers,  became  the 
headquarters  for  the  gamblers,  drunkards,  prostitutes  and  the  lawless  element 
in  general. 

After  14  years  of  concerted  effort  on  the  part  of  the  allied  temperance 
forces  as  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  churches,  the  General  Assembly  passed  the 
Enabling  Act,  submitting  to  the  State  of  Virginia  as  a  unit  the  local  option 
principle.  The  vote  was  taken  "For"  or  "Against"  the  licensed  system  on 
September  22,  1914,  and  by  a  majority  of  30,375  the  great  State  of  Virginia 
adopted  prohibition  as  its  policy  on  the  liquor  question.  The  legislature,  in 
response  to  the  overwhelming  majority  of  its  constituents,  passed  a  Law  En- 
forcement Code,  which  became  operative  Nov.  1,  1916. 
Difficulties  of  Law  Enforcement 

The  element  in  Virginia  that  secured  the  adoption  of  the  Prohibition  Law 
was  the  religious  and  moral  forces — the  pastors  and  leading  members  of  our 
churches,  and  the  patriotic  and  law-abiding  citizens  largely  in  the  rural  dis- 
tricts, that  neither  held  nor  sought  political  office.  The  element  opposed  to 
the  prohibition  of  the  beverage  liquor  traffic  was  the  leading  papers  and  influ- 
ential politicians,  and  a  large  per  cent  of  the  office  holders,  especially  law  en- 
forcement officials  throughout  the  Commonwealth.  These  conditions  made  it 
exceedingly  difficult  to  enforce  a  law  opposed  by  an  influential  and  active 
minority.  It  was  necessary,  therefore,  to  organize  a  separate  department 

437 


charged  with  the  specific  duty  of  enforcing  the  Prohibition  law.  This  de- 
partment became  the  terror  oi  the  moonshiners,  bootieggers  and  the  lawless 
element  in  general,  and  incurred  the  ill-will  and  hostility  of  the  governor  ot 
the  state  and  many  of  the  members  of  the  legislature,  who  were  elected  while 
the  temperance  people  were  "asleep  at  the  switch."  So  the  department  was 
abolished  by  legislative  enactment  in  1920.  This  action  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly aroused  the  righteous  indignation  of  the  moral  and  religious  forces,  and 
as  a  result  a  friendly  state  administration  was  elected,  and  a  General  Assem- 
bly favorable  to  the  enforcement  of  the  Prohibition  law,  so  that  the  Legisla- 
ture of  1922  re-enacted  the  Prohibition  law,  strengthened  it  wherein  it  was 
weak,  and  charged  the  Attorney  General  with  the  responsibility  of  law  en- 
forcement and  for  the  purpose  made  appropriation  of  $70,000  for  this  depart- 
ment. Prohibition  is  now  more  firmly  entrenched  in  organic  law  than  ever 
before,  and  the  people  are  determined  that  the  law  shall  be  enforced,  and  that 
no  backward  step  shall  be  taken  in  the  onward  march  of  advanced  temper- 
ance legislation  and  law  enforcement. 

Prohibition  and  Drunkenness 

Prohibition  in  Virginia  has  eliminated  drunkenness  from  public  places. 
The  law  makes  it  a  misdemeanor  for  a  person  to  drink  liquor,  to  receive  liquor, 
or  give  liquor  to  another  in  a  public  place,  or  public  conveyance,  or  to  appear 
in  public  under  the  influence  of  liquor  so  as  to  affect  his  manner,  disposition, 
speech,  muscular  movement,  general  appearance,  or  behavior.  Under  the  old 
licensed  system  this  was  not  so.  Thousands  upon  thousands  of  men  appeared 
in  public  under  the  influence  of  liquor,  and  were  not  molested  by  the  officials 
unless  they  became  boisterous  or  disorderly,  and  even  then  many  were  placed 
in  the  lock-up  until  they  were  sober,  and  were  released  without  any  charge 
being  preferred  against  them.  Under  these  conditions  it  is  impossible  for  any 
human  being  to  make  a  comparison  between  the  arrests  for  drunkenness  under 
the  old  regime  and  under  the  Prohibition  law. 

Prohibition  Reduces  Crime 

Commitments  to  the  Virginia  jails  in  the  year  1916,  the  last  year  of  the 
license  regime  were  29,426.  The  commitments  to  the  Virginia  jails  in  1920 
were  20,358,  a  decrease  of  8,764.  There  are  12  counties  in  the  state  without  a 
prisoner. 

The  commitments  to  the  State  penitentiary  in  1916  were  1,615.     The  com- 
mitments to  the  State  penitentiary  in  1920  were  1,070,  a  decrease  of  546. 
Prohibition  Reduces  Poverty 

The  number  of  dependents  cared  for  by  the  almshouses  and  outdoor  relief 
in  1916  was  10,836.     The  number  cared  for  in  1920  was  6,823,  a  decrease  of 
4,013.     Eleven  of  the  100  counties  have  no  inmate  in  the  almshouses. 
Prohibition  Increases  Revenue 

The  revenue  from  all  sources  in  1916  was  $7,945,202.13.  The  revenue  from 
all  sources  in  1920  was  $18,442,324.42,  an  increase  in  revenue  from  all  sources 
for  the  first  four  years  of  prohibition  of  $10,497,122.39. 

438 


Prohibition  Helps  Education 

Virginia  spent  for  public  education  in  1916,  $2,118,440.87;  in  1920,  $3,283,- 
424.38,  an  increase  for  educational  purposes  of  $1,164,938.51. 
Prohibition  Helps  Good  Roads 

Virginia  spent  for  good  roads  in  1916  $657,843.64,  and  in  1920,  $3,937,653.20, 
an  increase  of  $3,315,701.54. 

Prohibition  Helps  Banks 

The  increase  in  the  value  of  bank  stocks  in  Virginia  for  the  first  four 
years  of  prohibition  was  $12,098,430.63. 

This  magnificent  moral  and  material  development  in  Virginia  is  not  all 
due  to  the  elimination  of  the  breweries,  distilleries  and  bar-rooms  as  public 
institutions  in  the  Commonwealth.  But  prohibition  has  been  a  large  contrib- 
uting factor  as,  admitted  by  bankers,  brokers,  professional  and  other  prom- 
inent citizens  of  Virginia. 

We  can  not  imagine  any  condition  under  which  Virginia  would  be  willing 
to  return  to  the  old  licensed  system.  The  enemies  of  prohibition  now  admit 
that  the  millions  of  dollars  spent  for  beer  and  wine,  and  other  intoxicating 
drinks  find  their  way  into  legitimate  channels  which  add  to  the  wealth,  pros- 
perity, happiness  and  contentment  of  our  people. 

If  Prohibition  in  Virginia  with  an  imperfect  law  in  the  hands  of  many 
unfriendly  officials  has  proven  a  marvelous  success,  and  has  demonstrated  its 
worth  as  a  governmental  policy  in  controlling  and  suppressing  the  evils  of  the 
beverage  liquor  traffic,  what  may  we  expect  with  a  more  perfect  law  in  the 
hands  of  its  friends?  All  we  ask  is  a  square  deal  from  the  three  departments 
of  government  that  have  to  deal  with  the  liquor  problem,  namely  the  Execu- 
tive, the  Judicial  and  the  Administrative,  and  Prohibition  will  prove  to  be 
the  greatest  blessing  that  has  come  to  mankind  since  the  birth  of  Christ. 


WASHINGTON 

By  GEORGE  D.  CONGER 
Superintendent  Washington  Anti-Saloon  League 

The  state  of  Washington  adopted  Prohibition  at  the  election  of  Novem- 
ber, 1914,  by  18,632  majority.  The  principal  cities,  Seattle,  Spokane,  and  Ta- 
coma,  all  returned  wet  majorities.  Every  daily  newspaper  in  the  state  but 
one  opposed  Prohibition,  and  nearly  all  business  men  were  either  openly 
opposed,  or  silent  on  the  question;  thousands  of  personal  letters  were  sent  out 
by  men  prominent  in  the  larger  business  interests,  predicting  an  economic 
revolution,  and  a  number  of  extensive  building  propositions  were  held  up 
pending  the  result,  which  fact  was  used  by  the  liquor  interests  with  deadly 
effect. 

Prohibition  became  effective  January  1,  1916.  Acting  under  the  initiative 
law,  the  liquor  interests  resubmitted  the  question  to  the  voters  in  November 
of  that  year.  In  the  ten  months  that  Prohibition  had  been  in  force,  the  in- 
dustrial, economic  and  moral  value  was  so  demonstrated  that  it  attracted 
wide  attention. 

439 


Every  department  of  government  and  every  line  of  commerce  was  greatly 
benefited;  bank  deposits  increased  in  that  period  over  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  million  dollars;  the  number  of  inmates  in  the  county  jails  was 
reduced  76  per  cent  and  in  the  penal  institutions  over  50  per  cent.  The  saving 
in  some  of  the  county  offices  was  remarkable.  The  state  board  in  control  of 
penal  institutions  asked  the  Legislature  for  a  decreased  appropriation  for 
maintenance  which  so  surprised  the  committee  that  they  refused  to  act  on 
the  request  until  a  thorough  investigation  was  made. 

When  Prohibition  went  into  effect  there  were  forty-seven  inmates  in  the 
Seattle  stockade,  convicted,  under  the  "Lazy  Husband  Law,"  of  non-support. 
Six  months  later  the  stockade  was  empty;  those  inmates  had  served  their 
sentence,  and  there  had  been  no  more  convictions. 

Business  in  all  lines,  but  especially  in  staples,  showed  great  improvement, 
both  in  volume  and  collections.  The  benefits  of  Prohibition  were  so  apparent 
that  in  the  campaign  of  1916  practically  all  business  men  were  favorable  and 
unhesitatingly  gave  public  endorsement. 

Every  newspaper  in  the  state  advocated  Prohibition,  and  Washington 
went  dry  by  215,036  majority;  the  city  of  Seattle,  which  had  given  a  wet  ma- 
jority of  14,600  in  1914,  gave  a  dry  majority  in  1916  of  38,373.  Prohibition 
carried  in  every  one  of  the  2,300  voting  precincts  in  the  state. 

The  industrial  benefit  has  been  particularly  noticeable.  The  Seattle  ship- 
yards were  organized  in  1917,  and  in  the  first  five  months  of  1918  built  26T/^ 
per  cent  of  the  ships  constructed  in  American  yards,  maintaining  the  remark- 
able record  of  fifty-five  days'  work  on  a  ship  from  the  laying  of  the  keel  to 
delivery  complete  to  the  government.  The  Seattle  yards  wTith  23,000  builders, 
though  3,000  miles  from  the  material,  beat  the  shipyards  in  wet  territory  on 
the  Atlantic  with  a  greater  number  of  operatives  and  at  the  doors  of  the  steel 
mills,  and  many  of  the  large  contracts  secured  at  that  time  were  based  on 
efficiency  because  of  Prohibition.  The  Seattle  yards  were  3,000  miles  from 
the  mills,  but  they  were  also  700  miles  from  the  saloons.  One  yard  employ- 
ing 14,000  men  used  daily  10,000  pints  of  milk  and  4,000  ice  cream  cones  in 
place  of  the  old-time  bucket  of  beer,  and  every  yard  carries  a  100  per  cent 
flag  on  every  war  loan. 

During  the  five-day  general  strike  of  February,  1919,  when  imported  Bol- 
sheviki  undertook  to  stampede  labor  and  start  a  revolution,  not  a  shot  was 
fired;  there  were  no  riots;  no  damage  to  property;  and  ordinary  arrests  were 
not  increased  during  that  period.  A  prominent  Seattle  banker  made  the  state- 
ment that  Prohibition  had  saved  Seattle  in  that  five  days  ten  times  the  annual 
revenue  from  the  liquor  traffic. 

The  Legislature  of  1917  enacted  a  Prohibition  law  more  drastic  than  the 
original.  The  liquor  interests,  acting  under  the  referendum,  referred  that 
new  law  to  the  people;  it  was  passed  upon  in  the  election  of  November,  1918, 
and  Prohibition  again  carried  by  an  overwhelming  majority,  demonstrating 
that  the  people  realized  and  appreciated  the  benefits  Prohibition  had  brought 
to  the  state. 

The  Legislature  of  1919  was  elected  on  the  issue  of  nation-wide  Prohibi- 
tion by  constitutional  amendment,  and  fulfilled  that  obligation  by  ratifying 

440 


the  Prohibition  Amendment  to  the   Constitution  of  the  United  States  in  the 
first  hour  of  its  session,  by  a  unanimous  vote  in  both  branches. 

Great  changes  are  evident  in  the  cities  and  towns,  changes  particularly 
apparent  to  persons  familiar  with  the  old  conditions,  who  have  been  absent 
and  again  visit  the  places.  Someone  has  expressed  that  idea  in  print,  para- 
phrasing an  old  song.  It  reads: 

"How  dear  to  my  heart  are  the  scenes  of  my  childhood, 

When  home  for  vacation,  I  come  once  again. 
But  the  orchard,  the  meadow,  and  deep-tangled  wildwood, 

Aren't  half  as  wild  as  they  used  to  be  then. 
For  now,  they  have  builded  a  bank  on  the  site  there, 

Where  once  we  were  lured  by  John  Barleycorn's  spell, 
And  so  we  have  turned,  for  we  can  not  get  tight  there, 

To  the  old  oaken  bucket  that  hangs  in  the  well." 


PROHIBITION'S  SUCCESS  IN  WISCONSIN 

By  R.  P.  BUTTON 
Superintendent  Anti-Saloon  League  of  Wisconsin 

ECONOMIC    ASPECTS 

Prohibition  has  been  the  greatest  factor  in  keeping  the  American  dollar 
at  par  because  it  stopped  the  waste  of  men  and  millions.  Prohibition  would 
save  European  currency,  enable  them  to  balance  their  budget  and  pay  their 
foreign  debt. 

THE  PROOF  OF  THE  PUDDING 

1.  Prohibition  took  effect  January  16,  1920.     It  was  a  year  of  peak  prices. 
The  last  seven  months  factories  were  closing  because  people  refused  to  buy. 
Corporation  surpluses  were  wiped  out,  regular  bank  deposits  alarmingly  de- 
pleted, yet  enormous  bond  offerings  were  sold.     To  whom?     The  bonds  were 
bought  by  the  multiplied  thousands  of  new  savings  depositors  with  their  mul- 
tiplied millions  of  increased  savings   deposits — 26  per  cent  increase  that  first 
year;   10  per  cent  again  this  year. 

2.  Prohibition  savings  saved  manufacturing  from  bankruptcy. 

3.  By   preventing   bankruptcy   of   the    companies,    they   prevented   unem- 
ployment. 

4.  Prohibition  savings  gave  the  workmen  a  share  in  industry,  thus  pro- 
moting better  mutual   understanding  of  each   other's  viewpoint  between   em- 
ployers and  employes. 

5.  Prohibition  has  increased  milk  consumption  nearly  50  per  cent,  thus 
saving  our  largest  industry,  dairying. 

6.  Prohibition    and    its    savings    stimulated    home-building,    thus    helping 
our  next  largest  industries,  lumber  and  iron. 

Prohibition  has  been  the  largest  economic  factor  in  Wisconsin  in  the  last 
three  years. 

441 


SOCIAL  ASPECTS 

INSANITY  DECREASES 

Figures  in  the  office  of  the  State  Board  of  Control  at  the  State  Capitol, 
Madison,  Wisconsin,  show: 

Inmates  in  Wisconsin  State  and  County  Institutions  for  Care  of  Insane 

June  30,  1918  (full  license)    348  per  100,000  population 

June  30,  1919  (war  restrictions)    339  per  100,000  population 

June  30,  1920  (Prohibition)    333  per  100,000  population 

FEWER  ALCOHOLIC    PATIENTS 

The  Neal  Institute  at  Green  Bay  and  the  Keeley  Cure  at  Waukesha  for 
the  cure  of  chronic  alcoholic  cases  were  both  forced  to  close  their  doors 
through  lack  of  patients  since  Prohibition: 

FELONIES  DECREASE 

The  number  of  inmates  in  the  penitentiary  (State's  Prison)  decreased  from 
915  in  the  last  full  license  year  (1917)  to  792  in  the  year  ended  August  31,  1922. 

The  report  of  the  State  Board  on  Charitable  and  Penal  Institutions  shows 
a  decrease  of  844  in  the  number  of  inmates  in  all  such  state  institutions  on 
August  31,  this  year,  as  compared  with  the  December  15  report  last  year: 

Year  Inmates        On  Parole          Total 

December  15,  1921  5,177  3,393  8,570 

August  31,  1922   4,945  2,781  7,726 


Net  decrease    .  232 


612- 


844 


"The  Beer  that  Made  Milwaukee  Famous"  is  a  slogan  known  'round  the 
world.  The  directors  of  the  great  breweries  were  among  the  controlling  di- 
rectors of  nearly  every  great  manufactory  and  financial  institution  in  this 
great  manufacturing  city.  Therefore  it  is  here  that  the  supreme  test  and  the 
severest  strain  would  be  felt. 

Prohibition  has  substantially  decreased  juvenile  delinquency,  drunkenness, 
and  the  number  of  cases  of  parents  failing  to  support  their  children. 

The  following  are  some  interesting  figures  on  this  question: 

(From  Milwaukee  County  Juvenile  Court  Records) 


July  1,      June  15,     June  15, 
1916,  to      1917,  to      1918,  to 
June  15,     June  15,     June  15, 
1917           1918           1919 
Delinquent    boys    and    girls 
brought    into    court;    new 
cases     1,029        1,013         1,054 

June  15,    June  15,   Junel5, 
1919,  to    1920,  to    1921,  to 
June  15,    June  15,   Junel5, 
1920          1921            1922 

812          708          730 

Decrease  in  percentage  from 
year  ending  June  15,  1918 
Neglected     and     dependent 
children  brought  into  court; 
new  cases       634           709           597 

.  30%        28% 
429          339          402 

Decrease    in    per    cent    from 
year  ending  June  15,   1918 

52%        43% 

442 


(From  the  records  of  the  District  and  Municipal  Courts  of  Milwaukee) 

Decrease  Decrease 

1915  1920        Percent       1921     Per  Cent 

Abandonment  302  190  37%  239  21% 

Drunkenness,  drunk  and  disorderly  . .  3,072  1,247  59%  2,023  34% 

Assault  and  battery 682  426  37%  516  24% 

Disorderly  conduct 2,445  1,139  53%  1,425  42% 

WISCONSIN'S  MESSAGE  TO  EUROPE 

Wisconsin  urges  that  the  next  World  Convention  should  be  held  in  Wis- 
consin, because  it  will  give  every  nation  the  best  chance  in  the  world  to  hear 
from  their  own  people  the  story  of  Prohibition,  and  to  see  how  their  own  peo- 
ple behave  and  prosper  under  Prohibition.  Come  to  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin, 
in  1924! 

You  are  going  to  meet  the  argument,  "Americans  may  stand  for  Prohi- 
bition, but  Europeans  never."  Eleven  out  of  every  fifteen  of  our  residents 
were  either  born  in  Europe  or  are  of  European  parentage.  One-third  of  our 
people  of  voting  age  were  born  in  Europe;  two-thirds  of  them  were  either 
born  in  Europe  or  both  parents  were;  and  in  such  families  they  keep  up  the 
language,  the  religion,  the  customs  of  the  European  country.  Wisconsin  is  a 
cross-section  of  Europe,  and  she  proves  that  Europeans  will  obey  Prohibi- 
tion and  back  its  enforcement. 

ALL  EUROPE  REPRESENTED 

Every  European  nation  and  race  is  represented  in  Wisconsin.  Some  of 
the  larger  groups  are:  Germany,  more  than  150,000;  Scandinavian  countries, 
more  than  100,000;  Slavic  countries,  more  than  100,000;  Latin  countries,  some 
20,000;  Austria,  20,000;  and  others  in  proportion.  I  am  speaking  now  only  of 
those  who  were  actually  themselves  born  in  Europe. 

Two-thirds  of  Wisconsin's  population  has  the  traditions,  history,  super- 
stitutions,  habits  and  customs  of  Europe  with  regard  to  liquor.  At  home  in 
Europe  each  country  can  deal  largely  with  a  homogeneous  people,  all  of  one 
race,  one  language,  all  of  much  the  same  customs.  Here  Prohibition  has  to 
meet  every  nationality,  all  within  the  same  block,  sometimes.  In  order  to  be 
understood  it  must  speak  every  language.  In  your  country  you  need  publish 
it  in  only  one,  or  at  most  in  two  or  three.  Our  census  proclamation  was 
published  in  22  different  languages.  Federal  Prohibition  Director  Roy  A. 
Haynes  declares  that  Wisconsin  offers  the  hardest  test  and  the  most  difficult 
field  because  of  the  facts  above  cited. 

IS  IT  ENFORCED? 

Yet  Federal  Prohibition  Commissioner  Haynes  says:  "Prohibition  is  as 
well  enforced  in  Wisconsin  as  in  any  state  east  of  the  Mississippi  river." 
Ninety-nine  per  cent  of  the  enforcement  of  all  laws,  from  local  to  national, 
is  in  the  hands  of  local  officers.  Since  these  officers  are  elected  by  direct  vote 
of  the  local  people,  their  activities  reflect  the  sentiment  of  the  local  people 
who  elect  them.  Therefore  the  fact  that  Wisconsin,  with  a  conglomeration  of 
all  the  people  of  Europe  constituting  two-thirds  of  its  population,  enforces 
Prohibition  proves  that  Europeans  will  stand  for,  obey  and  enforce  Prohibi- 
tion; and  the  task  of  any  one  nation  of  Europe,  enforcing  Prohibition  with  one 
nationality,  would  be  infinitely  easier  than  our  task  in  Wisconsin. 

443 


CREATE  PROHIBITION  APPETITE 

The  Prohibition  law  is  of  such  a  nature,  its  evasion  is  so  easy,  that  it 
can  not  be  effectively  enforced  unless  the  people  approve  it.  Convince  your 
people  that  Prohibition  is  a  blessing.  Create  the  appetite  for  it,  until  they 
crave  it  so  strongly  that  they  are  determined  to  have  it  and  to  hold  it. 

The  most  welcome  word  in  any  home  is  the  word  from  the  child  who  has 
gone  abroad  into  the  world.  The  most  welcome  word  on  Prohibition  to  your 
countrymen  at  home  will  be  the  word  from  your  countrymen  in  Wisconsin. 
Bring  the  next  World's  Convention  to  Wisconsin,  and  you  can  take  that  word 
back  to  your  country.  On  the  other  hand,  by  bringing  word  to  Wisconsin 
that  a  united  band  is  making  progress  for  Prohibition  in  Europe  you  will  make 
the  few  of  your  countrymen  who  are  violating  the  law  here  ashamed  of  them- 
selves and  solve  our  greatest  difficulty  for  about  four  out  of  five  of  our  vio- 
lators are  natives  of  Europe  who  have  never  cared  enough  for  us  to  take  any 
steps  to  become  citizens  of  our  country.  They  belong  nowhere.  They  disown 
you  without  accepting  us. 

We  are  grateful  to  the  common  Father  of  All  for  the  blessings  of  Pro- 
hibition. We  wish  to  show  our  gratitude  to  God  by  serving  and  blessing  our 
fellow  men  and  brothers  everywhere.  We  believe  that  the  most  pleasant  way 
in  which  they  can  receive  the  message  would  be  by  the  word  of  their  own 
children.  We  beg  you  to  come  and  be  our  guests  while  you  receive  that 
word  and  take  it  back  to  bless  Europe. 

GREATER  THINGS   TO  COME 

I  am  going  to  whisper  to  you  a  secret:  In  America  the  liquor  revenue 
before  the  World  War  just  about  equaled  our  annual  expenditure  for  the 
army  and  navy.  Prohibition  put  the  army  and  navy  burden  onto  the  direct 
taxes,  so  the  taxpayer  felt  it  when  the  burden  came  on  his  wallet,  though  he 
had  not  felt  it  when  it  came  on  his  gullet.  And  when  he  felt  it  the  taxpayer 
yelled — yelled  for  an  international  conference  on  disarmament  to  relieve  him 
of  this  tax  burden;  and,  just  like  a  mother  who  gets  out  of  bed  to  give  milk 
to  the  baby  that  cries,  our  government  yielded  to  the  cry  and  called  the  con- 
ference. 

As  surely  as  the  sun  rises  in  the  east,  Prohibition  will  starve  war  to 
death.  World-wide  Prohibition  will  beat  swords  into  plow-shares  and  spears 
into  pruning  hooks. 

If  we  continue  to  waste  with  alcohol  and  destroy  with  war  we  shall  eventu- 
ally destroy  the  race.  The  mounting  millions  of  population  demand  the  stop- 
page of  waste  and  the  increase  of  production.  Prohibition,  by  increasing 
efficiency  and  eliminating  the  two  great  wastes,  alcohol  and  war,  will  save 
the  race. 

So  here's  our  hand,  and  we  ask  your  hand,  in  the  fight  for  sobriety  and 
peace.  "In  due  season  we  shall  reap  if  we  faint  not."  Press  the  world-wide 
program,  and  we  shall  live  to  see  "man  to  man  as  brothers  be  the  world  o'er." 
Hark!  Above  the  striving  nations  even  now,  as  they  watch  this  gathering, 
the  herald  angels  sing,  "Glory  to  God  in  the  highest,  and  on  earth  peace  among 
men  of  good  will!" 

444 


WYOMING 

By  W.  L.  WADE 

Superintendent  of  the  Wyoming  Anti-Saloon  League 

The  Prohibition  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  state  of  Wyom- 
ing was  adopted  just  four  years  ago  last  Tuesday,  the  vote  being  31,439  for, 
10,200  against,  the  majority  for  Prohibition  21,239. 

Our  Legislature  upon  convening  passed  a  law  which  went  into  effect  on 
the  same  date  that  the  National  War  Prohibition  measure  became  effective. 
In  spite  of  the  efforts  of  the  outlawed  liquor  traffic  to  make  the  Prohibition 
law  a  failure  it  has  proven  to  be  perhaps  the  most  beneficial  piece  of  legis- 
lation ever  adopted  in  Wyoming. 

Desiring  reliable  information  in  regard  to  the  effect  of  this  law  on  all 
parts  of  our  state  I  sent  letters  to  the  the  leading  merchants  and  bankers  in  all 
towns  of  our  state.  Almost  all  of  these  business  men  replied  to  our  letters 
which  contained  the  following  questions: 

"1.  How  does  your  business  compare,  under  Prohibition,  with  the  same 
period  before  Prohibition  was  enacted? 

"2.     How  do  collections  compare? 

"3.     What  effect  do  you  think  Prohibition  has  had  upon  business?" 

Of  the  replies  received  only  two  were  unfavorable.  A  few  of  the  answers 
selected  as  being  fairly  representative  of  the  result  of  our  investigation  are* 
quoted.  The  first  -is  from  one  of  our  largest  coal  mining  towns  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  state: 

"We  had  a  business  increase  of  from  $2,500  to  $3,600  each  month  over 
the  corresponding  month  of  the  previous  year  during  the  first  six  months  of 
Prohibition.  Collections  are  much  better.  Collected  during  the  first  six 
months  of  Prohibition  $500  that  had  been  checked  off  our  books  as  worthless 
two  years  before.  Prohibition  has  been  helpful  to  our  business." 

From  a  town  located  in  a  farming  community  in  the  northern  part  of  our 
state: 

"Our  business  shows  a  good  per  cent  of  increase  as  a  result  of  Prohibi- 
tion. Collections  are  much  better,  people  who  formerly  were  continually 
asking  for  credit  are  now  paying  cash  for  their  merchandise  and  their  families 
dress  much  better.  Prohibition  has  had  the  effect  we  had  hoped  for.  The 
average  business  man  can  now  get  by,  while  under  the  saloon  system  he 
could  not.  If  he  put  his  merchandise  out  on  open  accounts  he  had  to  take 
the  chance  of  getting  his  money  or  the  saloonkeeper  getting  it  and  he  being 
left  to  hold  the  sack." 

From  a  stock  growing  center  in  the  central  part  of  the  state: 

"We  have  enjoyed  a  big  increase  in  business  over  that  done  during  the 
corresponding  time  with  licensed  saloons.  Collections  compare  very  favor- 
ably for  Prohibition.  People  now  have  money  to  buy  and  pay  for  goods 
who  seldom  paid  cash  before  and  whose  credit  was  no  good." 

From  a  county-seat  town  in  the  northeastern  part  of  our  state: 

"Under  Prohibition  our  business  has  doubled  over  any  corresponding 
period.  Our  collections  have  advanced  30  days  and  there  is  much  less  loss. 
Prohibition  has  made  business  for  us  100  per  cent  more,  100  per  cent  safer  and 

445 


1,000  per  cent  more  satisfactory.     Many  people  who  always  spent  their  money 
for  liquor  are  now  building  homes  and  providing  for  their  families." 

From  Casper,  one  of  our  three  largest  cities  and  the  oil  center  of  Wy- 
oming: 

"We  have  enjoyed  a  good  big  increase  in  business  under  Prohibition  and 
collections  are  decidedly  better.  The  effect  of  Prohibition  on  business  with 
us  has  been  to  make  a  wonderful  improvement  and  I  hope  the  better  element 
in  humanity  will  see  to  it  that  Prohibition  is  here  to  stay  and  not  let  a  few 
drunkards  and  a  lot  of  money  grabbers  change  the  ruling." 

A  northern  Wyoming  county-seat  town: 

"We  had  about  a  forty  per  cent  increase  in  business  during  the  first  year 
of  Prohibition.  There  is  a  much  better  tone  to  business  in  every  respect,  with 
prompt  collections.  Some  old  soaks  who  hadn't  a  white  quarter  except  for 
booze  now  come  in  and  have  $20  bills  changed  in  buying  shoes,  hats,  etc. 
The  families  of  former  drunkards  dress  better  and  now  buy  real  food.  Much 
of  the  increase  in  business  is  due  to  business  going  into  legitimate  channels. 
Wyoming  is  getting  really  dry.  Once  in  a  while  we  have  to  turn  down  some 
would-be  purchaser  of  lemon  extract.  When  a  booze  fighter  has  to  resort 
to  an  extract  jag  or  none  you  can  figure  it  out  that  there  is  little  of  the  old 
booze  left  on  the  market." 

From  the  store  of  one  of  the  largest  sheep  companies  in  Wyoming: 

"We  find  that  the  class  of  men  who  were  the  attendants  at  the  saloons 
now  have  money  to  pay  cash  for  what  they  desire  and  we  find  a  much  better 
collection  rate  on  the  accounts  run  by  these  men  when  we  do  allow  them 
credit.  Prohibition  has  increased  our  cash  sales,  does  away  with  so  many 
petty  accounts,  increases  sales  on  more  high  grade  articles,  allows  us  a  better 
class  of  customers  to  deal  with,  does  away  with  drunken  brawls  in  front  of 
our  place  of  business  and  trouble  with  drunks  in  the  store.  We  sincerely 
hope  that  prohibition  may  survive." 

From  Sheridan,  another  of  our  three  largest  cities  in  Wyoming: 

"We  have  had  a  substantial  increase  in  business  under  Prohibition.  Col- 
lections are  much  better.  The  effect  of  Prohibition  upon  business  is  good,  it 
has  been  very  profitable  to  us." 

Cheyenne,  capital  of  the  state: 

"Business  has  improved  as  a  result  of  Prohibition.  Collections  are  much 
easier.  It  has  made  the  handling  of  business  much  more  satisfactory.  The 
business  men  must  stand  by  the  officials  in  the  enforcement  of  the  law.  This 
is  one  of  our  best  laws  and  must  be  enforced." 

In  addition  to  the  above  I  quote  the  following  brief  statements  from  a 
number  of  other  letters  from  other  business  men  of  our  state: 

"It  has  made  business  more  firm;  have  not  seen  a  drunken  person  in 
store  for  over  a  year." 

"In  our  locality  we  had  a  total  crop  failure  last  fall  and  with  the  salooi 
running  business  would  have  been  paralyzed,  but  now  it  is  almost  normal." 

"Prohibition  has  had  a  decidedly  good  effect.     Several  wrecks  who  wei 
nothing  but  bums  are  now  men." 

446 


"More  cash  sales,  less  bad  accounts,  people  who  never  had  cash  for  the 
merchant  now  pay  their  way." 

"It  makes  it  lots  better.  Men  that  before  let  their  families  go  in  need  of 
food  and  clothing  now  feed  and  clothe  them.  Keep  it  Dry." 

"Have  not  seen  a  person  in  town  under  the  influence  of  liquor  so  it  would 
be  noticeable  since  July  1,  1919.  This  has  increased  the  desirability  of  this 
place  as  a  residence  town  several  hundred  per  cent." 

"Makes  poor  financial  risks  good  and  makes  better  morals.  Think  it  fine. 
Will  help  to  keep  it  dry." 

"Prohibition  has  had  a  bad  effect  on  some  lines  of  business.  Our  sales  of 
gallon  jugs  are  much  smaller  and  the  sale  of  lunch  goods  to  saloons  and  'fast 
houses'  has  also  fallen  off,  however,  we  do  not  feel  bad  about  this  when  we 
see  men  buying  things  for  their  families  with  the  money  that  formerly  'slid 
over  the  bar.'  " 

"Prohibition  is  the  best  thing  that  ever  happened.  Am  for  Prohibition 
first,  last  and  always." 

"Prohibition  is  the  best  and  most  far-reaching  decision  the  American 
people  ever  made." 

The  following  is  the  testimony  of  Wyoming  bankers  from  all  parts  of  the 
state: 

"Families  are  better  cared  for,  men  who  never  thought  of  buying  a  home 
are  today  making  payments  that  will  give  them  a  home  of  their  own  within 
a  few  years.  There  is  less  disorderly  conduct.  It  was  the  best  piece  of  legis- 
lation ever  passed  and  the  ones  who  supported  the  saloons  are  beginning  to 
realize  it." 

"Prohibition  has  had  the  effect  of  paying  more  grocery  bills  and  less  for 
raising  hell.  The  battle  is  only  fairly  begun,  we  have  got  to  keep  on  carry- 
ing on." 

"It  has  been  our  opinion  for  several  years  that  Prohibition  would  bring 
increased  savings  accounts  to  the  banker  and  we  have  found  this  to  be  a  fact 
.A  large  per  cent  of  the  irritations  in  business  are  vanishing.  The  booze-fighter 
and  gambler  has  always  been  a  perilous  customer  for  banking  institutions 
and  it  has  oftentimes  been  embarrasing  to  shut  off  the  credit  of  some  of  the 
former,  who  in  other  respects  appeared  to  be  good  citizens.  No  thinking 
person  could  contemplate  without  alarm  the  rei-urn  to  the  old  conditions. 
Prohibition  has  largely  increased  legitimate  business." 

"A  bank  usually  confines  its  loans  to  borrowers  on  whom  Prohibition 
has  the  least  effect,  but  we  might  add  that  we  have  a  number  of  customers 
to  whom  we  could  not  consider  loaning  during  the  'wet'  regime  who  are  now 
considered  moral  risks." 

"We  have  men  carrying  good  balances  who  never  could  save  any  money 
before." 

"Prohibition  has  made  collections  much  easier  to  make." 

"Prohibition  has  had  a  very  good  effect  on  the  banking  business.  Keep 
the  good  work  up." 

"Prohibition  has  had  a  mighty  good  effect  on  business  and  the  country 
can  not  afford  to  go  back  to  old  John  Barleycorn." 

447 


"Prohibition  is  the  best  thing  that  ever  happened  for  business.  If  the 
vote  was  left  to  business  men  there  would  be  no  danger  of  the  country  ever 
going  'wet'  again." 

"No  doubt  it  has  been  an  advantage  to  have  Prohibition  adopted  and 
enforced,  the  picture  shows  are  now  getting  the  crowds." 

Prohibition  has  greatly  reduced  the  number  of  arrests  for  drunkenness 
and  disorderly  conduct  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  During  the  license  period  it 
was  almost  impossible  to  spend  a  day  in  any  of  our  towns  without  seeing  a 
number  of  drunken  me-n,  but  in  my  travels  over  the  state  during  the  past  two 
years  I  have  not  seen  more  than  a  half  dozen  drunken  men.  The  record  of 
Cheyenne  may  be  taken  as  fairly  representing  the  average  Wyoming  city  or 
town.  Number  of  arrests  for  drunkenness  during  1917  which  was  the  last 
full  year  under  the  license  system,  907.  Number  of  arrests  for  drunkenness 
during  1921,  150.  Number  of  arrests  for  disorderly  conduct  in  1917,  849;  in 
1921,  211.  Number  of  arrests  for  violation  of  liquor  laws  in  1917,  64;  in  1921, 
36.  Total  number  of  arrests  for  all  causes  during  1917,  3,072;  in  1921,  1,341. 

Almost  without  exception  the  towns  and  cities  of  Wyoming  have  made 
splendid  progress  and  great  development  under  Prohibition.  Buildings  for- 
merly occupied  by  saloons  have  as  a  rule  been  remodeled  and  improved  and 
continually  rented  at  a  higher  rate  of  rental.  A  walk  down  the  streets  of 
Cheyenne  will  reveal  the  buildings  formerly  occupied  by  saloons  now  occu- 
pied by  music,  grocery,  dry  goods,  gents'  furnishings,  ladies'  furnishings,  con- 
fectionery stores,  restaurants,  tailor  shops,  etc.,  but  without  exception  these 
buildings  have  been  improved  and  we  understand  the  owners  are  receiving  a 
a  higher  rate  of  rental.  Prohibition  has  been  followed  with  great  activity  by 
Commercial,  Rotary,  Lions  and  Kiwanis  clubs,  all  of  which  have  had  a  ten- 
dency to  develop  a  community  conscience  and  pride  which  was  unknown  in 
liquor  license  days.  Without  doubt  Prohibition  has  been  one  of  the  greatest 
assets,  if  not  the  greatest,  that  has  come  to  the  cities  and  towns  of  Wyoming. 

We  have  also  made  an  investigation  as  to  the  effect  of  Prohibition  upon 
the  school  children  of  our  state  and  the  results  are  practically  the  same  in  all. 
the  towns  of  Wyoming.  First:  There  is  now  little  trouble  to  enforce  our 
compulsory  attendance  law.  Second:  Our  schools  are  all  crowded  and  new 
buildings  are  being  erected  as  fast  as  possible  in  almost  all  sections  of  the 
state.  Third:  The  children  as  a  class  are  better  clothed  and  better  fed  and 
are  able  to  do  better  work.  Fourth:  There  is  better  cooperation  and  a  greater 
interest  shown  by  many  parents. 

Without  exception  all  pastors  with  whom  we  have  discussed  this  question 
agree  that  Prohibition  has  been  a  wonderful  asset  to  the  church.  Many  pf  the 
reasons  for  this  are  the  same  as  those  for  improvement  in  the  school  life; 
better  clothes,  better  surroundings  and  a  higher  moral  standard  in  many 
homes.  Almost  all  of  our  pastors  tell  of  the  presence  in  the  church  services 
of  husbands  and  fathers  who  never  were  seen  in  the  church  during  saloon 
days. 

The  superintendent  of  the  work  of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  the  state  of 
Wyoming,  Rev.  David  McMartin,  just  replied  to  our  question  as  to  his  opinion 
of  the  effect  of  Prohibition  on  the  religious  life  of  the  state,  by  saying,  "It 

448 


' 


impossible  to  note  the  exact  effect  of  Prohibition  upon  the  work  of  the  Pres- 
byterian church  in  the  state  of  Wyoming,  but  it  is  interesting  to  note  that 
there  has  been  a  50  per  cent  increase  in  membership  in  the  Presbyterian 
church  of  this  state  since  Prohibition  went  into  effect." 

The  records  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  of  the  state  of  Wyoming 
show  a  splendid  advance  in  all  lines  of  its  activity  since  the  adoption  of  Pro- 
hibition and  the  pastors  say:  "We  are  now  able  to  pay  more  attention  to  our 
educational  programs  and  less  to  relieving  the  sorrow  and  sufferings  caused 
by  the  saloon,"  as  Evangeline  Booth  has  so  aptly  said:  "We  now  are  able 
to  pay  more  attention  to  the  cradle  and  less  to  the  grave." 

Rev.  Wm.  T.  Dumm,  superintendent  of  the  Cheyenne  District  of  the 
Methodist  church,  says: 

"Doubtless  Prohibition  has  been  a  great  asset  to  our  work.  It  has  un- 
doubtedly helped  many  to  become  interested  in  the  work  of  the  church,  and 
through  its  beneficial  effect  upon  the  financial  life  of  the  state  has  helped  us, 
so  we  have  been  able  to  report  an  increase  in  benevolent  offerings  during  the 
past  year  in  spite  of  the  unsettled  condition  accompanying  the  national  pro- 
gram of  readjustment." 

CONCLUSION 

Wyoming  recognizes  that  the  organized  outlawed  liquor  traffic  seeks  to 
overthrow  this  law  and  nullify  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  and  that  the  price  of  liberty  is  still  eternal  vigilance. 
We  recognize  our  task  as  the  problem  of  law  enforcement  and  on  election 
day  the  citizenship  of  Wyoming  registered  100  per  cent  dry  and  for  obedi- 
ence to  law,  sending  a  bone  dry  delegation  to  Congress  and  electing  to  the 
office  of  governor  the  outstanding  Prohibitionist  of  the  state,  Hon.  Wm.  B. 
Ross,  even  though  he  was  a  member  of  the  minority  party  and  was  the  only 
Democratic  candidate  for  state  office  to  secure  election.  The  people  of  this 
state  expect  and  demand  that  there  shall  be  no  retrenchment  in  regard  to  the 
cause  of  Prohibition  but  that  the  law  shall  be  enforced. 


449 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

TO  THE  INTERNATIONAL  CONVENTION 
WORLD  LEAGUE  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

AFRICA 

Name  Address  Representing 

Daney,  Miss  Ethel  146  Eastwood  Rd.,  Toronto    Returned  missionary 

ALBANIA 
Kolonia,  Peter  V.  Hartford    Theological    Sem-    Albanian  Student  League 

inary,    Hartford,    Conn. 
Sharra,  E.  M.  51    Spring   St.,   New    York, 

N.  Y. 

ARGENTINA 

Norville,  Hardynia  K.      Buenos  Aires,  Argentina         Liga,  Nacional  de  Templanza 
Roca,  Jaime  1321  Vollan  St.,  Ann  Arbor, 

Mich. 
Barrostavena,  Albert        Albion,  Mich. 

ARMENIA 

Gurdjian,  E.  S.  113  Catherine  St.,  Ann  Ar- 

bor, Mich. 

ASSYRIA 

Asfar,  Sudky  Cornell    College     Mt.     Ver- 

non,  Iowa 

AUSTRALIA 

Bruckner,  Miss  lima         Boonah,  Queensland  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Carvosso,  Mrs.  W.  H.        Willard  Hall,  Toronto  Australian  W.   C.   T.  U. 

Gordon,  Rev.  Gifford         Melbourne,  Australia  Victorian  Anti-Liquor 

League 

Gordon,  Mrs.  Gifford        Melbourne,  Australia 
Hammond,  Rev.  R.  B.  S.  321  Pitt  St.,  Sydney,  N.  S.     Australian    Alliance    Prohi- 

Wales  bition   Council 

MacLeod,  Mr.  351  Jarvis  St.,  Toronto  Victorian  Anti-Liquor 

MacLeod,  Mrs.  League 

351  Jarvis  St.,  Toronto 
Robertson,  Miss  Addie  Australian  W.  C.  T.  U. 

BELGIUM 

Ley,  August,  Ph.  D.  University  of  Brussels,  Bel- 

gium 

BRAZIL 

Andrave,  Renato  Cloyde  5315  Drexel  Ave.,  Chicago, 
111. 

450 


Reynolds,  Reginald  V. 

Wyke,  D.  A. 

Athanassoff,  Theodore 
Furnajieff,  Rev.  D.  N. 

Karastoyanoff,  Christ 
Nakoff,  Rev.  David 

Harris,  Glen  A. 


Abraham,  Rev.  R.  H.,  D.D. 
Abrey,  Chas.  W. 
Acheson,  Mrs. 
Acheson,  Mrs.  Ella  S. 
Adamson,  Rev.  G.  A. 
Agler,  Rev.  Gilbert 
Aikenhead,   Rev.   J.   R. 
Aikenhead,  Mrs.  J.  R. 
Akey,  Amat 
Akey,  Mrs.  Amat 
Allan,  Gavin  W. 

Allen,  Mrs.  J.  C. 
Allen,  Mrs.  W.  H. 
Alwyn,  Rev.  I.  B.  W. 
Archdekin,  Mrs.  Janet 
Argles,  W.  E. 
Arksey,  J.  E. 


BRITISH  EAST  AFRICA 
153    Institute    Place,    Chi- 
cago, 111. 

BRITISH  WEST  INDIES 
Trinidad,  W.  I. 

BULGARIA 
229  Ashdale  Av.,  New  York, 

N.  Y. 
235  W.  14th  St.,  New  York,  Bulgarian  Temperance 

N.  Y.  Union 

Delaware,  Ohio 
Pastor  Bulgarian  Orthodox 

Church,    95    Trinity    St.,    Kingdom  of  Bulgaria 

Toronto 

BURMA 

Colgate  University,   Hamil- 
ton, N.  Y. 


CANADA 

67  Winchester  St.,  Toronto 
11    Webster  Av.,   Toronto 
44  Alvin  Av.,  Toronto 
Toronto 

Carlisle,  Ontario 
Toronto 

499  Markham   St.,   Toronto 
499  Markham  St.,  Toronto 
Sulphide,  Ontario 
Sulphide,  Ontario 
9    Poplar    Plains    Rd.,    To- 
ronto 
Toronto 
Toronto 

Weston,  Ontario 
312  Clinton  St.,  Toronto 
180  Geoffrey  St.,  Toronto 
20  Grandview  Av.,  Toronto 


Armstrong,  Mrs.  H.  E.      Regina,   Sask. 


Armstrong,  Captain  N. 
Armstrong,  W.  J. 
Armstrong,  Mrs.  W.  J. 
Armstrong,  Rev.  W.  L. 
Atkey,  A. 
Austin.  Hugh 


Toronto 

282    Western    Av.,    Toronto 
282    Western    Av.,    Toronto 
100  Delaware  Av.,  Toronto 
125  Cowan  Av.,  Toronto 
Tillsonburg,  Ontario 

451 


Dominion   Alliance 

St.  Pauls  Methodist  Church 

Lytle  W.   C.  T.  U. 

Toronto    Union 

Carlisle  Methodist  Church 

Social  Service  Organization 

rr 


First  Church  of  Christ,  Sci- 
entist 

Wychwood  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Willard  Union 

Methodist  Church 

Western  W.  C.  T.  U. 

High   Park   Baptist   Church 

Broadview  Av.  Methodist 
Church 

Sask.  Social  Service  Council 
and  Prov.  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Centennial  Church 

Dominion   Alliance 

Royal  Templars 

Centennial  Meth.  Church 

Dunmead  Methodist  Church 

Young  Men's  Club 


Austin,  J.  A. 
Bailey,  Miss  Annie 

Ball,  W.  H. 
Bannerman,  G.  F. 
Barker,  H.  W. 

Barraclough,   W.   H. 

Bartar,  J.  E. 
Bean,  Rev.  E.  H. 

Bean,  Rev.  J.  Wesley 
Beattie,  Mrs.  Jas. 
Becker,   B.   C.   H. 
Becker,  Mrs.  H.  H. 
Beel,  J.  P. 
Beer,  C.  J. 
Beese,  C.  H. 
Beese,  Mrs.  C.  H. 
Bell,  Mrs.  C.  J. 

Benn,  Mrs.  Agnes 

Bennett,  Rev.  J.  J. 
Best,  Wm.  L. 
Birchard,  Dr.  I.  J. 
Birchard,  Mrs.  I.  J. 
Broadway,  Wm.  C. 
Bonsfield,  Thos. 
Bowes,  Mrs.  Edwin 
Bouman,  J.  H. 
Bowman,  Jas.  H. 
Boyd,  Rev.  Jas.  H. 
Brace,  Rev.  A.  P. 
Bradley,  H.  C. 
Bradley,  Mrs.  H.  C. 

Brandon,  Fred. 
Bray,  Mrs.  Erne 

Bray,  G.  H. 
Brillinger,  M.  A. 
Brimacombe,  Mrs. 


CANADA  (Continued) 
1482  Mien  St.,  Toronto 
133^5     Woolfrey    Av.,     To- 
ronto 

5  Alhambra  Av.,  Toronto 
56  Rose  Av.,  Toronto 
137     Confederation     Life 

Bldg.,  Toronto 
Lindsay,  Ontario 

Arden,   Ontario 
Elmira,  Ontario 

York,  Ontario 

Toronto, 

Brighton,  Toronto 

15  Wuniett  Av.,  Toronto 

32  Prust  Av.,  Toronto 

Toronto 

36  Elgin  St.,  Kitchener,  Ont. 

36  Elgin  St.,  Kitchener,  Ont. 

2167  Gerrard  St.,  E.  To- 
ronto 

133  Winchester  St.,  To- 
ronto 

83  Pendrith  St.,  Toronto 

Ottawa,  Ontario 

124  Jameson  Av.,  Toronto 

124  Jameson  Av.,  Toronto 

Toronto 

Toronto 

Ingersoll,  Ontario 

Aurora,  Ontario 

London,   Ontario 

Toronto 

Midland,  Ontario 

Queenston,  Ontario 

Queenston,  Ontario 

Cannington,  Ontario 
124  First  Av.,  Toronto 

124  First  Av.,  Toronto 
1162  St.  Clair  Av.,  Toronto 

108  Kenwood  Av.,  Toronto 

452 


Royal  Templars 

Orient     Division,     Sons     of 

Temperance 
Parkdale  Council 
Victoria    College 
Canadian   Congregationalist 

Cambridge  St.  Methodist 
Church 

General    Conference,    Evan- 
gelical  Church 
York  Methodist  Church 
Willard  Union 
St.   Andrews   S.   S. 
W.  C.  T.  U.  Local  Council 
Purkdale   Baptist  Church 
Dominion  Alliance 
Brotherhood  Class 

W.  C.  T.  U.  of  East  Toronto 

W.  F.  M.  S.  Free  Methodist 

Church 

Advent  Christian  Church 
Dominion  Alliance 
Park  Methodist  Church 
Park  Methodist  Church 
Parkdale  Baptist  Church 
Carlisle   Methodist   Church 

Methodist  Church 
Middlesex  County 
Waverly  Rd.  Baptist  Church 
Methodist  Church 

Queenston    and    St.    David's 

W.  C.  T.  U. 
Methodist  Church 
W.  F.  M.  S.,  Free  Methodist 

Church  of  N.  A. 
Broadview    Free    Methodist 

Church 
St.   Clair  Av.  Methodist 

Church 
St.  Clair  Av.  Meth.  Church 


Bristow,  Thos. 
Britton,  Mrs.  B.  0. 
Brown,  Mrs.  B.  H. 
Brown,  Joseph 
Brown,  Mrs.  P.  A. 

Brown,  Mrs.  W.  G. 

Bryce,  Rev.  Peter 
Bryson,  Mrs.  Edward 
Buchanan,   James 
Buchanan,  J. 

Bulman,  J. 
Bunt,  W.  H. 
Bunt,  Mrs.  W.  H. 
Burch,  Rev.  A.  L. 

Burkley,  Fred 
Burnett,  Rev.  H.  W.  B.D. 

Burns,  Rev.  Dr.  Robert 

Burns,  Mrs.  Wm.  H. 
Burr,  C.  W. 
Burton,  Henry 

Burton  T. 

Cameron,  Mrs. 
Cameron,  Rev.  P.  C. 
Cameron,  Mrs.  G. 
Campbell,   G.  I. 
Capes,  Henry 
Capman,  Joseph 
Carpentier,  J. 
Carr,  Alfred  B. 
C'arr,  Mrs.  A.  B. 
Carson,  J.  H. 
Cart,  W.  H. 

Carter,  Mrs.  B. 
Carter,  Mrs.  Chas. 
Carter,  S.  J. 

Carter.  Sam 


CANADA  (Continued) 

Stayner 

Gananoque,   Ontario 

Box  43,  Athens 

Caledonia 

1313  3rd  St.  East,  Owen 
Sound,  Ontario 

270  Maclaren  St.,  Ottawa, 
Ontario 

73    Grosvenor    St.,   Toronto 

Toronto,  Ontario 

678  Indian  Rd.,  Toronto 

1098  Davenport  Rd.,  To- 
ronto 

127   Givens   St.,  Toronto 

655  Ossington  Av.,  Toronto 

655  Ossington  Av.,  Toronto 

Scarboro  Junction,  Ontario 
R.  R.  1 

R.  R.  2  Dundaa 

8  Torrance  St.,  Montreal 

5557    Palmerston    Av.,    To- 
ronto, Ontario 
Beanerton,  Ontario 
Bloomfield,    Ontario 
Rahiven  Av.,  Toronto 

!    V 

22  Lakeview,  Toronto 

Hamilton.   Ontario 

Orillia,  Ontario 

24  Atlas  Av.,  Toronto 

258  Laura  Av.  W.,  Ottawa, 

Toronto 

110  a  Campbell  Av.,  Toronto 

157  Center  Av.,  Toronto 

Toronto 

Blyth,  Ontario 

460  Union  Av.,  Montreal 

1201     4th     Av.     E.,     Owen 

Sound,  Ontario 
118  Hope   Av.,   Toronto 
18  Doncrest  Rd.,  Toronto 
McGill  St.,  Montreal 

245  Dublin  St.,  Guelph 
453 


Methodist    Church 
W.  C.  T.  U. 
Athens  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Caledonia  Methodist  Church 
W.  C.  T.  U. 

Dominion  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Social  Service  Council 
W.  C.  T.  U. 
Victoria   Church 
R.  Y.  of  T. 

Wesley  Church 

Wesley  Methodist  Church 

Wesley  Methodist  Church 

St.  Andrews  and  Zion  Pres- 
byterian Church 

Wentworth  Co. 

Province  of  Quebec  Domin- 
ion Alliance 

Ontario  Royal  Templars 

WToman's  Institute 
Methodist   Sunday  School 
New     Era     Council     Royal 

Tern,  of  Temperance 
New     Era     Couricil     Royal 

Tern,  of  Temperance 
Hamilton  District 
Baptist    Church 
Stevens  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Methodist  Church 
Lambton  Co.  Executive 
Seventh   Day  Adventists 

Blyth  Methodist  Church 

The  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Dominion   Alliance    Council 

First  Methodist  Church  and 
Douglas  Mission 

Gordon   Union 

Riverdale  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Quebec  Branch  Dominion  Al- 
liance 

Methodist    Social   Board 


Carkiff,  Mrs.  H.  E. 
Chamberlain,  A. 
Chambers,  Mrs. 
Clark,  Miss 
Clark,  Mrs.  Joe 

Clark,  S.  J. 
Clark,  W.  G. 
Clarke,  Mrs.  Fred 
Clarke,  Rev.  W.   G. 
Cleland,  Rev.  A.  S. 
Comber,  Mrs. 

Cornell,  W.  J. 
Conrad,  Rev.  W.  W. 

Conway,  J.  D. 
Cook,  Miss  A. 
Cook,  Mrs.  J. 
Cook,  Mrs.  W. 
Cooke,  Rev.  A.  E. 

Cooke,  Thomas 
Cooke,  Wilfred 

Cooper,  E. 
Cooper,  A.  T. 
Cotton,  Rev.  E.  T. 
Cotton,  Rev.  H. 
Coyur,  Dr.  N.  S. 

Cripps,  Mr.  Arthur  R. 

Cripps,  Mrs. 

Cripps,  Mr.  Herbert  G. 

Crouch,  Mr.  Thos. 
Crow,  Mrs.  J.  J. 

Cunningham,  John 

Curtis,  John  K. 
Dake,  Miss  S.  M. 
Danard,  Mrs.  Louis 
Pavies,  Mrs.  A. 


CANADA  (Continued) 
463  Roxton  R.,  Toronto 
Toronto 

285   Lander,   Toronto 
Brantford 
R.  R.  No.  1,  Dundalk 

104  Anemere  Rd.,  Toronto 

Fredericton,  N.  B. 

250  Annette  St.,  Toronto 

Trenton,    Ontario 

Spencerville,   Ontario 

21  Badgerow  Av.,  Toronto 

Renfrew  City,  Ontario 
Northfield,  Ontario 

Hespeler,  Ontario 
R.  R.  5,  Bolton,  Ontario 
Markdale,  Ontario 
Richmond  Hill,  Ontario 
Vancouver,  B.  C. 

Bolton,  Ontario,  R.  R.   5 
34  Afton  Ave.,  Toronto 

Toronto 

Clinton,  Ontario 
16  Oshawa,  Ontario 
Copetown,  Ontario 
241   St.   Clair  Av.   W.,  To- 
ronto 
788  Dovercourt  Rd.,  Toronto 

788  Dovercourt  Rd.,  Toronto 
788  Dovercourt  Rd.,  Toronto 

663  Dovercourt  Rd.,  Toronto 
Dundas 

25  Murray   St.,    Brantford, 

Ontario 

Winchester,    Ontario 
215  McCaul  St.,  Toronto 
R.  R.  1,  Kemble,  Ontario 
294  Main  St.,  East  Toronto 
454 


Centennial  Church 
Howard  Park  Brotherhood 


Women's  Institute,  Hope- 
ville 

St.  Paul's  Methodist  Church 

N.  B.  Temperance  Alliance 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

Wesley  Methodist  Church 

Methodist  Church 

Toronto  St.  John's  Lodge, 
I.  O.  G.  T. 

Cabden 

Newington  Presbyterian 
Church 

Methodist  Brotherhood 

Maeville  S.  S. 

Methodist  Church 

Methodist  Church 

B.  C.  Prohibition  Associa- 
tion 

Maeville  S.  S. 

New  Era  Council  Royal 
Templars  of  Temperance 

Stevens  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Huron  County 

Christian  Church 

Methodist  Church 

Committee 

Excelsior  Sons  of  Temper- 
ance 

Excelsior  Sons  of  Temper- 
ance 

Excelsior  Sons  of  Temper- 
ance 

Centennial  Meth.   Church 

W.  C.  T.  U.  and  County  of 
Wentworth 

Dominion   Alliance 

Winchester  Meth.  Church 
Knox  City  Church 
Woman's  Institute 
East  Toronto  W.  C.'T.  U, 


Day,  Mrs.  J.  H. 

Delaney,  Wm. 
Dempster,  Jas. 
Denuiss,  Mrs.  W.  C. 
Denyes,  Mrs.  Mary  B. 
Depew,  Miss  M. 


CANADA  (Continued) 
407  Spadina  Av.,  Toronto 

Niagara  Falls,  Ontario 
38  Grove  Av.,  Toronto 
Bracebridge,  Ontario 
Milton,  Ontario 
92  Seaton  St.,  Toronto 


De  St.  Dalmas,  Rev.  A.  E.  181  Fulton  Av.,  Toronto 
Detwiler,  Mrs.  Sara  B. 
Dingham,  R.  G. 
Dingham,  Mrs.  R.  G. 


105    Queen    St.    N.,    Kitch- 
ener, Ontario 
75  Bay  St.,  Toronto 


Dinsmore,  Jonathan 
Dinwoodie,  Mrs.  W.  A. 
Disher,  Miss  Clara 


Dobson,  Rev.  Hugh 

Doran,  A.  G. 
Dowling,  Jessie 
Downing,  Mrs. 
Down,  Rev.  G.  W. 
Drake,  Rev.  S.  R. 
Drew,  Mrs.  Jno. 
Duff,  Charles 

Duke,  Mrs.  A.  L. 
Dunlop,  Rev.  T. 
Dunn,  Miss  Lottie 
Dunnet,  Alex. 
Dyson,  John  T. 
Edgecombe,  Mrs.  G.  S. 
Ellison,  Rev.  H.  V. 


-J 


Woodlawn     Av.     West, 
Toronto 
Clarksburg 

197    Bellmont   Av.,    Ottawa 
Ridgeway,   Ontario 


58  Canada  Life   Bldg.,  Re- 
gina,  Sask. 


27  Homewood  Av.,  Toronto 

Drayton,  Ontario 

Toronto 

Oakland,   Ontario 

London,  Ontario 

129  Dovercourt  Rd.,  Toronto 

Hamilton,    Ontario 

259  Avenue  Rd.,  Toronto 

12    Northcliffe    Blvd.,    To- 
ronto 
82  Browning  Av.,  Toronto 

(Hagersville)    Toronto 
137  Lisgar  St.,  Toronto 

126     Remo     St.,     Stratford 

Ontario 
Sutton,  West  Ontario 

455 


Toronto,  St.  John's  Lodge 
I.  0.  G.  T. 

Methodist  Church 

Wesley  Church 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

New  Era  No.  8,  Royal  Tem- 
plars of  Temperance 


Canadian  National  W.  C. 
T.  U. 

Broadway  Methodist  Taber- 
nacle 

Ontario  Br.  Dom.  Alliance 


Ottawa  South  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Ridgeway  and  Crystal  Beach 
(and  R.  M.  M.  Church) 
W.  C.  T.  U. 

Sask.  Social  Service  Council 
and  Board  of  Evangelism 
and  Social  Service  Meth- 
odist Church 

Gordon  Union 

Women's   Institute 

Central   Union 

Oakland  Methodist  Church 

B.  M.  E.  Church 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

Hamilton  Temperance  Fed- 
eration 

New  Era  Council  No.  8,  R. 
T.  of  T. 

Eaton  Memorial  Church 

Young    Women's    Central 

Methodist 
Hagersville   Presbyterian 

Church 
Grand  Lodge  of  Canada,  I. 

0.  G.  T. 
Ontario  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Methodist  Circuit 


Emory,  Dr.  C.  V. 
Eplett,  Mrs.  L.  C. 
Evans,  Rev.  J.  A. 
Everest,  Jno.  W. 
Fairclough,  Mrs.  D.  J. 

Faircloth,  J.  M. 
Farhall,  Mrs.  G. 

Farmer,  Rev.  S.  J. 

Fell,  Fred 

Ferguson,  Rev.  H.  T. 
Ferguson,  W.  C. 
Ferguson,  Mrs.  W.  C. 
Ferriss,  Mrs.  J.  A. 
Fetterly,  H.  B. 
Findlay,  J.  M. 
Fisher,  Mrs.  J.  H. 

Fisher,  Wallis  T. 
Fitton,  Mrs.  Jean 

Flatt,  M.  C. 
Fletcher,  Mrs.  May  E. 
Fockler,  Rev.  C.  E. 
Ford,  Miss  Marjory  A. 

Foreman,  Rev.  A.  O.  W. 
Forester,  Mrs.  J.  H. 
Fortner,  Rev.  S.  J. 
Fortner,  Mrs.  E.  R. 
Foster,  Mrs.  Mary 
Foster,  Mrs.  W.  A. 
Fraser,  Mrs.  A. 
Freesfane,  T. 

Fussing,  Harold 

Fydell,  Rev.  L.  J. 
Gant,  K.  L. 

Garbe,  Mrs.  Minnie 

Gardiner,  Rev.  P.  F. 
Gardiner,  Mrs.  P.  F. 


CANADA  (Continued) 
Hamilton 

Coldwater,  Ontario 
Erin,  Ontario 
22  Keystone  Av.,  Toronto 
214    George    St.,   Hamilton, 

Ontario 

14  Mutual   St.,   Toronto 
14  Sorauren  Av.,  Toronto 

471  Gilmour  St.,  Ottawa 
Ontario 

233  Pape  Av.,  Toronto 

Aylmer,  Ontario 

Blackstock,  Ontario 

Blackstock,  Ontario 

68  Hickson  St.,  Toronto 

Winchester,   Ontario, 

Toronto 

32  Victoria  Park  Av.,  To- 
ronto 

65  Pine  Crest  Rd.,  Toronto 

Exeter,  Ontario 

73  Fairmount  Av.,  Ottawa 
490   Crawford   St.,   Toronto 
Keswick,  Ontario 
12  Dundonald  St.,  Toronto 

Bridgeburg 

193  Dowling,  Toronto 

Minesing,  Ontario 

Richmond  Hill,  Ontario 

Toronto 

Hillier,  Ontario 

1  Shanley  St.,  Toronto 

95  Parkside  Drive,  Toronto 

6    Durvener    St.,    Montreal, 

Quebec 

Millgrove,  Ontario 
Oshawa,    Ontario,    care    of 

0.  M.  College 
34  Maitland  St.,  Toronto 

Pickering,.  Ontario 
Pickering,  Ontario 

456 


Centenary  Meth.  Church 
W.  C.  T.  U. 
Methodist  Church 
East  Toronto  Union 
Hamilton  Union  W.  C.  T.  U. 


New    Era    Council    No.    8, 

Royal  T.  of  Temperance 
Ottawa      City      Temperance 

Alliance 
I.  0.  G.  T. 
St.  Paul's  Church 
Union  Sunday  School 
Union  Sunday  School 
Youmans   Paul 
Presbyterian  Church 
St.  Columbia  Church 
Toronto  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Dominion  Alliance,  Ward  7 

Exeter  Temperance  Organi- 
zation 

Rosemount  Meth.   Church 

Wesley  Methodist  Church 

Christian   Church 

Young  Women's  Christian 
Association 

Methodist  Church 

Wesley  Church 

Union  Church 

Church 

Northern  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Hillier   S.    S. 

Sons  of  Temperance 

North  Parkdale  Methodist 
Church 

Dominion  Alliance,  Quebec 
Branch 

Wentworth  Co. 

S.  Dominion  Alliance 

New  Era  No.  8,  Royal  Tem- 
plars  of   Temperance 
St.  Andrews  Congregation 
St.  Andrews  Congregation 


Garlick,  Jas.  H. 
Garner,  O.  H. 

Gascorgne,  Mrs.  W.  J. 
Geggie,  Mrs.  James 
Gibson,  Tlieron 
Gilvert,  Mrs.  N.  B. 
Good,  Miss  Agnes 

Gordon,  Rev.  W.  A. 

Graham,  Mrs.  C.  K. 
Gray,  Dr.  Cornelia 
Graham,  Geo.  T. 
Graham,  Rev.  W.  H. 
Grant,  James 
Grant,  Rev.  H.  R. 
Gray,  Rev.  D.  Roy 
Gray,  Mrs.  H. 
Gregg,  Merritt  L. 
Guthrie,  Olive 
Haight,  Mrs.  A.  E. 
Hales,  James 
Hall,  Rev.  Robert 
Hamilton,  W. 

Hamilton,  William 

Hanna,  Mrs.  E. 
Hanna  W. 
Hardy,  John  A. 
Harnwell,  Rev.  H.  J. 
Harnwell,  Mrs.  H.  J. 
Harris,  Miss  J.  L.  F. 
Hart,  Rev.  E.  I. 

Hartley,  W.  J. 
Harvey,  Chas. 
Haskett,  Mrs.  Flora 
Hellyer,  Albert 
Heurstson,  Mrs.  J. 

Hiell,  Geo.  L. 

Hill,  John 

Hill,  Mrs.  Walter 


CANADA  (Continued) 
13  Yorkville  Av.,  Toronto 
Welland,  Ontario 

5   Shanley   St.,   Toronto 
Montreal,   Quebec 
12  Richmond  St.,  Toronto 
Avondale 

104    Walter    St.    S.,    Kitch- 
ener, Ontario 
571  Gladstone  Av.,  Toronto 

Toronto 

11  Callendar  St.,  Toronto 
Toronto 

725  St.  Clair  Av.,  Toronto 
Scarboro  Junction  R.  R. 
New  Glasgow,  N.  S. 
Mount  Dennis,   Ontario 
238  Keele  St.,  Toronto 
174  Jameson  Av.,  Toronto 
60  McKenzie  Cres,  Toronto 
18  Boswell  Av.,  Toronto 
25   Queens   Park,   Toronto 
87  Howard  St.,  Toronto 
492    A.     Summerhill    Ave., 

Toronto 

492     Summerhill    Av.,    To- 
ronto 

134  McGiU  St.,  Toronto 
Port   Carling,   Ontario 
Oakville,   Ontario 
Walkerton,    Ontario 
\Valkerton,    Ontario 
Toronto 
757  Upper  Lansdowne  Av., 

Westmount,  Quebec 
Milton,  Ontario 
Exeter,  Ontario 
86  Third  Av.,  Ottawa 
Toronto 

60  Terrace  Hill  St.,  Brant- 
ford,  Ontario 
82  Manor  Rd.,  Toronto 
531  King  St.,  Peterboro,  Ont. 
138    Inchbury    St.,    Hamil- 
ton, Ontario 

457 


G.  D.  Sons  of  Temperance 
Welland  County  Temperance 
and  Moral  Reform  League 
Sons  of  Temperance 
Quebec  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Toronto 

Woman's  Missionary  Society 

Pjvangelical   Church 

Independent  Order  of  Rech- 
abites 

Stevens  Union 

Toronto  District 

Deer    Park    Presby.    Church 

St.    Clair   Meth.   Church 

Zion  Presbyterian  Church 

N.  S.  Social  Service  Council 

Mount  Dennis  Church 

Dominion  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Parkdale  Baptist  Church 

Wesley  Church 

Northern  Union 

License  Board,  Ontario 

Toronto  City  Mission 

Northern  Community 
Church 

Community     Church     Rose- 
dale 

Excelsior  Division  No.  28 

Methodist  Church 

Oakville  Methodist  Church 

Walkerton   Meth.   Church 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

Ontario  Alliance  Executive 

Quebec      Prohibition      Com- 
mittee 

Methodist  Church 

Dominion   Alliance 

Glebe  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Kenilworth   Baptist   Church 

Brantford  Union 

Deer  Park  Preby.  Church 
Dominion   Alliance 
Hamilton  Union  W.  C.  T.  U. 


Hillock,  Mrs.  C.  W. 

Hipwell,  Mrs.  J.  H. 
Hislop,  Miss  Margaret 
Hopper,  K.  P. 
Howey,  Dr.  R. 
Hugh,  Wm.  J. 
Hughes,  Mrs.  Salina 
Hugo,  Thos. 
Hunter,  Miss  S.  A. 

Irwin,  Mrs.  H.  E. 

Irwin,  Rev.  W.  S. 
Jardine,  Mrs.  A.  E. 
Jewet,  Mrs.  Jno. 
Johnson,  Rev.  F. 
Johnston,  Grace 
Johnston,  Rev.  J.  H. 
Johnston,  Mrs.  J.  W. 

Johnston,  J.  0. 
Jones,  Mrs.  T.  R. 
Joselin,  Mr.  E.  J. 

Judson,  Mrs.  M.  B. 
Kerr,  J.  H.  S. 
Kerr,  Mrs.  J.  H.  S. 
Kerr,  Mrs.  W.  J. 

Kettlewell,  Rev.  W. 

Kilpatrick,  Ed. 
King,  Rev.  Norman 
Kinsey,  S.  G. 
Kitchen,  Mrs.  E.  M. 
Knapman,  Annie  A. 
Lament,  Hector 
Latter,  Rev.  A.  P. 
Latter,  Mrs.  A.  P. 
Lawrence,  Calvin 
Lawrence,  Geo. 
J^ees,  Geo.  H. 


CANADA  (Continued) 
95    St.    Leonards    Av.,    To- 
ronto 

21   St.   Joseph  St.,  Toronto 
Stratford,  Ontario 
160  Mavety  St.,  Toronto 
Owen  Sound,  Ontario 
Golden  Lake,  Ontario 
Brockville,  Ontario 
23  Wallace  Av.,  Toronto 
157    Elizabeth   St.,   Orange- 

ville,  Ontario 

332   Palmerston    Blvd.,    To- 
ronto 

Downsview,  Ontario 
Cornwall,  Ontario 
12  Furness  Av.,  Toronto 
Lindsay,  Ontario 
304  Salem  Av.,  Toronto 
Essex,  Ontario 
234   Hillsdale   Av.    E.,    To- 
ronto 

63  Mimico  Av.,  Mimico,  On- 
tario 

95    St.    Leonards    Av.,    To- 
ronto 
45  Charles  St.,  Toronto 

Napanee,  Ontario 
44  Blythwood  Rd.,  Toronto 
44  Blythwood  Rd.,  Toronto 
18  Enderby  Rd.,  Toronto 

203  Fern  Av.}  Toronto 

496  Spadina  Av.,  Toronto 

Espanola,  Ontario 

14  Fifth  St.,  Chatham,  Ont. 

Waterford,  Ontario 

303  Lauder  Av.,  Toronto 

Collingwood,  Ontario 

Mount  Forest,   Ontario 

Mount  Forest,   Ontario 

116  Lisgar  St.,  Ottawa,  Ont. 

Clarkson,  Ontario 

Hamilton,  Ontario 

458 


Bascom  Union 

Willard  Union 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

High   Park   Av.   Methodist 

First  Methodist  Church 

Evangelical   Church 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

Dominion   Alliance 

Duffern  Women's  Institute 

Ontario  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Methodist  Church 
Cornwall  Union  W.  C.  T.  U. 
W.  C.  T.  U. 

Cambridge  Meth.  Church 
Sons    of   Temperance 
Grace  Methodist  Church 
North  Toronto  Union 

Methodist  Church 

Toronto  District  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Northern  Community 

Church,   Rosedale 
Grace  S.  S.,  Methodist 

N.  Toronto  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Scarboro  Junction  Woman's 
Institute 

Royal  Templars  of  Temper- 
ance 

Broadway  Methodist  Church 

United  Church 

Park   St.  Methodist  Church 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

Wychwood    Union 

Simcoe  Temperance  Alliance 

Methodist  Church 

Methodist  Church 

B.  of  L.  E. 

Community  Church 

Hamilton  Temperance  Fed- 
eration 


Lees,  Mrs.  Geo.  H. 
.Legate,  Lanna  F. 
Lennox,  Mrs.  W. 
Lewis,  Miss  Nellie  M. 

Lethbridge,  J.  G. 
Leuhner,  Mrs. 
Little,  Miss  J.  A. 

Lindsay,  Jas. 
.Ldngenfelter,  Mrs.  A.  D. 
Locke,  Mrs.  J.  F. 
Logan,  F.  H. 
Lowrey,  Mrs.  D. 
Lowry,  Francis  P. 
Lowry,  Rev.  J.  W.  S. 

Lyle,  A.  H. 
Lyle,  Mrs.  A.  H. 

Lynd,  Rev.  G.  W. 
Lynn,  J.  Melville 

McAuslan,  Miss  Janet  L. 
MacCallum,  Miss  E.  P. 

McCarthy,  Helena  A. 

McClellan,  Mrs.  L.  L. 
McClelland,  Miss  S. 
McConachie,  Jas.  A. 
McCrum,  Mr.  H. 
MacDonald,  Mrs.  J. 
McDuffee,  J.  F. 
MacGregor,  Mrs.  J.  F. 

McGuire,  B. 
Mclntosh,  Duncan 
Mclntosh,  W. 
Mclrvine,  Rev.  C.  L. 

Mclvor,  Rev.  J.  G. 
McKee,  Miss  Maud  M. 

McKinley,  Mrs. 


CANADA  (Continued) 
Hamilton,  Ontario 
Goodwood,  Ontario 
778   Shaw  St.,   Toronto 
440  Gladstone  Av.,  Toronto 

Glencoe,  Ontario 
Newtonville,  Ontario 
Rockwood,  Ontario  f 

Caledonia,  Ontario 

10  A.  Albany  Av.,  Toronto 

16  Roslin  Av.,  Toronto 

Logan,   Ontario 

02  Delaware  Av.,  Toronto 

Franktown,   Ontario 

Franktown,   Ontario 

Royal  Templar  Bldg.,  Ham- 
ilton, Ontario 
Hamilton,   Ontario 

Milton,  Ontario 
R.   R.   3,  Owen  Sound,  On- 
tario 

Thornbury,  Ontario 
2  Toronto  St.,  Toronto 

133V3     Woolfrey     Av.,     To- 
ronto 

314  High  Park  Av.,  Toronto 

114  Carlton  St.,  Toronto 

Hagersville,  Ontario 

114  Ann   St.,   Carlton,  Ont. 

35  Pembroke  St.,  Toronto 

Oakville,  Ontario 

237  Berch  Av.,  Balmy 
Beach,  Toronto 

The  Banner,  Orangeville 

Fesserton,  Ontario 

Petrolia,  Ontario 

273    Ellice    Av.,    Winnipeg, 
Manitoba 

Dalhousie  Mills,  Ontario 

389  Block  Av.,  North  Bay, 
Ontario 

323  Main  St.,  Toronto 

459 


W.  C.  T.  U. 

Dominion  Alliance 

Bathurst  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Ontario  Religious  Education 
Council 

Presbyterian   Church 

Dominion  Alliance 

W.  C.  T.  U.  and  Presbyte- 
rian Church 

Unity  Church 

Central  Union 

North  Toronto 

Stevens   Union 

St.  Pauls  Presby.  Church 

Lanark  County  Branch  of 
the  Dominion  Alliance 

Hamilton  Temperance  Fed- 
eration 

Royal  Templars  of  Temper- 
ance 
Methodist  Church 

Kilsyth   Presby.    Church 
Gospel  Workers 

Social     Service    Council     of 

Canada 
Orient     Division      Sons     of 

Temperance 

Gordon   Union 

Oneida  Presbyterian  Church 

Carlton    County 

Sherborne  Union 

Methodist  Church 

Beaches  Branch  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Dominion  Alliance 
Presbyterian  Church 
Lambton   Co. 
Grace  Methodist  Church 


Ontario  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Bascom  Union  W.  C.  T.  U. 


McLaehlan,  D.  N. 
McLaehlan,  G.  E. 
McLaehlan,  Mrs.  G.  E. 

McLaren,  Gertrude 
McLaren,  Mrs.  H.  M.}  Sr. 
McLaughlin,  R.  J. 
McLeod,  Rev.  J.  P. 
MacLeod,  Rev.  Ronald 
McMahon,  Mrs.  T.  F. 
McMann,  Mrs. 
MacMartin,  Mrs.  P.  A. 
McMillan,  W.  M. 

McNab,  Rev.  VVm. 
McNeil,  Joseph 
McNichol,  Rev.  C.  J. 
McPherson,  Allan 
McPherson,  E.  W. 
McQuade,  Rev.  G.  C.  R. 
MacRaw,  Rev.  Don.  N. 

McVagh,~C.  F. 
Macdonald,  George 
Malcolm,  H. 

Malcolm,  Thos. 

Mann,  Fred 
Manning,  Phebe  D. 
Manser,  R. 
Manser,  Mrs.  R. 
Marsden,  Mrs. 
Marshall,  Rev.  A.  E. 
Marshall,  Mrs.  W.  J. 
Martin,  Mrs.  C. 
Martin,  John 
Martin,  Rev.  W.  M. 
Maynard,  B.  D. 
Maynard,  Mrs.  B.  D. 
Maynard,  Geo. 
Maynard,  Lloyd 
Mees,  Wm. 


CANADA  (Continued) 
278  Keewatin  Av.,  Toronto 

98  East  Av.  So.,  Hamilton, 
Ontario 

98  East  Av.  S.,  Hamilton, 
Ontario 

Belfountain,   Ontario 

Port  Elgin,  Ontario 

120  Bay  St.,  Toronto 

Brussells,  Ontario 

Toronto 

Richmond  Hill,    Ontario 

4  Hillingdon  Av.,  Toronto 

Vernon,  Ontario 

1087  Queen  St.  W.,  To- 
ronto 

Midland,   Ontario 

Chesley,  Ontario 

Clarksburg,  Ontario 

Longford  Mills,  Ontario 

Orillia,  Ontario 

Bloomfield,    Ontario 

Mount  Forest,  Ontario 

Oshawa,  Ontario 
Knox  College,  Toronto 
Locust  Hill,  Ontario 

Holywood,  Ontario 

Brantford,  Ontario 
156   Mavety   St.,   Toronto 
152  Macdonell  Av.,  Toronto 
152  Macdonell  Av.,  Toronto 
1   Lappin   Av.,   Toronto 
Tillsonburg,  Ontario 
190  Jameson  Av.,  Toronto 
126  Armstrong  Av.,  Toronto 
Scarboro  Junction,  Ontario, 
Trenton,  Ontario 
Dundas,  Ontario 
Dundas,  Ontario 
Dundas,  Ontario 
Dundas,  Ontario 
20   Hammersmitli    Av.,    To- 
ronto 

460 


Presbyterian  Church  of 

Canada 
First   Methodist   Church 

Hamilton  Union  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Women's   Institute 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

E.  Dominion  Alliance 

Melville  Church 

Rosedale  Community  Church 

Methodist  Church 

East  Toronto  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Dalmeny  Institute 

Royal  Templars  of  Temper- 
ance 

Knox  Presbyterian  Church 

Temperance  Union 

Gospel  Workers'  Church 

Longford 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

The  Methodist  Church 

Westminster  Presbyterian 
Church 

Seventh  Day  Adventists 

Sons    of   Temperance   Lodge 

104 
Presbyterian     Church     Kin- 

loug 

Colborn  St.  Meth.  Church 
Friends   Church 
Parkdale   Presby.   Church 
Parkdale  Presby.  Church 
Youmaris  Union 
Q.  0.  B.  and  Church 
Parkdale  Union 
Parkdale,  No.   11 
Zion   Presbyterian   Church 
St.  Andrews  Church 
Wentworth  Co. 
Wentworth  Co. 
Wentworth  Co. 
Wentworth  County 
Ontario  Grand  Division 

Sons  of  Temperance 


Meigh,  S. 

Miller,  Miss  E.  M. 
Miller,  Mrs.  L.  L. 
Mills,  Alex. 

Mills,  Joseph 

Mills,  Mrs.  Sarah 
Milne,  Mrs.  A. 
Minehan,  Rev.  L. 

Mollison,  Miss 
Montgomery,  D.  G. 


CANADA  (Continued) 
162  Greenlaw  Av.,  Toronto 

Toronto 

232  Symington  Av.,  Toronto 
100    Inglewood    Drive,    To- 
ronto 
84  University  Av.,  Toronto 

Blythe,  Ontario 
92  Seaton  St.,  Toronto 
266    Roncesvalles    Av.,    To- 
ronto 
Toronto 
306  Duvie  St.,  Toronto 


Moore,  Rev.  H.  D.  Springford,   Ontario 

Moore,  T.  Albert  518  Wesley   Bldg.,   Toronto 

Morris,  Rev.  J.  T.  Cosgy  80  Askin  St.,  London 
Morris,  T.  S.  Hamilton,  Ontario 

Morrow,  Rev.  C.  R.  Hamilton,  Ontario 


Moyle,  Henry 

Munro,  Mrs. 
Murray,  Mrs. 
Nash,  Mrs.  C.  C. 
Newcombe,  Mrs.  H.  P. 
Newman,  Mrs.  S.  H. 
Nisbet,  Thos. 

Noble,  A.  M. 

O'Brien,  W.  J. 
Ormsby,  Mrs.  A.  B. 
Orr,  Wm.  H. 
Orr,  W.  J. 

Otton,  Rev.  C.  C. 
Oxley,  R.  W. 
Pady,  Rev.  W.  J. 
Parliament,  Mrs.  J.  H. 

Parrott,  William  A. 
Pascoe,  G.  R. 
Pater son,  T.  A. 


Richmond  Hill,  Ontario 

52  Givens   St.,   Toronto 
169  Arlington  Av.,  Toronto 
Kingston,  Ontario 
Canning,  Nova   Scotia 
Owen  Sound,  Ontario 
Oakville,  Ontario 

173  Macdonell  Av.,  Toronto 

187  Mutual  St.,  Toronto 
Mimico   Beach,   Ontario 
533  Sherbourne  St.,  Toronto 
24  Garfield  Av.,  N.  Hamil- 
ton, Ontario 
Kettleby,   Ontario 
Glencoe,  Ontario 
St.  George  Ontario 
17     Marchmount    Rd.,     To- 
ronto 

572  Bloor  St.  W.,  Toronto 
27  Harvard  Av.,  Toronto 
Agincourt,    Ontario 

461 


Parkdale,  Royal  Templars 
of  Temperance,  No.  11 

Methodist 

Youmans  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Vice-President  Dominion  Al- 
liance 

Church  of  Christian  Broth- 
erhood 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Church 

Christian  Endeavor 

Parkdale  Council  No.  11,  R. 
T.  of  T. 

Baptist  Church 

The  Methodist  Church 

Askin  St.  Methodist 

First  Methodist  Church 

Tragina   Ave.   Methodist 
Church 

Richmond  Hill  Farmers'  As- 
sociation 

Bascom  Union  W.  C.  T.  U. 

St.  Clair  Methodist 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

First  Meth.   Sunday   School 

Golden  Rule  Council  No.  60, 
R.  T.  of  T. 

Dovercourt  Lodge  No.  49 
R.  T.  of  T. 

Toronto 

Christian  Science  Church 

The  Dominion  Alliance, 

Livingston  Meth.  Church 

Methodist  Church 
Presbyterian    Church 
Baptist  Church  St.  George 


Catholic  T.  S.  and  D.  A. 
Canadian  Brotherhood 
St.  Andrews  Presbyterian 
Church 


Patterson,  Mrs.  Jas. 

^jfcjj 
Paull,  Arthur  C. 

Teach,  Rev.  J.  W. 

Peake,  L.  C. 
Peake,  A.  A. 
Pearen,  Mrs. 
Pearson,  B.  D. 
Pearson,  Mrs.  Harold 

Pell,  Mrs. 
Pellow,  W.  T. 
Pentland,  Rev.  S.  V.  R. 
Percy,  Mrs.  John 
Pescott,  Rev.  W.  E. 
Philip,  Rev.  Joseph 

Philip,  Mrs.  S.  C. 
Phipps,  Mrs.  A.  L. 
Port,  Mrs.  M.  E. 

Potter,  Mrs.  Ada 
Potter,  Rev.  J.  G. 

Powers,  Mrs.  Ada  L. 
Pridham,  Mrs.  W.  T. 
Pringle,  Mrs. 
Pritchard,  Rev.  H.  J. 

Puddy,  Mrs.  E. 
Pubsley,  Mrs.  Will 
Quinton,  W.  G. 
Rae,  Rev.  F. 
Rae,  Mrs.  Frank 

Railton,  Rev.  R.  E. 
ttaymer,  D.  W. 

Ray  nor,  T.  G. 

Mrs.  S.  G. 


Reddick,  Mrs.  D. 

Reedy,  Geo. 

Reid,  Rev.  J.  Calvin 


CANADA  (Continued) 
81  Colborne  St.,  Hamilton, 
I  Ontario 

105  Jameson  Av.,  Toronto 
Hannon,  Ontario 

205  Madison  Av.,  Toronto 

205  Madison  Av.,  Toronto 

Toronto 

211  Lauder  Av.,  Toronto 

67  Rosemount  Av.,  Toronto 

52  Lonsdale  Rd.,  Toronto 

Goderich,  Ontario 

Ravenswood,  Ontario 

Sutton,  Ontario 

Kitchener,  Ontario 

55.  Fairholt  Rd.,  Hamilton, 
Ontario 

Toronto 

Richmond  Hill,  Ontario 

1201  4th  Av.  E.,  Owen 
Sound,  Ontario 

Wardsville,  Ontario 

400  Outremont  Av.,  Mont- 
real, Quebec 

Lunenburg,  Nova  Scotia 

11  Callander  St.,  Toronto 

128  St.  Helena  Av.,  Toronto 

91  Dearbourne  Av.,  Toronto 

554  Lansdowne  Av.,  Toronto 
126  Yorkville  Ave.,  Toronto 
Toronto 

Unionville,  Ontario 
Unionville,  Ontario 
The  Manse 
Plattsville,  Ontario 
Mt.  Joy,  Ontario 

15  Regent  St.,  Ottawa,  Ont. 
14  Dufferin  Av.,  Brantford, 

Ontario 

114   Hazelton  Av.,   Toronto 
152  Madison  Av.,  Toronto 
547  Wellington  St.,  Ottawa, 

Ontario 

462 


Central  W.  C.  T.  U. 

The  Toronto  City  Mission 
West    Ontario    Conference 

First  Methodist  Church 
St.  Pauls  Methodist  Church 
W.  C.  T.  U. 

Trinity    Methodist    Church 
St.  Pauls  Methodist  Church 
St.  Clair  Avenue  Methodist 

Church 

Lytle  W.  C.  T.  U. 
North  St.  Church 

Sutton  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Trinity  Methodist  Church 
Hamilton 

W.  C.  T.  13. 

Woman's   Institute 

W.  M.  S.  of  Owen  Sound 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

Anti-Liquor  League  of  Mont- 
real 

N.  S.  W.  C.  T.  U. 

S.  Parkdale  Union 

Youmans 

Pres.  Board  of  Home  Mis- 
sions and  Social  Service 

Youmans  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Ontario  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Presbyterian  Church 

The  Unionville  Woman's  In- 
stitute 

Plattsville   and  Washington 

Mennonite   Brethren   in 

Christ 
,   Ottawa  Temperance  Alliance 

Brant  County  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Northern  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Western  Methodist  Church 


Richards,  Mrs.  J. 
Richardson,  Miss  Anne 

Richardson,  Mrs.  Jessie 
Richardson,  J.  W. 
Richardson,  Mrs.  J.  W. 
Risdon,  Mrp.   T. 
Robertson,  Mr.  H.  S. 
Robinson,  A.  E. 
Robinson,  Mrs.  A.  E. 
Robinson,  F. 
Robinson,  J.  Beverly 

Roche,  Rev.  Henry 
Rock,  Mrs. 

Rocklin,  Mr.  Harry 
Rodgers,  Rev.  Thos.  A. 
Rogers,  Mrs.  J.  H. 

Rosebrugh,  Fred 
Roulston,  Mrs.  T. 
Rowand,  Miss  Jean  T. 

Rowe,  R.  J. 
Roy,  Louis  E. 

Rugg,  Mrs.  Christina 
Rugg,  Miss  L. 
Runnells,  Rev.  A.  E. 

Rush,  Mrs. 
Russell,  Joseph 
Rutherford,  Mrs.  Annie 

Rutherford,  C.  F. 

Rymal,  Mrs. 
Sager,  John        , 
Sanders,  Rev.  Wm., 

Rural  Dean 
Sanderson,  Mrs.  A.  R. 
Sanderson,  Mrs. 


CANADA  (Continued) 
,301  Lonsdale  Rd.,  Toronto 
279  Main  St.  East,  Hamil- 
ton, Ontario 

164  Roxton  Rd.,  Toronto 
Caledonia,  Ontario 
Caledonia,  Ontario 
448  Ontario  St.,  Toronto 
Stafford,  Ontario 
96  Elmwood  Av.,  Toronto 
96  Elmwood  Av.,  Toronto 
94  Elmwood  Av.,  Toronto 
215  Glendonwynne  Rd.,  To- 
ronto 
117   Hunter   St.,   Hamilton, 

Ontario 

1351%  Queen  St.  West,  To- 
ronto 
Toronto 

12   Simpson   Av.,   Toronto 
Toronto 

St.  George,  Ontario 

84  Balmoral  Av.,  Toronto 

Walkerton,  Ontario 

Newcastle,   Ontario 
R.   R.    2,   Mansonville,    On- 
tario 
324  Harvie  Av.,  Toronto 

324  Harvie  Av.,  Toronto 

2015  Hutchison  St.,  Mont- 
real 

30  Vulhallen,  Toronto 

Mt.  Forest,  Ontario 

1383  King  St.  West,  To- 
ronto 

488  Clinton  St.,  Toronto 

Pretoria  Av.,  Toronto 

Tweed,   Ontario 

163  Grey  Av.,  Montreal 

Cannington,  Ontario 
90  St.  Clarens,  Toronto 

463 


Toronto  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Centenary  Church 

Sons  of  Temperance 
Caledonia  Methodist  Church 
Caledonia  Methodist  Church 
Northern    Union 

Grand  Lodge  I.  0.  G.  T. 
I.  0.  R.,  Earlscourt  Branch 
I.  0.  G.  T. 

Third  Church  of  Christ  Sci- 
entist 


Parkdale  Union 


Presbyterian  Church 

Kings   Daughters,  Loving 
Helpers'  Circle 

Baptist  S.  S. 

Gordon  Union 

Walkerton's  Women's  Insti- 
tute 

Durham  County 

Brown  County  W.  C.  T.  U. 

I.  0.  G.  T.,  Caledonia  Lodge 

No.  22 
I.  0.  G.  T.,  Caledonia  Lodge 

No.  22 
Anti-Alcoholic  League 

Beaches  Union 
Presbyterian    Church 
Alliance  Executive 

New    Era     Council    No.    8, 

R.  T.  of  T. 
Eastern  Union 
Methodist  Church 
Quebec  Branch  of  Dominion 

Alliance 

Methodist  Church 
Youmans  Paul 


Savage,  W.  S. 
Savage,  Mrs.  M.  S. 
Schell,  Mr.  J.  H. 

Schell,  Mrs.  J.  H. 
Selwood,  Mrs.  C. 
Shaver,  Zella  G. 

Sheppard,  Rev.  E. 


CANADA  (Ccmtmued) 
Oakville,   Ontario 
355   Crawford    St.,    Toronto 
R.  R.  No.  8,  Woodstock 

R.  R.  No.  8,  Woodstock 
476  Grace  St.,  Toronto 
179    Westminster    Av.,    To- 
ronto 
Thorold,   Ontario 


Shirk,  Mrs.  Magdalena      Waterloo,  Ontario 
Silcox,  Rev.  E.  D. 


Simpson,  James 
Simpson,  W.  H. 

Sinclair,  Mrs. 
Smallfield,  W.  E. 
Smith,  Rev.  A.  A. 
Smith,  Rev.  A.  L. 
Smith,  J.  A. 
Smith,  Mrs.  J.  A. 
Smith,  J.  Willard 
Smith,  Mrs.  J.  Willard 
Smith,  Mrs.  Osborne 
Smyth,  Robert  James 

South,  Rev.  W.  C. 
Spence,  Rev.  Ben  H. 
Speer,  Rev.  J.  C. 
Stacey,  Mrs.  A.  M. 
Stavert,  Rev.  R.  Hensley 
Starr,  Mrs.  R.  A. 
Stevens,  Mrs/Hattie  A. 
Stewart,  Alex. 
Stewart,  Mrs. 
Stewart,  W.  J. 

Stickle,  Mrs.  A.  W. 

Stillman,  Rev.  R.  F. 
Stray,  F.  W. 
Stuart,  Mrs.  Colin 
Sutherland,  Capt.  G. 

Tackaberry,  Miss  S. 


4  Sussex  Av.,  Toronto 

91  Indian  Rd.,  Toronto 
R.  R.  No.  4  Brantford,  On- 
tario 

60  Balsom  Av.,  Toronto 
91  Wellesley  St.,  Toronto 
Gravenhurst,  Ontario 
49  Alberta  Av.,   Toronto 
572  St.  Claren  Av.,  Toronto 
572  St.  Claren  Av.,  Toronto 
St.  Johns,  New  Brunswick 
St.  Johns,  New  Brunswick 
104  Eighth  Av.,  Toronto 
28    King    St.    East,    Kitch- 
ener, Ontario 

67  Alma  St.,  Kitchener,  Ont 
24  Bloor  St.  East,  Toronto 
Dundas,   Ontario 
Creemore,  Toronto 
Hunters  River,  P.  E.  I. 
Newmarket,    Ontario 
94  Cowan  Av.,  Toronto 
16    Bernard   Av.,    Toronto 
Weston,  Ontario 
Regina,  Saskatchewan 

199  Howard  Park  Av.,  To- 
ronto 

Omemee,  Ontario 
Oshawa,  Ontario 
Osgoode  Station,  Ontario 

2  Butternut  Ave.,  Toronto 
i 

Box   512   Merlin,   Ontario 
464 


Oakville  Methodist  Church 
Prov.  Ex.  Committee 
East  Oxford  Prohibition  As- 
sociation 

Eastwood  Methodist  Church 
W.  C.  T.  U. 
W.  C.  T.  U. 

Thorold  Methodist  Church 
U.  B.  Church,  Kitchener 

W.  C.  T.  U. 
Congregational  Union  of 

Canada 

Provincial  Executive 
Bethel  S.  S.,  Burford 

Beaches 
'The   Pioneer" 
Presbyterian  Church 
St.  Clair  Methodist 

arman  Church 

arman  Church 
N".  B.  Temperance  Alliance 
N.  B.  Temperance  Alliance 
East  Toronto  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Kitchener  Trinity  Methodist 

S.  S. 
U.  B.  Church 
Dominion  Alliance 
Dundas  Methodist  Church 
County  Sincoe  W.  C.  T.  U. 
P.  E.  I.  Temperance  Alliance 
Newmarket  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Parkdale   Methodist   Church 
[.  0.  G.  T. 

Social     Service     Council     of 

Saskatchewan 
The  Beaches  Union 

Methodist  Church 
S.  D.  A.  Church 
Dalmeny  Institute 
North    Broadway    Presl 

rian  Church 
Methodist 


Taylor,  Mrs.  Broadbent 
Taylor,  Mrs.  C. 
Taylor,  C.  F. 
Taylor,  Mrs.  E.  E. 
Taylor,  Mrs.  R. 
Taylor,  T.  P. 

Taylor,  W. 
Ternay,  Rev.  Judson 
Terryberry,  Mrs.  M. 
Thomas,  Miss  Victoria 
Thompson,  Mrs. 
Thompson,  Everett 

Thompson,  Mrs.  Everett 
Thornton,  Miss  A.  I. 
Thornton,  C.  J. 
Tice,  Wm.  A. 
Tiffin,  E. 
Timmons,  Mrs. 
Tinney,  J.  S. 
Tinney,  Mrs.  J.  S. 
Trenholm,  W.  A. 

Tucker,  S.  T. 
Turner,  J.  H. 
Van  Blancom,  P. 
Vokes,  Miles 
Wade,  R.  H. 

Walker,  J.   Frank 
Wallace  Samuel 
Wallace,  Rev.  W.  W. 
Walls,  Miss  Alice   E. 
Wallerhouse,  Mrs.  D. 
Walton,  J.  M. 

Waneer,  S.  R. 
Ward,  Mrs.  F.  C. 
Watson,  Mrs.  Donald 

Way,  F.  A. 
Weber,  C.  S. 
Weber,  Miss  Nellie 
Wellwood,  Mrs.  G.  A. 


CANADA  (Continued) 
81  Belhaven  Rd.,  Toronto 
642  Rhodes  Ave.,  Toronto 
Toronto 

Box  575,  Bracebridge,  Ont. 
Toronto 
299  Queen  West,  Toronto 

244  St.  George  St.,  Toronto 
Grand  Valley,  Ontario 
Leamington,   Ontario 
124  Grace  St.,  Toronto 
550  Perth  Av.,  Toronto 
25    Mt.    Kenzie    Cres.,    To- 
ronto 

25  Mt.  Kenzie  Ores.,  Toronto 
Orono,  Ontario 
Orono,  Ontario 
172  Roxton  Rd.,  Toronto 
80  Howard  Pk.  Av.,  Toronto 
90  Cowan  Av.,  Toronto 
Oakwood,  Ontario 
Oakwood,  Ontario,  R.  R.  2 
155  Arlington  Av.,  Toronto 

Willbrook,  Ontario 
Box  29,  Oakville,  Ontario 
1212  Melbourne  Av.,  Toronto 
40  Queen  St.  East,  Toronto 
20  Charles  St.,  London,  On- 
tario 

Hamilton,    Ontario 
197  Beatrice  St.,  Toronto 
49  Belvedere  Av.,  Toronto 
229  Carlton  St.,  Toronto 
Toronto 
Aurora,  Ontario 

Port  Dover,  Toronto 

95  Spadina  Rd.,  Toronto 

Roseview  Ave.,  Richmond 

Hill,  Ontario 
Beaverton,  Ontario 
Waterloo,  Ontario 
83  William  St., Waterloo, Ont. 
Kamloops,  B.  C. 

465 


East  Toronto  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Riverdale  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Advent  Christian  Church 
W.  C.  T.  U. 

East  Toronto  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Ontario  Religious  Education 

Council 

Christian  Science  Monitor 
Methodist  Church 
W.  C.  T.  U. 

Youmans  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Wesley  Methodist  Church 


Orono  Methodist  Church 
Sons   of   Temperance 

W.  C.  T.  U. 
Methodist  Church 

IBM 

St.    Clair    Av.    Men's    Asso- 
ciation, Methodist 
Methodist  Church 
R.  T.  of  T. 


Empress  Avenue  Methodist 
Church 

Livingston  Meth.  Church 

Cooke's  Church 

Methodist  Church 

Free  Methodist  W.  F.  M.  S. 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

Grand  Division  Sons  of  Tem- 
perance of  Ontario 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

Richmond  Hill  W.  C.  T.  U. 


Evangelical   Church 

Selkirk    Thompson,    Obema- 
gen  District,  B.  C. 


Wellwood,  Rev.  H.  E. 
Werry,  Milton  J. 
Werry,  Mrs.  M.  J. 
Western,  Mrs.  E. 

Wheeler,  Mrs.  E. 

Whitman,  Mrs.  0.  C. 
Williams,  Rev.  Dr. 

Williamson,  Miss  B.  C. 
Williamson,  Miss  H.  B. 
Williamson,  J.  S. 

Willis,  R.  F. 
Willmot,  Theo. 


Willmot,  Mrs.  Theo.  M. 
Willoughby,  Mrs.  C.  C. 
Willson,  Frank  B. 
Wilson,  Geo.  L. 

Wilson,  J.  Maconkey 
Wilson,  Rev.  W.  D. 

Winter,  F.  W. 
Winberborn,  E.  J. 

Woods,  J.  J. 
Woolley,  W.  A. 
Wright,  A.  W. 
Wright,  Mrs.  A.  W. 
Wright,  E.  E. 
Wright,  Mrs.  Gordon 

Wright,  Mrs.  J.  R. 
Wrigley,  Mrs.  S.  E. 
Wright,  Mrs.  T.  H. 

Yates,  Mrs.  Wm. 
Young,  Geo. 

Young,  Rev.  W. 
Zurbrigg,  J.  M. 


CANADA  (Continued) 
Barrie,  Ontario 
Tyrone,  Ontario 
Tyrone,  Ontario 
Newmarket,   Ontario 

7    Prince    Rupert    Av.,    To- 
ronto 
Toronto 

115  Wellesley  Crescent,  To- 
:     ronto 

21  Suffolk  Place,  Toronto 
21  Suffolk  Place,  Toronto 
68  Pleasant  Blvd.,  Toronto 

Uxbridge,  Ontario 
Orillia,  Ontario 


Orillia,  Ontario 
Keswick,  Ontario 
Thorold,  Ontario 
Globe  Office,  Toronto 

Calgary,  Alberta 

Fredericton,  New  Bruns- 
wick 

350  St.  Clair  Av.  W.,  To- 
ronto 

120  Ellsworth  Av.,  Toronto 

Hanover,  Ontario 
Wilsonville,  Ontario 
84  Durie  St.,  Toronto 
84  Durie  St.,  Toronto 
Quebec  Avenue,  Toronto 
London,  Ontario 

1372  Queen  St.,  Toronto 
526  Markham   St.,  Toronto 
291    Slocan   St.,  Vancouver, 

B.  C. 

130  St.  Helena  Av.,  Toronto 
Scarboro  Junction,  Ontario 

R.  R.  1 

60  Lindsay  Av.,  Toronto 
New  Hamburg,  Ontario 

466 


Collier  St.  Methodist  Church 
Tyrone  Methodist  Church 
Methodist  Church 
Presbyterian   Church  W.   C. 

T.  U. 
Willing  Circle  of  King's 

Daughters 

Sherborne     St.     Methodist 
Church 

Central  Union 

Central   W.   C.  T.  U. 

Ontario  B.  Dominion  Alli- 
ance 

North  Ontario 

National  Divisions  of  North 
America  Sons  of  Temper- 
ance 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

Beaverdams  Sabbath  School 

Broadway  Methodist  Taber- 
nacle 

Alberta  Social  Service 

New  Brunswick  Temperance 
Alliance 


W.  M.  S.  St.  Clair  Metho- 
dist 

M.  E.  Church 

Methodist  Church 

Carmen  Church 

Carmen  Church 

High  Park  Meth.   Church 

Canadian  National  W.  C. 
T.  U. 

Queen  St.  E.  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Central  W.  C.  T.  U. 

President  B.  C.  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Youmans 

St.  Andrews  Presbyterian 

Church 

Methodist  Church 
Evangelical  Sunday  School 


McTavish,  W. 


Djang,  William  B. 
Jones,  Edith  Frances 


Dussan,  Ricardo 
Prada-Garcia,  Carlos 

Halko,  John 

Larsen-Ledet,  Lars 
Prior,  Dagmar 

Conde,  Rev.  Maximo  F. 

Baird,  Mary  E. 

Hellicar,  Mrs. 

Horsfall,  Dr.  Alfred  H. 
Martin,  Win. 

Penn,  Mrs.  E.  E. 
Saleeby,  Dr.  C.  W. 

Slack,  Miss  Agnes  E. 
Stuart,  Rev.  Wilson 

Wilkinson,  Miss  L. 
Wilson,  George  B. 


CHILE  ' 
34  Ross  St.,  Toronto  Chilean    League     of     Social 

Hygiene 
CHINA 

University  College,  Toronto 
Kaifeng,  Honan,   China  W.  F.  M.  S.,  Free  Methodist 

Church 
COLOMBIA 

66   Chittenden  Av.,   Colum- 
bus, Ohio 

1035  S.  Main  St.,  Ann  Ar- 
bor,  Mich. 

CZECHO-SLOVAKIA 
Granville,   Ohio 

DENMARK 
Aarhus,  Denmark  I.  0.  G.  T.,  Grand  Lodge  of 

Denmark 

Lundsgade    7,    Copenhagen,    W.  C.  T.  U. 
Denmark 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC 
Greenville    College,    Green- 
ville, 111. 

EGYPT 

Allerton,  Iowa  Missionary 

ENGLAND 

47   Woodberry  Grove,   Lon-  National    British    Women's 

don  Temperance  Association 

71  Cornhill,  London,  E.  C.  3  United  Kingdom  Alliance 

Lake  Road,  Ambleside, 
England 

12  Fortescue  Rd.,   Bourne-  National    British    Women's 
j     mouth,  England  Temperance  Association 

13  Greville   Place,  London,    Strength    of    Britain    Move- 
N.  W.   6  ment  and  National   Com- 
mercial Temp.  League 

Ripley,    Derbeyshire,    Eng-    National    British    Women's 
i     land  Temperance  Association 

Ratheny,  Clifford  Rd.,  New    Midland  Temperance  Union, 
Barnet,  London,  England        England,    Ulster    Temper- 
ance Council,  Ireland 

69  Fleet  Street,  London  World   League   Against   Al- 

coholism, London  Office 

1  Victoria  St.,  Westminster,    United  Kingdom  Alliance 
London,  S.  W. 

467 


ESTHONIA 

Emits,  Villem  University    of    Tartu,     Es-  Esthonian  Temp.  League  and 

thonia  Esthonian    Temp.    Students' 

Society 
FINLAND 
Rauanheimo,  Mrs.  Betty  Hoopersville,  Md. 

Rauanheimo,  Akseli  Hoopersville,  Md.  Kieltolakilutte    (The   Prohi- 

bition League  of  Finland) 

FORMOSA 

Kaku,  Mathew  Morgan  Hall,  Auburn  Theo- 

logical Seminary,  Auburn, 
N.  Y. 

FRANCE 

Cauvin,  Gustave  14  Place  Jean  Mace,  Lyon,    Ligue  Populaire  Anti- 

France  alcoolique 

Gallienne,  Rev.  Georges     53  bis,  Rue  St.  Lazare,  Paris    La  Croix  Bleue,  Espoir  and 

Ligue     Nationale     centre 
1'Alcoolisme 
GEORGIA   (Caucasia) 

Kvaratzkhelia,  P.  D.          302  College  Av.,  Utijca,  N.  Y. 

GERMANY 
Blucher,  Miss  Gustel  von   Liebigstr.  22,  Dresden,  Ger-    German  Woman's  Christian 

many  Temperance  Union 

Kuppersbusch,  Dr.  Marta  Mainjerstr.  66-4,  Koln,  Ger-  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
many  ance  Union 

Lohmann,  Wilhelmina       Roonstrasse      5,      Bielefeld,  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
Germany  ance  Union 
Strecker,  Dr.  Remhard      Darmstadt,  Germany                Committee    for    Prohibition 

in  Germany 
Strecker,  Tilde  Darmstadt,  Germany  Committee  for  Prohibition 

in   Germany 
GUIANA  (British) 

Osborn,  Mrs.  May  Georgetown,  Demerara, 

British  Guiana 

HAWAII 

Hamilton,  John  A.  Honolulu,  T.  H.  Anti-Saloon    League   of   Ha- 

waii 

HINDUSTAN 

Husain,  S.  F.  410  E.  Liberty  St.,  Ann  Ar- 

bor, Mich. 

HUNGARY 
Gogolyak,  John  G.  Granville,  Ohio 

468 


Campbell,  Miss  Mary  J. 
Felt,  Rev.  F.  R. 

Lawson,  Miss  Anne  E. 
Niyogi,  Jnananjan 

Sahni,  Jogendra  N. 
"Sinha,  Tarini  Prasad   • 


Clow,  Mrs.  Emily  Moffat 

Lancione,  Vincent 
Lombardy,  Ernest  O. 

Brandon,  Dudley  A.  P. 


Hayashi,  Miss  Uta 
Kawamata,  Guchi 
Kubashiro,  Mrs.  0. 

Park,  Fred  M. 


Clip,  Hi  Yum 
Kim,  Kwan  Sik 


Kempels,  Gustav 
Brown,  Philip  K. 


INDIA 

Lucknow 

Jubbulpore,  India 


Mussoorie 

84  Upper  Circle  Rd.,  Cal- 
cutta 

Rm.  219,  S.  Ingalls  St.,  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich. 

33  Victoria  Gardens,  Ben- 
ares City 


IRELAND 
Feddal  House,  Portadown 


ITALY 

Wesleyan  University,  Dela- 
ware, Ohio 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University, 
12  Montrose  St.,  Dela- 
ware, Ohio 

JAMAICA   (B.  W.  I.) 
198  De  Graves  St.,  Toronto, 
Canada 

JAPAN 
Osaka,    Japan 

Japan 
Tokyo,  Japan 

JUGO-SLAVIA 
5558    University    Av.,    Chi- 
cago, 111.,  U.  S.  A. 
KOREA 

Hong-Kong,  Korea 
Knox     College,     Galesburg, 
111.,  U.  S.  A. 

LATVIA 

Gertrud  Str.  23,  Riga, 
Latvia 

LIBERIA 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University, 
Delaware,  Ohio 

469 


President  National  W.  C.  T. 

U.  of  India 
Board    of    Prohibition    and 

Public     Morals,     M.     E. 

Church  in  Southern  Asia 
W.  C.  T.  U.  of  India 
Calcutta   Temp.   Federation, 

Anglo-Indian  Temp.  Ass'n 


National  League  for  Prohi- 
bition of  Drink  and  Drug 
Traffic  in  India  and  An- 
glo-Indian Temp.  Ass'n 

Ulster  Women's  Temperance 
Association,  Ulster  Tem- 
perance Council,  Irish 
Temperance  League 


National  W.  C.  T.  U. 
National  W.  C.  T.  U. 
National  W.  C.  T.  U. 


Latvian     Anti-Alcohol     So- 
ciety 


LITHUANIA 

Salk,  Miss  Senirer  863    N.    Sacramento    Blvd., 

Chicago,  111. 

MACEDONIA 

Petrogannis,  K.  Y.  25  Wyatt  Av.,  Toronto, 

Ontario 

MEXICO 
Pascoe,  Rev.  J.  N.,  B.D.    Colegio   "Roberts,"   Saltillo, 

Coah,  Mexico 

Perez,  Rafael  2231    Creighton   Av.,    Cleve- 

land, Ohio 

Vargas,  E.  B.  Palmore   College,   Apartado 

50,  Chihuahua,  Mexico 

NEWFOUNDLAND 

Benedict,  Mrs.  James  S.    St.  Johns,  Newfoundland        W.  C.  T.  U. 
Johnston,  Mrs.  David         St.  Johns,  Newfoundland        W.  C.  T.  U.  and  Colony  of 

Newfoundland 
NORWAY 

Ostlund,  Rev.  David  H.     Stockholm,  Sweden 
Ostlund,  Mrs.  David  H.     Stockholm, '  Sweden 

PERU 
Escobar,  Juan  A.  Lewis  Institute,  Chicago 

2715  W.  Congress  St.,  Chi- 
cago, 111. 

PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS 

Sapao,  Miss  Leodegaria     70  W.  Park  St.,  Westerville 
Ohio 

PORTO  RICO 

Monitar,  Juan  F.  Defiance    College,    Defiance, 

Ohio 

ROUMANIA 
Jones,  V.  M.  Denison    University,    Gran- 

ville,   Ohio 

Prie,  Adam  A.  Box  13,  Mt.  Union  Station, 

Alliance,  Ohio 

RUSSIA 

Strelecki,  Chester  J.          Baldwin-Wallace  College, 
Berea,  Ohio 

SCOTLAND 

Barbour,  Mrs.  Dumfries,    Scotland  British     Women's     Temper- 

ance Ass'n,   Scotland 

Barton,  Mrs.  Helen  Helenslea,  Prestwick  British     Women's     Temper- 

ance Ass'n,   Scotland 

Darling,  Miss  Jane  21    Waterloo    Place,    Edin-    British     Women's     Temper- 

burgh,  Scotland  ance  Ass'n,   Scotland 

470 


Duncan,  G.  Campbell 
Gillespie,  Jas.  Stirling 
Milne,  Mrs.  G.  C. 
Milne,  Rev.  Geo.  C. 
Munro,  Robt.  A. 
Sinclair,  Miss  G.  D. 
Smith,  Rev.  J.  Cromarty 

Spalding,  H.  C. 
Wilson,  Mary 

Pauvedya,  Mr.  Nitya 
Lavrov,  Sergey 

Broderick,  Sylvester 

Albricias,  Rev.  F.  G. 

Ostlund,  Rev.  David 
Ostlund,  Mrs.  David 

Fokkert,  Otto 
Hercod,  Dr.  R. 

Feizy,  H.  S. 
Pivovaroff,  John 


SCOTLAND  (Continued) 
Bathgate,  Scotland 

Rothesay,  'Scotland 

Woodside  Manse,  Aberdeen, 
Scotland 

Woodside  Manse,  Aberdeen, 
Scotland 

St.  Ronans,  Lenzie,  Scot- 
land 

5    Tolbooth   Lane,    Wick, 
Scotland 

Glasgow 

Wick,  Scotland 
Glasgow,  Scotland 

SIAM 

279    Madison    Av.,    Albany, 
N.  Y. 

SIBERIA 

Albion  College,  Albion, 
Mich. 

SIERRA  LEONE 
Otterbein    College,    Wester- 
ville,  Ohio 

SPAIN 
Alicante,  Spain 

SWEDEN 
Gamla  Brog.  32,  Stockholm, 

Sweden 
Gamla  Brog.  32,  Stockholm, 

Sweden 

SWITZERLAND 
216  Douglas  Av.,  Fort 

Wayne,  Ind. 
Avenue     Ed.     Dapples     5, 

Lausanne,  Switzerland 

TURKEY 

203    N.    Seventh    St.,    Ann 

Arbor,  Mich. 

UKRANIA 
Baldwin-Wallace  College, 

Berea,   Ohio 

471 


Commercial  Travellers'  Tern 
erance  Union,  Glasgow 

Scottish  Temp.  and.  No-Li 
cense  Union 

British  Women's  Temper 
ance  Ass'n,  Scotland 

Scottish  Permissive  Bill  and 
Temperance  Association 

Scottish  Temperance  and 
No-License  Union 

British  Women's  Temper- 
ance Ass'n,  Scotland 

Scottish  Temperance  and 
No-License  Union 


Anti-Saloon  League  of 

Sweden 
Anti-Saloon  League  of 

Sweden 

Young  People's  Temperance 
Education,  Switzerland 

President,  World  League 
Against  Alcoholism 


van  Graan,  H.  S. 


UNION  OF  SOUTH  AFRICA 
Champaign,  Ilinois 
UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Alabama 


Champion,  Ira,  Montgomery 
Comer,  Hugh,  Sylacauga 
Gamble,  Rev.  E.  W.,  Selma 
Hackworth,  Judge  J.  B.,  Scottsboro 
Hankins,  Mrs.  J.  M.,  Birmingham 
Jackson,  F.  M.,  Birmingham 
Jeffries,  Mrs.  W.  H.,  Birmingham 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Arkansas 


Morris,  M.  E.,  Birmingham 
Musgrove,  J.  B.,  Jasper 
Ratliff,  P.  C.,  Birmingham 
Stuart,  Rev.  George  R.,  Birmingham 
Stockham,  W.  H.,  Birmingham 
Tompkins,  0.  L.,  Dothan 


Brough,  Hon.  Chas.  H.,  Little  Rock 
Donaghey,  Hon.  Geo.  W.,  Little  Rock 
Kemper,  Rev.  Paul  E.,  Little  Rock 
McDonald,  Hon.  A.  C.,  Fort  Smith 
Millar,  Dr.  A.  C.,  Little  Rock 
Reynolds,  Pres.  J.  H.,  Con  way 
Rowden,  Hon.  Thad.  W.,  Little  Rock 
Sloan,  Hon.  Clay,  Black  Rock 


Dillon,  Mrs.  W.  E. 
Finch,  Rev.  A.  J. 


Abrahamson,  Alfred 

Coffin,  George  H.,  Jr. 
Hohenthal,  E.  L.  G. 


Thornburg,  Col.  Geo.,  Little  Rock 
Tillman,  Congressman  Jno.  N.,  Fayette- 

ville 

Tompkins,  Hon.  W.  V.,  Prescott 
Wade,  Hon.  Jno.  W.,  Little  Rock 
Wadley,  Hon.  J.  L.,  Texarkana 
Williams,  Pres.  J.  M.,  Searcy 
Workman,  Pres.  J.  M.,  Arkadelphia 

Delegates  from  Colorado 

Denver  Colorado  Anti-Saloon  League 

Denver  Colorado  Anti-Saloon  League 

Delegates  from  Connecticut 
329  Jefferson  St.,  Hartford     Swedish  Grand  Lodge 


Hartford 


I.   O.  G.  T. 
Connecticut  Temp.  Union 


467  Center  St.,  S.  Manches-     Sons    of    Temperance,    Nat. 


ter 


Division  of  N.  America 


Delegates  from  California 
Deyo,  Mrs.  Anna  Marden  3  City  Hall  Ave.,  San  Fran-     Calif.  W.   C.  T.  U. 

cisco  Calif.  Anti-Saloon  League 


Estes,  Mrs.  Addie 
Flowers,  Montaville 

Gregg,  Mrs.  A.  H. 


San  Francisco 
Pasadena 


President  Calif.  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Anti-Alcohol   Education   As- 
sociation 
W.  C.  T.  U. 


Whittier 
Hutchins,  M.  Lew,  M.D.    6011  Eleanor  Ave.,  Los  An-    S.   Calif.   W.   C.  T.  U. 

geles 

Kemp,  Mrs.  Jennie  M.      San  Francisco  W.    C.   T.   U. 

Parlier 

301  N.  Broadway,  Los  An 
geles 

Delegates  from  District  of  Columbia 

Church,  Miss  Laura  R.     906    Munsey    Bldg.,    Wash-    I.  O.  G.  T.,  National  Grand 
ington  Lodge,  Nat.  Reform  Ass'n 

472 


Pettit,  Mrs.  Anna  A. 
Wheeler,  Mrs.  Eva  C. 


Fresno  Co.,  W.  C.  T.  U. 
S.  Calif.  W.  C.  T.  U. 


Coffin,  Frank  A. 
Dinwiddie,  Rev.  E.  C. 

Johnson,  Kenneth  M.  S 
Kress,  Dan.  H.,  M.D. 

Lindley,  Miss  Laura 
Longacre,  Rev.  C.  S. 

Middlemiss,  H.  S. 
Nicholson,  S.  E. 


District  of  Columbia   (Cont 
203    Cedar    Ave.,    Takoma 

Park,  Washington 
90t>    Munsey    Bldg.,    Wash 

ington 
Washington 
Washington,  D.  C. 

30  Bliss  Bldg.,  Washington 

102   Park  Ave.,   Takoma 
Park,  Washington 

Washington,  D.  C. 

532  17th  St.,  N.  W.,  Wash- 
ington 


Shoemaker,  A.  E.,  Atty. 
Turpeau,  T.  Dewitt 
Wheeler,  W.  B.,  LL.D. 


Woodward  Bldg.,  Washing- 
ton 
1408  Hopkins  St.  N.  W. 

30  Bliss  Bldg.,  Washington 


inued) 

General  Conference,  Seventh 
Day  Adventists 

I.  O.  G.  T.,  National  Grand 
Lodge 

Official  Reporter 

Society  for  Study  of  Alcohol 
and  Other  Narcotics 

Anti-Saloon  League  of 
America 

Internatl.  Sec.,  Seventh  Day 
Adventists 

Official  Reporter 

Federal  Council  of  Churches 
in  America;  Friends'  Five 
Years  Meeting;  Secretary 
Anti-Saloon  League  of 
America 

Anti-Saloon  League  of  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia 

Maryland  Anti-Saloon 
League 

Anti-Saloon  League  of 
America 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Delaware 


Helfenstein,  Rev.  R.  C.,  Dover 
Jacobs,  Rev.  D.  W.,  Milford 
Jacobs,  W.  E.,  Harrington 
Jester,  W.  B.,  Delaware  City 
Marshall,  Mrs.  Clara,  Lewes 
Pierce,  Mrs.  Georgia  G.,  Milford 
Price,  Senator  L.  M.,  Smyrna 


Allison,  Rev.  Geo.  D.,  Wilmington 
Blake,  Rev.  John  D.,  Marshallton 
Brosius,  L.  W.,  Wilmington 
Burchenal,  Caleb  E.,  Wilmington 
Cannon,  Harry  L.,  Bridgeville 
Cordray,  Mrs.  Ella  D.,  Harrington 
Donnell,  Mrs.  Mary  B.,  Newark 
Emerson,  Miss  Rietta  M.,  Wilmington 

Other  Delegates  from  Delaware 
Dockerty,  Mrs.  J.  A.         Wilmington,  Del.  Delaware  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Delegates  Appointed  by  the  Governor  of  Florida 

Bryan,  Hon.  N.  C.,  Kissimmee  Jones,  Hon.  Hugh  G.,  Arcadia 

Carpenter,  Rev.   W.  J.,   St.  Petersburg         McMullen,  Hon.  D.  C.,  Tampa 
Carlyon,  Hon.  Doyle  E.,  Tampa 
Chase,  Joshua,  Jacksonville 
Edge,  Hon.  E.   E.,  Groveland 
Jennings,  Hon.   Frank  E.,  Jacksonville 


Crooke,  Rev.  C.  W. 


Merrill,  Rev.  R.  N.,  Miami 
Neal,  Miss  Minnie  E.,  Jacksonville 
Phillips,  Dr.  L.  C.,  Pensacola 
Tilghman,  Hon.  W.  G.,  Palatka 

Other  Delegates  from  Florida 

404  Dyal -Unchurch  Bldg.,        Florida  Anti-Saloon  League 
Jacksonville 


473 


Anderson,  Rev.  Neal 
Boykin,  Mrs.  B.  M. 


Delegates  Appointed  by  the  Governor  of  Georgia 

Savannah  Pastor  Independent  Presby- 

terian Church 

Atlanta  President    City     Federation 

Woman's  Clubs,  Atlanta 


Burden,  R.  F.  Macon 

Daniel,  Rev.  C.  W.,  D.D.  Atlanta 
Dempsey,  Rev.  E.  F.,  D.D.  Atlanta 

Dillard,  Mrs.  Leila  A.     Atlanta 


Grice,  Rev.  Homer  L. 
Hardman,  Dr.  L.  G. 
Harris,  Hon.  N.  E. 
Harbin,  Hon.  T.  W. 
Hays,  Mrs.  J.  E. 


Washington 

Commerce 

Macon 

Calhoun 

Montezuma 


Huckabee,  Rev.  W.  A.     Savannah 
Jarrell,  Rev.  C.  C.,  D.D.  Augusta 


King,  Rev.  W.  P. 

Ledbetter,  Rev.  C.  W. 
Martin,  Hon.  W.   C. 
Marcin,  Hon.  E.  W. 
Newton,  Louie  D. 


Atlanta 

Hawkinsville 
Dalton 
Atlanta 
Atlanta 


Williams,   Mrs.    Marvin  Augusta 


Pastor  First  Baptist  Church 
Secretary    Education   North 
3  Georgia  Conference 
President  Georgia  State  W. 

C.  T.  U. 
Pastor  First  Baptist  Church 


President    State    Federation 

Woman's  Clubs 
Pastor  Grace  Meth.  Church 
Pastor  St.  Johns  Methodist 

Church 
Editor    Wesleyan    Christian 

Advocate 
Pastor   First  Meth.    Church 


Editor  Christian  Index 

(Baptist) 
Vice-President  Georgia  State 

W.  C.  T.  U. 


Other  Delegates  from  Georgia 

Alkins,  Mrs.  Florence  E.  1301  Anderson  St.,  E.  Sa-       Pres.   Georgia  W.   C.   T.  U. 
vannah 

Delegate  Appointed  by  the  Governor  of  Hawaii 
Hamilton,  John  Honolulu         ,  Secretary    Army   and   Navy 


Alkire,  Miss  Anna 
Andreen,  Rev.  Carl  J. 
Antrim,  Eugene  M. 

Bahrenburg,  Carrie  A. 
Boynton,  Rev.  M.  P. 
Christgau,  O.  G. 
Coleman,  Chas.  E. 
Coleman,  Mrs.  Chas.  E. 


Delegates  from  Illinios 
563  N.  Pine  St.,  Chicago 
4944  N.  Troy  St.,  Chicago 
Springfield 

0 

Belleville 

6529  Ingleside  Ave,  Chicago 

Glen  Ellyn 

9332  S.  Robey  St.,  Chicago 

9332  S.  Robey  St.,  Chicago 

474 


Y.  M.  C.  A. 


Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 
Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 
Sangamon  County  Civic 

League 

St.  Clair  Co.  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Illinois  An ti- Saloon  League 
Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 
Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 


Davis,  E.  J. 
Dolley,  Mrs.  J.  C. 

Dowdell,  C.  E. 
Golden,  John  R. 
Gordon,  Miss  Anna  A. 
Hamilton,  Artie  G. 
Hamilton,  Charles  L. 
Hamlin,  Mrs.  E.  E. 

High,  Fred 
James,  G.  W. 
Johnson,  Rev.  Fred  R. 
Johnson,  N.  R. 
Landrith,  Rev.  Ira,  D.D. 


Langley,  John  W. 

Little,  J.  A. 
McBride,  F.  Scott,  D.D. 
McDonald,  Almena  P. 
McGinnis,   George  M. 
Markin,  Rev.  Andrew 
Marquam,  Alicia  C. 
Marshall,  Epha 
Mathers,  Mrs.  G.  M. 
Munns,  Mrs.  M.  C. 
Nicholson,  Bishop  T. 

Odell,  Miss  Alice 
Parks,  Mrs.  F.  P. 

Patterson,  M.  E. 
Patterson,  Mrs.  F.  A. 
Peterson,  Rev.  Chas.  E. 
Pofct,  A.  H. 
Pogue,  R.  E. 

Quayle,  Rev.  T.  R. 
Romfel,  Henry  Edward 

Warner,  Harrv  S. 


Delegates  from  Illinois  (Cont 
189  W.  Madison  St.,  Chi- 
cago 
Lebanon 


Galesburg 

Decatur 

Evanston 

Dwight 

Dwight 

721  E.  Edward  St.,  Spring- 
field 

6315  Yale  Ave.,  Chicago 

Galesburg 

Charleston 

Springfield 

411    17   N.   Wabash   Ave., 
Chicago 

1 200  Security  Bldg.,  Chicago 

512  S.  Homan  Ave.,  Chicago 

1200  Security  Bldg.,  Chicago 

Chicago 

89  Le  Grande  Blvd.,  Aurora 

E.  Wall  St.,  Morrison 

Bloomington 

1118  Temple,  Chicago 

1200  Security  Bldg.,  Chicago 

Evanston 

4613  Ellis  Ave.,  Chicago 

563  N.  Pine  Ave.,  Chicago 
1730  Chicago  Ave.,  Evan- 
ston 

"The  Inn,"  Chicago 
"The  Inn,"  Chicago 
1200  Security  Bldg.,  Chicago 
1200  Security  Bldg.,  Chicago 
14  W.  Washington  St.,  Chi- 
cago 
Oswego 
Joliet 


Chicago 


inued) 

Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 

W.    C..   T.    U.,    Anti-Saloon 

League 

Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 
Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 
President  Nat.  W.  C.  T.  U. 
M.  E.  Church 
M.  E.  Church 
First  M.  E.  Church 


Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 
Baptist  Church 
Illinois  Anti- Saloon  League 
Intercollegiate      Prohibition 
Ass'n,     World     League 
Against  Alcoholism 
World    League    Against    Al- 
coholism 

Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 
Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 
National  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 
First  Baptist  Church 
Treasurer  W.  C.  T.  U. 
W.  C.  T.  U. 

Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 
National  W.  C.  T.  U.. 
Pres.  Anti-Saloon  League  of 

America 

Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 
National  W.  C.  T.  U. 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 

Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 
Intercollegiate      Prohibition 

Association 

Chicago  Church  Federation 
Will  Co.  Law  and  Order 

League 
Intercollegiate      Prohibition 

Association 


475 


Delegates  from  Illinois  (Continued) 


Warner,  Mrs.  Harry  S.    Chicago 


Welsh,  Rev.  J.  W. 
Wilson,  George  H. 
Wilkinson,  L.  B. 
Williams,  Elmer  Lynn 

Wintringer,  Miss  M. 
Yule,  George  H. 


Wheaton 

Quincy 

Sparland 

4416  N.  Winchester  Ave. 

Chicago 
3516  Lake  Park  Ave.,  Chi-    Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 

cago 
Springfield  Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 


Intercollegiate      Prohibition 

Association 
Anti-Saloon  League 
Illinois  Anti-Saloon  League 
Baptist  Church 
Intercollegiate  Prohibition 

Association 


Delegates  Appointed  by 

Bowser,  S.  F.,  Ft.  Wayne 
Barnes,   James   I.,   Logansport 
Bronson~Mrs.  Minnie  N.,  Salem  Park, 

Indianapolis 

Barr,   Mrs.   Daisy   Douglas,  Newcastle 
Bacon,  Mrs.  Anna  Fellows,  Evansville 
Campbell,  John  B.,   South  Bend 
Cushman,  Dr.  R.  W.,  Princeton 
Conner,  Miss  Nellie,  New  Albany 
Farmer,    Rev.    W.    B.,    2157    N.    Park, 

Indianapolis 

Fout,  Bishop  H.  H.,  945  M.  D.  Wood- 
ruff Place,  Indianapolis 
Goddard,  Joseph  A.,  Muncie 
Goodrich,    Ex-Gov.,  Jas.    P.,   Indianap- 
olis 
Gray,    Mrs.    Willard,    1900    Block    E. 

Wash.,  Indianapolis 
Gwynn,  Dow  R.,  Terre  Haute 
Hoke,  Fred,  3445  Wash.  Blvd.,  Indian- 
apolis 

Hickman,  Rev.  W.  H.,  Terre  Haute 
Horner,  Rev.  D.  M.,  Middletown 


Governor  of  Indiana 

Harrison,  J.  W.,  Attica 

Handley,  L.  A.,  Richmond 

Haynes,  Elwood,  Kokomo 

Holmes,  C.   O.,   Gary 

Irwin,  Will  G.,  Columbus 

Leete,    Bishop    Frederick    D.,    3055    N. 

Meridian,  Indianapolis 
McNaught,  S.  P.,  706  State  Life  Bldg., 

Indianapolis 
McWhirter,  Mrs.  Felix  T.,  Sr.,  1455  N. 

Penn  St.,  Indianapolis 
Nicholson,  Timothy,  Richmond 
Pyle,  Dan,  South  Bend 
Raymer,  C.  C.,  Elkhart 
Rogers,  Carl  F.,  5817  E.  New  York  St., 

Indianapolis 

Shields,  Rev.  D.  H.,  Kokomo 
Simmons,  Abraham  T.,  Bluff  ton 
Stanley,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  T.,  Liberty 
Stimson,  Mrs.  S.  C.,  Terre  Haute 
Titus,  Rev.  G.  W.  Mishawaka 
Vayhinger,  Mrs.  Culla  J.,  Upland 


Other  Delegates  from  Indiana 


Henley,  Homer 

Roper,  Prof.  Alvin  W. 
Sargent,  Galen  B. 
Shumaker,  Rev.  E.  S. 
Sprunger,  C.  C. 
Swadener,  Rev.  M. 
Thoroman,  Carleton 


Noblesville 

Winona   Lake 
N.  Manchester 
Indianapolis 
Berne 

Indianapolis 

156  N.  Grant  St.,  West  La- 
fayette 

476 


Anti-Saloon  League  of 
America 

Manchester  College 
Indiana  Anti-Saloon  League 
Temperance  Society  of  Berne 
Indiana  Anti-Saloon  League 
Purdue  University 


Delegates  Appointed 
Alexander,  Rev.  W.  L.,  West  Union 
Alexander,  Mrs.  W.  L.,  West  Union 
Best,    Rev.    H.    R.,    1718    Washington, 

Des  Moines 
Boyer,  Alice  J.,  1216  Grand  Ave.,  Des 

Moines 

Bushnell,  Rev.  J.  J.,  Algona 
Chilcott,  Mrs.  Laura  E.,  Fairfield 
Cooley,  Rev.  LeRoy  C.,  Winter  set 
Cooley,  Mrs.  LeRoy  C.,  Winterset 
Cronk,  Rev.  W.  F.,  3205  lola  Ave.,  Des 

Moines 
Edworthy,    Mrs.    Anna,    1311    Capital 

Ave.,  Des  Moines 
Fisher,  Rev.  R.  B. 
Gibson,  Miss  Elizabeth,  1059  27th  St., 

Des  Moines 

Goodwin,  Rev.  L.  P.,  Red  Oak 
Gray,  Mrs.  Gretta 
Hollister,  Mrs.  Louis 
Holsaple,  R.  N.,  1216  Grand  Ave.,  Des 

Moines 
Jones,  E.  Paul,  253  Franklin  Ave.,  Des 

Moines 


by  Governor  of  Iowa 

Jones,  Mrs.  E.  Paul,  253  Franklin  Ave., 

Des  TSIbines 
McBeth,  P.  H.,   1216  Grand  Ave.,  Des 

Moines 

McMillan,  Rev.  C.  N.,  Sioux  City 
Patterson,   Mrs.    M.    E.,    1608   Jackson 

St.,  Sioux  City 
Perkins,  Mrs.   Elizabeth 
Philpot,  Mrs.  M.  J.,  Cedar  Falls 
Sanford,    Rev.    W.    B.,    3800    Cottage 

Grove,  Des  Moines 
Sauer,  Mrs.  Edna 
Scott,  Dr.  Herbert,  632  40th  St.,  Des 

Moines 

Smith,  Mrs.  Ida  B.  Wise,  2416  King- 
man  Ave.,  Des  Moines 
Taylor,  Dr.  F.  C.  Morning  Side,  Sioux 

City 
Thompson,   Rev.   R.    W.,   810   Prospect 

Drive,  Des  Moines 
Walker,  Rev.  John  B.,  Clarion 
Wareham,  Rev.  Geo.  H.,  Palmer 
Wheeler,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  Rolfe 


Other  Delegates  from  Iowa 


W.  C.  T.  U. 

St.  Paul  Ave.  M.  E.  Church 


Clark,  Mrs.  Lottie  W.       907  Kellogg,  Ames 
Griffin,  Rev.  Win.  H.         1213  Crocker  St.,  Des 

Moines 

Jones,  Lulu  C.  253  Franklin,  Des  Moines       Iowa    Anti  -  Saloon    League 

and  W.  C.  T.  U. 


Delegates  Appointed  by 
Baker,  Dr.  M.  W.,  Topeka 
Bergin,  Dr.  Alf.,  Lindsborg 
Benning,  Nelson,  Topeka 
Codding,  J.  K.,  Leaven  worth 
Condit,  Rev.  H.  S.,  Emporia 
Crabbe,  Fred  L.,  Topeka 
Dobbs,  Mary  E.,  Wichita 
Fisher,  Rev.  Drury  H.,  Manhattan 
Fleming,  Dr.  Wallace  B.,  Baldwin 
Gresser,  Rev.  J.  B.,  Industry 
Hopkins,  Attorney-General  Richard  J., 

Topeka 

Hyde,  A.  A.,  Wichita 
Kurtz,  Dr.  D.  W.,  McPherson 

477 


Governor  of  Kansas 
Lindley,  Chancellor  E.  H.,  Lawrence 
Marshall,  Judge  John,  Topeka 
Markham,  Dr.  0.  G.,  Baldwin 
McKeever,  Dr.  Wm.  A.,  Lawrence 
Mitchner,  Mrs.  Lillian  M.,  109  W.  10th 

St.,  Kansas  City 
McClellan,  Rev.  J.  A.,  Natoma 
Richards,  Mr.  Frank  G.,  Topeka 
Ross,  Floyd,  Dover 
Ross,  Claude,  Dover 
Robertson,  O.  M.,  Leavenworth 
Sanderson,  Dr.  J.  Ross,  Wichita 
Sheldon,  Dr.  Chas  M.,  Topeka 
Shirk,  D.  F.,  Topeka 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Kansas  (Continued) 
Sibbitt,  Rev.  Mary  F.,  Wichita  Waldort,   Bishop   E.   L.,   Wichita 

Smith,  Dr.  Julius,  Baldwin  White,  William  Allen,  Emporia 

Testerman,  Dr.  F.  H.,  Lawrence  Wise,  Bishop  Jas.,  Topeka 

Other  Delegates  from  Kansas 
Crabbe,  Mrs.  F.  L.  Topeka 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Kentucky 

Beauchamp,  Mrs.   Frances   E.,  Lexing-  Hill,  E.  B.,  Somerset 

ton  O'Rear,  Judge  E.  C.,  Frankfort 

Cherry,  Prof.  H.  H.,  Bowling  Green  Palmer,  N.  A.,  Louisville 

Gragg,  William,  Somerset  Bash,  Senator  J.  R.,  Madisonville 

Guillion,  Hon.  E.  A.,  New  Castle  Scott,  Miss  Sue  M.,  Lexington 
Haley,  General  Percy,  Frankfort 

Other  Delegates  from  Kentucky 
Thomas,  Rev.  C.  R.          New  Castle 
Young,  Rev.  G.  W.  126  S.  Peterson  Av.,  Louis-   Anti-Saloon  League  of 

IT  1     ville  America 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Louisiana 

Bolton,  Hon.  J.  W.,  Alexandria  Jones,  Rev.  Claude  L.,  Shreveport 

Brooks,  Rev.  H.  F.,  Shreveport  Mayo,  Hon.  A.  M.,  Lake  Charles 

Dodd,  Rev.  M.  E.,  Shreveport  Moore,  R.  T.,  Shreveport 

Drake,  Dr.  W.  W.,  Shreveport  Nabors,  Hon.  J.  M.,  Mansfield 

Harper,  Rev.  R.  H.,  New  Orleans  Simer,  Rev.  A.  H.,  New  Orleans 

Hart,  Hon.  W.  0.,  New  Orleans  White,  H.  H.,  Alexandria 

Hass,  Dr.  W.  D.,  Alexandria 

Other  Delegates  from  Louisiana 

Bartpn,  Rev.  A.  J.,  D.D.   Alexandria  Social    Service    Commission, 

Southern  Baptist  Conven- 
tion 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Maine 
Allan,  Mrs.  George  H.,  26  Cushman  St.,        Emerey,  Mr.  E.  H.,  Sanford 

Portland  Markley,  Rev.  H.  A.,  Auburn 

Bass,  Hon.  George  H.,  Wilton  Owen,  Rev.  C.  E.,  Waterville 

Bass,  Mrs.  George  H.,  Wilton  Quimby,  Mrs.   Clara,   Lewiston 

Daggett,  Mrs.  Helen,  Waterboro 

Other  Delegates  from  Maine 
Davis,  Mrs.  Ida  N.  61  India  St.,  Portland  Maine  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Delegates  from  Maryland 

Sisso,  H.  N.,  M.D.  1315  N.  Charles  St.,  Balti-    Health  Dept.  W.  C.  T.  U. 

more 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Massachusetts 
Briggs,  G.  Loring  244  Washington  St.,  Boston     Chairman     Executive     Coi 

mittee,  Mass.  Anti-Sale 
League 
478 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Massachusetts  (Continued) 

Davis,  Malcolm  C.  345  Tremont  Bldg.,  Boston     Business     Manager    of    the 

Mass.  Anti-Saloon  League 

Davis,  Arthur  J.  343  Tremont  Bldg.,  Boston     Regional  Supt.  for  New  Eng- 

land and  New  York  of 
the  Anti-Saloon  League  of 
America 

Doty,  Boyd  P.  130  S.  State  St.,  Wester ville     General     Counsel     for     the 

Massachusetts  Anti  -  Sa- 
loon League 

Forgrave,  Rev.  Wm.  M.   312  Massasoit  Bldg.,  Supt.    Western    Dist.,    Mas- 

Springfield  sachusetts      Anti  -  Saloon 

League 

Gordon,  George  A.  345  Tremont  Bldg.,  Boston     Acting  Supt.  Massachusetts 

Anti- Saloon   League 

Livingston,  Mrs.  D.  K.     306  Lake  Ave.,  Newton  National    Supt.    of    Citizen- 

Centre  ship,  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Mann,  Mrs.  J.  H.  541   Massachusetts  Ave.,         Recording  and  Organization 

Boston  Sec'y     Citizens'     Alliance 

of  Massachusetts 

Ropes,  Mrs.  Alice  G.         541  Massachusetts  Ave.,  President  Mass.  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Boston 

Stoddard,  Miss  C.  F.  404  Tremont  Bldg.,  Boston  Secretary  Scientific  Tem- 
perance Federation 

Tilton,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  11  Mason  St.,  Cambridge  Chairman  Executive  Com- 
mittee Mass.  Anti-Saloon 
League 

Thompson,  S.  H.  Chairman  Citizens'  Alliance 

Campaign  Committee 

Transeau,  Mrs.  E.  L.  404  Tremont  Bldg.,  Boston  Research  Secretary  Scien- 
tific Temperance  Federa- 
tion 

Wills,  Miss  E.  M.  404  Tremont  Bldg.,  Boston       Field    Sec'y   Scientific   Tem- 

perance Federation 
Other  Delegates  from  Massachusetts 

Gordon,  Mrs.  Lucy  S.       Boston  Mass.    Anti-Saloon    League 

Jacquemet,  Father  J.  A.  818  Middle  St.,  Fall  River     Cercles    Lacordaire    et    Ste. 

Jeanne  d'Arc,  Total  Ab- 
stinence Society 

Moore,  Mrs.  W.  F.  Melrose 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Michigan 

Aspinwall,  L.  A.,  611  Washington  St.,         Bishop,  Mrs.  W.  D.,  Grand  Rapids 
Jackson  Boyer,  Joseph,  Detroit 

Baldwin,  F.  L.,  Escanaba  Christian,  D.  M.,  Owosso 

Barclay,  Rev.  A.  C.  Flushing  Davis,  Jas.  R.,  608  Equity  Bldg.,  De- 

Besser,  Herman,   Alpina  troit 

.Beurman,  M.  E.,  Newberry  Dickie,  Samuel,  Albion 

479 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Michigan  (Continued) 


Evans,  John  S.,  Coldwater 

Gerger,  Frank,  Fremont 

Hammond,    Jason    E.,    Cap.    Nat'l    Bk. 
Bldg.,  Lansing 

Hammond,  W.  L.,  Ludington 

Hanley,  Mrs.  Ella,  Bad  Axe 

Hazen,  W.  M.,  Three  Rivers 

Hudson,  Grant  M.,  East  Lansing 

Kellogg,  Dr.  John  H.,  Battle  Creek 

Kresge,  S.  S.,  Kresge  Bldg.,  Detroit 

LaHuis,  A.,  Zeeland 

Lobdell,  J.  B.,  Onaway 

Morrow,  Geo.  W.,  Detroit 

Orr,  Robert  K.,  Lansing 

Owen,  Edwin,  Grand  Rapids 

Perry,  E.  B.,  Bay  City 

Other  Delegates  from  Michigan 
98  Adams  St.,  Detroit 
Albion 

32  S.  Johnson,  Pontiac 
64   Garland  St.,  Flint 
708  Kresge  Bldg.,  Detroit 
Holly 


Perry,  S.  H.,  Adrian 

Powers,  Perry  F.,  Cadillac 

Poole,  E.  J.,  Pontiac 

Prescott,  C.  H.,  Tawas  City 

Saunders,  W.  L.,  Cadillac 

Scott,  R.  H.,  Reo  Motor  Car  Co., 

Lansing 

Seeley,  J.  F.,  Caro 
Sleeper,  Mrs.  A.  E.,  Bad  Axe 
Sly,  Homer,  Petoskey 
Stearns,  J.  F.,  Ludington 
Trompen,  J.  M.,  Grand  Rapids 
Upjohn,  Dr.  W.   E.,  Kalamazoo 
Waltman,  M.  V.,  Lansing 
Webber,  R.  H.,  Detroit 


Andrews,  Mrs.  C.  W. 
Dickie,  Mrs.  Samuel 
Dupuis,  Mrs.  H.  A. 
Glass,  David  H. 
Graham,  A.  C. 
Lockwood,  Mrs.  M.  E. 
Mitchell,  Mrs.  J.  K. 


W.  C.  T.  U. 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

M.  E.  Church 

Mich.  Anti-Saloon  League 

Rec.  Sec'y,  Mich.  W.  C.  T.  U. 


Preston,  Mrs.  F.  E. 


1186  Putnam  Ave.,  Detroit    Presbyterian     Women     of 

Michigan 
1815  Monroe  Ave.,  Detroit     Preston  Union  Mich. 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Minnesota 

Dick,  Rev.  S.  M.  2017  Plea&ant  Ave.,  Minne- 

apolis 

Horn,  Rev.  Robert  Randall 

Roberts,  Rev.   S.   B.          2537  Pleasant  Ave.,  Minne- 
apolis 

Robinson,  Rev.  J.  W.       3112    16th  Ave.    S.,   Minne- 
apolis 

Safford,Rev.Geo.B.,D.D.  Minneapolis  Supt.     Minnesota     Anti-Sa- 

loon League 

Wallar,  Rev.  W.  C.  A.     2434    Stevens   Ave.,   Minne- 
apolis 
Delegates  from  Mississippi 

Elarton,  C.  E.  Osyka  Methodist  Church 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Missouri 

Armstrong,  Rev.  A.  H.,  Federal  Reserve         Baldridge,    Rev.    A.    S.    J.,    Frederick- 
Bank  Bldg.,  St.  Louis  town,  Mo. 
Ba<con,  Dr.  John,  Springfield                           Baity,  Rev.  G.  P.,  Kansas  City 

480 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Missouri  (Continued) 


Bernet,  Christian,   17  Windemere 
Place,  St.  Louis 

Bernet,  Mrs.  Christian,   17  Windemere 
Place,  St.  Louis 

Betts,  C.  E.,  American  National  Bank 
Bldg.,  St.  Joseph 

Burger,  Mrs.  Nellie  G.,  310  McDaniel 
Bldg.,  Springfield 

Carson,  C.  C.,  Jefferson  City,  Mo. 

Campbell,  Rev.  S.  B.,  4366  Forest  Park 
Blvd.,  St.  Louis 

Campbell,    Dr.    Geo.    A.,    Union    Ave. 
Christian  Church,  St.  Louis 

Cell,  John  F.,  Grand  Ave.  Temple,  Kan- 
sas City 

Colton,  A.  B.,  Sharp  Bldg.,  Kansas  City 

Davis,  Fred  C.,  Board  of  Trade  Bldg., 
Kansas  City 

Dibble,  W.  N.,  Commerce   Bldg.,  Kan- 
sas City 

Duckworth,  600  No.  Euclid,  St.  Louis 

Foreman,  Rev.  C.  P.,  Louisiana 

Foreman,  Rev.  W.  S.,  400  New  England 
Bldg.,  St.  Louis 

Hay,  Hon.  C.  M.,  1200  Boatman's  Bank 
Bldg.,  St.  Louis 


Howard,  Clarence,  5501  Chamberlain, 
St.  Louis 

Ingham,  W.  F.,  Scarritt  Bldg.,  Kansas 
City 

Johnson,  Geo.  W.,  209  West  17th,  Kan- 
sas City 

Johnson,  Rev.  W.  G.,  2547  Ada,  St.  Louis 

Leonard,  Dr.  H.  0.,  Shukert  Bldg., 
Kansas  City 

Lyons,  Leslie,  Kansas  City 

Mellow,  Mrs.  Thos.,  6633  Vermont,  St. 
Louis 

Mellow,  Thomas,  6633  Vermont,  St. 
Louis 

McCautry,  914  So.  Main,  Carthage 

Pollock,  John  0.,  Grand  Ave.  Temple, 
Kansas  City 

Peal,  Rev.   Elmer,  Caruthersville 

Reed,  Rev.  J.  J.,  Chillicothe 

Scarritt,  Chas  W.,  Scarritt  Bldg.,  Kan- 
sas City 

Shupp,  Rev.  W.  C.,  802  Victoria  Bldg., 
St.  Louis 

Thompson,  J.  Howard,  Edina 

Wahl,  Rev.  F.  W.,  2607  No.   19th  St., 


Coffin,  F.  G. 


St.   Louis 
Other  Delegates  from  Missouri 
Albany 


Johnson,  W.  C. 


Kansas  City 


Middleton,  Mrs.  E.  0.     2915  E.  16th  St.,  Kansas 
City 


Pearson,  J.  W. 


Fayette 


General    Convention,    Chris- 
tian Church 
Anti- Saloon  League 
Supt.     S.     T.     Q.,     World's 

W.  C.  T.  U. 
First  Christian  Church 
Missouri   Anti-Saloon 
League 

Delegates  from  Montana 
Billings  Montana    Anti-Saloon 

League 

Delegates  from  Nebraska 
402  Fraternity  Bldg.,  Lin-      Nebraska    Anti-Saloon 

coin  League 

2118  15th  St.,  Columbus         Nebraska  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Nevada 
Jones,  Rev.  E.  F.  133  W.  Second  St.,  Reno       Supt.  of  Anti-Saloon  Lean  vie 

of   Nevada 
481 


Shupp,  Miss  Bessie  M.     801  Victoria  Bldg.,  St. 
Louis 


Pope,  Rev.  Joseph 

High,  Rev.  F.  A. 
Peterson,  Mrs.  J.  E. 


Delegates  Appointed  by  the  Governor  of  New  Hampshire 

Caswell,  Ralph  Dover  State  Commissioner  of  Pro- 

hibition  Enforcement 
Federal  Prohibition  Director 
Supt.  New  Hampshire  Anti- 
Saloon  League 
Spaulding,  Ex-Gov.  R.  H.  Rochester 

Delegates  from  New  Jersey 

Yearly  Meeting  of  Friends 
W.  C.  T.  U.  of  New  Jersey 
New  Jersey  Anti-Saloon 

League 
Supt.   New  Jersey  Anti-Sa- 


Lewis,  Rev.  Jonathan  S.  Concord 
Robins,  Rev.  J.  H.  Concord 


Hollingshead,  Elwood  Moorestown 
Hollingshead,  Lydia  R.  Moorestown 
Munroe,  G.  Rowland 


207  Market  St.,  Newark 


Shields,  Rev.  James  K.    207  Market  St.,  Newark 


Shields,  Mrs.  James  K.  207  Market  St.,  Newark 
Sloan,  Samuel  J.  Newark 


loon  League 


New  Jersey  Anti-Saloon 
League 

Delegates  Appointed  by  the  Governor  of  New  Mexico 
Farley,  Rev.  R.  E.  Estancia,  N.  Mexico 

Other  Delegates  from  New  Mexico 

Deming  New  Mexico   Conference   M. 

E.  Church,  Anti-Saloon 
League  of  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico 

Delegates  from  New  York 
900  Broadway,  New  York       Supt.     N.     Y.     Anti-Saloon 

League 

N.    Y.    Anti-Saloon    League 
Asbury     Delaware     Church, 
Home  Missionary  Society 
Waterloo 
North  Tonawanda 


Harwood,  Rev.  T.  M. 


Anderson,  Wm.  H. 

Bartholf,  J.  F. 
Blakeslee,  Miss  L.  E. 


906  Broadway,  New  York 
17  N.  Pear1.  St.,  Buffalo 


Blood,  Edward  H. 
Bloom,  Rev.  Chas.  H. 
Boole,  Mrs.  Ella  A. 


M.  E.  S.  S.,  Allied  Citizens 
Church  of  Christ 


Bouton,  Rev.  W.  M. 
Brewer,  Mrs.  M.  G. 
Bumaster,   John   W. 
Burt,  Miss  Lizzie 
Chalmers,  Rev.  J.  V. 

Clark,  Burton  M. 

Corradini,  Rev.  R.  E. 
Cojse,  George  W. 
Estelle,  Miss  H.  G.  H. 
Flatt,  Rev.  D.  C. 


377    Parkside   Ave.,    Brook-    National  W.  C.  T.  U. 

lyn 

107  Glahn  Ave.,  Syracuse 
90G  Broadway,  New  York 
Ransville 
Minette 
632  West  End  Ave.,  N.  Y. 

210  W.  Main  St.,  Buffalo 

906  Broadway,  New  York 
Sandy  Creek 
Poughkeepsie 
Ransomville 

482 


N.  Y.  Anti-Saloon  League 

N.  Y.  Anti-Saloon  League 

Methodist  Church 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Church 

Temperance  Society 
Buffalo      District,      General 

Conference 

N.  Y.  Anti- Saloon  League 
First  M.  E.  Church 
National  W.  C.  T.  U. 
M.  E.  Church 


Delegates  from  New  York  (Continued) 


Fortner,  W.  A.  A. 
Fortner,  Mrs.  W.  A.  A. 
Foulke,  Roscoe  L. 
Foulke,  Mrs.  Roscoe  L. 

Fowlfir,  Rev.  Geo.  A. 
Gray,  Wm.  C. 

Griffin,  Rev.  Z.  F. 
Hamilton,  Rev.  S.  L. 
Hobbie,  Geo.  S.  M.  D. 

Holla,  Rev.  Chas.  A. 
Horsfield,  Rev.  T.  C.  R. 


Jolley,  O.  V. 
Lane,  E.  B. 
Marsh,  Wallace  H. 

Mason,  Lewis  D. 


Mayer,  Joseph 
Miller,  Mrs.  Helen  A. 
Miller,  Rev.  O.  R. 
Odell,  Miss  Maude 
Perkins,  Maude  B. 
Poland,  Orville  S. 
Rand,  Benjamin  L. 

Rowley,  Mrs.  Kate  E. 
Sunderland,  Rev.  A.  J. 

Teele,  Trevor 
Tucker,  L.  P. 
Wellman,  H.  E. 
Wilcox,  Rev.  J.  Foster 
Wright,  Ben  D. 


Minetto 

Minetto 

91   Northampton,  N.   Y. 

91    Northampton,   N.   Y. 

120  Sterling  Ave.,  Buffalo 
Utica 

Keuka  Park 

906  Broadway,  New  York 

600  Delaware  Ave.,  Buffalo 

906  Broadway,  New  York 
New  York 


Williamson 

Buffalo 

119  State  St.,  Albany 

New  York 


30  Irving  Place,  N.  Y. 
40  N.  Allen  St.,  Albany 
452  Broadway,  Albany 
617  W.   141st  St.,  N.  Y. 
East  Syracuse 
906  Broadway,  New  York 
North  Tonawanda 

906  Broadway,  New  York 
Champlain  City 

194  Grand  Ave.,  Saratoga 
Springs 

702   Maryland  Ave.,   Syra- 
cuse 

Kendall 

23  E.  26th  St.,  N.  Y. 
Lockport 


Minetto  Community  Church 
M.  E.  Church 
M.  E.  Ministers'  Ass'n. 
Ladies,  Trinity  M.   E. 

Church 

N.  Y.  Anti-Saloon  League 
Prohibition     Party,    Oneida 

Co. 

Baptist  Church 
N.  Y.  Anti-Saloon  League 
Niagara    Co.    Law    Enforce- 
ment Ass'n. 

N.  Y.  Anti- Saloon  League 
American    Medical     Society 
for  Study  of  Alcohol  and 
Other  Narcotics 
Pultneyville  M.  E.  Church 
Richmond  M.   E. 
Supt.  Albany  District  N.  Y. 

Anti-Saloon    League 
Hon.    Pres.    American    Med- 
ical Society  for  Study  of 
Alcohol    and    Other    Nar- 
cotics 

N.  Y.  Anti-Saloon  League 
N.  Y.  Anti-Saloon  League 
New  York  Civic  League 
N.   Y.   Anti-Saloon   League 
National  W.  C.  T.  U. 
N.  Y.  Anti-Saloon  League 
Allied  Citizens  of  America. 

Inc.,  Niagara  County 
N.  Y.  Anti-Saloon  League 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
and  W.  C.  T.  U. 


N.  Y.  Anti-Saloon  League 

National  Grand  Lodge,  I.  0. 

G.  T. 
American     Baptist     Home 

Missionary  Society 
National  Grand  Lodge,  I.  O. 

G.  T. 


483 


Delegates  from  North  Carolina 
Cotton,  M.  E.  Red  Springs  North  Carolina  Anti-Saloon 

League 

Davis,  Rev.   R.  L.  Raleigh  Supt.  North  Carolina  Anti- 

Saloon  League 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  North  Dakota 


Anderson,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Preston, 

Fargo 

Griffith,  R.  B.,  Grand  Forks 
Halcrow,  Hon.  John,  Bowesmont 
Kroeze,  Rev.  B.  H.,  Jamestown 
Nelson,  Mrs.  Julia,  Fargo 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Ohio 


Pollock,  Hon.  Chas.  A.,  Fargo 
Quanbeck,  H.  T.,  McVille 
Tufte,  T.  E.,  Northwood 
Tyler,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  Poyntz,  Fargo 
Watkins,  F.  L.,  Bismarck 


Anderson,  Bishop  Win.  F.,  Cicinnati 

Ashburn,  Rev.  F.  A.,  Gnadenhutten 

Battelle,  Mrs.  Gordon,  662  E.  Town  St., 
Columbus 

Britan,  Rev.  Jos.  L.,  613  E.  Town  St., 
Columbus 

Chamberlain,  W.  D.,  113  W.  Monument, 
Dayton 

Clark,  J.  H.,  Marion 

Clippinger,  Bishop  A.  R.,   1602  Grand 
Ave.,  Dayton 

Cramer,  Mrs.  M.  S.,  Van  Wert 

Crabbe,  C.  C.,  Atty.  Gen.,  London 

Crandall,  Charles,  Youngstown 

Crandall,  Miss  Anabelle,   Broadway, 
Youngstown 

Copeland,  Foster,  City  National  Bank. 
Columbus 

Defl'enbaugh,  J.  W.,  Lancaster 

Dill,  Mrs.  F.  E.,  Lockbourne 

Dickey,  C.  L.,  250  19th  Ave.,  Columbus 

Drew,  Irving,  Portsmouth 

Dunlap,  Samuel,  Circleville 

Gleason,  Mrs.  Lulu  T.,  Toledo 

Green,  Mrs.,  County  W.  C.  T.  U.,  Cleve- 
land 

Harmount,  Timmons,  Chillicotjie 

Hoply,  Georgia,  45  S.  4th  St.,  Colum- 
bus 

Hoover,  A.  L.,  Avery 

Hurst,  J.  E.,  New  Philadelphia 

Johnson,  J.  W.,  Circleville 

Jones,  A.  C.,  Toledo 


Kramer,  John  F.,  Mansfield 

Maxwell,  C.  A.,  Zanesville 

Maysilles,  A.  A.,  214  Dayton  Sav.  & 
Trust  Bldg.,  Dayton 

Metcalf,  Irving  W.   Oberlin 

Metzger,  Clark  W.,  Canton 

Mills,  W.  W.,  Marietta 

Miller,  Wm.,  Dresden 

Mills,  Dr.  J.  W.,  Lima 

Neff,   Frank,  Neffs 

Nichols,  Judge  Hugh,   Cincinnati 

Parker,  Judge  Don  V.,  Prohibition 
Commissioner,  Columbus 

Pickands,  Harry,  Pickands-Mather  Co., 
Cleveland 

Purdum,  Mrs.  Estelle,  Chillicothe 

Ramsey,  Fred  R.,  7609  Platt  Ave.. 
Cleveland 

Reiter,  George  E.,  Sandusky 

Reese,  Bishop  Irving,  Cumberland 
Apts,  Columbus 

Romans,  Mrs.  Viola,  Summit  St.,  Co- 
lumbus 

Rodefer,  C.  M.,  Bellaire 

Root,  A.  I.,  Medina 

Richard,  Mrs.  Florence,  Schultz  Bldg., 
Columbus 

Russell,  Senator  J.  E.,  Gugle  Bldg., 
Columbus 

Selby,  George  D.,  Portsmouth 

Taber,  L.  J.,  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Co- 
lumbus 


484 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Ohio  (Continued) 
Teachout,    David,    331    Prospect    Ave.        Verity,  Geo.  M.,  Middletown 

N.  W.,  Cleveland  Warner,  T.  W.,   Ill  Nasby  Bldg.,  To- 

Tetlow,  Percy,  State  Industrial  Dept.,  ledo 

Columbus  Winn,  J.  W.,  Defiance 

Van  Kirk,  Mrs.  Lucy,  Granville 

Other  Delegates  from  Ohio 


Bailey,  Mrs.  Clione 


Westerville 


Bailey,  Rev.  H.  C.  2244  E.  43rd  St.,  Cleveland 

Baker,  Rev.  P.  A.,  D.  D.  Westerville 


Baker,  Mrs.  P.  A. 

Bennett,  L.  V. 
Bennett,  Mrs.^L.  V. 
Blayney,  C.  T.,  D.D. 

Blayney,  Mrs.  C.  T. 
Caris,  J.  C. 
Chambers,  Fred 

Chapman,  Rev.   W.   S. 
Cherrington,  Ernest  H. 


Westerville 

Westerville 
Westerville 
Westerville 

Westerville 
Westerville 
Damascus 

708  Market  St.,  S.  Canton 
Westerville 


Literature  Dept.,  American 
Issue  Pub.  Co. 

General  Supt.  Anti-Saloon 
League  of  America,  Vice- 
President  World  League 
Against  Alcoholism 

Anti- Saloon  League  of 
America 

American  Issue  Pub.  Co. 

World  League  Against  Alco- 
holism 

American  Issue  Pub.  Co. 

Ohio  Yearly  Meeting  of 
F.riends 

Simpson  Methodist  Church 

World  League  Against  Alco- 
holism, Anti-Saloon 
League  of  America 


Cherrington,  Mrs.  E.  H.  Westerville 


Clark,  Mrs.  William 
Cole,  Rev.  E.  E. 
Cooper,  Russell  R. 
Cottingham,  Mrs.  S. 

DeWitt,  H.  H. 

Diehl,  Eugene  C. 
Dinsmore,  C.  N. 
Dinsmore,  Mrs.  C.  N. 
Fickel,  Sam.  J. 

Fickel,  Mrs.  S.  J. 
Fox,  Miss  Ruth  S. 
Green,  Miss  Ida  A. 

Grindell,  Mrs.  L.  L. 


88  S.  State  St.,  Westerville 

Bluffton 

2610  Summit  St.,  Columbus 

1945  Indianola  Ave.,  Colum-    Presbyterian  Church 

bus 
Westerville  Anti-Saloon  League  of 

America 

2159  E.  85th  St.,  Cleveland 

Johnstown  American  Issue  Pub.  Co. 

Johnstown 


Westerville 

Westerville 

1006  N.  Cory  St.,  Findlay 

W  esterville 

160  S.  Richardson  Ave., 
Columbus 

485 


Managing  Editor,  American 
Issue 

Findlay  College  Y.  W.  C.  A. 
World   League   Against   Al- 
coholism 


Other  Delegates  from  Ohio  (Continued) 


Grindell,  Miss  Ila  160  S.  Richardson  Ave., 

Columbus 
Hawk,  Rev.  J.  B.,  D.D     Portsmouth 


Heizer,  Rev.  Geo.  H. 
Holmes,  Rev.  W.  J. 
Hull,  W.  E. 

Johnson,  Mrs.  W.  E. 
Kelser,  Rev.  Milo  G. 

Kelser,  Mrs.  Milo  G. 
Kelser,  Thoburn  D. 
Kelser,  P.  S. 

Kirby,  Rev.  Edwin 
Larimore,  J.  H. 


Larimore,  Mrs.  J.  H. 
Larimore,  Henry  A. 
Leeper,  Ira  F. 
Loucks,  Rev.  D.  W. 
Meyer,  Rev.  Howard  M. 
Mills,  H.  W. 


Westerville 
Westerville 
Westerville 

Westerville 
Westerville 

Westerville 
Westerville 
Mt.  Vernon 

306  East  Ave.,  Elyria 
Westerville 


Westerville 
Westerville 
.St.  Clairsville 
Tiffin 
Ada 
Westerville 


Moore,  Rev.  E.  J.,  Ph.D.     Westerville 


Moore,  Mrs.  E.  J. 
Myers,  Ira  L. 
Neel,  John  W. 
Neff,  Mary  A.  H. 

Norman,  Rev.  W.  H. 
Oliver,  Rev.  G.  F. 

Paton,  Rev.  Robert 
Patton,  Rev.  R.  B.,  D.D. 
Patton,  Mrs.  R.  B. 
Payne,  Herbert 
Peters,  George  W. 


Westerville 
Westerville 
Bridgeport 
Neffs 

Conneaut 

1848  Knowles  Ave.,  Cleve- 
land 
Chardon 

174  N.  Monroe  Ave.,  Co- 
lumbus 

174  N.  Monroe  Ave.,  Co- 
lumbus 

Westerville 

North  Bloomfield 
486 


American  Issue  Pub.  Co. 

Scioto  Law  Enforcement 
League,  Portsmouth  Dis- 
trict M.  E.  Church 

M.  E.  Church 

Presbyterian  Church 

Field  Secretary  Anti- Saloon 
League  of  America 

Anti-Saloon  League  of 
America 

M.  E.  Church 
Anti-Saloon  League  of 

America 
Lorain  County 
Publicity      Bureau,      World 

League    Against    Alcohol- 


Belmont  Dry  League 
Ministerial  Ass'n  of  Tiflin 
Ohio  Northern  University 
Anti-Saloon  League  of 

America 
Anti-Saloon  League  of 

America 


Belmont  Co.  Dry  League 
Coal  Brook  Presbyterian 

S.   S. 

City  Prohibition  League 
Ohio  Anti-Saloon  League 

Geauga  County  Anti-Saloon 

League 
Anti-Saloon  League  of 

America 
W.    C.    T.    U.    of    Franklin 

County 
Field  Secretary  Anti-Saloon 

League  of  America 
Ohio  Anti-Saloon  League 


Other  Delegates  from  Ohio  (Continued) 


Porter,  Albert 


Porter,  Mrs.  Albert 
Richardson,  Rev.  E.  J. 


Westerville 

Westerville 
Westerville 


Robertson,  Jackson  Westerville 

Roberston,  Mrs.  Jackson  Westerville 

Ross,  C.  M.  Johnstown 

Russell,  Rev.  H.  H.,  D.D.  Westerville 


Simms,  Rev.  G.  F. 


Snyder,  Thelma 


Columbus 


Westerville 


Anti-Saloon  League  of 
America 

j*kyjj  -yy^yvEb  .-— 

Westerville  Presbyterian 

Church 
American  Issue  Pub.  Co. 

Anti-Saloon  L'eagiie  of 
America 

President  World  League 
Against  Alcoholism,  Asso- 
ciate General  Supt.  Anti- 
Saloon  League  of  America 

Anti- Saloon  League  of 
America 

American  Issue  Pub.  Co. 


Snyder,  Rev.  W.  E.,  D.D.    920  Bryn  Mawr  Drive,  Day-    The  Religious  Telescope 

ton 
Southwell,  George  C.        990  The  Arcade,  Cleveland     Ohio  Anti-Saloon  League 


Sowers,  Rev.  Chas.  H. 
Sowers,  Miss  Melba 
Sowers,  H.  B. 
Stephens,  Fred  L. 
Turner,  Jean 
Vandersall,  Vernon  B. 
Van  Wicklen,  Purdy 
Vorhis,  Rev.  W.  A. 
Waddell,  Miss  Mary 
Weaver,  William  0. 


Westerville 

Westerville 

Westerville 

Westerville 

Westerville 

1208  N.  Cory,  Findlay 

Bowling  Green 

Greenville 

Westerville 

80  E.  8th  Ave.,  Columbus 


Wells,  Harry  B. 
Wells,  Mrs.  Harry  B. 
Wiegering,  Mrs.  W.  P. 

Worrell,  Mrs.  Ruth  M:. 


American  Issue  Pub.  Co. 
American  Issue  Pub.  Co. 
American  Issue  Pub.  Co. 
Otterbein  College 
American  Issue  Pub.  Co. 
Findlay  College  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
First  M.   E.    Church 
Darke  Co.  Dry  Federation 
Lincoln-Lee  Legion 
Anti-Saloon  League  of 

America 

Paulding  County 
Paulding  County 


Oakwood 
Oakwood 
352  Alameda  Ave.,  Youngs-  Women's  Board,  United 

town  Presbyterian    Church 

Dayton 
Wurtz,  Rex.  Joseph  W.     Greenville  Darke  Co.  Dry  Federation 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Oklahoma 

Abel,  Rev.  J.  W.,  Tulsa 
Barrett,  Rev.  Frank,  Oklahoma  City 
Brandt,  Rev.  John  L.,  Muskogee 
Buhl,   Mrs.  Josephine   M.,    1408   Soutl 

Elwood  Ave.,  Tulsa 
Cordell,  Hon.  Harry  B.,  Manitou 


Crawford,  A.  H.  Perry 


David,  Rev.  Alice  M.,  Oklahoma  City 
Fleenor,  Mrs.  Ida  B.,  Oklahoma  City 
Hitchcock,  Dr.  I.  D.,  Afton 
Laughbaum,    H.    T.,    Supt.,    Oklahoma 
Anti-Saloon  League,  Oklahoma  City 
Langley,  Hon.  J.  Howard,  Pryor 
Moore,  Rev.  W.  J.,  Oklahoma  City 


487 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Oregon 
Baker,   E.  A.,  Attorney,   N.   W.    Bank         Poling,  Rev.  D.  V.,  Albany 

Bldg.,  Portland 
Day,  Mr.  J.  W.,  Board  of  Trade  Bldg., 

Portland 
Herwig,  Mr.  W.  J.,  805  Broadway  Bldg., 

Portland 
Herwig,    Mrs.    W.    J.,    805    Broadway 

Bldg.,  Portland 
Mallett',    Mrs.,     413     Stock     Exchange 

Bldg.,  Portland 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Pennsylvania 


Ross,  Mr.  J.  J.,  61  Front  St.,  Portland 

Veazie,  Mr.  A.  L.,  Corbett  Bldg.,  Port- 
land 

Wilson,  Mr.  J.  T.,  1683  Thoburn  St., 
Portland 

Wilson,  Mrs.  J.  T.,  1683  Thoburn  St., 
Portland 


Antrim,  Clarence  D.,  1001  Chestnut  St., 

Philadelphia 

Armstrong,  Hon.  Charles,  Leechburg 
Baldwin,  Judge  George  A.,  Beaver 
Ballinger,  Walter  F.,   12th  and  Chest- 
nut Sts.,  Philadelphia 
Bell,  A.  L.,  Ridgeway 
Bollman,   Rev.   W.   L.,    1132   Tilghman 

St.,  Allentown 

Brandt,  J.  H.,  1131  S.  46th  St.,  Phila- 
delphia 
Berry,  Bishop  Joseph  F.,  17th  and  Arch 

Sts.,  Philadelphia 
Betts,  Dr.  W.  W.,  Chadds  Ford 
Carter,  Miss  Arabella,   1305  Arch  St., 

Philadelphia 
Chalfant,  Rev.  Harry   M.,    1023   Stock 

Exchange  Bldg.,  Philadelphia 
Curran,  Father  J.  J.,  Wilkes-Barre 
Davis,  Rev.  John  T.,  219  N.  Broad  St., 

Philadelphia 

Dickson,  S.  W.,  Esq.,  Berwick 
Fanning,  Rev.  Michael  J.,  5231  N.  llth 

St.,  Philadelphia 
Gazzam,  Mrs.  Joseph  M.,  265  S.   19th 

St.,  Philadelphia 
George,  Mrs.  Ella  M.,  Beaver 
Gray,  Rev.  J.  M.  M.,  708  Linden  St., 

Scranton 
Greist,  Mrs.  Wm.  W.,  208  S.  Queen  St., 

Lancaster 
Garland,  Bishop  Thomas  J.,  D.  D.,  202 

S.  19th  St.,  Philadelphia 
Hawes,  Rev.  Geo.  E.,  D.  D.,  124  State 

St..  Harrisburg,  Pa. 


Hays,  Rev.  C.,  D.  D.,  Johnstown,  Moder- 
ator Pres.  Gen.  Assembly  of  the  U.  S. 
Hastings,   Mrs.   Vernon    E.,   4516   Pine 

St.,  Wyncote 

Hull,  Mrs.  W.  I.,  Swarthmore 
Hutchinson,  Rev.  R.  A.,  D.  D.,  Publica- 
tion Bldg.,  Pittsburgh 
Lampe,   Rev.    Wm.    E.,    6204   Jefferson 

St.,  Philadelphia 
Laplace,   Dr.    Ernest,    1828    S.    Ritten- 

house  Square,  Philadelphia 
Latimer,  Robert  L.,  1619  Harrison  St., 

Frankford,  Philadelphia 
Lorimer,  Mrs.  George  Horace,  Wyncote 
Lupton,  David  D.,  Allegheny  Ave.  and 

Tulip  Sts.,  Philadelphia 
Masland,  C.   W.,   1202   Stratford  Ave., 

Melrose 
Mitchell,  Rev.  Wm.  S.,  4730  Baltimore 

Ave.,  Philadelphia 
Marion,  Mrs.  Leah  Cobb,  Emporium 
Miller,    Rev.    J.    Lane,    M.    E.    Pastor, 

Johnstown 

Moore,  Rev.  Glenn,  Washington 
McConnell,  Bishop  Wm.,  care  of  M.  E. 

Book  Room,  Pittsburgh 
Morgan,  Prof.  J.  H.,  Carlisle 
Miller,  Hon.  Frank  P.,  Meadville 
Montgomery,    Dr.    E.    E.,    1426    Spruce 

St.,  Philadelphia 
Nicholson,    George,    183    Hanover    St. 

Wilkes-Barre 

Nicholson,  M.  M.,  Jr.,  Land  Title  Bldg., 
Philadelphia 


488 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Pennsylvania  (Continued) 


Olmstead,   Rev.   C.   M.,   271    N.    Maple 

Ave.,  Kingston 

O'Neill,  Hon.  J.  Denny,  McKeesport 
Parkhurst,   F.   E.,  Miners   Bank  Bldg., 

Wilkes-Barre 
Paisley,    Harry    E.,    12th    and   Market 

Sts.,  Phila.,  Treas.  P.  &  R.  R.  R. 
Rhoads,  Miss  Rebecca  N.,  Bellefonte 
Ridgeway,  Wm.  H.,  Coatesville 
Sensenich,  Hon.  Chester  D.,  Irwin 
Staples,  Rev.  Arthur,  218  W.  7th  St., 

Erie 

Steele,  Joseph  M.,  1600  Arch  St.,  Phil- 
adelphia 

Snyder,  Hon.  Plymouth,  Hollidaysburg 
Stanford,  Bishop  W.  M.,  226  Reilly  St., 

Harrisburg 
Smith,    J.    Willison,    511    S.    48th    St., 


Sherwood,  Paul,  Attorney,  Bennett 

Bldg.,  Wilkes-Barre 
Sutherland,   Allan,    122    Witherspoon 

Bldg.,  Philadelphia 
Tope,  Rev.  Homer  W.,  D.  D.,  1022  Stock 

Exchange  Bldg.,  Philadelphia 
Urmy,  Rev.  Ralph  B.,  D.  D.,  Bellevue, 

Pastor  M.  E.  Church 
Vickerman,  John  W.,  Bellevue 
Watchorn,  Rev.  John,  565  Haws  Ave., 

Norristown 

Whalen,  Rev.  H.  J.  Greensburg 
Woodward,  Dr.  George,  North  American 

Bldg.,  Philadelphia 

Walton,  John,   1615  Ryan  St.,  Frank- 
ford,  Philadelphia 
Woner,  Hon.  George  I.,  Butler 
Wyant,  Hon.  Adam,  Greensburg 


Philadelphia 

Other  Delegates  from  Pennsylvania 


Battou,  Rev.  S.  Z. 


1701  Chestnut  St.,  Philadel-    Federal  Council  of  Churches, 


phia 


Daugherty,  Rev.  B.  F.      837  Willow  St.,  Lebanon 


Northern  Baptist  Conven- 
tion 

Pennsylvania     Anti  -  Saloon 
League 


Dickson,  C.  W. 
Gordon,  James  F. 


Berwick 
Philadelphia 


Hartman,  J.  L. 


McDowell,  Mrs.  C.  N. 


MacLurg,  Rev.  A. 


Harrisburg 


Washington 


St.   Vincents    T.   A.   B.    So- 
ciety 
District  Supt.,  Pennsylvania 

Anti-Saloon  League 

Bauman   and   Rebecca   Sts.,    W.  C.  T.  U. 
Pittsburgh 

United  Presbyterian  Church 
First  Mennonite  Church 
505  Publication  Bldg., 

Pittsburgh 
Stewart,  Mrs.  S.  R.  B.     613  Hampton  Ave.,  Wil- 

kinsburg 

Strayer,  Rev.  J.  F.  103  Ave.  B.,  Latrobe 

Vickerman,  Mrs.  J.  W.     Bellevue 
Albion 


Neuensch wander,  A.  J.     2416  N.  6th  St.,  Phila. 
Scott,  Rev.  B.  L. 


Pennsylvania     Anti  -  Saloon 

League 
W.  C.  T.  U. 

United  Brethren  Church 


Wimer,  Rev.  Frank  A. 

Yeiser,  Rev.  N.  E.,  D.D.     306  Commerce  Bldg.,  Erie 


Albion  M.  E.  Church 
Pennsylvania     Anti  -  Saloon 
League 


489 


Delegates  from  Rhode  Island 


Claypool,  Rev.  E.  V.         Providence 


Steuart,  Rev.  T.  J. 
White,  Willis  H. 

White.  Mrs.  Willis  H. 


Providence 

287  Highland  Ave.,  Provi- 
dence 

287  Highland  Ave.,  Provi- 
dence 


Rhode     Island     Anti-Saloon 

League 

Anti- Saloon  League 
R.   I.  Quarterly  Meeting  of 

Friends 
R.  I.   Quarterly  Meeting  of 

Friends 


Delegates  Appointed  by 
Bethea,  Hon.  A.  J.,  Columbia 
Holley,  Mrs.  Leon,  Aiken,  Sec'y  Young 

People's  Work  of  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Hyde,  Major  T.  T.,  Charleston 
Lawton,  J.  J.,  Hartsville 
Lightfoot,  Rev.  E.  M.,  Columbia,  Supt. 

South  Carolina  Anti-Saloon  League 
Lightfoot,  Mrs.  E.  M.3  1521  Main  St., 

Columbia 
Melton,    Hon.    William    D.,    Columbia, 

Pres.  University  of  South  Carolina 

Delegates  Appointed  by 
Borneman,  Mrs.  Lucy,  Sioux  Falls 
Cressey,  John  J.,  Sioux  Falls 
Dixon,  Geo.  W.,  Watertown 
Erskine,  Mrs.  Mary,  Mitchell 
Gilreath,  Hoyle,  Yankton 

Other  Delegates 
Dawes,  H,  E.  Mitchell 


Mead,  Mrs.  Dill 
Mead,  Miss  Emma  L. 


Alexandria 
Alexandria 


Governor  of  South  Carolina 

Robertson,  Major  W.  F.,  Greenville 
Skinner,  Dr.  T.  Clagett,  Columbia,  Pas- 
tor First  Baptist  Church 
Sprott,    Mrs.    Joseph    Manning,    Pres. 

South  Carolina  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Snider,  C.  H.,  Conway 
Snyder,  Dr.  Henry  N.,  Wofford  College, 

Spartanburg 

Tillman,  Mrs.  Mamie  N.,  Edgefield 
Williamson,  Bright,  Darlington 

Governor  of  South  Dakota 
McCauley,  A.  C.,  Bridgewater 
Mitchell,  Mrs.  Flora,  Brookings 
Mingus,  G.  W.,  Sioux  Falls 
Pierce,  Earl  V.,  Brookings 
Senn,  E.  L.,  Deadwood 

from  South  Dakota 

South    Dakota    Anti-Saloon 

League 

W.  C.  T.  U.  of  South  Dakota 
W.  C.  T.  U.  of  Soufeh  Dakota 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Tennessee 


Bang,  Mrs.  Mary  P.,  710  Russell  St., 

Nashville 

Brandon,  Prof.  Alfred  J.,  Murfreesboro 
Carre,  Prof.  Henry  Beach,  Wesley  Hall, 

Vanderbilt  University,  Nashville 
Caldwell,  Mrs.  W.  J.,  Rives 
Cassiday,  Rev.  E.  H.,  Morristown 
Cook,  Mrs.  Jennie  Guffey,  Erin 
Clarke,  Hon.  Wm.  H.,  Jonesboro 
Easterly,  Hon.  Oscar  W.,  Newport 
Eisele,    Mrs.    Etta,    840    N.    3rd    Ave., 

Knoxville 
Farmer,  Hon.  T.  H.,  Martin 


Friddle,  Mrs.  Annie  B.,  2139  Jones 
Ave.,  Nashville 

Gardner,  Rev.  E.  (X,  Northside  Pres- 
byterian Church,  Chattanooga 

Gardner,  Mrs.  Thos.  M.,  McKenzie 

Hailey,  Rev.  0.  L.,  D.  D.,  1101  Green- 
wood Ave.,  Nashville 

Hamilton,  Hon.  W.  R.,  Knoxville 

Hammond,  Rev.  Geo.  M.,  Tennessee 
Anti-Saloon  League,  Nashville 

Jennings,  Mrs.  Robt.,  1815  Belmont 
Ave.,  Nashville 

Hirsch,  Mrs.  Rowena  Rives,  Jacksoi} 


490 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Tennessee  (Continued) 

Johnston,  Rev.  Wm.  H.,  Lebanon  Shields,  Rev.  Parker,  D.  D.,  Nashville, 

Lamons,  Mrs.  Kittle,  Greenville  Supt.  Tennessee  Anti-Saloon  League 

Laughren,     Miss      Evelyn,      Tennessee  Sweatt,  W.  W.,  Lexington 

Anti-Saloon  League,  Nashville  Welch,     Mrs.     Minnie     Allison,     Supt. 

Millieau,  Hon.  C.  F.,  Rockwood  State  W.  C.  T.  U.,  Sparta 

Nipher,  Mrs.  Rose,  Leoma  Wiley,  Rev.  E.  E.,  D.  D.,  Morristown 

Other  Delegates  from  Tennessee 
Gant,  Rev.  C.  W.  Knoxville  Tennessee  Anti-Saloon 

League 

Glover,  Mrs.  R.  E.  Springfield  National  W.  C.  T.  U, 

Johnsonius,  Mrs.  J.  B.     Paris  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Oakley,  Mrs.  W.  C.  Watertown  | 

Oliver,  Miss  Alice  E.         Chattanooga  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Williams,  Mrs.  A.  R.          Chattanooga  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Texas 

Adams,  Dr.  R.  W.,  Houston  Megrail,  Mrs.  Cora,  Grand  Prairie 

Anderson,  Dr.  L.  D.,  Fort  Worth  Sargent,  -  Judge  Geo.,  Dallas 

Duncan,  Judge  John  T.,  Lagrange  Sanifer,  Dr.  J.  D.,  Abilene 

Hardy,  Dr.  J.  C.,  Belton  Van  Watts,  Mrs.  Claude  de,  Austin 

Hodges,  Dr.  B.  A.,  Temple  Webb,  Rev.  Atticus,  Dallas 

Kirby,  R.  H.,  Austin  Supt.  Texas  Anti-Saloon  League 

Maness,  Rev.  E.  A.,  Crockett  Webb,  Mrs.  Atticus,  Dallas 

Other  Delegates  from  Texas 
Sublette,  Mrs.  Z.  B.          Austin  Texas  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Delegate  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Utah 
Jensen,  Nephi  Toronto,  Canada  President  Canadian  Mission 

L.  D.  S. 

Delegates  from  Vermont 

Laing,  Rev.  Albert  E.      188  Main  St.,  Burlington      Vermont  Anti-Saloon  League 
Laing,   Mrs.   A.   E.  188  Main  St.,  Burlington       Vermont  Anti-Saloon  League 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Virginia 

Ball,  Hon.  F.  L.,  Clarendon  Johnson,  Rev.  T.  E.,  2019  Beverly  St., 

Boorde,  Rev.  T.  E.,  Bedford  Richmond 

Burton,  Rev.  J.  M.,  Culpeper  Lumpkin,  Rev.  R.  P.,  Norfolk 

Cannon,   Bishop    James,    Jr.,    50  Bliss        Marsh,  Dr.  R.   T.,  2706  E.   Grace   St., 

Bldg.,  Washington,  D.  C.  Richmond 

Dunkley,  Rev.  H.  W.,  Onancock  Mayo,  Rev.  G.  H.  I.,  Monroe 
Dunford,    F.    B.,    care    Kingan    &    Co.,        McCulloch,  Miss  Maude,  50  Bliss  Bldg., 

Richmond  Washington,  D.  C. 

Gray,  James  H.,  Petersburg  Nicholson,  R.,  Chase  City 

Hepburn,  Rev.  David,   Box   605,  Rich-        Rosenberger,  J.  W.,  Winchester 

mond  Sanford,  Rev.  T.  R.,  Chatham 

Hoge,  Mrs.  Sara  H.,  Lincoln  Scott,  A.  D.,  Norfolk 

491 


Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Virginia  (Continued) 
Shelton,  W.  T.,  554  W.  Main  St.,  Dan-        Staley,  Rev.  W.  W.,  D.  D.,  Suffolk 
yille  Strother,  Mrs.  W.  A.,  Warrenton 

Other  Delegates  from  Virginia 

Austoveur,  Mrs.  Warrenton  Parker,  John  C.,  Jr.,  Franklin 

Huntley,  Geo.  W.,  Jr.,  Covington  Rosenberger,  John  W.,  Winchester 

McDonald,  A.,   Virginia  Savford,  T.  Ryland,  Chatham 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Washington 
Anderson,  Hon.  John,  Spokane,  Apt.  12,        Kirkpatrick,    Mr.    L.    E.,    224    Alaska 

San  Marco  Bldg.,  Seattle 

Buckingham,  Mrs.  J.  E.,  3714  No.  29th,        Marlatt,  Rev.  Joseph  P.,  Vancouver 

Tacoma  Methuen,  Mrs.  Allie,  Colfax,  President 

Conger,    Geo.    D.,    4119    Arcade    Bldg.,  Eastern  Washington  W.   C.   T.   U. 

Seattle  Vincent,  Mrs.  Lillian  M.,  4197  Arcade 

Cox,  Hon.  D.  H.,  Walla  Walla  Bldg.,     Seattle,     President     Western 

Halsey,  Hon.  Elmer  E.,  Asotin  Washington  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Other  Delegates  from  Washington 
Cotter  ill,  Myrtle  Centralia  West    Washington.    W.     C. 

T.  U. 
Niesz,  Mrs.  Anna  H. '  '     Wapato  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  West  Virginia 

Amos,  Mrs.  E.  S.,  Fairmont  Lauchlin,  George  A.,  Wheeling 

Banfield,  William,  Follensbee  Marshall,  T.  Marcellus,  Glenville 

Barnes,  Mrs.  J.  Walter,  Charleston  McReynolds,  J.  D.,  Clarksburg 

Beck,  John,  Casto  Merritt,  D.  T.,  Cameron 

Brown,  W.  G.,  Charleston  McWhorter,  Hon.  J.  C.,  Buckhannon 

Bryan,  Mrs.  James  A.,  Parkersburg  Mohler,  Mrs.  T.  H.,  Saint  Albans 

Burtt,  Rev.  P.  E.,  Wellsburg  Pierce,  Rev.  L.  W.,  Welch 

Davidson,  Mrs.  A.  H.,  Huntington  Potter,  Rev.  J.  M.,  Wheeling 

Evans,  Rev.  Albert,  Charleston  Raine,  John,  Rainelle 

Howard,  Mrs.  C.  D.,  Cowen  Reger,  Mrs.  Roy,  Charleston 

Hubbard,  Myron,  Wellsburg  Robinson,  Rev.  C.  H.,  Wheeling 

Jacobs,  J.  M.,  Fairmont  Strader,  George  S.,  Bluefield 

Johnson,  Mrs.  H.  G.,  Elkins  Thomas,  A.  S.,  Charleston 

Johnston,  Mrs.  S.  G.,  Barboursville  Trainer,  George,  Salem 

Kincheloe,  Mrs.  Frank,  Charleston  Williams,  Mrs.  Flora,  Wheeling 

Laing,  John,  Charleston  Yost,  Mrs.  Ellis  A.,  Huntington 

Other  Delegates  from  West  Virginia 
Ireland,  Rev.  A.  L.           Lumberport 

Deelgates  from  Wisconsin 

Barth,  Mrs.  Rena              Cashton  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Bender,  Rev.  Chas.  A.       Clarno  Green  Co.  S.   S.   Asa'n 

Button,  Rev.  R.  P.            825  Goldsmith  Bldg.,  Mil-  Supt.  Wisconsin  Anti-Saloon 

waukee  League 

492 


Delegates  from  Wisconsin   (Continued) 
Hutton,  Mrs.  R.  P.  825  Goldsmith  Bldg.,  Mil-       Women  of  Milwaukee  Co. 

waukee 

Lovik,  Rev.  O.  P.  Wyocena  W.  C.  T.  U.  and  Churches 

Masted,  Rev.  L.  L.  Wittenberg 

Seder,  Rev.  James  I.         Milwaukee  Wisconsin  Anti-Saloon 

League 

Smith,  Rev.  C.  W.  319  Park  Ave.,  Beaver  Dam    Dodge  County  Alliance 

Tink,  Rev.  S.  J.  Merrill  M.   E.   and   Presbyterian 

I  Churches 

Delegates  Appointed  by  Governor  of  Wyoming 
Bailey,  Mrs.  S.  E.,  President  W.  C.  T.  Ferguson,  George,  Casper 

U.,  Casper  Long,  Dr.  M.  DeWitt,  Sheridan 

Crowder,  Rev.  U.  S.,  Evanston  McMartin,  Rev.  David,  Cheyenne 

Dumm,  Rev.  Wm.  T.,  Cheyenne  Thomas,  Bishop  N.  S.,  Laramie 

Durham,  Hon.  Harry,  Casper 

Other  Delegates  from  Wyoming 

Wade,  Rev.  W.  L.  Cheyenne  Supt.  Wyoming  Anti-Saloon 

•  League 

URUGUAY 

Norville,  Miss  H.  K.         Buenos  Aires,  Argentina          Liga  Nacional  contra  el  Al- 

(         ,  coholismo 

VENEZUELA 

Herrera,  Guillermo  D.      1035  S.  Main  St.,  Ann  Ar-  \ 

bor,  Mich. 

WALES 
Palmer,  Mr.  George  A.     Albion  College,  Mich. 


493 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  WORLD 
LEAGUE   AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

ARTICLE  1.    Name. 

The  name  of  this  League  is  the  World  League  Against  Alcoholism. 
ARTICLE  2.     Object. 

The  object  of  this  League  is  to  attain,  by  the  means  of  education  and  legis- 
lation, the  total  suppression  throughout  the  world  of  alcoholism,  which  is  the 
poisoning  of  body,  germ1plasm,  mind,  conduct  and  society,  produced  by  the 
consumption  of  alcoholic  beverages.  This  League  pledges  itself  to  avoid 
affiliation  with  any  political  party  as  such,  and  to  maintain  an  attitude  of  strict 
neutrality  on  all  questions  of  public  policy,  not  directly  and  immediately  con- 
cerned with  the  traffic  in  alcoholic  beverages. 

ARTICLE  3.     Membership. 

The  membership  of  this  League  is  open  to  organizations  which  are  in  har- 
mony with  the  objects,  which  are  national  in  the  scope  of  their  operation  and 
which  in  their  international  activities  shall  work  through  this  League  or  in 
cooperation  with  this  League.  Such  organizations  whose  officers  or  accred- 
ited representatives  are  signatories  to  this  constitution  shall  be  considered 
active  members  of  this  League  when  the  action  of  their  officers  or  accredited 
representatives  in  signing  this  document  has  been  officially  ratified  by  the 
proper  authorities  of  such  organizations.  Other  similar  organizations  may  be 
added  to  the  membership  of  the  League  from  time  to  time  by  a  three-fourths 
vote  of  the  General  Council  of  the  League,  or  of  the  Permanent  International 
Committee,  to  extend  an  invitation  to  such  organizations  eligible  under  the 
provisions  of  this  constitution. 

The  Permanent  International  Committee  shall  have  the  right  to  admit 
individuals  as  associate  members  of  the  League,  but  such  associate  members 
shall  not  *be  represented  in  the  General  Council  or  Permanent  International 
Committee. 

ARTICLE  4.    Officers. 

The  officers  of  this  League  shall  be:  Five  Joint  Presidents,  a  Vice-Presi- 
dent for  each  country  represented  in  the  membership  of  this  League,  a  Treas- 
urer and  a  General  Secretary,  each  of  whom  shall  be  chosen  for  a  term  of  three 
years  and  shall  be  elected  by  the  General  Council  upon  the  nomination  of  the 
Permanent  International  Committee. 

ARTICLE  5.     General  Council. 

There  shall  be  a  General  Council  composed  of  one  or  more  members  as 
specified  by  the  Council,  fropi  each  organization  holding  membership  in  the 
League,  chosen  by  such  method  as  may  be  determined  by  said  organization, 
and  additional  members  elected  by  the  Council,  but  the  number  of  additional 
members  thus  chosen  or  the  members  from  any  one  organization  shall  not  at 
any  time  exceed  one-third  of  the  total  membership  of  the  Council. 

ARTICLE  6.     Permanent  International  Committee. 

There  shall  be  a  Permanent  International  Committee  consisting  of  (1)  the 
officers,  (2)  one  member  from  each  organization  holding  membership  in  the 
League.  Each  member  shall  be  elected  for  three  years  by  the  organization 
which  he  represents  on  the  committee  by  such  method  as  may  be  determined 

494 


by  the  said  organization,  and  each  member  shall  hold  office  until  his  successor 
shall  have  been  duly  elected  and  his  election  duly  certified  to  the  Permanent 
International  Committee.  (3)  Additional  members  elected  by  the  Permanent 
International  Committee,  but  the  number  of  additional  members  thus  chosen 
shall  not  at  any  time  exceed  one-third  of  the  total  membership  of  the  Council. 

ARTICLE  7.     Executive  Committee. 

There  shall  be  an  Executive  Committee  consisting  of  the  Presidents, 
Treasurer,  and  General  Secretary,  and  not  fewer  than  seven  nor  more  than 
thirty-five  members  elected  annually  by  the  Permanent  International  Com- 
mittee. 

ARTICLE  8.     Finance. 

The  League  shall  be  supported  by  assessments  to  be  fixed  by  mutual 
agreement  between  the  Permanent  International  Committee  and  each  member 
of  the  League.  The  Permanent  International  Committee  shall  devise  ways  and 
means  for  the  securing  of  additional  financial  support  to  meet  special  demands. 

ARTICLE  9.     Conventions. 

Conventions  of  this  League  shall  be  held  once  in  every  three  years,  the 
time  and  place  to  be  fixed  at  least  twelve  months  beforehand  by  the  Per- 
manent International  Committee.  By  a  two-thirds  vote,  special  conventions 
may  be  called  at  such  time  and  place  as  may  be  determined  by  the  Committee. 

ARTICLE  10.     By-Laws. 

The  Executive  Committee  may  adopt  such  by-laws  as  it  may  find  neces- 
sary and  desirable  for  the  conduct  of  the  business  of  the  League. 

ARTICLE  11.     Amendments. 

Amendments  to  this  Constitution  may  be  made  at  any  regular  meeting  of 
the  General  Council  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  members  present  and  voting, 
providing  the  amendment  has  been  recommended  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the 
Permanent  International  Committee;  or  in  the  absence  of  such  recommenda- 
tion, by  a  three-fourths  vote  of  the  members  present  and  voting.  The  final 
vote  upon  any  proposed  amendment  shall  not  be  taken  within  six  hours  after 
the  amendment  shall  have  been  presented  to  the  Council. 


495 


INDEX 


A 
Addresses     56-317 

(See  List  of  Addresses,  by  Subjects.) 
Africa,  delegates  representing 450 

(See  also  British  East  Africa,  Egypt,  Liberia,  Sierra  Leone,  Union  of 
South  Africa.) 

Africa,  response  to  addresses  of  welcome 59 

Alabama,  delegates  representing 472 

Report . .  369 

Albania,  delegates  representing   450 

Albrecias,    Rev.    Franklin    J.,    address,    Temperance    Reform    Progress    in 

Spain 221 

Response  to  roll  call  123 

Allen,  Belle  J.,  M.  D.,  greetings 54 

Allianz  Abstinentenbund  of  Switzerland,  greetings 49 

Allied  Citizens  of  America,  The — William  H.  Anderson    298 

Alkoholellenes   Munkasszovetseg   (Hungary),  greetings    46 

Anderson,    Mrs.,    discussion 353 

Anderson,  William  H.,  address,  The  Allied  Citizens  of  America  298 

Discussion   330 

Report  for  New  York 412 

Arizona,   report    370 

Arkansas,   delegates   representing    472 

Report     371 

Armenia,  delegates  representing   450 

Asia,  response  to  addresses  of  welcome  60 

Assyria,  delegates  representing   450 

Australia,  delegates  representing  450 

Response  to  addresses  of  welcome  61 

Austria,  greetings  to  convention  40 

Response  to  roll  call   '. .    189 

B 

Bahamas,  greetings  from  40 

Baird,  Miss,  response  to  roll  call   174 

Baker,    Rev.    Purley    A.,    D.  D.,    address,    How    the    Fight    was    Won    in 

America    199 

Discussion 319 

Barstow,  Mr.,  discussion 359 

Bartholf,  Mr.,  discussion    363 

Barton,  Rev.  A.  J.,  D.  D.,   Chairman  of  Conference  on  International  Co- 
operation for  Law   Enforcement  on  Both   Sides  of   International 

Boundary  Lines  352 

Report  for  Louisiana  395 

Response  to  addresses  of  welcome  66 

Barton,  Mrs.  Helen,  response  to  addresses  of  welcome  62 

Baxter,  Percival  P.,  Governor  of  Maine,  greetings  50 

Belgium,  delegates  representing   • 450 

Greetings  to  convention 40 

Bien-Etre  Social  (Belgium),  greetings   40 

497 


Borden,  James  S.,  discussion   192 

Bravo,  Oscar  F.,  greetings 47 

Brazil,  delegates  representing    450 

Greetings   42 

British    Isles,    delegates    representing,    see    England,    Ireland,    Scotland, 
Wales. 

Response  to  addresses  of  welcome    62 

British  East  Africa,  delegates  representing  451 . 

British  West  Indies,  delegates  representing   451 

Broderick,  Sylvester  (Sierra  Leone),  response  to  addresses  of  welcome  ...     59 

Brown,  Philip  (Liberia),  discussion   336 

Bulgaria,    delegates    representing    451 

Greetings  to  convention   44 

Response  to  roll  call   175,  305 

Bulgarian  Temperance  Union,  greetings    44 

Burma,  delegates  representing   451 

C 
California,   Governor  Stephens,   greetings    50 

Greetings  from  Walter  F.  Lineberger,  M .  C 53 

Delegates    representing    472 

Campbell,   Miss   Mary  J.,   address    267 

Canada,    delegates    representing    451-466 

Greetings  to  convention  44 

Cannon,  Bishop  James,  Jr.,  address,  The  Churches  and  World  Prohibition  111 

Capper,  Senator  Arthur,  greetings    52 

Carlisle,  The  Countess  of,  Memorial  Service    154 

Carlisle  Experiment  in  State  Purchase  and   Liquor  Nationalization,   The 

—Rev.  Wilson  Stuart,  M.  A.,  B.  Sc 166 

Carre,    Prof.    Henry    Beach,    Ph.  D.,    address,    Missionary    Appeal    of    the 

World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism   163 

Carson,  J.  H.,  President  Dominion  Alliance,  Address  of  Welcome 58 

Carter,   S.   J.,  address,   The   Quebec   System  of   Dealing  with    the   Liquor 

Traffic 116 

Cauvin,  Gustave,  discussion  196 

Chalmers,  Rev.  James  D.,  discussion  353 

Response  to  roll  call    241 

Cherrington,  Ernest  H.,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  address,  Opportunity  and  Obli- 
gation of  the  World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism  67 

Chile,  delegates  representing   467 

Response  to  roll  call 238 

China,  delegates  representing  467 

Christgau,  O.  G.,  discussion    367 

Churches  and  World  Prohibition,  The — Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr Ill 

Clow,  Mrs.  Emily  Moffa.t,  response  to  roll  call   123 

Coleman,  Charles  E.,  discussion   366 

Colombia,  delegates  representing    467 

Response  to  roll  call   125,  236 

Colorado,   delegates  representing    472 

Greetings  from  Governor  Shoup    51 

Report    373 

Conde,  Max,  discussion 334 

Conferences,  Luncheon  and  Breakfast 318-368 

Conger,  George  P.,  state  report 439 

498 


Connecticut,  delegates  representing  » 472 

Connor,  Ralph  (Rev.  C.  W.  Gordon),  address   136 

Constitution,  World  League  Against  Alcoholism 494 

Convention  Proceedings  18 

Convention  Story    9 

Council,  World  League  Against  Alcoholism   5 

Cooke,   Rev.  A.  E.,  D.  D.,  address,  Practical   Results  of  the  British   Co- 
lumbia System  of  Dealing  With  the  Liquor  Traffic 223 

Cooper,  Hon.  John  G.,  address,  Organized  Labor  and  Prohibition  144 

Cramton,  Louis,  M.  C.,  greetings   53 

Crooke,  Rev.  C.  W.,  state  report   380 

Curran,  Rev.  Father  J.  J.,  response  to  roll  call  237 

Czecho-Slovakia,  delegates  representing  467 

D 

da  Cunha,  Cyro  Vieira,  greetings    42 

Davis,   Arthur,   report   for   Massachusetts    398 

Davis,  Rev.  R.  L.,  discussion   351 

Report  for  North  Carolina 416 

Davis,  D.  W.,  Governor  of  Idaho,  greetings   50 

Dawes,  H.  E.,  report  for  South  Dakota  434 

Delaware,  delegates  representing 473 

Delegates  to  International  Convention,  by  countries    450-493 

Denmark,  delegates  representing    467 

Response  to  roll  call  175 

Dinwiddie,  Rev.  Edwin  C.,  D.  D.,  address,  How  and  Why  Americans  Will 

Stand    Firm    161 

Discussion  324 

Discussions — Luncheon  and  Breakfast  Conferences   318-368 

District  of  Columbia,  delegates  representing 472 

Report    375 

Dobson,  Rev.  Hugh,  response  to  roll  call 265 

Dominican   Republic,   delegates   representing   467 

Dominion  Alliance  for  the  Suppression  of  the  Liquor  Traffic,  greetings  .  .  44 
Drury,  Hon.  E.  C.,  Prime  Minister  of  Ontario,  address,  Prohibition  in  the 

Province  of  Ontario    213 

Dry  Party  of  the  Swedish  Parliament,  greetings 48 

Dussan,  Riccardo,  response  to  roll  call 125,  236 

E 

Egypt,  delegates  representing   467 

Response  to  roll  call  174 

Elkins,  Senator  David,  greetings   52 

Enforcing  Prohibition  Law,  Hon.  W.  E.  Raney,  K.  C 260 

England,    delegates    representing    467 

Greetings  to  convention  45 

Response  to  roll  call 235,  288 

Emits,  Prof.  Villem,  address 135 

Response  to  roll  call  290 

Essay  Contest,  International  Student 25 

Esthonia,  delegates  representing  468 

Response  to  roll  call   290 

Europe,  Northern,  response  to  addresses  of  welcome  63 

Europe,  Southern,  response  to  addresses  of  welcome   64 

Executive  Committee,  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  4 

499 


Farley,  Rev.  R.  E.,  report  for  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  370 

Fight  Ahead,  The,  Rev.  F.  Scott  McBride,  D.  D 137 

Finch,  Rev.  A.  J.,  report  for  Colorado  373 

Finland,  delegates  representing  468 

Response  to  roll  call  121 

Florida,  delegates  representing  473 

Report  380 

Forkert,  Otto,  discussion  ...... 333 

Formosa,  delegates  representing  468 

Response  to  roll  call 191 

Foster,  Sir  George,  address  259 

Foster,  Hon.  I.  M.,  M.  C.  (Ohio),  greetings 52 

France,  delegates  representing  468 

Greetings  to  convention  46 

Furnajieff,  Rev.  D.  N.,  discussion  195 

Response  to  roll  call   175 

G 
Gallienne,  Pastor  Georges,  address,  The  Movement  Toward  Prohibition  in 

the  Republic  of  France  and  French  Territory   90 

Discussion    196,  324 

Response  to  addresses  of  welcome  64 

General  Council,  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  5 

George,  Mrs.,  discussion    365 

Georgia   (Caucasia),  delegates   representing    468 

Response  to  roll  call   239 

Georgia   (U.  S.  A.),  delegates  representing    474 

Greetings  from  W.  D.  Upshaw,  M.  C 53 

State   report    382 

Germany,  delegates   representing    468 

Response  to  roll  call  292 

Gogolyak,  John  G.,  response  to  roll  call  125 

Gordon,   Miss  Anna  Adams,   address,   Pioneer  Work  of  the   White   Rib- 
boners  in  the  Movement  for  World  Prohibition    93 

Discussion  323 

Gordon,  Rev.  C.  W.  (Ralph" Connor),  address  136 

Gordon,  Rev.  Gifford,  address,  The  Results  of  Prohibition  Through  Aus- 
tralian Eyes   178 

Discussion   309 

Graham,  H.  E.,  discussion 342 

Green    Crescent   Society    (Turkey),   greetings    49 

Greetings  to  the  Convention  40—  55 

Guard  Your  Race,  C.  W.  Saleeby,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  E 95 

Guiana,   British,  delegates   representing    468 

Gurdjian,  E.  S.,  discussion   336 

H 

Hales,  James,  discussion 337 

Hammond,  Rev.  R.  B.  S.,  D.  D.,  address,  World  Prohibition,  the  Solution 

of  the  Liquor  Problem   313 

Address  in  Memory  of  Rev.  James  Marion 152 

Response  to  addresses  of  welcome    61 

Hawaii,  delegates  representing 468,  474 

500 


Hayashi,  Miss  Uta,  response  to  roll  call  173 

Hays,  Calvin  C,  greetings 54 

Hepburn,   Rev.    David,    state   report    436 

Hercod,   Robert,  Ph.  D.,  address,  The   Pressure   of  Wine-Growing   Coun- 
tries Against  Prohibition  158 

Address  in  memory  of  Hon.  Matti  Helenius  Seppala  150 

Discussion   107 

Herwig,  W.  J.,  state  report   426 

High,  Rev.  F.  A.,  state  report  407 

Hiltz,  W.  W.,  Comptroller  of  Toronto,  address  of  welcome 57 

Hindustan,    delegates    representing    468 

Hohenthal,  E.  L.  G.,  response  to  roll  call   189 

Holsaple,  R.  N.,  discussion   360 

State   report    392 

Horsfall,  Alfred  Herbert,  M.  B.,  Ch.  B.,  address   119 

Discussion   318 

How    and    Why    Americans    Will    Stand     Firm,     Rev.     Edwin    C.    Din- 

widdie,   D.  D .< 161 

How  the  Fight  was  Won  in  America,  Rev.  P.  A.  Baker,  D.  D 199 

Hume,  Prof.  J.  G.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  address    128 

Hungary,   delegates   representing    468 

Greetings  to  convention   46 

Response  to  roll  call 125,  189 

Husain,  S.  F.,  discussion 335 

Hutton,  R.  P.,  discussion   364,  365 

State  report    441 

I 

Idaho,  greetings  from  Governor  Davis 50 

Illinois,    delegates    representing    474 

Greetings  from  Louis  C.  Cramton   53 

Report    385 

India,  delegates   representing 469 

Greetings    to    convention    46 

Response  to  roll  call  237 

India  Temperance   Council,  greetings    46 

Indiana,  delegates  representing   476 

Report    389 

International  Cooperation  for  Law  Enforcement  on  Both  Sides  of  Inter- 
national  Boundary   Lines — luncheon   conference    352 

I.  O.  G.  T.,  Grand  Lodge  of  Canada,  greetings   44 

I.  O.  G.  T.  N.  (Bulgaria),  greetings  44 

Iowa,   delegates   representing    477 

Greetings  from  Governor  Kendall  50 

Greetings  from  H.  M.  Towner,  M.  C 53 

Report  392 

Ireland,   delegates   representing    469 

Greetings  to  convention   46 

Response   to   roll  call    123 

Italy,   delegates    representing    469 

Response  to  roll  call  189 

J 

Jamaica,   delegates   representing    469 

501 


Japan,  delegates  representing  469 

Greetings  to  convention   46 

Response  to  roll  call  > 173 

Japanese  Temperance  League,  greetings   46 

Jones,  Rev.  C.  O.,  D.  D.,  state  report  382 

Jones,  Rev.  E.  F.,  state  report   409 

Jones,  V.  W.,  response  to  roll  call  240 

Jugo-Slavia,  delegates  representing   t .  . .  469 

K 

Kansas,  delegates  representing    477 

Greetings  from  Senator  Capper  

Greetings  from  James  G.  Strong,  M.  C 54 

Report    395 

Kaku,  Matthew,  response  to  roll  call  191 

Kemper,  Rev.  Paul  E.,  state  report  371 

Kendall,  N.  E.,  Governor  of  Iowa,  greetings ,  •  •  •  •  50 

Kentucky,  delegates  representing   478 

Kolonia,  Peter,  discussion 333 

Korea,  delegates  representing   469 

Kress,  D.  H.,  M.  D.,  address,  Wine  and  Beer — Their  Use  From  a  Historic 

and    Scientific    Standpoint    271 

Kvaratzkhelia,  Paul  D.,  response  to  roll  call  239 

L 

Landrith,  Rev.  Ira.,  D.  D.,  address 126 

Address  in  memory  of  Hon.  John  G.  Woolley 156 

Discussion    333,  351 

Lane,  Mr.,  discussion 349 

Latin-America,  response  to  addresses  of  welcome 65 

Latvia,  delegates  representing 469 

Greetings  to  convention  46 

Latvian  Anti-Alcohol  Society,  greetings 46 

Latvian  Esperanto  Union,  greetings   46 

Laughbaum,  H.  T.,  discussion   341 

State  report 424 

Lavrov,  Sergey,  response  to  roll  call   240 

League  for  Culture  Free  from  Alcohol  (Austria),  greetings 40 

Ledet,  Lars  Larsen,  discussion   193 

Response  to  addresses  of  welcome  63 

Ley,  August,  Ph.  D.,  address   127 

Discussion   326 

Liberia,  delegates  representing    469 

Liga  Anti-Alcoholica  Portugesa,  greetings   48 

Lightfoot,  Rev.  E.  M.,  state  report  . ; 431 

Lineberger,  Walter  F.,  M.  C.,  greetings 53 

Lithuania,  delegates  representing   470 

Greetings  to  convention   47 

Lithuanian    Roman     Catholic    Total     Abstinence    Alliance    of    America, 

greetings 47 

Livingston,  Mrs.  Deborah  Knox,  .address 207 

Address  in  memory  of  Thomas  Searle  153 

Lohman,  Miss  Wilhelmina,  discussion    359 

Louisiana,  delegates  representing   478 

Report 395 

502 


M 

McBride,  Rev.  F.  Scott,  address,  The  Fight  Ahead  137 

State  report 385 

McCallam,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  response  to  roll  call  24l 

McCullough,  J.  W.  S.,  M.  D.,  address,  Public  Health  and  Prohibition 84 

McGinness,  George,  discussion    366 

McKeen,  Mr.,  discussion   354 

Macedonia,  delegates  representing   * 470 

Maine,  delegates  representing    478 

Greetings  from  Governor  Baxter   50 

Report 396 

Marion,  Rev.  James,  memorial  service  152 

Maryland,  delegates  representing   478 

Response  to  roll  call   242 

Marshall,  T.  M.,  discussion  351 

Massachusetts,  delegates  representing  478 

Report 398 

Mayer,  Doctor  Joseph,  discussion    329,  344,  362 

Mellon,  Hon.  A.  W.,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  greetings   50 

Memorial  Service    150 

Metcalf,  Irving  W.,  discussion  350 

Mexico,  delegates  representing    470 

Response  to  roll  call   122 

Michigan,  delegates  representing  479 

Greetings  from  Senator  Townsend   52 

Report 402 

Middletown,  Mrs.,  discussion   358 

Miller,  O.  R.,  discussion  354 

Mills,  J.- Bibb,  state  report  369 

Milne,  Mrs.  George  C.,  address,  The  Results  of  the  First  National  Con- 
test With  the  Liquor  Traffic  in  Scotland 176 

Minehan,  Father  Lancelot,  address    187 

Minnesota,  delegates   representing    480 

Miralda,  T.,  greetings   54 

Missionary   Appeal   of   the   World    Movement   Against   Alcoholism — Prof. 

Henry  Beach  Carre,  Ph.  D 183 

Mississippi,    delegates    representing    480 

Missouri,    delegates    representing    480 

Greetings  from  S.  A.  Shelton,  M.  C 53 

Report 405 

Monitar,  Juan  F.,  response  to  roll  call  192 

Montana,  delegates  representing  481 

Greetings  from  Senator  Myers 51 

Report  . . : 406 

Moore,  Rev.  E.  J.,  Ph.  D.,  address,  Responsibility  of  the  Church  in  the 
Development  of  Successful  Organized  Activities  Against  Alco- 
holism  • 231 

Moore,  Rev.  T.  Albert,  D.  D.,  Chairman  of  Conference  on  Ways  and  Means 
of  Securing  Fullest  Possible  Cooperation  of  Religious  Organiza- 
tions for  the  Movement  Against  Alcoholism  346 

Movement  Against  Alcoholism  Among  the  Women  of  Great  Britain  and 

Europe,  The — Miss  Agnes  Slack   306 

503 


Movement   Toward   Prohibition   in   the    Republic   of    France   and    French 

Territory,  The — Pastor  Georges  Gallienne .     90 

Moyle,   Henry,  discussion    352 

Munro,  R.  A.,  response  to  roll  call   235 

Myers,  Senator  Henry  L.,  greetings 51 

N 

Nakoff,  Rev.  David,  response  to  roll  call 305 

National    Committee    of    Norway's    Temperance    Organizations,    greetings     48 
Nebraska,  delegates  representing    481 

Report 407 

Nestos,  R.  A.,  Governor  of  North  Dakota,  greetings 50 

Netherlands,  greetings    47 

Nevada,  delegates  representing 481 

Report 409 

Newfoundland,  delegates  representing  470 

New  Hampshire,  delegates  representing   482 

Report '. 411 

New  Jersey,  delegates  representing 482 

New  Mexico,  delegates  representing   482 

Report 370 

New  Movement  for  Prohibition  in  India,  The — Tarini  Prasad  Sinha 170 

New  York,  delegates  representing   482 

Report 412 

Response  to  roll  call  241 

New  Zealand,  greetings   47 

New  Zealand  Alliance  for  the  Abolition  of  the  Liquor  Traffic,  greetings  .  .     47 

Nicholson,  Bishop  Thomas,  address  106 

Niyogi,  J.,  response  to  addresses  of  welcome  60 

Response  to  roll  call 237 

North  America,  response  to  addresses  of  welcome   66 

North  Carolina,  delegate  representing   484 

Report 416 

North  Dakota,  delegates  representing  484 

Greetings  from  Governor  Nestos 50 

Report 417 

Norville,  Miss  Hardynia  K.,  address   311 

Response  to  addresses  of  welcome  65 

Response  to  roll  call  238 

Norway,  delegates  representing  470 

Greetings   ' 48 

O 

Officers  and  Committees,  World  League  Against  Alcoholism  4 

Ohio,  delegates  representing 484 

Greetings  from  Senator  Willis 52 

Greetings  from  I.  M.  Foster,  M.  C 52 

Oklahoma,  delegates  representing    ; 487 

Report 424 

Oliver,  Doctor,  discussion   348 

Opportunity  and  Obligation  of  the  World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism, 

Ernest  H.  Cherrington,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D 67 

Orde  van  Jonge  Templieren  (Netherlands),  greetings   47 

Oregon,  delegates  representing   488 

Report 426 

504 


Organized  Labor  and  Prohibition,  Hon.  John  G.  Cooper 144 

Original  Secession  Church  (Scotland)  Temperance  Union,  greetings   48 

Ostlund,  Rev.  David,  address,  The  Vote  on  Prohibition  in  Sweden   108 

Owen,  Rev.  C.  E.,  D.  D.,  state  report  396 

P 

Patterson,  Margaret,  M.  D.,  address,  Prohibition  and  the  Home   301 

Pennsylvania,  delegates  representing 488 

Report 427 

Peru,  delegates  representing   470 

Philippine  Islands,  delegates  representing   470 

Pioneer  Work  of  the  White  Ribboners  in  the  Movement  for  World  Pro- 
hibition, Miss  Anna  Adams  Gordon  93 

Poindexter,  Senator  Miles,  greetings 51 

Poland,  response  to  roll  call    240 

Poland,  Orville  S.,  Chairman  of  Conference  on  Ways  and  Means  of  Secur- 
ing Action   Through   Government   Officials  for  the    Enforcement 

of  Law   337 

Pollock,  Judge  Charles  A.,  discussion   343 

Pope,  Rev.  Joseph,  state  report 406 

Porto  Rico,  delegates  representing    470 

Response  to  roll  call  192 

Portugal,  greetings  to  convention   48 

Practical   Results  of  the   British    Columbia   System   of   Dealing  With   the 

Liquor  Traffic,  Rev.  A.  E.  Cooke,  D.  D 223 

Presbyterian  Church,  U.  S.  A.,  Moderator  General  Assembly,  greetings  .  .     54 

Presbyterian   Church  of  Wales,  greetings    54 

Pressure   of  Wine-Growing    Countries   Against   Prohibition,   Robert   Her- 

cod,  Ph.  D 158 

Prince  Edward  Island,  response  to  roll  call  304 

Prior,  Miss  Dagmar,  response  to  roll  call  175 

Prize  Winners,  International  Essay  Contest  25 

Proceedings   of  International    Convention    18 

Progress  of  the  Liquor  Traffic  and  the  Development  of  Alcoholism  in  the 
British  Isles,  as  Shown  by  Official  Statistical  Reports,  George  B. 

Wilson,  B.  A 242 

Prohibition  and  the  Home,  Margaret  Patterson,  M.  D 301 

Prohibition  in  the   Province  of  Ontario,   Hon.   E.   C.  Drury,   Prime   Min- 
ister of  Ontario  213 

Protestant  Ministerial  Association  of  the  City  of  Montreal,  greetings  ....     44 

Public  Health  and  Prohibition,  J.  W.  S.  McCullough,  M.  D 84 

Publicity — Literature,  Periodicals,  Posters,  etc.  (Conference)   361 

Q 

Quale,  T.  S.,  discussion   340 

Quebec  System  of  Dealing  wtih  the  Liquor  Traffic,  The,  S.  J.  Carter 116 

Quebec  System  of  Dealing  with  the  Liquor  Traffic,  The,  R.  L.  Werry 293 

R 

Raney,  Hon.  W.  E.,  K.  C.,  address,  Enforcing  Prohibition  Law 260 

Rechabites,  Independent  Order  of  (Bahamas),  greetings 40 

Reports  of  the  Several  States 369-449 

Resolutions    38 

Respect  for  Law,  National  and  International,  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  LL.  D.  248 
Responsibility  of  the  Church  in  the  Development  of  Successful  Organized 

Activities  Against  Alcoholism,  Rev.  E.  J.  Moore,  Ph.  D 231 

505 


Result  of  the  First  National  Contest  with  the  Liquor  Traffic  in  Scotland, 

The,  Mrs.  George  C.   Milne    1.6 

Results  of  Prohibition  Through  Australian  Eyes,  Rev.  Gifford  Gordon   .  .    17S 

Rhode  Island,  delegates  representing 490 

Richardson,  Rev.  R.  Stephens,  greetings 46 

Robbins,  Rev.  J.  H.,  D.  D.,  state  report  411 

Robinson,  R.  Hunter,  M.  D.,  greetings   45 

Roumania,  delegates  representing  470 

Response  to  roll  call 240 

Ruanheimo,  Akseli,  response  to  roll  call  121 

Russell,  Rev.  Howard  H.,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  address,  Spiritual  Aspects  of  the 

World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism   283 

Russia,  delegates  representing   470 

S 

Saleeby,  G.  W.,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  E.,  address,  Guard  Your  Race 95 

Salvation  Army  and  the  Prohibition  Movement,  The,  Commissioner  Charles 

Sowton 280 

Sanders,  Rev.  James,  D.  D.,  discussion 355 

Saskatchewan,  response  to  roll  call 265 

Scientific  Temperance,  the  Basis  for  Educational  Work  in  the  World  Move- 
ment Against  Alcoholism,  Cora  Frances  Stoddard   80 

Scotland,  delegates  representing   470 

Greetings   48 

Response  to  roll  call 190 

Scottish  Temperance  and  No-License  Union,  greetings 48 

Searle,  Thomas,  memorial  service  153 

Seppala,  Hon.  Matti  Helenius,  memorial  service  150 

Shelton,  S.  A.,  M.  C.,  greetings  .  . 53 

Sheppard,  Senator  Morris,  greetings  52 

Shoemaker,  A.  E.,  Attorney,  report  375 

Shoup,  Oliver  H.,   Governor  of   Colorado,  greetings    51 

Shumaker,  Rev.,E.  S.,  D.  D.,  state  report 389 

Shupp,  Rev.  W.  C.,  state  report  405 

Siam,  delegates  representing   471 

Siberia,   delegates    representing    471 

Response  to  roll  call 240 

Sierra  Leone,  delegates  representing  471 

Sinha,  Tarini  Prasad,  address,  The  New  Movement  for  Prohibition  in  India  170 
Slack,  Miss  Agnes,  address,  The   Movement  Against  Alcoholism  Among 

the  Women  of  Great  Britain  and  Europe 306 

Address  in  memory  of  the  Countess  of  Carlisle  154 

Response  to  roll  call   288 

Smith,  Rev.  J.  Cromarty,  discussion   347 

Response  to  roll  call 190 

Smith,  Doctor  Julius,  report  for  Kansas   395 

Smith,  Mrs.,  discussion  320 

Social  Service  Council  of  Alberta,  greetings   44 

Societe  Antialcoolique  des  Agents  de  Chemins  de  Fer  Francais,  greetings     46 
South  Africa,  delegates  representing  •. . . .   472 

Greetings  to  convention    48 

South  African  Temperance  Alliance 48 

South  Carolina,  delegates  representing   490 

Report 431 

506 


South  Dakota,  delegates  representing 490 

Report 434 

Sowton,  Commissioner  Charles,  address,  The  Salvation  Army  and  the  Pro- 
hibition Movement   . . . . 280 

Spain,  delegates  representing 471 

Response  to  roll  call 123 

Spence,  Rev.  Ben  H.,  address  of  welcome  56 

Discussion    363 

Spiritual  Aspects  of  the  World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism,  Rev.  How- 
ard H.  Russell,  D.  D.,  LL.  D 283 

Startup,  George  A.,  report  for  Utah 436 

State  Reports  369-449 

Stephens,  William  D.,  Governor  of  California,  greetings 50 

Stoddard,   Cora  Frances,  B.  A.,  address,  Scientific  Temperance,  the  Basis 

for  Educational  Work  in  the  World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism     80 

Chairman  of  Conference  on  Ways  and  Means  of  Securing  Scientific 

Temperance  Instruction  in  the  Public  Schools  356 

Story  of   Conventio'n    9 

Strecker,  Doctor  Reinhard,  response  to  roll  call   292 

Strelecki,  Chester  J.,  discussion   335 

Response  to  roll  call   240 

Strong,  James  G.,  M.  C.,  greetings  54 

Student  Essay  Contest,  International    25 

Student  Field,  The,  Harry  S.  Warner  133 

Stuart,   Rev.   Wilson,    M.  A.,   B.  Sc.,  address,   The   Carlisle    Experiment   in 

State  Purchase  and  Liquor  Nationalization    166 

Superintendents'  Reports  (Anti-Saloon  League  of  America)  369-449 

Sweden,  delegates  representing   471 

Greetings    48 

Swedish  Student  Abstinence  Association,  greetings  48 

Swedish  Temperance  Societies,  greetings   49 

Swiss  Catholic  Students,  greetings ' 49 

Switzerland,  delegates  representing   471 

Greetings    49 

T 

Telegrams,  letters  and  messages  of  greetings  to  the  Convention 40 

Temperance    Council   of   the    Christian    Churches   of   England  and  Wales, 

greetings  45 

Temperance  Reform  Progress  in  Spain,  Rev.  Franklin  Albrecias   221 

Tennessee,  delegates  representing  490 

Texas,  delegates  representing  491 

Greetings  from  Senator  Sheppard 

Thirkield,  Bishop  Wilbur  P.,  discussion   347 

Tope,    Rev.   Homer   W.,    D.  D.,    Chairman   of   Conference   on   Ways   and 
Means    of    Securing   Adequate    Financial   Support   for   Organized 

Propaganda  Against  Alcoholism    349 

State  report 427 

Towner,  Horace  M.,  M.  C.,  greetings 53 

Townsend,  Senator  Charles  E.,  greetings 52 

Transeau,  Mrs.  Emma  L.,  discussion  35/ 

Turkey,  delegates  representing 471 

Greetings   49 

507 


Turpeau,  Rev.  T.  DeWitt,  discussion  350 

Response  to  roll  call  242 

U 

Ukrainia,  delegates  representing    471 

Union  of  South  Africa,  delegates  representing   472 

Greetings  to  convention   48 

United  States  of  America,  delegates  representing   472-493 

Greetings  to  convention   50-     55 

Response  to  roll  call   237 

State  Reports   369-449 

Upper  Austrian  Committee  for  Alcohol  Prohibition,  greetings 40 

Upshaw,  William  D.,  M.  C.,  greetings  53 

Uruguay,  delegates  representing 493 

Response  to  roll  call   238 

Utah,  delegates  representing  491 

Report 436 

V 

Vargas,  Rev.  E.  B.,  discussion    354 

Response  to  roll  call  122 

Venezuela,  delegates  representing   493 

Verein     Abstinenter     Aerzte     des     deutschen     Sprachgebietes     (Austria), 

greetings 40 

Vereinigung  Abstinenter  Pfarrer  in  der  Schweiz,  greetings   49 

Vermont,  delegates  representing   491 

Virginia,  delegates  representing  491 

Report 436 

Vote  on  Prohibition  in  Sweden,  The,  Rev.  David  Ostlund  108 

W 

Wade,  W.  L.,  state  report 445 

Wales,  delegates  representing 493 

Greetings 493 

Waltman,  W.  V.,  discussion 354 

State  report 402 

Warner,  Harry  S.,  address    133 

Chairman  of  Conference  on  Ways  and  Means  of  Enlisting  the  Students 
of  the  Colleges  and  Universities  in  the  World  Movement  Against 

Alcoholism  331 

Discussion    360 

Warren,   R.   D.,   Chairman   of   Conference   on    Publicity — Literature,   Peri- 
odicals, Posters,  etc 361 

Washington,  delegates  representing   492 

Greetings  from  Senator  Poindexter  51 

Report 439 

Watkins,  F.  L.,  discussion  340 

State  report 417 

Ways  and  Means  of  Enlisting  the  Students  of  the  Colleges  and  Univer- 
sities  in   the   World    Movement   Against    Alcoholism — Conference  331 
Ways  and  Means  of  Securing  Action  Through  Government  Officials  for 

the  Enforcement  of  Law — Conference  337 

Ways  and  Means  of  Securing  Adequate  Financial  Support  for  Organized 

Propaganda  Against  Alcoholism   349 

508 


Ways  and  Means  of  Securing  Scientific  Temperance  Instruction  in  the 

Public    Schools — Conference    356 

Ways  and  Means  of  Securing   Fullest  Possible   Cooperation  of  Religious 

Organizations  for  the  Movement  Against  Alcoholism — Conference  346 

Ways  and  Means  of  Securing  Legislative  Action — Conference 318 

W.  C.  T.  U.   (British  Columbia),  greetings  44 

W.  C.  T.  U.  (Manitoba),  greetings   45 

W.  C.  T.  U.   (Ontario),  greetings 45 

W.  C.  T.  U.   (Quebec),  greetings  45 

Werry,  R.  L.,  address,  The  Quebec  System  of  Dealing  with  the  Liquor 

Traffic 293 

Western  Temperance  League  (England),  greetings 45 

West  Virginia,  delegates  representing  492 

Greetings  from  Senator  Elkins    52 

Wheeler,  Wayne  B.,  LL.  D.,  address,  Respect  for  Law,  National  and  In- 
ternational     248 

Discussions    321,  339,  344,  355 

Williams,  Rev.  Elmer  Lynn,  address  131 

Willis,  Frank  B.,  Senator  from  Ohio,  greetings    52 

Wilson,  George  A.,  discussion   343 

Wilson,  George  B.,  B.  A.,  address,  The  Progress  of  the  Liquor  Traffic  and 
the   Development  of  Alcoholism  in  the   British   Isles,  as   Shown 

by  Official  Statistical  Reports  242 

Wine   and    Beer,   Their  Use   from   a   Historic  and   Scientific   Standpoint, 

Daniel  H.  Kress,  M.  D 271 

Wisconsin,  delegates   representing    492 

Report  441 

Woolley,  Hon.  John  G.,  memorial  service 156 

World  League  Against  Alcoholism,  roster  of  officers  and  committees 4 

Constitution    494 

World   Prohibition,   the   Solution   of   the   Liquor   Problem,   Rev.   R.    B.   S. 

Hammond,    D.  D 313 

World  Prohibition  Federation,  European  Committee,  greetings 46 

Wyoming,  delegates  representing  493 

Report 445 

Y 
Yost,   Mrs.   Lenna   Lowe,   Chairman  of   Conference  on  Ways  and   Means 

of  Securing  Legislative  Action   318 

Yukon  Territory,  response  to  roll  call  241 


509 


LIST  OF  ADDRESSES,  BY  SPEAKERS 


Albrecias,  Rev.  Franklin 123,  221 

Anderson,  William  H 298 

Baird,  Miss 174 

Baker,  Rev.  Purley  A.,  D.  D.  ...    199 

Barton,  Rev.  A.  J.,  D.  D 66 

Barton,  Mrs.  Helen 62 

Borden,  James  S 192 

Broderick,  Sylvester 59 

Campbell,  Miss  Mary  J 267 

Cannon,  Bishop  James,  Jr.,  D.  D  111 
Carre,  Prof.  Henry  Beach,  Ph.  D.  183 

Carson,  J.  H 58 

Carter,   S.  J 116 

Cauvin,  Gustave  196 

Chalmers,  Rev.  James,  D.  D  ....  241 
Cherrington,   Ernest  H.,   LL.  D., 

Litt.  D 67 

Clow,  Mrs.  Emily  Moffat 123 

Connor  Ralph  (Rev.  C.  W.  Gor- 
don)       136 

Cooke,  Rev.  A.  E.,  D.  D 223 

Cooper,  Hon.  John  G 144 

Curran,  Rev.  Father  J.  J 237 

Dinwiddie,  Rev.  Edwin  C.,  D.  D.  161 

Dobson,  Rev.  Hugh   265 

Drury,  Hon.  E.  C.,  Prime  Minis- 
ter of  Ontario   213 

Dussan,   Riccardo    125,  236 

Emits,  Prof.  Villem 135,  290 

Foster,  Sir  George   259 

Furnajiefr,  Rev.  D.  N 175,  195 

Gallienne,  Pastor  Georges  64,  90,  196 

Gogolyak,  John  G 125 

Gordon,  Miss  Anna  Adams 93 

Gordon,  Rev.  C.  W 136 

Gordon,  Rev.  Gifford 178,  309 

Hammond       Rev.      R.      B.      S., 

D.  D 61,  152,  313 

rlayashi,    Uta    173 

Hercod,     Prof.     Robert,     Ph.D. 

107,  150,  158 

Hiltz,    W.    W.,    Comptroller    of 

Toronto     57 

Hohenthal,   E.   L.   G 189 

Horsfall,    Hon.    Alfred    Herbert, 

M.B.,   Ch.  B 119 

Hume,  Prof.  J.  G.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.  128 


Jones,  V.  W 240 

Kaku,    Matthew    191 

Kress,  Daniel  H.,  M.  D 271 

Kvaratzkhelia,  Paul  D 239 

Landrith,   Rev.  Ira,   D.  D.    ..126,  156 

Lavrov,  Sergey  240 

Ledet,  Lars  Larsen   63,  193 

Ley,  Doctor  August   127 

Livingston,  Mrs.  Deborah  Knox 

153,  207 

McBride,  Rev.  F.  Scott,  D.  D.  . .   137 

McCallam,    Mrs.    Elizabeth    241 

McCullough,  J.  W.  S.,  M.  D.   . .     84 

Milne,  Mrs.  George   C 176 

Minehan,  Father  Lancelot   187 

Monitar,  Juan  F 192 

Moore,  Rev.  E.  J.,  Ph.  D 231 

Munro,   R.  A 235 

Nakoff,  Rev.  David  305 

Nicholson,   Bishop  Thomas    ....    106 

Niyogi,  J 60,  237 

Norville,  Miss  Hardynia  K 

65,    238,  311* 

Ostlund,   Rev.   David    108 

Patterson,   Margaret,   M.  D 301 

Prior,  Miss  Dagmar 175 

Raney,  Hon.  W.  E.,  K.   C 260 

Ruanheimo,   Akseli    121 

Russell,  Rev.  Howard  H.,  D.  D.  283 
Saleeby,  C.  W.,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  E.  95 

Sinha,    Tarini    Prasad    170 

Slack,  Miss  Agnes   ....154,  288,  306 

Smith,   Rev.  J.   Cromarty    190 

Sowton,     Commissioner     Charles  280 

Spence,  Rev.  Ben  H 56 

Stavert,    Rev.    R.    H 304 

Stoddard,    Cora   Frances    80 

Strecker,   Doctor   Reinhard    292 

Strelecki,  Chester   240,  292 

Stuart,  Rev.  Wilson,  M.  A.,  B.  Sc.  166 

Turpeau,   Rev.  T.  DeWitt    242 

Vargas,   Rev.   E.   B 122 

Warner,    Harry    S 133 

Werry,  R.   L 293 

Wheeler,  Wayne  B.,  LL.  D.  . .  .  248 
Williams,  Rev.  Elmer  Lynn  .  .  .  131 
Wilson,  George  B 242 


510 


LIST  OF  ADDRESSES,  BY  SUBJECTS 

Allied  Citizens  of  America,  The — William  H.  Anderson,  Superintendent 

New  York  Anti-Saloon  League   298 

Carlisle   Experiment  in   State   Purchase  and   Liquor   Nationalization,   The 

—Rev.   Wilson   Stuart,    M.  A.,    B.  Sc 166 

Churches  and  World  Prohibition,  The — James  Cannon,  Jr.,  D.  D.,  Bishop 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South   Ill 

Enforcing  Prohibition  Law — Hon.  W.  E.  Raney,  K.  C.,  .Attorney  General 

of  Ontario  260 

Fight  Ahead,  The— Rev.  F.  Scott  McBride,  D.  D.,  Supt.  Illinois  Anti- 
Saloon  League  137 

Guard  Your  Race— C.   W.  Saleeby,   M.  D.,   F.  R.  S.  E.,   Chairman   British 

National  Birth  Rate  Commission   (1918-20)    95 

How  and  Why  Americans  Will  Stand  Firm — Rev.  Edwin   C.   Dinwiddie, 

D.  D.,  Supt.  National  Temperance  Bureau  161 

How    the    Fight    was    Won    in   America — Rev.    Purley    A.    Baker,    D.  D., 

General  Superintendent,  Anti-Saloon  League  of    America  199 

Missionary  Appeal   of  the   World    Movement   Against   Alcoholism — Prof. 

Henry  Beach  Carre,  Ph.  D.  (Vanderbilt  University)    183 

Movement  Against  Alcoholism  Among  the  Women  of  Great  Britain  and 

Europe — Miss  Agnes  Slack,  Secretary  World's  W.  C.  T.  U 306 

Movement   Toward   Prohibition   in   the   Republic  of   France   and   French 

Territory — Pastor  Georges  Gallienne,  Secretary,  La  Croix  Bleue  . .     90 

New  Movement  for  Prohibition  in  Indian,  The — Tarini  Prasad  Sinha  ....    170 

Opportunity  and  Obligation  of  the  World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism 
Ernest  H.  Cherrington,  LL.  D.,  Litt.  D.,  General  Secretary,  World 
League  Against  Alcoholism  67 

Organized  Labor  and  Prohibition — Hon.  John  G.  Cooper,  M.  C 144 

Pioneer  Work  of  the  White  Ribboners  in  the  Movement  for  World 
Prohibition — Miss  Anna  Adams  Gordon,  President  World's 
W.  C.  T.  U 93 

Practical  Results  of  the  British  Columbia  System  of  Dealing -with  the 
Liquor  Traffic — Rev.  A.  E.  Cooke,  D.  D.,  President  Prohibition 
Association  of  British  Columbia  223 

Pressure  of  Wine-Growing  Countries  Against  Prohibition,  The — Prof. 
Robert  Hercod,  Ph.  D.,  Joint  President,  World  League  Against 
Alcoholism 158 

Progress  of  the  Liquor  Traffic  and  the  Development  of  Alcoholism  in  the 
British  Isles,  as  Shown  by  Official  Statistical  Reports — George  B. 
Wilson,  B.  A.,  Statistical  Secretary,  United  Kingdom  Alliance  . . .  242 

Prohibition  and  the  Home — Margaret  Patterson,  M.  D.,  Police  Magistrate 

of  Toronto    301 

Prohibition  in  the  Province  of  Ontario — Hon  E.  C.  Drury,  Prime  Min- 
ister of  Ontario  213 

Public  Health  and  Prohibition— J.  W.  S.  McCtillough,  M.  D.,  Chief  Officer 

of  Health  for  the  Province  of  Ontario 84 

Quebec  System  of  Dealing  with  the  Liquor  Traffic— S.  J.  Carter,  President 

Quebec  Branch,  Dominion  Alliance  116 

Quebec  System  of  Dealing  with  the  Liquor  Traffic— R.  L.  Werry,  Secre- 
tary Anti-Liquor  League  of  Quebec 293 

Respect  for  Law,  National  and  International — Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  LL.  D., 

General  Counsel,  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America 248 

511 


Responsibility  of  the  Church  in  the  Development  of  Successful  Organized 
Activities  Against  Alcoholism — Rev.  E.  J.  Moore,  Ph.  D.,  Assist- 
ant General  Supt.  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America  231 

Result  of  the  First  National  Contest  with  the  Liquor  Traffic  in  Scotland 

— Mrs.  George  C.  Milne 176 

ResuKs  of  Prohibition  Through  Australian  Eyes — Rev.  Gifford  Gordon, 

Victorian  Anti-Liquor  League 178 

Salvation  Army  and  the  Prohibition  Movement,  The — Commissioner 

Charles  Sowton,  Chief  Officer  of  the  Salvation  Army  in  Canada  280 

Scientific  Temperance,  the  Basis  for  Educational  Work  in  the  World 
Movement  Against  Alcoholism — Cora  Frances  Stoddard,  Execu- 
tive Secretary,  Scientific  Temperance  Federation 80 

Spiritual  Aspects  of  the  World  Movement  Against  Alcoholism — Rev. 
Howard  H.  Russell,  LL.  D.,  Associate  General  Supt.,  Anti-Saloon 
League  of  America 283 

Student  Field,  The — Harry  S.  Warner,  General  Secretary,  Intercollegiate 

Prohibition  Association  133 

Temperance  Reform  Progress  in  Spain — Rev.  Franklin  Albrecias 221 

Vote  on  Prohibition  in  Sweden,  The — Rev.  David  Ostlund,  Secretary, 

Anti-Saloon  League  of  Sweden  108 

Wine  and  Beer,  Their  Use  from  a  Historic  and  Scientific  Standpoint — 
Daniel  H.  Kress,  M.  D.,  Vice-President,  American  Medical  So- 
ciety for  the  Study  of  Alcohol  and  Other  Narcotics 271 

World  Prohibition  the  Solution  of  the  Liquor  Problem — Rev.  R.  B.  S.. 
Hammond,  D.  D.,  President  Australian  Alliance  Prohibition 
Council  313 

LIST  OF  STATE  REPORTS 

Alabama,  J.  Bibb  Mills   369  Nebraska,  Rev.  F.  A.  High   ....  407 

Arizona,  Rev.  R.  E.  Farley   ....   370         Nevada,  Rev.  E.  F.  Jones   409 

Arkansas,  Rev.  Paul  E.  Kemper  371  New  Hampshire,  Rev.  J.  H.  Rob- 
Colorado,  Rev.  A.  J.  Finch   373             bins,  D.  D 411 

District  of  Columbia,  A.  E.  Shoe-  New  Mexico,  Rev.  R.  E.  Farley  370 

maker,    Attorney     375  New  York,  William  H.  Anderson  412 

Florida,  Rev.  C.  W,  Crooke 380  North  Carolina,  Rev.  R.  L.  Davis  416 

Georgia,  Rev.  C.  O.  Jones,  D.  D.  382  North  Dakota,  F.  L.  Watkins  . .  420 

Illinois,  Rev.   F.  Scott   McBride,  Oklahoma,  H.  T.  Laughbaum  ..  424 

D.  D 385         Oregon,  W.  J.  Herwig   426 

Indiana,    Rev.    E.    S.    Shumaker,  Pennsylvania,    Rev.    Homer    W. 

D.  D. 389  Tope,  D.  D 427 

Iowa,   R.  N.  Holsaple   392  South     Carolina,     Rev.     E.     M. 

Kansas,  Doctor  Julius  Smith    . .   395  Lightfoot    431 

Louisiana,  Rev.  A.  J.  Barton,  D.D.  395  South  Dakota,  H.  E.  Dawes   ...   434 

Maine,  Rev.   C.   E.  Owen,   D.  D.  396         Utah,  George  A.  Startup   436 

Massachusetts,   Arthur   J.    Davis  398  Virginia,  Rev.  David  Hepburn  . .  436 

Michigan,  W.  V.  Waltman    402  Washington,   George   D.   Conger  439 

Missouri,  Rev.  W.  C.  Shupp 405         Wisconsin,  R.  P.  Hutton    441 

Montana,  Rev.  Joseph  Pope  ....  406         Wyoming,  W.  L.  Wade 445 


512 


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